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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Relational inflection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relational_inflection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causal_inflection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causal_inflection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Causal inflection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causal_inflection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Derivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition_and_reduplication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition_and_reduplication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Composition and reduplication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition_and_reduplication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Derivation_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivation_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Derivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derivation_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tense,_mood,_and_aspect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tense,_mood,_and_aspect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Tense, mood, and aspect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tense,_mood,_and_aspect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auxiliaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auxiliaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Auxiliaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auxiliaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Adverbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postpositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postpositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Postpositions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postpositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Particles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Particles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Particles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Particles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Syntax subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noun_phrase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_phrase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Noun phrase</span> </div> </a> <ul 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href="#Loanwords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Loanwords</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loanwords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Endangered Tupian language of Brazil</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Akuntsu</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Akuntsu_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Akuntsu people">Akuntsu people</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">4 (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> Eastern Tupian<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Tupar%C3%AD_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuparí languages">Tuparí</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Akuntsu</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/aqz" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:aqz">aqz</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/akun1241">akun1241</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1567">Akuntsú</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Approximate location where Akuntsu is spoken"><img alt="Approximate location where Akuntsu is spoken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Brazil_location_map.svg/250px-Brazil_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Brazil_location_map.svg/375px-Brazil_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Brazil_location_map.svg/500px-Brazil_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="1984" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.083%;left:31.843%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Akuntsu"><img alt="Approximate location where Akuntsu is spoken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Akuntsu</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Akuntsu_language&params=12_50_0_S_60_58_0_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">12°50′0″S</span> <span class="longitude">60°58′0″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">12.83333°S 60.96667°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-12.83333; -60.96667</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Akuntsu</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Tupian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tupian language">Tupian language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAragon2014_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAragon2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peaceful contact with the <a href="/wiki/Akuntsu_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Akuntsu people">Akuntsu people</a> was only made in 1995; they had been massacred by cattle ranchers in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson_2009_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson_2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is considered unlikely that the Akuntsu language or culture will survive following the deaths of the tribe's remaining members.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason several observers have described the tribe as the victims of <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The neighbouring Kanoê have been similarly reduced in number through contact with settlers,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as were the people of a man recently encountered living alone in the <a href="/wiki/Igarap%C3%A9_Omer%C3%AA_Indigenous_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Igarapé Omerê Indigenous Territory">Igarapé Omerê</a> reserve who is apparently the sole survivor of his tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuntsu_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Akuntsu is a <a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a> language belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Tupari_languages" title="Tupari languages">Tupari</a> subfamily. It is related to <a href="/wiki/Tupari_language" title="Tupari language">Tuparí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kepkiriw%C3%A1t_language" title="Kepkiriwát language">Kepkiriwát</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makurap_language" title="Makurap language">Makuráp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mek%C3%A9ns_language" title="Mekéns language">Mekéns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amniape" class="mw-redirect" title="Amniape">Waratégaya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wayor%C3%B3_language" title="Wayoró language">Wayoró</a>. Of these, it is most closely related to Mekéns, sharing approximately 79% of its vocabulary. <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tronco_Tupi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Tronco_Tupi.png/220px-Tronco_Tupi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Tronco_Tupi.png/330px-Tronco_Tupi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Tronco_Tupi.png/440px-Tronco_Tupi.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese family tree of the Tupian languages</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuntsu_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Akuntsu consonants are as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Akuntsu consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>Bilabial </th> <th>Alveolar </th> <th>Palatal </th> <th>Velar </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Plosive </th> <th>Voiceless </th> <td>p </td> <td>t </td> <td> </td> <td>k k<sup>w</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Voiced </th> <td>b </td> <td>d </td> <td> </td> <td>g </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Affricate </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>tʃ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Nasal </th> <td>m </td> <td>n </td> <td> </td> <td>ŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Flap </th> <td> </td> <td>ɾ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Approximant </th> <td>w </td> <td> </td> <td>j </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The velar nasal cannot occur word-initially. </p><p>There are 5 vowels. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Front </th> <th>Central </th> <th>Back </th></tr> <tr> <th>Close </th> <td>i </td> <td>ɨ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mid </th> <td>e (ɛ) </td> <td> </td> <td>o (u) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Open </th> <td> </td> <td>a </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In general, Akuntsu syllables can be formed with a single vowel (V), as in /i’top/ (“look”); a consonant and a vowel (CV), for example in /taˈɾa/ (“wide”); or even one vowel and two consonants (CCV, VCC or CVC), see /ˈhat/ (“snake”), /ˈkwini/ (“fork”) and /oˈajt/ (“butt”). Of these, CV is the most common.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuntsu_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are four open classes of words in Acuntsú (nouns, adverbs, adjectives and verbs) and five closed classes (pronouns, postpositions, idiophones, interjections and particles). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuntsu_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nouns refer to concrete entities (such as epapap, “moon”). They can assume syntactic functions of arguments of verbs and postpositions, as well as being determinants or determinants in nominal determination relations and constituting the nuclei of nominal predicates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relational_inflection">Relational inflection</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuntsu_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Relational inflection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Relational inflection occurs through prefixes that inflect the noun. The determinant of the nouns is the immediately preceding syntactic expression. </p><p>Unlike Tuparí and Makuráp, both also from the Tuparí family, where mutually exclusive prefixes mark the contiguity and non-contiguity of determiners, Akuntsu distinguishes between nouns that combine with the ø- allomorph and those that combine with the t allomorph. - (which mark the contiguity of the determiner, non-contiguity being an unmarked case).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Causal_inflection">Causal inflection</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuntsu_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Causal inflection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two suffixes determine causal inflection in Acuntsú: the locative -po and the determinative -et. The suffix -et gives nouns a specific and determined character. It is known to exist in the forms -t after a vowel and -et after a consonant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Derivation">Derivation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuntsu_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Derivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Acuntsú there are suffixes that modify nouns (-tin, which attenuates them, and -atʃo, which intensifies them) and one that forms them. There is also the suffix -kʷa, which in addition to forming a verb does so by bringing the idea of continuity and repetition of the action. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Composition_and_reduplication">Composition and reduplication</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuntsu_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Composition and reduplication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another way to form names is the composition of nominal themes, such as the formation of ororope (“clothes”) from ororo (“cotton”) and pe (“coating”). The reduplication of the last syllable is also observed in Akuntsu, as in several other languages of the Tupi trunk and indicates plural, as between pi (“foot”) and pipi (“feet”). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuntsu_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verbs in Acuntsú are divided into transitive and intransitive verbs. In general, they differ in that only transitive verbs have objects and, in Acuntsú in particular, there are certain limitations regarding the suffixes that each verb can take. </p><p>Both, however, adopt the thematic suffix -a (in the case of verbs ending in /a/, -ø is used, and for verbs ending in /o/, it is replaced by -a - as in "ko", the verb "to eat", which becomes "ka"), which marks the verb in the most diverse constructions, independently of other inflections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Derivation_2">Derivation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuntsu_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Derivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Occurring through the addition of prefixes, suffixes and reduplication, the main role of derivation in verbs is to nominalize them or change their transitivity. For nominalization, the suffix -pa stands out, which determines circumstance (atʃo - “to wash”, becomes atʃopa - “washer”), and the affix -i-, which only occurs in transitive verbs and forms a noun corresponding to the object resulting from the verb. An example is the formation of imi (“dead”) from mi (“to kill”). The change in transitivity involves a causative structure. It can be obtained by adding the prefix mõ-, as in kara - mõkara (“to fall” - “to make [object] fall”) or the suffix -ka as in morã - morãka (“to jump” - “to make [object] jump”). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tense,_mood,_and_aspect"><span id="Tense.2C_mood.2C_and_aspect"></span>Tense, mood, and aspect</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuntsu_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tense, mood, and aspect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike other languages of the Tupari family, which have a marker for the past, the only clear temporal information is given by the projective marker “kom”, so that the language clearly distinguishes only the “future” and the “non-future”. </p><p>The marker kom occurs at the end of sentences and indicates that an event will occur in the future, generally a certain event. An example would be tekarap ita kom (“the rain will come”). </p><p>There are three other very important indicators of aspect, namely the suffix -ɾa, which indicates habitualness, the morpheme ekʷa, which indicates iteration, and the suffix -kʷa, which indicates repetition/continuity of the action. Examples are: </p> <ol><li>apara koara kom. (“I will eat bananas as usual”)</li> <li>eneme ekʷa. (“You will run many times”)</li> <li>Konibú imi ekʷa. (“Konibú hunted them”)</li> <li>oaawkʷa. (“I yawned continuously”)</li></ol> <p>A peculiarity is that ekʷa, after an intransitive verb, represents an iteration of the action (2), while its presence after a transitive verb indicates an iteration of the object (3). </p><p>Reduplication is also an important process for the verbal aspect, occurring in the last syllable of the root, and also indicating iteration/repetition (for example, oøanam ãpika - oøanam ãpipika [“I pull my head” - “I pull and pull my head repeatedly”]). </p><p>As for the mood, Akuntsu uses the indicative mood, which has no explicit marking in the language, and is therefore the unmarked case, in addition to the imperative and interrogative moods. The imperative mood is evidenced by the suffix -tʃo, as in idaratʃo (“unfold it”). There is, however, the possibility that the imperative appears without marking (iko, “eat”) The interrogative mood is marked by rising intonation and is divided between polar questions, which require affirmative or negative answers, and content questions, in which the answer concerns a specific point. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Auxiliaries">Auxiliaries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuntsu_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Auxiliaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are auxiliary verbs in Akuntsu, which express dynamic or static conditions of the subject and contribute to the aspect and directionality of the verb, in addition to being able to present information about the action not included in the semantics of the main verb. They appear at the end of the sentence (with the exception of the morpheme tʃe, also observed before the main verb (1)) and modify the entire construction, and can also occur as main verbs when alone. They are: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><i>standing</i> </td> <td><i>ãm</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>seated </td> <td><i>jã</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>lying down </td> <td><i>toa</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>in motion </td> <td><i>ko</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>coming </td> <td><i>tʃe</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>going </td> <td><i>ka</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>These markers contribute to aspect by expressing an ongoing event simultaneously with that of the main verb, as in mapi ata kom iko (“he is going to get the arrow”). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adverbs">Adverbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuntsu_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Adverbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adverbs form a small open class of Akuntsu. Although they are not morphologically distinct from the adjective class, adverbs differ in syntax, since they cannot act as arguments of verbs. The function of adverbs is to add to the semantics of verbs, and they can occur before or after the verb they modify. The process of reduplication is important in adverbs, since it indicates an intensification or reiteration of the characteristic described. Reduplication itself can perform an adverbial function. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuntsu_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are few adjectives in Acuntsú. They refer to abstractions such as sensations, colors, states, etc. (like akop, “hot”). They modify nouns and can be determined in nominal determination relations, as well as syntactically exercising the function of nuclei of nominal predicates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuntsu_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pronouns constitute a closed subclass and are divided into demonstrative and personal pronouns. Among personal pronouns, there are two series: series I encodes both the subject of nominal predicates and the agent of transitive predicates (see section 7.2). They can also act as the nucleus of adverbial phrases (when modified by the locative suffix) or as the emphatic subject of intransitive verbs. They are: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Person </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th colspan="2">Clitic </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td>on, one </td> <td>kitʃe (inclusive) otʃe (exclusive) </td> <td>o- </td> <td>ki- (incl.), otʃe- (excl.) </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td>en, ene </td> <td>jat </td> <td>e- </td> <td>jat- </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td>te </td> <td>kejat </td> <td>i-/t-, te- (referring to a previous subject) </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The second person plural is only used when a 3rd person not being referred to is included. Clitic pronouns mark the determiner of nouns, objects of transitive verbs and subjects of intransitive verbs. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Pronome demonstrativo</b> </td> <td><b>Tradução/referente</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>eme </td> <td>this/near the speaker </td></tr> <tr> <td>jȇ </td> <td>this/near the speaker (sitting) </td></tr> <tr> <td>jȇrom </td> <td>that/far from the speaker and close to the listener </td></tr> <tr> <td>(te)ike </td> <td>away from the speaker and listener, approximately visible </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals">Numerals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuntsu_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are only two numerals in Akuntsu: kite (“one”) and tɨɾɨ (“two”). To indicate larger numbers, the number two is reduplicated (tɨɾɨ tɨɾɨ is “four”, for example). The numeral can appear before or after the noun it quantifies, but in studies of the language so far, it occurs before the noun more commonly. The numeral kite, in some contexts, can also mean “alone” (oɾẽbõ kite - “I am alone”). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postpositions">Postpositions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuntsu_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Postpositions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This class includes terms that appear after nouns and express some specific semantic notion. It is approximately equivalent to prepositions in languages such as English and Portuguese, but appears after the terms it determines due to the syntactic structure of Akuntsu </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>etʃe </td> <td>diffuse locative </td> <td>ek <b>etʃe</b> ka </td> <td>(home locative go) go to the house </td></tr> <tr> <td>ete </td> <td>relative/comitative </td> <td>ta itek <b>ete</b>/en baj <b>ete</b> </td> <td>that is [concerning] his house/is with the buriti </td></tr> <tr> <td>pi </td> <td>Inessive </td> <td>on tek <b>pi</b> tʃopa </td> <td>see the inside of the house </td></tr> <tr> <td>na </td> <td>Translative </td> <td>ikop <b>na</b> </td> <td>he is red </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Particles">Particles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuntsu_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Particles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Particles constitute an closed class of words that can indicate evidentiality, demarcate the focus of a sentence, act as conjunctions, perform adverbial functions and even indicate existence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuntsu_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noun_phrase">Noun phrase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuntsu_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Noun phrase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Akuntsu nominal phrases, determined nouns are preceded by their respective determiners. They can also be modified by numerals, which can precede or follow the nouns they modify. There is no gender inflection of any kind, nor is there any number inflection in the noun. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Genitive_constructions">Genitive constructions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuntsu_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Genitive constructions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genitive constructions of Akuntsu are based on the combination of nouns in which the determiner precedes the determined, as in øpi, where pi is “foot” and ø- is a prefix that determines the relational inflection. </p><p>From this, nouns can be divided into a class of dependent or inalienable nouns, generally referring to parts of a whole or elements whose existence is related to something or someone (examples are ep [“leaf”] and op [“father”]), and independent or alienable nouns, usually plants, animals or elements of nature (e.g. waʔi [“stone”] and ororo [“cotton”]). </p><p>While among inalienable nouns genitive constructions are indispensable, among alienable nouns they only occur through mediators, i.e. the nominalizer -i- and the use of kinship names. </p><p>The first strategy is to nominalize transitive verbs, forming constructions such as øiko (“my food”) from the verb ko (“to eat”). The other strategy involves a historical aspect of the Akuntsu language: since the Indians had their relatives killed (see section 2.1), the women of the group raised their animals as their children. Thus, kinship names mediate genitive constructions involving independent names of animals. An example is wako Tʃaroj ømempit (“the jacu is the son of Txarúi”), where a standard genitive construction occurs in ømempit (“woman’s son”) associated with the alienable name wako (“jacu”). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verb_phrase">Verb phrase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuntsu_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Verb phrase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like nominal phrases, verbal phrases are composed of a verb determined by a determiner that precedes it. An important distinction occurs between intransitive verbs, which receive clitic pronouns to indicate their subject, and transitive verbs, which use independent personal pronouns as subjects according to specific rules. </p><p>An example of a verbal phrase with an intransitive verb is oakata, where o- is a clitic pronoun for the 1st person singular that functions as the subject of the verb akata (“to fall”), forming the phrase “I fell”. For transitive verbs there is the presence of one or sometimes even two objects and only one clitic can accompany the verb. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Order_and_alignment">Order and alignment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuntsu_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Order and alignment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The default word order of Akuntsu is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb_word_order" title="Subject–object–verb word order">Subject-Object-Verb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAragon201421_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAragon201421-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As for alignment, Acuntsú is considered an ergative-absolutive language. This is because the subject of intransitive verbs and the object of transitive verbs occur with the same treatment (in the form of clitic pronouns preceding the verb - absolutive case), while the subjects of transitive verbs occur with another treatment (separately in the sentence - ergative case). However, when the transitive sentence has the name of an inanimate element as the object, the ergative-absolutive alignment can be neutralized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interrogatives">Interrogatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuntsu_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Interrogatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Interrogative constructions in Akuntsu are divided into polar and content-based. The former require yes or no answers and are marked by rising intonation. The latter generally occur with particles that begin the sentence (with the exception of “ne”, which occurs at the end) and specify the objective of the question. These particles are: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>aɾop </td> <td>who/what/for what/whose </td> <td><b>aɾop</b> teimi? (“what is he going to hunt?”) </td></tr> <tr> <td>taɾa </td> <td>what/who </td> <td><b>taɾa</b> ijã? (“what is this?”) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ãka </td> <td>how/when </td> <td><b>ãka</b> tetʃeta? (“how is he going away?”) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ẽɾom </td> <td>where </td> <td><b>ẽɾom</b> itʃoka ne? (“where he can build [this]?”) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ne </td> <td>Hypothetical construction </td> <td>enibõ <b>ne</b>? (“Is this for the network?”) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuntsu_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loanwords">Loanwords</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuntsu_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Loanwords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the expansion of contact between the Akuntsus and FUNAI groups that do not speak the language, in addition to idiophones, Acuntsú speakers incorporated words from the Kanoê language and Portuguese into their vocabulary, in order to make themselves understood by non-speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Loan from Portuguese </th> <th>Portuguese </th> <th><b>Translation</b> </th> <th><b>Loan from Kanoê</b> </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>[ma'hadu] </td> <td>machado </td> <td>axe </td> <td>[uˈɾɛ] </td> <td>pig </td></tr> <tr> <td>[ˈdʒuka] </td> <td>açúcar </td> <td>sugar </td> <td>[tʃeˈɾe] </td> <td>see </td></tr> <tr> <td>[baˈkãw] </td> <td>facão </td> <td>machete </td> <td>[kãˈni] </td> <td>child </td></tr> <tr> <td>[piˈtʃi] </td> <td>peixe </td> <td>fish </td> <td>[iˈwɛ] </td> <td>pain </td></tr> <tr> <td>[mãdʒiˈuka] </td> <td>mandioca </td> <td>cassava </td> <td>[kuˈni] </td> <td>water </td></tr> <tr> <td>[aˈhoj] </td> <td>arroz </td> <td>rice </td> <td>[muˈkujẽ] </td> <td>sleep </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuntsu_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMaraña2016" class="citation web cs1">Maraña, Lati (6 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.survivalinternational.org/news/11304">"Leader and last ever shaman of tiny Amazon tribe dies in Brazil"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Survival_International" title="Survival International">Survival International</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Survival+International&rft.atitle=Leader+and+last+ever+shaman+of+tiny+Amazon+tribe+dies+in+Brazil&rft.date=2016-06-06&rft.aulast=Mara%C3%B1a&rft.aufirst=Lati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.survivalinternational.org%2Fnews%2F11304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkuntsu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAragon2014-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAragon2014_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAragon2014">Aragon 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson_2009-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Watson_2009_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite 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(2011, October). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/artigo%3Agalucio-nogueira-2011/galucio_nogueira_2011_comparative.pdf">Comparative study of the Tupari branch of the Tupi family: contributions to understanding its historical development and internal classification</a>. In <i>Memorias del V Congreso de Idiomas Indígenas de Latinoamérica</i> (Vol. 6, No. 8). Austin: Univ. Tex. Austin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoutoIsidoro2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Couto, Fábio Pereira; Isidoro, Edineia Aparecida (30 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/ling/article/view/19054">"Evidências Acústicas da Laringalização Vocálica na Língua Tuparí"</a>. <i>Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica</i> (in Portuguese). <b>10</b> (1): 59–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26512%2Frbla.v10i1.19054">10.26512/rbla.v10i1.19054</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2317-1375">2317-1375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Brasileira+de+Lingu%C3%ADstica+Antropol%C3%B3gica&rft.atitle=Evid%C3%AAncias+Ac%C3%BAsticas+da+Laringaliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Voc%C3%A1lica+na+L%C3%ADngua+Tupar%C3%AD&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-74&rft.date=2018-07-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26512%2Frbla.v10i1.19054&rft.issn=2317-1375&rft.aulast=Couto&rft.aufirst=F%C3%A1bio+Pereira&rft.au=Isidoro%2C+Edineia+Aparecida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fperiodicos.unb.br%2Findex.php%2Fling%2Farticle%2Fview%2F19054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkuntsu+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ARAGON, Carolina Coelho. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/5135">Fonologia e aspectos morfológicos e sintáticos da língua akuntsú</a>. 2008. Dissertation (Masters in Linguistics) - Departmetn of Linguistics, Portuguese and Classical Languages, University of Brasília, Brasília, 2008..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAragon201421-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAragon201421_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAragon2014">Aragon 2014</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aragon, Carolina Coelho. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://periodicoscientificos.ufmt.br/ojs/index.php/polifonia/article/view/7273/4799#:~:text=O%20uso%20de%20apelidos%2C%20a,caracter%C3%ADsticos%20do%20discurso%20dos%20Akunts%C3%BA.">Stylistic and social variations in the discourse of Akuntsú speakers</a>». Federal University of Mato Grosso. <i>Polyfonia</i>. 25 (38.1): 90-103. Retrieved April 12, 2021.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuntsu_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAragon2014" class="citation thesis cs1">Aragon, Carolina Coelho (2014). <i>A grammar of Akuntsú, a Tupían language</i> (Ph.D. thesis). University of Hawaii at Manoa. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F101050">10125/101050</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+grammar+of+Akunts%C3%BA%2C+a+Tup%C3%ADan+language&rft.degree=Ph.D.&rft.inst=University+of+Hawaii+at+Manoa&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10125%2F101050&rft.aulast=Aragon&rft.aufirst=Carolina+Coelho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkuntsu+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuntsu_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevStarkChang2012" class="citation book cs1">Lev, Michael; Stark, Tammy; Chang, Will (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/~saphon/en/inv/Akuntsu.html">"Phonological inventory of Akuntsú"</a>. <i>The South American Phonological Inventory Database</i> (version 1.1.3 ed.). Berkeley: University of California: Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Digital Resource.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phonological+inventory+of+Akunts%C3%BA&rft.btitle=The+South+American+Phonological+Inventory+Database&rft.place=Berkeley%3A+University+of+California&rft.edition=version+1.1.3&rft.pub=Survey+of+California+and+Other+Indian+Languages+Digital+Resource&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Lev&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Stark%2C+Tammy&rft.au=Chang%2C+Will&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linguistics.berkeley.edu%2F~saphon%2Fen%2Finv%2FAkuntsu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAkuntsu+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phoible.org/languages/akun1241">Phonological Inventory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tular.clld.org">TuLaR (Tupian Languages Resources)</a></li></ul> <div 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arikem_languages" title="Arikem languages">Arikem</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arikem_language" title="Arikem language">Arikem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kabixiana_language" title="Kabixiana language">Kabixiana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kariti%C3%A2na_language" title="Karitiâna language">Karitiâna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tupari_languages" title="Tupari languages">Tupari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Akuntsu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kepkiriw%C3%A1t_language" title="Kepkiriwát language">Kepkiriwát</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makurap_language" title="Makurap language">Makurap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mek%C3%A9ns_language" title="Mekéns language">Mekens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupari_language" title="Tupari language">Tupari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayor%C3%B3_language" title="Wayoró language">Wayoró</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monde_languages" title="Monde languages">Mondé</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aru%C3%A1shi_language" title="Aruáshi language">Aruáshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinta_Larga_language" title="Cinta Larga language">Cinta Larga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavi%C3%A3o_of_Jiparan%C3%A1" title="Gavião of Jiparaná">Gavião of Jiparaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guariba_Ar%C3%A1ra_language" title="Guariba Arára language">Guariba Arára</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mond%C3%A9_language" title="Mondé language">Mondé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suru%C3%AD_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Suruí language">Suruí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoro_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoro language">Zoro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Purubora_language" title="Purubora language">Puruborá</a>–<br /><a href="/wiki/Ramarama_languages" title="Ramarama languages">Ramarama</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramarama_language" title="Ramarama language">Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purubora_language" title="Purubora language">Puruborá</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Urumi_language" title="Urumi language">Urumi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yuruna_languages" title="Yuruna languages">Yuruna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juruna_language" title="Juruna language">Juruna</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maritsau%C3%A1_language" title="Maritsauá language">Maritsauá</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xipaya_language" title="Xipaya language">Xipaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Munduruku_languages" title="Munduruku languages">Munduruku</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuruaya_language" title="Kuruaya language">Kuruaya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munduruku_language" title="Munduruku language">Munduruku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maweti%E2%80%93Guarani_languages" title="Maweti–Guarani languages">Maweti–Guarani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maw%C3%A9_language" title="Mawé language">Mawé</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Aweti–Guarani" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aweti–Guarani</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awet%C3%AF_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Awetï language">Awetï</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tupi–Guarani" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tupi%E2%80%93Guarani_languages" title="Tupi–Guarani languages">Tupi–Guarani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_languages" title="Guarani languages">Guarani</a> (I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ach%C3%A9_language" title="Aché language">Aché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_dialects" title="Guarani dialects">Guarani</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ava_Guarani_language" title="Ava Guarani language">Chiripá</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Jopara" title="Jopara">Jopara</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bolivian_Guaran%C3%AD_language" title="Eastern Bolivian Guaraní language">East Bolivian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Mby%C3%A1_Guaran%C3%AD_language" title="Mbyá Guaraní language">Mbyá</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Paraguayan</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Western_Bolivian_Guarani" title="Western Bolivian Guarani">West Bolivian</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiw%C3%A1_language" title="Kaiwá language">Kaiwá</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Pai_Tavytera_language" title="Pai Tavytera language">Pai Tavytera</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xeta_language" title="Xeta language">Xeta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guarayu_languages" title="Guarayu languages">Guarayu</a> (II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guarayu_language" title="Guarayu language">Guarayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauserna_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauserna language">Pauserna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirion%C3%B3_language" title="Sirionó language">Sirionó</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tupi_languages" title="Tupi languages">Tupi</a> (III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tupi_language" title="Tupi language">Old Tupi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paulista_General_Language" title="Paulista General Language">Paulista General Language</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocama_language" title="Cocama language">Cocama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nheengatu_language" title="Nheengatu language">Nheengatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omagua_language" title="Omagua language">Omagua</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Potiguara_language" title="Potiguara language">Potiguara</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tenetehara_languages" title="Tenetehara languages">Tenetehara</a> (IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akw%C3%A1wa_language" title="Akwáwa language">Akwáwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Av%C3%A1-Canoeiro_language" title="Avá-Canoeiro language">Avá-Canoeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapirap%C3%A9_language" title="Tapirapé language">Tapirapé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenetehara_language" title="Tenetehara language">Tenetehara</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Guajajara" title="Guajajara">Guajajara</a></small></li> <li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Turiw%C3%A1ra_language" title="Turiwára language">Turiwára</a></i></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xingu_languages" title="Xingu languages">Xingu</a> (V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amanay%C3%A9_language" title="Amanayé language">Amanayé</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anamb%C3%A9_language" title="Anambé language">Anambé</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ararandewara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ararandewara language">Ararandewara</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawet%C3%A9_language" title="Araweté language">Araweté</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A1_language" title="Aurá language">Aurá</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingu_Asurini_language" title="Xingu Asurini language">Xingu Asurini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kawah%C3%ADb_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawahíb language">Kawahíb</a> (VI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apiak%C3%A1_language" title="Apiaká language">Apiaká</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakobo_language" title="Chakobo language">Karipuna</a> (Jau-Navo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagwahiva_language" title="Kagwahiva language">Kagwahiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayabi_language" title="Kayabi language">Kayabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru-Pa-In_language" title="Uru-Pa-In language">Uru-Pa-In</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kamayur%C3%A1_language" title="Kamayurá language">Kamayurá</a> (VII)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamayur%C3%A1_language" title="Kamayurá language">Kamayurá</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tupi%E2%80%93Guarani_languages" title="Northern Tupi–Guarani languages">Northern</a> (VIII)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emerillon_language" title="Emerillon language">Emerillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaj%C3%A1_language" title="Guajá language">Guajá</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takunyap%C3%A9_language" title="Takunyapé language">Takunyapé</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27apor_language" title="Ka'apor language">Urubu–Kaapor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayampi_language" title="Wayampi language">Wayampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayampipuk%C3%BA_language" title="Wayampipukú language">Wayampipukú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zo%27%C3%A9_language" title="Zo'é language">Zo'é</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tupian_language" title="Proto-Tupian 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