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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_(Catholicism)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indigenous_Christianity_after_the_Arab_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_Christianity_after_the_Arab_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Indigenous Christianity after the Arab conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_Christianity_after_the_Arab_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reintroduction_of_Christianity_during_French_Colonialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reintroduction_of_Christianity_during_French_Colonialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Reintroduction of Christianity during French Colonialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reintroduction_of_Christianity_during_French_Colonialism-sublist" 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Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="المسيحية في الجزائر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المسيحية في الجزائر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Flc%C9%99zaird%C9%99_xristianl%C4%B1q" title="Əlcəzairdə xristianlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əlcəzairdə xristianlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%9E_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Хрысціянства ў Алжыры – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хрысціянства ў Алжыры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christentum_in_Algerien" title="Christentum in Algerien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Christentum in Algerien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianismo_en_Argelia" title="Cristianismo en Argelia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cristianismo en Argelia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianisme_en_Alg%C3%A9rie" title="Christianisme en Algérie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Christianisme en Algérie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianesimo_in_Algeria" title="Cristianesimo in Algeria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cristianesimo in Algeria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="المسيحيه فى الجزائر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المسيحيه فى الجزائر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristian_di_Algeria" title="Kristian di Algeria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kristian di Algeria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrze%C5%9Bcija%C5%84stwo_w_Algierii" title="Chrześcijaństwo w Algierii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chrześcijaństwo w Algierii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Христианство в Алжире – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Христианство в Алжире" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">Christianity by country</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Continents_colour2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Continents_colour2.svg/150px-Continents_colour2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Continents_colour2.svg/225px-Continents_colour2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Continents_colour2.svg/300px-Continents_colour2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Africa" title="Christianity in Africa">Africa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Angola" title="Christianity in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Benin" title="Christianity in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Botswana" title="Christianity in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Christianity in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Burundi" title="Christianity in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cape_Verde" title="Christianity in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Chad" title="Christianity in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Comoros" title="Christianity in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Christianity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Djibouti" title="Christianity in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Christianity in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Eritrea" title="Christianity in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Eswatini" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ethiopia" title="Christianity in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Gambia" title="Christianity in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ghana" title="Christianity in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Christianity in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Christianity in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Liberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Libya" title="Christianity in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Madagascar" title="Christianity in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Malawi" title="Christianity in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mauritania" title="Christianity in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mauritius" title="Christianity in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Morocco" title="Christianity in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Namibia" title="Christianity in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Niger" title="Christianity in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nigeria" title="Christianity in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Seychelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Christianity in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Somalia" title="Christianity in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_South_Africa" title="Christianity in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sudan" title="Christianity in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tanzania" title="Christianity in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Zambia" title="Christianity in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Zimbabwe" title="Christianity in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Asia" title="Christianity in Asia">Asia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Afghanistan" title="Christianity in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bangladesh" title="Christianity in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bhutan" title="Christianity in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Brunei" title="Christianity in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Hong_Kong" title="Christianity in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Indonesia" title="Christianity in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Japan" title="Christianity in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kazakhstan" title="Christianity in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Korea" title="Christianity in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Christianity in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Laos" title="Christianity in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Malaysia" title="Christianity in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Maldives" title="Christianity in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mongolia" title="Christianity in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Myanmar" title="Christianity in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nepal" title="Christianity in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Pakistan" title="Christianity in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Philippines" title="Christianity in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Singapore" title="Christianity in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Christianity in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Taiwan" title="Christianity in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tajikistan" title="Christianity in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Thailand" title="Christianity in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Turkmenistan" title="Christianity in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Uzbekistan" title="Christianity in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Vietnam" title="Christianity in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"> <ul><li><ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_East" title="Christianity in the Middle East">Middle East</a></small></li></ul></li></ul></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Azerbaijan" title="Christianity in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bahrain" title="Christianity in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cyprus" title="Christianity in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Christianity in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Jordan" title="Christianity in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kuwait" title="Christianity in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Oman" title="Christianity in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Qatar" title="Christianity in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Christianity in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Syria" title="Christianity in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Turkey" title="Christianity in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Christianity in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Yemen" title="Christianity in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe" title="Christianity in Europe">Europe</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Albania" title="Christianity in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Denmark" title="Christianity in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_France" title="Christianity in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ireland" title="Christianity in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Italy" title="Christianity in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kosovo" title="Christianity in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Malta" title="Christianity in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Norway" title="Christianity in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Russia" title="Christianity in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Serbia" title="Christianity in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Wales" title="Christianity in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity_in_North_America" title="Category:Christianity in North America">North America</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/150px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/225px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/300px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria" title="History of Algeria">History</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_Algeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maritime history of Algeria (page does not exist)">Maritime history</a> • <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Algeria" title="Military history of Algeria">Military history</a> • <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Algeria">Economic history</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Algeria" title="Ethnic groups in Algeria">People</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Algeria" title="Languages of Algeria">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian arabic">Arabic</a> • <a href="/wiki/Berber_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber language">Berber</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Traditions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Algeria" title="Women in Algeria">Gender roles</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Berber_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber mythology">Mythology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Cuisine</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">Couscous</a> • <a href="/wiki/Farinata" title="Farinata">Karantita</a> • <a href="/wiki/Makroudh" title="Makroudh">Makroudh</a> • <a href="/wiki/Merguez" title="Merguez">Merguez</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pastilla" title="Pastilla">Pastilla</a> • <a href="/wiki/Algerian_wine" title="Algerian wine">Wine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Algerian_cuisine" title="Category:Algerian cuisine"><i>more</i></a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Festivals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Algeria" title="Public holidays in Algeria">Public holidays</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sahara_International_Film_Festival" title="Sahara International Film Festival">Sahara International Film Festival</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Algeria" title="Catholic Church in Algeria">Catholic Church</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Algeria" title="Islam in Algeria">Islam</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Judaism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_Algeria" title="Category:Religion in Algeria"><i>more</i></a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;"> <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Algeria">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Algeria">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Algerian_writers" title="List of Algerian writers">Writers</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Algerian_literature" title="Category:Algerian literature"><i>more</i></a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Algeria" title="Music of Algeria">Music</a> and performing arts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_nubah" title="Andalusi nubah">Andalusi nubah</a> • <a href="/wiki/Berber_music" title="Berber music">Berber music</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chaabi_(Algeria)" title="Chaabi (Algeria)">Chaabi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Algerian_hip_hop" title="Algerian hip hop">Hip hop</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hofii" class="mw-redirect" title="Hofii">Hofii</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nuubaat" title="Nuubaat">Nuubaat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AF" title="Raï">Raï</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zindalii" title="Zindalii">Zindalii</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Algeria" title="Category:Music of Algeria"><i>more</i></a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Algeria">Media</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Algeria" title="Television in Algeria">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Algeria" title="Cinema of Algeria">Cinema</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Algerian_films" title="List of Algerian films">Films</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Algeria" title="List of newspapers in Algeria">Newspapers</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Algeria" title="Category:Mass media in Algeria"><i>more</i></a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Algeria" title="Sport in Algeria">Sport</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Algeria_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Algeria national basketball team">Basketball (national team)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Algeria" title="Football in Algeria">Football</a> • <a href="/wiki/Algeria_at_the_Olympics" title="Algeria at the Olympics">Olympics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Algeria_national_rugby_union_team" title="Algeria national rugby union team">Rugby union (national team)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Algeria_Davis_Cup_team" title="Algeria Davis Cup team">Tennis (Davis Cup team)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Algeria_Fed_Cup_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Algeria Fed Cup team">Tennis (Fed Cup team)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Algeria" title="Category:Sport in Algeria"><i>more</i></a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Monuments</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Algeria" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Algeria">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Madghacen" title="Madghacen">Madghacen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Algeria" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Algeria"><i>more</i></a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Symbols</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Algeria" title="Flag of Algeria">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Algeria">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Algeria">National anthem</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Algeria" title="Category:National symbols of Algeria"><i>more</i></a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Algeria" title="Template:Culture of Algeria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Algeria" title="Template talk:Culture of Algeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Algeria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Algeria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kabyle_chr%C3%A9tien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kabyle_chr%C3%A9tien.jpg/220px-Kabyle_chr%C3%A9tien.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kabyle_chr%C3%A9tien.jpg/330px-Kabyle_chr%C3%A9tien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Kabyle_chr%C3%A9tien.jpg/440px-Kabyle_chr%C3%A9tien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption>Christian <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> family from <a href="/wiki/Kabylia" title="Kabylia">Kabylia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></b> came to <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> era. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a> what is now Mediterranean Algeria was fully Christian by the fifth century. A notable <a href="/wiki/Berber_Christians" title="Berber Christians">Berber Christian</a> of Algeria was <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Saint Augustine</a> (and his mother <a href="/wiki/Saint_Monica" title="Saint Monica">Saint Monica</a>), important saints in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. Christianity's influence declined during the chaotic period of the <a href="/wiki/Vandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandal">Vandal</a> invasions but was strengthened in the succeeding <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> period. After the <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> invasions of the 7th century, Christianity began to gradually disappear.<sup id="cite_ref-rm_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, North Africa is primarily Muslim: <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is the state religion of <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>. While the practice and expression of other faiths is guaranteed by law, the same legal framework tends to restrict minority religions from actively seeking conversion to their religion, or even building or repairing churches. Converts to Christianity may be investigated and searched by the authorities as well as punished.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is some evidence that there has been an increase in conversions to Christianity among North African Muslims in recent years, even though in many cases the government will not change the religion from Islam on any citizens' identity cards. Despite this, the total number of Christians remains very low relative to the populations of these countries. In 2009, the percentage of Christians in Algeria was less than 2%. In this same survey, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> counted 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a> and 45,000 <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a> in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Christians are a religious minority in Algeria, churches built during <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French rule</a> can still be found. </p><p>Conversions to Christianity have been most common in <a href="/wiki/Kabylie" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabylie">Kabylie</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially in the <a href="/wiki/Wilaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilaya">wilaya</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tizi_Ouzou" title="Tizi Ouzou">Tizi-Ouzou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Tizi-Ouzou, the proportion of Christians has been estimated to be between 1% and 5%. Christians have at times been subjected to religiously motivated attacks. A 2015 study estimated that 380,000 Muslims have converted to Christianity in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1996, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Claverie" title="Pierre Claverie">Pierre Claverie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Oran" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Oran">Bishop of Oran</a>, was assassinated by <a href="/wiki/Terrorists" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorists">terrorists</a>. This murder occurred soon after that of seven monks of the <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_the_monks_of_Tibhirine" title="Murder of the monks of Tibhirine">Trappistes of Tibérine</a>, and of six nuns. This terrorist act was part of a general trend of violence during the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a> in the 1990s, commonly known as the Black Decade. During this time, between 100,000 and 200,000 Algerians lost their lives. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_(Catholicism)"><span id="History_.28Catholicism.29"></span>History (Catholicism)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History (Catholicism)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_Christianity_after_the_Arab_conquest">Indigenous Christianity after the Arab conquest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Indigenous Christianity after the Arab conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kabylie_Christian_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Kabylie_Christian_family.jpg/220px-Kabylie_Christian_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Kabylie_Christian_family.jpg/330px-Kabylie_Christian_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Kabylie_Christian_family.jpg/440px-Kabylie_Christian_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1603" /></a><figcaption>Christian <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> family from <a href="/wiki/Kabylia" title="Kabylia">Kabylia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The conventional historical view is that the conquest of North Africa by the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> between AD 647 and 709 effectively ended Christianity in North Africa for several centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-bethel_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bethel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prevailing view is that the Church lacked the backbone of a <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monastic tradition</a> and was still suffering from the aftermath of heresies including the <a href="/wiki/Donatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Donatist">Donatist</a> heresy that contributed to the earlier obliteration of the Church in the present day <a href="/wiki/Tamazgha" title="Tamazgha">Tamazgha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, new scholarship has appeared that disputes this. There are reports that the Christian faith persisted in the region from <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a> (present-day western Libya) to present-day Morocco for several centuries after the completion of the Arab conquest by 700 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Christian community is recorded in 1114 in Qal'a in central Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-orthodoxengland.org.uk_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orthodoxengland.org.uk-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also evidence of religious pilgrimages after 850 AD to tombs of Christian saints outside of the city of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, and evidence of religious contacts with Christians of <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Spain">Muslim Spain</a>. In addition, calendar reforms adopted in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> at this time were disseminated amongst the indigenous Christians of <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, which would have not been possible had there been an absence of contact with Rome.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Local Christianity came under pressure when the Muslim fundamentalist regimes of the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohad dynasty">Almohads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravids</a> came into power, and the record shows demands that local Christians of Tunis convert to Islam. There are reports of Christian inhabitants and a bishop in the city of <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a> around 1150 AD - a significant report, since this city was founded by <a href="/wiki/Arab_Muslims" title="Arab Muslims">Arab Muslims</a> around 680 AD as their administrative center after their conquest.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The indigenous Christian population in <a href="/wiki/M%27zab" title="M'zab">M'zab</a> persisted until the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A letter in Catholic Church archives from the 14th century shows that there were four bishoprics in North Africa, admittedly a sharp decline from the over four hundred bishoprics in existence at the time of the Arab conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-orthodoxengland.org.uk_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orthodoxengland.org.uk-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a> Christians continued to live in Tunis and <a href="/wiki/Nefzaoua" title="Nefzaoua">Nefzaoua</a> in the south of Tunisia up until the first quarter of the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-orthodoxengland.org.uk_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orthodoxengland.org.uk-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reintroduction_of_Christianity_during_French_Colonialism">Reintroduction of Christianity during French Colonialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reintroduction of Christianity during French Colonialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Algeria">Roman Catholicism in Algeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9drale_du_Sacr%C3%A9-Coeur,_Alger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cath%C3%A9drale_du_Sacr%C3%A9-Coeur%2C_Alger.jpg/220px-Cath%C3%A9drale_du_Sacr%C3%A9-Coeur%2C_Alger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cath%C3%A9drale_du_Sacr%C3%A9-Coeur%2C_Alger.jpg/330px-Cath%C3%A9drale_du_Sacr%C3%A9-Coeur%2C_Alger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cath%C3%A9drale_du_Sacr%C3%A9-Coeur%2C_Alger.jpg/440px-Cath%C3%A9drale_du_Sacr%C3%A9-Coeur%2C_Alger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_d%27Alger" title="Cathédrale du Sacré-Cœur d'Alger">Cathédrale du Sacré-Cœur d'Alger</a> in <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> was reintroduced in Algeria after the French conquest, when the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Algiers" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Algiers">Diocese of Algiers</a> was established in 1838. As of the last census in Algeria, taken on 1 June 1960, there were 1,050,000 non-Muslim civilians (mostly <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic</a>) in Algeria (10 percent of the total population including 130,000 <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algerian Jews</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Cook_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NOTRE_DAME_D%27AFRIQUE.ALGER.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/NOTRE_DAME_D%27AFRIQUE.ALGER.jpg/220px-NOTRE_DAME_D%27AFRIQUE.ALGER.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/NOTRE_DAME_D%27AFRIQUE.ALGER.jpg/330px-NOTRE_DAME_D%27AFRIQUE.ALGER.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/NOTRE_DAME_D%27AFRIQUE.ALGER.jpg/440px-NOTRE_DAME_D%27AFRIQUE.ALGER.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>The basilica of <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_d%27Afrique" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre Dame d'Afrique">Our Lady of Africa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/French_rule_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="French rule in Algeria">French rule</a>, the Catholic population of Algeria peaked at over one million. The country was divided into four dioceses, including one archdiocese: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Algiers" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Algiers">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Algiers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Constantine" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Constantine">Diocese of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Oran" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Oran">Diocese of Oran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Laghouat" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Laghouat">Diocese of Laghouat</a> (<i>Immediately subject to the Holy See</i>)</li></ul> <p>During French rule, Christianity was used as a tool of assimilation. French colonizers attempted to convert the Muslim population to Christianity as a form of modernization. Laws were put in place to establish Algerians’ rights as citizens based on religion. The Crémieux Decree of 1870 denied Muslim Algerians full citizenship status while granting local Christian and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algerian Jewish</a> inhabitants full citizenship. Very few Algerians converted because of this law. The religion-based citizenship divides established during the French colonial rule sparked animosity between groups that would impact the stance of minority religions in Algeria for years post-colonial rule.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity_after_independence">Christianity after independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Christianity after independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Algeria became independent in 1962, about 800,000 <a href="/wiki/Pied-Noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pied-Noir">Pieds-Noirs</a> of French nationality were evacuated to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> France. The majority of those who evacuated were Christian or Jewish. Approximately 200,000 Algerian inhabitants of French nationality chose to remain in Algeria. The number of people with French nationality has continued to decrease over the decades. There were approximately 100,000 in 1965 and about 50,000 by the end of the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-ladepeche_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ladepeche-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proselytization of the Muslim population was at first strictly prohibited; later the prohibition was less vigorously enforced, but few conversions took place. The several Catholic missions established in Algeria mostly worked on charitable and relief work, the establishment of schools, workshops, and infirmaries, and the training of staff for the new establishments. Some of the missionaries of these organizations remained in the country after independence, working among the poorer segments of the population. In the early 1980s, the Catholic population numbered about 45,000, most of whom were foreigners or Algerians who had married <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> or <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rm_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since independence, there has been a rise of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a>. The 1996 murder of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Claverie" title="Pierre Claverie">Pierre Claverie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Oran" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Oran">Bishop of Oran</a> was an act of violence by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremist</a> terrorists against the Christian community.<sup id="cite_ref-News69168_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-News69168-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_the_monks_of_Tibhirine" title="Murder of the monks of Tibhirine">seven monks</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Our_Lady_of_Atlas" title="Abbey of Our Lady of Atlas">Abbey of Our Lady of Atlas</a> were killed though it remains uncertain as to who killed them.<sup id="cite_ref-France24_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-France24-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/19_martyrs_of_Algeria" title="19 martyrs of Algeria">Pierre Claverie and the seven monks were beatified</a> in a mass also attended by Muslims at the Shrine of Our Lady of the Holy Cross in Oran on 8 December 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-Vatican_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vatican-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protestantism">Protestantism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Protestantism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kabyle_Christians_from_Algeria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kabyle_Christians_from_Algeria.jpg/220px-Kabyle_Christians_from_Algeria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kabyle_Christians_from_Algeria.jpg/330px-Kabyle_Christians_from_Algeria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kabyle_Christians_from_Algeria.jpg/440px-Kabyle_Christians_from_Algeria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_people" title="Kabyle people">Kabyle</a> Christians from Algeria.</figcaption></figure> <p>Protestants numbered approximately 45,000 in Algeria in 2011, according to more conservative estimates.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Figures in 2020 suggest that Protestants make up 0.03% of the country's population (or one in 10 Christians).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2006 missionary outreach among Muslims can be punished with up to five years of prison. The <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_of_Algeria" title="Protestant Church of Algeria">Protestant Church of Algeria</a> is a <a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">united church</a> formed by the <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Church">Reformed Church</a> with about 10,000 members. The Protestant Church of Algeria is one of only two officially recognized Christian organizations in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Christian_Concern" title="International Christian Concern">ICC</a>, most Christians meet in homes, to protect themselves. The country's Minister of Religious Affairs has called the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Christianity">evangelical</a> churches "dangerous." The Universal Periodic Review (UPR) in November looked at the government’s treatment of the Ahmadi Muslim and Protestant Christian communities, noting “State-inflicted harassment".<sup id="cite_ref-US2022_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US2022-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protestants and Catholics have noted long delays on obtaining visas for religious workers. </p><p>Since November 2017, 17 churches, members of the Protestant Church of Algeria, have been closed by the Algerian authorities, who justify these closures by a lack of authorisation from the National Commission for the exercise of non-Muslim worship.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Protestant Church of Algeria, this Commission has always refused to grant any authorisation to evangelical Protestant communities.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Church of the Full Gospel in Tizi Ouzou, which is described as the largest Algerian Protestant church was closed by police in 2019;<sup id="cite_ref-US2022_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US2022-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in March 2023, a court sentenced the president of the Protestant Church of Algeria (EPA), Pastor Salaheddine Chalah, to 18 months in prison for proselytizing on social media, although this was later reduced to non-custodial sentence. </p><p>The 2018 report of the <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_commission" title="Human rights commission">Human Rights Commission</a> expressed the committee's concern about the risk of criminalization of non-Muslim activities, the closure of churches and attacks & intimidations against people not practicing Ramadan.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, the Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief together with various other <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> Special Rapporteurs sent two communications to the Algerian government. A first letter, dated 4 October 2018, expresses their concern about "the administrative and judicial barriers faced by members of the Christian minority"<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the second, dated 2 December 2020, mentions an "administrative closure campaign".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only the second letter was answered, in two parts, in which the Algerian government stated that "the allegations concerning the situation of Protestants in Algeria are false and unfounded".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, various joint NGO’s and international organization’s statements, including from the <a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">world evangelical alliance</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a>, have continued to call on the government of Algeria to bring the legal framework on religious minority rights in line with its international obligations on the right to freedom of religion or belief, allow re-opening of all Protestant churches, and overturn convictions of individual Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Protestant denominations in Algeria include:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_du_Salut" class="mw-redirect" title="Armée du Salut">Armée du Salut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God" title="Assemblies of God">Assemblées de Dieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Eglise Adventiste du Séptieme Jour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eglise_Evang%C3%A9lique_Copte" class="mw-redirect" title="Eglise Evangélique Copte">Eglise Evangélique Copte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eglise_Protestante_d%27Alg%C3%A9rie" class="mw-redirect" title="Eglise Protestante d'Algérie">Eglise Protestante d'Algérie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fr%C3%A8res_Larges&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frères Larges (page does not exist)">Frères Larges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Diocese of Egypt">Anglican Diocese of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mission_Baptiste_Evang%C3%A9lique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mission Baptiste Evangélique (page does not exist)">Mission Baptiste Evangélique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mission_Biblique_de_Ghardaia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mission Biblique de Ghardaia (page does not exist)">Mission Biblique de Ghardaia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mission_d%27Afrique_du_Nord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mission d'Afrique du Nord (page does not exist)">Mission d'Afrique du Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mission_Evang%C3%A9lique_au_Sahara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mission Evangélique au Sahara (page does not exist)">Mission Evangélique au Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mission_Evang%C3%A9lique_de_M%C3%A9d%C3%A9a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mission Evangélique de Médéa (page does not exist)">Mission Evangélique de Médéa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mission_Evang%C3%A9lique_du_Sahara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mission Evangélique du Sahara (page does not exist)">Mission Evangélique du Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mission_Rolland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mission Rolland (page does not exist)">Mission Rolland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/48px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/64px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Algeria" title="Portal:Algeria">Algeria portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Religion in Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Christians" title="Berber Christians">Berber Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Algeria" title="Protestantism in Algeria">Protestantism in Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Algeria" title="Catholic Church in Algeria">Catholic Church in Algeria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-rm-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rm_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rm_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mary-Jane_Deeb" title="Mary-Jane Deeb">Deeb, Mary Jane</a>. "Religious minorities" <i>Algeria (Country Study)</i>. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress; Helen Chapan Metz, ed. December 1993. <i>This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/about.html">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724173825/http://www.echoroukonline.com/eng/algeria/11611-a-postal-executive-in-tlemcen-province-under-security-investigation-into-the-shady-circumstances-surrounding-his-decision-to-embrace-christianity.html">"Echorouk Online - A postal executive in Tlemcen province under security investigation into the shady circumstances surrounding his decision to embrace Christianity"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.echoroukonline.com/eng/algeria/11611-a-postal-executive-in-tlemcen-province-under-security-investigation-into-the-shady-circumstances-surrounding-his-decision-to-embrace-christianity.html">the original</a> on 24 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Echorouk+Online+-+A+postal+executive+in+Tlemcen+province+under+security+investigation+into+the+shady+circumstances+surrounding+his+decision+to+embrace+Christianity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.echoroukonline.com%2Feng%2Falgeria%2F11611-a-postal-executive-in-tlemcen-province-under-security-investigation-into-the-shady-circumstances-surrounding-his-decision-to-embrace-christianity.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/16338087">"Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census | Duane A Miller Botero - Academia.edu"</a>. academia.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Believers+in+Christ+from+a+Muslim+Background%3A+A+Global+Census+%26%23124%3B+Duane+A+Miller+Botero+-+Academia.edu&rft.pub=academia.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F16338087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unpo.org/article/21520">"Kabylia: Christian Churches Closed by Algerian Authorities"</a>. Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. 28 May 2019. <q>Since 2000, thousands of Algerian Muslims have put their faith in Christ. Algerian officials estimate the number of Christians at 50,000, but others say it could be twice that number.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kabylia%3A+Christian+Churches+Closed+by+Algerian+Authorities&rft.pub=Unrepresented+Nations+and+Peoples+Organization&rft.date=2019-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funpo.org%2Farticle%2F21520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210715132018/https://www.justice.gov/eoir/file/826846/download">"Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada"</a>. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 30 June 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/eoir/file/826846/download">the original</a> on 15 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2022</span>. <q>there is an estimated 20,000 to 100,000 evangelical Christians in Algeria, who practice their faith in mainly unregistered churches in the Kabyle region</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immigration+and+Refugee+Board+of+Canada&rft.pub=Immigration+and+Refugee+Board+of+Canada&rft.date=2015-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Feoir%2Ffile%2F826846%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP_S_Rowe2018" class="citation book cs1">P S Rowe, Paul (2018). <i>Routledge Handbook of Minorities in the Middle East</i>. Routledge. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317233794" title="Special:BookSources/9781317233794"><bdi>9781317233794</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Minorities+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781317233794&rft.aulast=P+S+Rowe&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/us-report-religious-freedom-middle-east">"U.S. Report on Religious Freedom in Middle East"</a>. Wilson Center. 30 May 2013. <q>some Algerian Muslims who converted to Christianity kept a low profile due to concern for their personal safety and potential legal and social problem</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Report+on+Religious+Freedom+in+Middle+East&rft.pub=Wilson+Center&rft.date=2013-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Farticle%2Fus-report-religious-freedom-middle-east&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman2012" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, Colin (2012). <i>Christians in the Middle East – Past, Present and Future</i>. Sage Publications, Inc. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781608991167" title="Special:BookSources/9781608991167"><bdi>9781608991167</bdi></a>. <q>many as 20,000 to 40,000 Algerians, mostly Berbers, who have become Christian</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christians+in+the+Middle+East+%E2%80%93+Past%2C+Present+and+Future&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Sage+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781608991167&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://matoub.kabylie.free.fr/kabylie/article.php3?id_article=174">Sadek Lekdja, <i>Christianity in Kabylie</i>, Radio France Internationale, 7 mai 2001</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404003445/http://matoub.kabylie.free.fr/kabylie/article.php3?id_article=174">Archived</a> 2019-04-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bethel-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bethel_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010730174045/http://www.bethel.edu/~letnie/AfricanChristianity/WesternNorthAfricaHomepage.html">"Office of the President | Bethel University"</a>. bethel.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bethel.edu/~letnie/AfricanChristianity/WesternNorthAfricaHomepage.html">the original</a> on 30 July 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Office+of+the+President+%26%23124%3B+Bethel+University&rft.pub=bethel.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bethel.edu%2F~letnie%2FAfricanChristianity%2FWesternNorthAfricaHomepage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Disappearance of Christianity from North Africa in the Wake of the Rise of Islam C. J. Speel, II Church History, Vol. 29, No. 4 (Dec., 1960), pp. 379-397</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francois Decret, Early Christianity in North Africa (James Clarke & Co, 2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-orthodoxengland.org.uk-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-orthodoxengland.org.uk_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orthodoxengland.org.uk_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orthodoxengland.org.uk_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxengland.org.uk/maghreb.htm">"The Last Christians Of North-West Africa: Some Lessons For Orthodox Today"</a>. orthodoxengland.org.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Operation+World%3A+Algeria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.operationworld.org%2Fcountry%2Falge%2Fowtext.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=4c&u=23r">The ARDA website, retrieved 2023-08-28</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcusa.org/missionyearbook/Jun/11.htm">"PC (USA) Mission Yearbook for Prayer and Study"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PC+%28USA%29+Mission+Yearbook+for+Prayer+and+Study&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcusa.org%2Fmissionyearbook%2FJun%2F11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Algeria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US2022-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-US2022_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US2022_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/algeria">US State Dept 2022 report</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadFile?gId=35924">DZA 15.03.2021 (5.2020)</a> », 22 janvier 2021 (consulted on 22-03-2022)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadFile?gId=35894">HRC/NONE/2021/SP/6</a> », 12 janvier 2021 (consulted the 22-03-2022)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">world evangelical alliance, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://un.worldea.org/algeria-arbitrary-closures-of-protestant-churches-and-prosecution-of-christians-continue-through-2021/">Algeria: Arbitrary Closures of Protestant Churches and Prosecution of Christians Continue through 2021</a> », 20 août 2021 (consulted the 22-03-2022)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United Nations Human Rights Committee, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CCPR/C/DZA/CO/4&Lang=Fr">Concluding observations on the fourth periodic report of Algeria</a> », 17 août 2018 (consulted the 22-2022)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UN special rapporteurs, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadPublicCommunicationFile?gId=24011">Internal Communication AL DZA 4/2018</a>, 04-10-2018 (consulted the 22-03-2022)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UN special rapporteurs, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadPublicCommunicationFile?gId=25707">Internal Communication AL DZA 5/2020</a>, 04-10-2018 (consulted the 22-03-2022)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The World Evangelical Alliance; Middle East Concern; The Protestant Church of Algeria, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://un.worldea.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/WEAGVA_UN_202102_HRC46_OS_DZA_Final.pdf">« Algeria: Allow re-opening of all Protestant Churches »</a>, 15-03-2021 (consulted the 22-03-2022)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The World Evangelical Alliance; Middle East Concern; The Protestant Church of Algeria, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://un.worldea.org/algeria-arbitrary-closures-of-protestant-churches-and-prosecution-of-christians-continue-through-2021/">Algeria: Arbitrary Closures of Protestant Churches and Prosecution of Christians Continue through 2021</a> », 20-08-2021 (consulté the 22-03-2022)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The World Evangelical Alliance; Middle East Concern; The Protestant Church of Algeria, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://un.worldea.org/algeria-allow-re-opening-of-all-protestant-churches-overturn-convictions-of-individual-christians/">Algeria: Allow Re-Opening of All Protestant Churches, Overturn Convictions of Individual Christians</a> », 4-10-2021 (consulté le 22-03-2022)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The World Christian Encyclopedia, Second edition, Volume 1, p. 57</span> </li> </ol></div> <p>Translated from <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianisme_au_Maghreb" class="extiw" title="fr:Christianisme au Maghreb">fr:Christianisme au Maghreb</a>: Introduction and Christianisme en Algérie sections </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190130135409/http://www.theologyinafrica.com/">Theology in Africa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092615/http://www.30giorni.it/us/articolo.asp?id=3553">The African roots of Latin Christianity</a> by Henri Teissier, Bishop of Algeria</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hO8BH9D7US8">Muslims Turn to Christ in Algeria - CBN Report</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/country/dz.html">Statistics relating to the Catholic Church in Algeria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Algeria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Vöcking, Hans. "Algeria." In <i>The Encyclopedia of Christianity</i>, edited by Erwin Fahlbusch and Geoffrey William Bromiley, 39–40. Vol. 1. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802824137" title="Special:BookSources/0802824137">0802824137</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity_in_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Africa" title="Christianity in Africa">Christianity in Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Angola" title="Christianity in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Benin" title="Christianity in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Botswana" title="Christianity in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Christianity in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Burundi" title="Christianity in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cape_Verde" title="Christianity in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Chad" title="Christianity in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Comoros" title="Christianity in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Christianity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Djibouti" title="Christianity in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Christianity in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Eritrea" title="Christianity in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Eswatini" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ethiopia" title="Christianity in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Gambia" title="Christianity in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ghana" title="Christianity in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Christianity in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Christianity in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Liberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Libya" title="Christianity in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Madagascar" title="Christianity in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Malawi" title="Christianity in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mauritania" title="Christianity in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mauritius" title="Christianity in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Morocco" title="Christianity in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Namibia" title="Christianity in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Niger" title="Christianity in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nigeria" title="Christianity in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Seychelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Christianity in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Somalia" title="Christianity in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_South_Africa" title="Christianity in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sudan" title="Christianity in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tanzania" title="Christianity in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Zambia" title="Christianity in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Zimbabwe" title="Christianity in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Somaliland" title="Christianity in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Réunion (page does not exist)">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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