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aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Types subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mafia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mafia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Mafia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mafia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Narco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Narco </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Street" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Street"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Street </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Street-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Law enforcement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Biker </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Prison </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Punk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vigilante" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vigilante"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Vigilante </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vigilante-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Membership </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Membership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Membership subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-member_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-member_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Non-member women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-member_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Initiation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Training </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typical_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typical_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Typical activities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typical_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Violence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Violence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Violence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Sexual violence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Motives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Identification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-US_impact_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_impact_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 US impact debate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_impact_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UK_impact_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UK_impact_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 UK impact debate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UK_impact_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 United States military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 General and cited references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Gang</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" > 43 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="عصابة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عصابة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda" title="Banda – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Banda" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Банда – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Банда" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang" title="Gang – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gang" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_de_carrer" title="Banda de carrer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Banda de carrer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang" title="Gang – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gang" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bande" title="Bande – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bande" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bande_(Gruppe)" title="Bande (Gruppe) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bande (Gruppe)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Συμμορία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συμμορία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandilla" title="Pandilla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pandilla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bando" title="Bando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="باند خلافکاران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باند خلافکاران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bande_criminelle" title="Bande criminelle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bande criminelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binde" title="Binde – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Binde" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drong" title="Drong – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Drong" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AD%EB%A0%A5_%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%81" title="폭력 조직 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폭력 조직" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9" title="गिरोह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गिरोह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geng" title="Geng – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Geng" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_(criminalit%C3%A0)" title="Banda (criminalità) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Banda (criminalità)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="כנופיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כנופיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%AF" title="گینٛگ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گینٛگ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF)" title="Банда (кескитоп) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Банда (кескитоп)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda" title="Banda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Banda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geng" title="Geng – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Geng" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%8F%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဂိုဏ်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂိုဏ်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bende_(misdaad)" title="Bende (misdaad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bende (misdaad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="ギャング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ギャング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang" title="Gang – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gang" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrilha_(crime)" title="Quadrilha (crime) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quadrilha (crime)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda" title="Banda – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Banda" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricca" title="Cricca – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cricca" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang" title="Gang – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gang" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang" title="Gang – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gang" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolpa" title="Tolpa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tolpa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciyaal_suuq" title="Ciyaal suuq – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ciyaal suuq" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Банда – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Банда" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda" title="Banda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Banda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katujengi" title="Katujengi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Katujengi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A4ng" title="Gäng – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gäng" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D" title="గాంగ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గాంగ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ete" title="Çete – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çete" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Băng đảng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Băng đảng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gang_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gang (disambiguation)">Gang (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Street gang", "Crime gang", and "Gang culture" redirect here. For the Sesame Street book, see <a href="/wiki/Street_Gang" title="Street Gang">Street Gang</a>. For similar terms, see <a href="/wiki/Criminal_gang_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Criminal gang (disambiguation)">criminal gang</a>. For the Ice-T album, see <a href="/wiki/Gang_Culture_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gang Culture (album)">Gang Culture (album)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject. You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gang&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Gang" title="Talk:Gang">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate. (January 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apachesvspolicebastille.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Apachesvspolicebastille.jpg/220px-Apachesvspolicebastille.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Apachesvspolicebastille.jpg/330px-Apachesvspolicebastille.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Apachesvspolicebastille.jpg/440px-Apachesvspolicebastille.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4290" data-file-height="2967" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Street_fighting" title="Street fighting">street level rumble</a> of <a href="/wiki/Apaches_(subculture)" title="Apaches (subculture)">Apache gang members</a> battling <a href="/wiki/Paris_Police_Prefecture" title="Paris Police Prefecture">Parisian Police officers</a> en masse on 14 August 1904</figcaption></figure> A gang is a <a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">group</a> or <a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">society</a> of associates, friends, or members of a family with a defined <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a> and internal organization that identifies with or claims control over <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/territory#Noun" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:territory">territory</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</a> and engages, either individually or <a href="/wiki/Group_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Group behavior">collectively</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">illegal</a>, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violent</a>, behavior, with such behavior often constituting a form of <a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">organized crime</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The word gang derives from the <a href="/wiki/Past_participle" class="mw-redirect" title="Past participle">past participle</a> of <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> gan, meaning 'to go'. It is <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> gangr,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> meaning 'journey'.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> While the term often refers specifically to criminal groups, it also has a broader meaning of any close or organized group of people, and may have neutral, positive or negative <a href="/wiki/Connotation" title="Connotation">connotations</a> depending on usage.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> In discussing the <a href="/wiki/Banditry" title="Banditry">banditry</a> in American history, <a href="/wiki/Barrington_Moore,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Barrington Moore, Jr.">Barrington Moore, Jr.</a> suggests that gangsterism as a "form of self-help which victimizes others" may appear in societies which lack strong "forces of <a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">law and order</a>"; he characterizes European <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> as "mainly gangsterism that had become society itself and acquired respectability through the notions of <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a>".<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The 17th century saw London "terrorized by a series of organized gangs",<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> some of them known as the Mims, Hectors, Bugles, and Dead Boys. These gangs often came into conflict with each other. Members dressed "with colored ribbons to distinguish the different factions."<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>, criminals and gangs started to form organizations which would collectively become London's criminal underworld.<a href="#cite_note-Victoria_1-9">[9]</a> Criminal societies in the underworld started to develop their own ranks and groups which were sometimes called families, and were often made up of lower-classes and operated on <a href="/wiki/Pickpocketing" title="Pickpocketing">pick-pocketry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">forgery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counterfeit" title="Counterfeit">counterfeiting</a>, commercial <a href="/wiki/Burglary" title="Burglary">burglary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a> schemes.<a href="#cite_note-Victoria_1-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Victoria_2-10">[10]</a> Unique also were the use of <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slangs</a> and argots used by Victorian criminal societies to distinguish each other, like those propagated by street gangs like the <a href="/wiki/Peaky_Blinders" title="Peaky Blinders">Peaky Blinders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Halls-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peak-12">[12]</a> In the United States, the history of gangs began on the East Coast in 1783 following the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Gangs arose further in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> by the middle of the nineteenth century and were a concern for city leaders from the time they appeared.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The emergence of the gangs was largely attributed to the vast rural population immigration to the urban areas. The first street-gang in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Forty_Thieves_(New_York_gang)" title="Forty Thieves (New York gang)">40 Thieves</a>, began around the late 1820s in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. The gangs in <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a> had control of what is now <a href="/wiki/Federal_Triangle" title="Federal Triangle">Federal Triangle</a>, in a region then known as <a href="/wiki/Murder_Bay" title="Murder Bay">Murder Bay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Organized crime in the United States first came to prominence in the <a href="/wiki/Old_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Old West">Old West</a> and historians such as Brian J. Robb and Erin H. Turner traced the first organized crime syndicates to the <a href="/wiki/Cochise_County_Cowboys" title="Cochise County Cowboys">Coschise Cowboy Gang</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Butch_Cassidy%27s_Wild_Bunch" title="Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch">Wild Bunch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">Prohibition</a> would also cause a new boom in the emergence of gangs; <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> for example had over 1,000 gangs in the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Outside of the US and the UK, gangs exist in both urban and rural forms, like the French gangs of the <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Apaches_(subculture)" title="Apaches (subculture)">Apaches</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bonnot_Gang" title="Bonnot Gang">Bonnot Gang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-blom-19">[19]</a> Many criminal organizations, such as the Italian <a href="/wiki/Cosa_Nostra" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosa Nostra">Cosa Nostra</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Yakuza" title="Yakuza">yakuza</a>, Russian <a href="/wiki/Bratva" class="mw-redirect" title="Bratva">Bratva</a>, and Chinese <a href="/wiki/Triad_(organized_crime)" title="Triad (organized crime)">triads</a>, have existed for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_gangs_in_the_United_States" title="List of gangs in the United States">List of gangs in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marasalvatrucha13.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Marasalvatrucha13.png/220px-Marasalvatrucha13.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Marasalvatrucha13.png 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mara_Salvatrucha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mara Salvatrucha">Mara Salvatrucha</a> gang member with a tattoo showing his gang membership</figcaption></figure> Gangs, syndicates, and other criminal groups, come in many forms, each with their own specialties and gang culture.<a href="#cite_note-Types-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mafia">Mafia</h3></div> One of the most infamous criminal gangs are <a href="/wiki/Mafias" class="mw-redirect" title="Mafias">Mafias</a>, whose activities include racketeering and overseeing illicit agreements.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> These include the Sicilian <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Cosa Nostra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Mafia" title="American Mafia">Italian–American Mafia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The Neapolitan <a href="/wiki/Camorra" title="Camorra">Camorra</a>, the Calabrian <a href="/wiki/%27Ndrangheta" title="'Ndrangheta">'Ndrangheta</a> and the Apulian <a href="/wiki/Sacra_Corona_Unita" title="Sacra Corona Unita">Sacra Corona Unita</a> are similar <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> organized gangs. Outside of Italy, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Mob" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Mob">Irish Mob</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Yakuza" title="Yakuza">yakuza</a>, Chinese <a href="/wiki/Triad_(organized_crime)" title="Triad (organized crime)">triads</a>, British <a href="/wiki/British_firms_(organised_crime)" title="British firms (organised crime)">firms</a>, and Russian <a href="/wiki/Bratva" class="mw-redirect" title="Bratva">Bratva</a> are also examples.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Narco">Narco</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Narcoculture_in_Mexico" title="Narcoculture in Mexico">Narcos</a> or <a href="/wiki/Drug_cartel" title="Drug cartel">drug cartels</a> are slang terms used for criminal groups (mainly <a href="/wiki/Latin_Americans" title="Latin Americans">Latin Americans</a>) who primarily deal with the illegal drug trade.<a href="#cite_note-OvalleMarroquin-26">[26]</a> These include drug cartels like the <a href="/wiki/Medellin_Cartel" class="mw-redirect" title="Medellin Cartel">Medellin Cartel</a> and other Colombian cartels, Mexican cartels like the <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa_Cartel" title="Sinaloa Cartel">Sinaloa Cartel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Los_Zetas" title="Los Zetas">Los Zetas</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Primeiro_Comando_da_Capital" title="Primeiro Comando da Capital">Primeiro Comando da Capital</a> in Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-jpla-27">[27]</a> Other examples are Jamaican <a href="/wiki/Yardie" title="Yardie">Yardies</a> and the various opium barons in the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Southeast_Asia)" title="Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)">Golden Triangle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golden_Crescent" title="Golden Crescent">Golden Crescent</a>. Many narcos are known for their use of paramilitaries and <a href="/wiki/Narcoterrorism" title="Narcoterrorism">narcoterrorism</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cartel" title="Gulf Cartel">Gulf Cartel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shower_Posse" title="Shower Posse">Shower Posse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Street">Street</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:101_Gang_Members_Arrested_in_Central_Valley_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/101_Gang_Members_Arrested_in_Central_Valley_06.jpg/220px-101_Gang_Members_Arrested_in_Central_Valley_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/101_Gang_Members_Arrested_in_Central_Valley_06.jpg/330px-101_Gang_Members_Arrested_in_Central_Valley_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/101_Gang_Members_Arrested_in_Central_Valley_06.jpg/440px-101_Gang_Members_Arrested_in_Central_Valley_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2859" data-file-height="1901" /></a><figcaption>California Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> announced the arrest of 101 gang members on June 8, 2011.</figcaption></figure> Street gangs are gangs formed by youths in urban areas, and are known primarily for <a href="/wiki/Street_fighting" title="Street fighting">street fighting</a> and gang warfare.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The term "street gang" is commonly used interchangeably with "youth gang", referring to neighborhood or street-based youth groups that meet "gang" criteria.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Miller (1992) defines a street gang as "a self-formed association of peers, united by mutual interests, with identifiable leadership and internal organization, who act collectively or as individuals to achieve specific purposes, including the conduct of illegal activity and control of a particular territory, facility, or enterprise."<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Some of the well-known ones are the Black gangs like the <a href="/wiki/Bloods" title="Bloods">Bloods</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crips" title="Crips">Crips</a>, also the <a href="/wiki/Vice_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Lords">Vice Lords</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gangster_Disciples" title="Gangster Disciples">Gangster Disciples</a>. Other racial gangs also exist like the <a href="/wiki/Trinitario" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitario">Trinitario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sure%C3%B1os" title="Sureños">Sureños</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiny_Rascal_Gang" title="Tiny Rascal Gang">Tiny Rascal Gang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Boyz" title="Asian Boyz">Asian Boyz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wa_Ching" class="mw-redirect" title="Wa Ching">Wa Ching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoe_Pound" title="Zoe Pound">Zoe Pound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_Kings_(gang)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Kings (gang)">The Latin Kings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hammerskins" title="Hammerskins">The Hammerskins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Lowriders" title="Nazi Lowriders">Nazi Lowriders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood_%26_Honour" title="Blood & Honour">Blood & Honour</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement">Law enforcement</h3></div> Law enforcement gangs are criminal organizations that form and operate within law enforcement agencies. Members have been accused of significant department abuses of policy and constitutional rights, terrifying the general population, intimidating their colleagues, and retaliating against whistleblowers. Leaders called "shot-callers" control many aspects of local policing, including promotions, scheduling, and enforcement. They operate in the gray areas of law enforcement, perpetuate a culture of silence, and promote a mentality of <a href="/wiki/Punisher" title="Punisher">punisher-style</a> retaliation.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biker">Biker</h3></div> Biker gangs are <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_clubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorcycle clubs">motorcycle clubs</a> who conduct illegal activities like the <a href="/wiki/Hells_Angels" title="Hells Angels">Hells Angels</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pagan%27s_Motorcycle_Club" title="Pagan's Motorcycle Club">Pagans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Outlaws_Motorcycle_Club" title="Outlaws Motorcycle Club">Outlaws</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bandidos_Motorcycle_Club" title="Bandidos Motorcycle Club">Bandidos</a>,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> known as the "Big Four" in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a> defines <a href="/wiki/Outlaw_motorcycle_club" title="Outlaw motorcycle club">outlaw motorcycle gangs</a> (OMG) as "organizations whose members use their motorcycle clubs as conduits for criminal enterprises".<a href="#cite_note-USDOJ_Motorcycle_Gangs2-37">[37]</a> Some clubs are considered "outlaw" not necessarily because they engage in criminal activity, but because they are not sanctioned by the <a href="/wiki/American_Motorcyclist_Association" title="American Motorcyclist Association">American Motorcyclist Association</a> and do not adhere to its rules. Instead the clubs have their own set of bylaws reflecting the outlaw biker culture.<a href="#cite_note-Drew2002-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dulaney2002-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wolf1992-40">[40]</a> Biker gangs such as the <a href="/wiki/Rebels_Motorcycle_Club" title="Rebels Motorcycle Club">Rebels Motorcycle Club</a> exist in Australia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prison">Prison</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Prison_gangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prison gangs">Prison gangs</a> are formed inside prisons and correctional facilities for mutual protection and entrancement like the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Mafia" title="Mexican Mafia">Mexican Mafia</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Blood_Nation" title="United Blood Nation">United Blood Nation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-urlWe_spoke_to_hundreds_of_prison_gang_members_–_heres_what_they_said_about_life_behind_bars_|_Colorado_Arts_and_Sciences_Magazine_|_University_of_Colorado_Boulder-42">[42]</a> Prison gangs often have several "affiliates" or "chapters" in different state prison systems that branch out due to the movement or transfer of their members.<a href="#cite_note-Hagedorn_12-43">[43]</a> According to criminal justice professor <a href="/wiki/John_Hagedorn" title="John Hagedorn">John Hagedorn</a>, many of the biggest gangs from Chicago originated from prisons. From the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Department_of_Corrections" title="Illinois Department of Corrections">St. Charles Illinois Youth Center</a> originated the Conservative Vice Lords and Blackstone Rangers. Although the majority of gang leaders from Chicago are now incarcerated, most of those leaders continue to manage their gangs from within prison.<a href="#cite_note-Hagedorn_12-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punk">Punk</h3></div> Punk gangs are a unique type of gang made up of members who follow the <a href="/wiki/Punk_ideologies" title="Punk ideologies">punk rock ideology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Unlike other gangs and criminal groups, punk gangs follow a range of political and philosophical beliefs that can range from <a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">alt-right</a> to <a href="/wiki/Radical_left_wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical left wing">radical left</a>. Differing ideologies are one of the causes of conflicts between rival punk gangs, compared to other street gangs and criminal groups who wage gang war solely for illegal profit, vendetta, and territory.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Most of them can be seen in political and social protests and demonstrations and are sometimes in violent confrontation with law-enforcement. Examples of punk gangs are <a href="/wiki/FFF_(gang)" title="FFF (gang)">Fight For Freedom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friends_Stand_United" title="Friends Stand United">Friends Stand United</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Straight_edge" title="Straight edge">Straight Edge</a> gangs.<a href="#cite_note-CT1-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vigilante">Vigilante</h3></div> Contemporary organized crime has also led to the creation of anti-gang groups, vigilante gangs, and <a href="/wiki/Autodefensas_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Autodefensas (disambiguation)">autodefensas</a>, who are groups who profess to be fighting against gang influence, but share characteristics and acts similarly to a gang.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-AfricanAffairs-50">[50]</a> These include groups like the <a href="/wiki/Los_Pepes" title="Los Pepes">Los Pepes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sombra_Negra" title="Sombra Negra">Sombra Negra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friends_Stand_United" title="Friends Stand United">Friends Stand United</a>, <a href="/wiki/People_Against_Gangsterism_and_Drugs" title="People Against Gangsterism and Drugs">People Against Gangsterism and Drugs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Waray-Waray_gangs#Philippine_Drug_War" title="Waray-Waray gangs">OG Imba</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_King.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Latin_King.jpg/250px-Latin_King.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Latin_King.jpg/330px-Latin_King.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Latin_King.jpg/500px-Latin_King.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3664" data-file-height="2748" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Latin_Kings_(gang)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Kings (gang)">Latin King</a> gang member showing his gang tattoo, a lion with a crown, and signifying the 5 point star with his hands</figcaption></figure> Many types of gangs make up the general structure of an organized group.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Understanding the structure of gangs is a critical skill to defining the types of strategies that are most effective with dealing with them, from the at-risk youth to the gang leaders.<a href="#cite_note-Matthew_O'Deane-52">[52]</a> Not all individuals who display the outward signs of gang membership are actually involved in criminal activities. An individual's age, sexual identity,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> physical structure, ability to fight, willingness to commit violence, and arrest record are often principal factors in determining where an individual stands in the gang hierarchy; how money derived from criminal activity and ability to provide for the gang also impacts the individual's status within the gang. The structure of gangs varies depending primarily on size, which can range from five or ten to thousands. Many of the larger gangs break up into smaller groups, cliques or sub-sets (these smaller groups can be called "sets" in gang slang.)<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The cliques typically bring more territory to a gang as they expand and recruit new members. Most gangs operate informally with leadership falling to whoever takes control; others have distinct leadership and are highly structured, which resembles more or less a business or corporation. Criminal gangs may function both inside and outside of prison, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nuestra_Familia" title="Nuestra Familia">Nuestra Familia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Mafia" title="Mexican Mafia">Mexican Mafia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folk_Nation" title="Folk Nation">Folk Nation</a>, and the Brazilian<a href="#cite_note-jpla-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Primeiro_Comando_da_Capital" title="Primeiro Comando da Capital">PCC</a>. During the 1970s, prison gangs in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> began recruiting street gang members from outside and helped increase associations between prison and street gangs.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In the US, the prison gang the <a href="/wiki/Aryan_Brotherhood" title="Aryan Brotherhood">Aryan Brotherhood</a> is involved in organized crime outside of prison. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Membership">Membership</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gang_population" title="Gang population">Gang population</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MeechAndJBO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/MeechAndJBO.jpg/250px-MeechAndJBO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/MeechAndJBO.jpg/330px-MeechAndJBO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/MeechAndJBO.jpg/500px-MeechAndJBO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Black_Mafia_Family" title="Black Mafia Family">Black Mafia Family</a> leaders in 2004</figcaption></figure> Different gangs and criminal syndicates have various roles and members.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Most are typically divided into:<a href="#cite_note-CBR_1-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBR_2-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBR_3-59">[59]</a> <ul><li>Boss: known in some groups as leader, elder, don, oyabun, or original gangster, is the one who has control over the movement, plans, and actions of a gang.<a href="#cite_note-CBR_3-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-kyotojournal.org-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mafia22-61">[61]</a> Gang leaders are the upper echelons of the gang's command. Often, they distance themselves from the gang activities and make attempts to appear legitimate, possibly operating a business that they run as a front for the gang's drug dealing or other illegal operations.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></li> <li>Underboss: the second in command of the gang.<a href="#cite_note-Mafia22-61">[61]</a></li> <li>Captain: the one who issues commands from the boss or underboss to the gangsters. The captain is responsible for the activities in the field and for recruiting new members.<a href="#cite_note-CBR_3-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mafia22-61">[61]</a></li> <li>Gangsters: also known as soldiers, soldatos, or kobun, are the typical gang members who commit the activities of the gang.<a href="#cite_note-CBR_1-57">[57]</a></li> <li>Associates: known also as gang affiliates or hang-arounds, are people who are not full members of the gang, but either support and participate in the activities of a gang, or have livelihoods tied to gang activities.<a href="#cite_note-CBR_1-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-wolfpack-63">[63]</a> Included here are specialized roles like enforcers (<a href="/wiki/Contract_killing" title="Contract killing">hitmen</a> who work for criminal organizations),<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> falcons ("eyes and ears" of the streets),<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> and mules (smugglers who transport <a href="/wiki/Drug_mule" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug mule">drugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Money_mule" title="Money mule">money</a>, and other contraband materials).<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></li></ul> The numerous push factors experienced by at-risk individuals vary situationally, but follow a common theme of the desire for power, respect, money, and protection. In neighborhoods with high levels of violence, adolescents typically experience pressure to join a street gang for protection from other violent actors (sometimes including <a href="/wiki/Police_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Police violence">police violence</a> and the waging of the <a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">war on drugs</a>), perpetuating a <a href="/wiki/Cycle_of_violence" title="Cycle of violence">cycle of violence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> These desires are very influential in attracting individuals to join gangs, and their influence is particularly strong on at-risk youth. Such individuals are often experiencing low levels of these various factors in their own lives, feeling ostracized from their community and lacking social support. Joining a gang may appear to them to be the only way to obtain status and material success or escape a <a href="/wiki/Cycle_of_poverty" title="Cycle of poverty">cycle of poverty</a> through profits from illegal activity. They may feel that "if you can't beat 'em, join 'em". Upon joining a gang, they instantly gain a feeling of belonging and identity; they are surrounded with individuals whom they can relate to. They have generally grown up in the same area as one another and can bond over similar needs. In some areas, joining a gang is an integrated part of the growing-up process.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Gang membership is generally maintained by gangs as a lifetime commitment, reinforced through identification such as tattoos, and ensured through intimidation and coercion. Gang defectors are often subject to retaliation from the deserted gang. Many gangs, including foreign and <a href="/wiki/Transnational_gangs" title="Transnational gangs">transnational gangs</a>, hold that the only way to leave the gang is through death. This is sometimes informally called the "morgue rule".<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Gang membership represents the phenomenon of a chronic group <a href="/wiki/Criminal_spin" title="Criminal spin">criminal spin</a>; accordingly, the criminality of members is greater when they belong to the gang than when they are not in the gang—either before or after being in the gang. In addition, when together, the gang criminality as a whole is greater than that of its members when they are alone.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The gang operates as a whole greater than its parts and influences the behavior of its members in the direction of greater extend and stronger degree of criminality. Some states have a formal process to establish that a person is a member of a gang, called <a href="/wiki/Validation_(gang_membership)" title="Validation (gang membership)">validation</a>. Once a person is validated as a gang member, the person is subject to increased sentences, harsher punishments (such as solitary confinement) and more restrictive parole rules. To validate a person as a gang member, the officials generally must provide evidence of several factors, such as tattoos, photographs, admissions, clothing, etc. The legal requirements for validating a person are much lower than the requirements for convicting of a crime.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-member_women">Non-member women</h3></div> Women associated with gangs but who lack membership are typically categorized based on their relation to gang members. A survey of Mexican American gang members and associates defined these categories as girlfriends, hoodrats, good girls, and relatives.<a href="#cite_note-Valdez,_A._2007-75">[75]</a> Girlfriends are long-term partners of male gang members, and may have children with them. "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hoodrat" class="extiw" title="wikt:hoodrat">Hoodrats</a>" are seen as being promiscuous and heavy drug and alcohol users. Gang members may engage in casual sex with these girls, but they are not viewed as potential long-term partners and are severely stigmatized by both men and women in gang culture. "Good girls" are long-term friends of members, often from childhood, and relatives are typically sisters or cousins. These are fluid categories, and women often change status as they move between them. Valdez found that women with ties to gang members are often used to hold illegal weapons and drugs, typically, because members believe the girls are less likely to be searched by police for such items.<a href="#cite_note-Valdez,_A._2007-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initiation"> Initiation</h3></div> Different gangs from around the world have their way of recruiting and introducing new members. Most criminal gangs require an interested candidate to commit a crime to be inducted into a gang.<a href="#cite_note-maryland-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-vlad-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Many street gangs, like the Bloods and <a href="/wiki/MS-13" title="MS-13">MS-13</a>, have a ritual where they would beat up (also known as "beat-in" or "jump-in") aspiring applicants for several seconds to show their toughness, willingness, and loyalty.<a href="#cite_note-maryland-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Some of these gangs allow women to become members either through being jumped-in or having sex with male members (known as "sexed-in").<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Biker gangs like the <a href="/wiki/Hells_Angels" title="Hells Angels">Hells Angels</a> require a candidate, known as a "hang-around", to be observed and mentored by veteran gang members (which can last a year or more) in order to assess their personalities and commitment.<a href="#cite_note-bbcbarger-81">[81]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cosa_Nostra" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosa Nostra">Cosa Nostra</a> requires people wanting to be full members or become made men to take part in a <a href="/wiki/Initiation_ritual_(mafia)" title="Initiation ritual (mafia)">ceremony</a> involving oaths, agreement, and bloodletting to show their loyalty.<a href="#cite_note-gambetta143-82">[82]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sigue_Sigue_Sputnik_(gang)" title="Sigue Sigue Sputnik (gang)">Sigue-Sigue Sputnik</a> from the Philippines require gang members to tattoo (or "tatak") the name of the gang or their leader into their body.<a href="#cite_note-Frank-83">[83]</a> Triads have a more unique way of initiating associates into full members. Triad ceremonies take place at an altar dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Guan_Yu" title="Guan Yu">Guan Yu</a> (關羽, GuānYǔ), with incense and an <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">animal sacrifice</a> (usually a chicken, pig or goat).<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-GB-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Training">Training</h3></div> Training and expertise in various forms of illicit activities, including combat, exist variously throughout different gangs. Specific members of American mafia groups, like police infiltrators, double agents, and sometimes also enforcers and hitmen, have had backgrounds in law enforcement or the military.<a href="#cite_note-Training1-86">[86]</a> Sicilian mafia and Calabrian Mafia in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a> became notorious for creating "schools" in the countryside to train children as young as eleven in weapons and illegal activities.<a href="#cite_note-Training2-87">[87]</a> Giovanni Tinebra, the chief public prosecutor of <a href="/wiki/Caltanissetta" title="Caltanissetta">Caltanissetta</a>, once stated, "Instead of going to school, many boys go into the countryside where there are people who teach them to shoot and turn them into killing machines."<a href="#cite_note-Training2-87">[87]</a> Some drug cartels in Colombia and Mexico have established themselves as <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitaries</a>. The earliest and most famous example was the time when the Medellin Cartel hired Israeli soldier <a href="/wiki/Yair_Klein" title="Yair Klein">Yair Klein</a> to train militiamen and assassins.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Los Zetas became infamous for being founded by US-trained <a href="/wiki/Cuerpo_de_Fuerzas_Especiales" title="Cuerpo de Fuerzas Especiales">Mexican commandos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Together with <a href="/wiki/Kaibil" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaibil">Kaibiles</a> from <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, they set up camps to train future <a href="/wiki/Contract_killing" title="Contract killing">sicarios</a> and soldatos.<a href="#cite_note-Cook10-91">[91]</a> Other Mexican cartels who trained their members include the <a href="/wiki/Jalisco_New_Generation_Cartel" title="Jalisco New Generation Cartel">Jalisco Cartel</a>, who trained their members for three months in ambushes, codes of silence and discipline, inside camps.<a href="#cite_note-Training3-92">[92]</a> In the case of street gangs, most do not train their members in shooting and combat.<a href="#cite_note-Training4-93">[93]</a> Although a few would train their youths how to shoot using empty cans and bottles as targets (with some cases using underground <a href="/wiki/Shooting_range" title="Shooting range">shooting ranges</a><a href="#cite_note-Training5-94">[94]</a>), most gangsters have no formal instructions in firearms usage and safety.<a href="#cite_note-Training4-93">[93]</a> The late 90s and early 2000s saw many gang members in the US being sent by judges to the military to “set them on the right path”, which only led to these street gangs gaining military training and experience.<a href="#cite_note-Training1-86">[86]</a> Many street gangs, most notably African-American gangs like the Folk Nation and Bloods, continue to have a presence in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">US Military</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Training5b-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typical_activities">Typical activities</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marasalvatrucha13arrest.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Marasalvatrucha13arrest.png/220px-Marasalvatrucha13arrest.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Marasalvatrucha13arrest.png/330px-Marasalvatrucha13arrest.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Marasalvatrucha13arrest.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mara_Salvatrucha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mara Salvatrucha">Mara Salvatrucha</a> suspect bearing gang tattoos is handcuffed. In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> created the <a href="/wiki/MS-13" title="MS-13">MS-13</a> National Gang Task Force to combat gang activity in the United States. A year later, the FBI helped create <a href="/wiki/National_Gang_Intelligence_Center" title="National Gang Intelligence Center">National Gang Intelligence Center</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> estimates that gangs make most of their money through the <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">drugs trade</a>, which is thought to be worth $352 billion in total.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> estimates there are approximately 30,000 gangs, with 760,000 members, impacting 2,500 communities across the United States.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Gangs are involved in all areas of street-crime activities like <a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">extortion</a>, drug trafficking,<a href="#cite_note-justice.gov-99">[99]</a> both in and outside the prison system, and <a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">theft</a>. Gangs also victimize individuals by <a href="/wiki/Robbery" title="Robbery">robbery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnapping</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a> is the primary drug of distribution by gangs in America, which have used the cities <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> to transport drugs internationally.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Brazilian urbanization has driven the drug trade to the <a href="/wiki/Favela" title="Favela">favelas</a> of Rio. Often, gangs hire "lookouts" to warn members of upcoming law enforcement. The dense environments of favelas in Rio and public housing projects in Chicago have helped gang members hide from police easily.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Street gangs take over territory or "turf" in a particular city and are often involved in "<a href="/wiki/Protection_racket" title="Protection racket">providing protection</a>", often a thin cover for extortion, as the "protection" is usually from the gang itself, or in other criminal activity. Many gangs use <a href="/wiki/Front_organization" title="Front organization">fronts</a> to demonstrate influence and gain revenue in a particular area.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Violence">Violence</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gang war" redirects here. For other uses of the term, see <a href="/wiki/Gang_war_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gang war (disambiguation)">Gang war (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Organized_crime_conflicts" title="Category:Organized crime conflicts">Category:Organized crime conflicts</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latin_King_Graffiti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/66/Latin_King_Graffiti.jpg/220px-Latin_King_Graffiti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/66/Latin_King_Graffiti.jpg/330px-Latin_King_Graffiti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/66/Latin_King_Graffiti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Latin_Kings_(gang)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Kings (gang)">Latin Kings</a> graffiti</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobody_Can_Stop_the_War_But_Us_Mural_in_Nickerson_Gardens,_Watts,_Los_Angeles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nobody_Can_Stop_the_War_But_Us_Mural_in_Nickerson_Gardens%2C_Watts%2C_Los_Angeles.jpg/250px-Nobody_Can_Stop_the_War_But_Us_Mural_in_Nickerson_Gardens%2C_Watts%2C_Los_Angeles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nobody_Can_Stop_the_War_But_Us_Mural_in_Nickerson_Gardens%2C_Watts%2C_Los_Angeles.jpg/330px-Nobody_Can_Stop_the_War_But_Us_Mural_in_Nickerson_Gardens%2C_Watts%2C_Los_Angeles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nobody_Can_Stop_the_War_But_Us_Mural_in_Nickerson_Gardens%2C_Watts%2C_Los_Angeles.jpg/500px-Nobody_Can_Stop_the_War_But_Us_Mural_in_Nickerson_Gardens%2C_Watts%2C_Los_Angeles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="975" /></a><figcaption>A mural referencing the <a href="/wiki/Crips%E2%80%93Bloods_gang_war" title="Crips–Bloods gang war">Crips–Bloods gang war</a> in Watts' <a href="/wiki/Nickerson_Gardens" title="Nickerson Gardens">Nickerson Gardens</a> housing project, pictured in 2019</figcaption></figure> Gang violence refers mostly to the illegal and non-political acts of violence perpetrated by gangs against <a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">civilians</a>, other gangs, <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">law enforcement officers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firefighter" title="Firefighter">firefighters</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">military personnel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> A gang war is a type of small war that occurs when two gangs end up in a feud over territory or vendetta.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Gang warfare mostly consists of sanctioned and unsanctioned hits, street fighting, and gun violence.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Modern gangs introduced new acts of violence, which may also function as a rite of passage for new gang members.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In 2006, 58 percent of L.A.'s murders were gang-related.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Reports of gang-related homicides are concentrated mostly in the largest cities in the United States, where there are long-standing and persistent gang problems and a greater number of documented gang members—most of whom are identified by law enforcement.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Gang-related activity and violence has increased along the U.S. Southwest border region, as US-based gangs act as enforcers for Mexican <a href="/wiki/Drug_cartel" title="Drug cartel">drug cartels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fbi-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools">Schools</h3></div> Despite gangs usually formed in the <a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</a>, not specifically in <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">schools</a>, gang violence can potentially affect schools in different ways including:<a href="#cite_note-:0-112">[112]</a> <ul><li>Gangs can recruit members in schools;</li> <li>Gang members from the same school can engage in <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a> on the school premises or around their school;<a href="#cite_note-:0-112">[112]</a></li> <li>Gang members from the same school can commit violence against other students in the same school who belong to a different gang or who do not belong to a gang;</li> <li>Gangs may commit violence against other schools and students in the community where they are active, even if these students do not belong to a gang.<a href="#cite_note-:0-112">[112]</a></li></ul> Global data on the prevalence of these different forms of gang violence in and around schools is limited. Some evidence suggests that gang violence is more common in schools where students are exposed to other forms of community violence and where they <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a> violence at school.<a href="#cite_note-:1-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">Children</a> who grow up in neighbourhoods with high levels of <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a> has been identified as a risk factor for youth violence, including gang violence.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-115">[115]</a> According to studies, children who knew many adult <a href="/wiki/Criminals" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminals">criminals</a> were more likely to engage in <a href="/wiki/Violent_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Violent behavior">violent behaviour</a> by the age of 18 years than those who did not.<a href="#cite_note-:2-115">[115]</a> Gang violence is often associated with carrying <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">weapons</a>, including in school.<a href="#cite_note-:1-113">[113]</a> A study of 10-to-19-year-olds in the UK found that 44% of those who reported belonging to a delinquent youth group had committed violence and 13% had carried a knife in the previous 12 months versus 17% and 4% respectively among those who were not in such a group.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> According to a meta-analysis of 14 countries in North America, Europe, the Middle East, Central and South America, sub-Saharan Africa and the Pacific also showed that carrying a weapon at school is associated with <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a> <a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">victimization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Comparison of Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) data on <a href="/wiki/School_violence" title="School violence">school violence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a> for countries that are particularly affected by gang violence suggests that the links may be limited. In El Salvador and Guatemala, for example, where gang violence is a serious problem, GSHS data show that the prevalence of bullying, physical fights and physical attacks reported by school students is relatively low, and is similar to prevalence in other countries in Central America where gang violence is less prevalent.<a href="#cite_note-:0-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_violence">Sexual violence</h3></div> Women in gang culture are often in environments where sexual assault is common and considered to be a norm.<a href="#cite_note-Valdez,_A._2007-75">[75]</a> Women who attend social gatherings and parties with heavy drug and alcohol use are particularly likely to be assaulted. A girl who becomes intoxicated and flirts with men is often seen as "asking for it" and is written off as a "hoe" by men and women.<a href="#cite_note-Valdez,_A._2007-75">[75]</a> "Hoodrats" and girls associated with rival gangs have lower status at these social events, and are victimized when members view them as fair game and other women rationalize assault against them. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motives">Motives</h2></div> Most modern research on gangs has focused on the thesis of <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a> following the work of <a href="/wiki/Walter_B._Miller" title="Walter B. Miller">Walter B. Miller</a> and Irving Spergel. In this body of work <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Gaylords" title="Chicago Gaylords">The Gaylords</a> are cited as the prime example of an American gang that is neither black nor Hispanic. Some researchers have focused on ethnic factors. <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thrasher" title="Frederic Thrasher">Frederic Thrasher</a>, who was a pioneer of gang research, identified "demoralization" as a standard characteristic of gangs. <a href="/wiki/John_Hagedorn" title="John Hagedorn">John Hagedorn</a> has argued that this is one of three concepts that shed light on patterns of organization in oppressed racial, religious and ethnic groups (the other two are <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Manuel Castells</a>' theory of "resistance identity" and <a href="/wiki/Derrick_Bell" title="Derrick Bell">Derrick Bell</a>'s work on the permanence of racism).<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Usually, gangs have gained the most control in poorer, urban communities and <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a> in response to unemployment and other services.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Social disorganization, and the disintegration of societal institutions such as family, school, and the public safety net, enable groups of peers to form gangs.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> According to surveys conducted internationally by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> for their <a href="/wiki/The_World_Development_Report_2011" title="The World Development Report 2011">World Development Report 2011</a>, by far the most common reason people suggest as a motive for joining gangs is unemployment.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Ethnic solidarity is a common factor in gangs. Black and Hispanic gangs formed during the 1960s in the USA often adapted nationalist rhetoric.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Both majority and minority races in society have established gangs in the name of identity: the <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a> gang <a href="/wiki/Bakassi_Boys" title="Bakassi Boys">Bakassi Boys</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> defend the majority Igbo group violently and through terror, and in the United States, whites who feel threatened by minorities have formed their own gangs, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>. Responding to an increasing black and Hispanic migration, a white gang formed called <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Gaylords" title="Chicago Gaylords">Chicago Gaylords</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Some gang members are motivated by religion, as is the case with the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Patrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Patrol">Muslim Patrol</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Epstein-Wolmark_gang" class="mw-redirect" title="Epstein-Wolmark gang">Epstein-Wolmark gang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identification">Identification</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gang_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gang signal">Gang signal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sur13_Tattoo_2014-05-27_18-31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sur13_Tattoo_2014-05-27_18-31.jpg/250px-Sur13_Tattoo_2014-05-27_18-31.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sur13_Tattoo_2014-05-27_18-31.jpg/330px-Sur13_Tattoo_2014-05-27_18-31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Sur13_Tattoo_2014-05-27_18-31.jpg/500px-Sur13_Tattoo_2014-05-27_18-31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sure%C3%B1os" title="Sureños">Sureño</a> gang tattoo</figcaption></figure> Most gang members have <a href="/wiki/Gang_signals" class="mw-redirect" title="Gang signals">identifying characteristics</a> which are unique to their specific clique or gang.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bloods" title="Bloods">Bloods</a>, for instance, wear red bandanas, the <a href="/wiki/Crips" title="Crips">Crips</a> blue, allowing these gangs to "represent" their affiliation. Any disrespect of a gang member's color by an unaffiliated individual is regarded as grounds for violent retaliation, often by multiple members of the offended gang. <a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">Tattoos</a> are also common identifiers,<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> such as an '18' above the eyebrow to identify a member of the <a href="/wiki/18th_Street_(gang)" class="mw-redirect" title="18th Street (gang)">18th Street gang</a>. Tattoos help a gang member gain respect within their group, and mark them as members for life. Tattoos can also represent the level they are in the gang, being that certain tattoos can mean they are a more accomplished member. The accomplishments can be related to doing a dangerous act that showed your loyalty to the gang. They can be burned on as well as inked. Some gangs make use of more than one identifier, like the <a href="/wiki/Nortenos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nortenos">Nortenos</a>, who wear red bandanas and have "14", "XIV", "x4", and "Norte" tattoos.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Some members of <a href="/wiki/Criminal_gang_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Criminal gang (disambiguation)">criminal gangs</a> are <a href="/wiki/Initiation#Gang" title="Initiation">"jumped in"</a> (by going through a process of initiation), or have to prove their loyalty and right to belong by committing certain acts, usually theft or violence. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crip_handsign.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Crip_handsign.gif" decoding="async" width="198" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="132" /></a><figcaption>A member of the <a href="/wiki/Crips" title="Crips">Crips</a> showing a <a href="/wiki/Gang_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gang signal">gang signal</a></figcaption></figure> Gangs often establish distinctive, characteristic identifiers including <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> tags<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gang_colors" title="Gang colors">colors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gang_signal#Hand_signs" class="mw-redirect" title="Gang signal">hand signals</a>, clothing (for example, the <a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap" title="Gangsta rap">gangsta rap</a>-type hoodies), jewelry, hair styles, fingernails, slogans,<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> signs (such as the <a href="/wiki/Noose" title="Noose">noose</a> and the burning cross as the symbols of the Klan),<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> flags<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> secret greetings, <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">slurs</a>, or code words and other group-specific symbols associated with the gang's common beliefs, <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mythologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythologies">mythologies</a> to define and differentiate themselves from other groups and gangs.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> As an alternative language, hand-signals, symbols, and slurs in speech, <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a>, print, music, or other mediums communicate specific informational cues used to threaten, disparage, <a href="/wiki/Taunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Taunt">taunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harass" class="mw-redirect" title="Harass">harass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intimidate" class="mw-redirect" title="Intimidate">intimidate</a>, alarm, influence,<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> or exact specific responses including obedience, submission, fear, or terror. One study focused on terrorism and symbols states that "[s]ymbolism is important because it plays a part in impelling the <a href="/wiki/Terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist">terrorist</a> to act and then in defining the targets of their actions."<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Displaying a gang sign, such as the noose, as a symbolic act can be construed as "a threat to commit <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a> communicated with the intent to terrorize another, to cause evacuation of a building, or to cause serious public inconvenience, in reckless disregard of the risk of causing such terror or inconvenience … an offense against property or involving danger to another person that may include but is not limited to recklessly endangering another person, <a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">harassment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">stalking</a>, ethnic intimidation, and <a href="/wiki/Criminal_mischief" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal mischief">criminal mischief</a>."<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The Internet is one of the most significant media used by gangs to communicate in terms of the size of the audience they can reach with minimal effort and reduced risk. Social media provides a forum for recruitment activities, typically provoking rival gangs through derogatory postings, and to glorify their gang and themselves.<a href="#cite_note-fbi.gov-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="US_impact_debate">US impact debate</h2></div> Researchers and activists in the United States have debated the true impact of US gangs on crime in the United States, with a 2019 episode of the <a href="/wiki/You%27re_Wrong_About" title="You're Wrong About">You're Wrong About</a> podcast claiming that the perceived increase in gang violence was in fact an overblown moral panic.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> There have been repeated complaints of bias around the enforcement of gang-related laws asking why Frats and Gangs are treated differently "They're both blamed for predisposing their members to violent acts, but they've sparked radically different public-policy responses."<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Activists have also made the link between a perceived increase in gang activity and the sharp rise in US police budgets<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> while pointing out rampant corruption in police gang units, such as the <a href="/wiki/Rampart_scandal" title="Rampart scandal">Rampart scandal</a> in the Los Angeles Police Department. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="UK_impact_debate">UK impact debate</h2></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Gangs_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Gangs in the United Kingdom">UK context</a>, law enforcement agencies are increasingly focusing enforcement efforts on gangs and gang membership. Debate persists over the extent and nature of gang activity in the UK,<a href="#cite_note-Goldson-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cottrell-Boyce-141">[141]</a> with some academics and policy-makers arguing that the current focus is inadvisable, given a lack of consensus over the relationship between gangs and crime.<a href="#cite_note-Cottrell-Boyce-141">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Runnymede_Trust" title="Runnymede Trust">Runnymede Trust</a> suggests, despite the well-rehearsed public discourse around youth gangs and gang culture, "We actually know very little about 'gangs' in the UK: about how 'a gang' might be defined or understood, about what being in 'a gang' means ... We know still less about how 'the gang' links to levels of youth violence."<a href="#cite_note-Runnymede-142">[142]</a> Professor Simon Hallsworth argues that, where they exist, gangs in the UK are "far more fluid, volatile and amorphous than the myth of the organized group with a corporate structure".<a href="#cite_note-Cottrell-Boyce-141">[141]</a> This assertion is supported by a field study conducted by <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester University">Manchester University</a>, which found that "most within- and between-gang disputes ... emanated from interpersonal disputes regarding friends, family and romantic relationships", as opposed to territorial rivalries, and that criminal enterprises were "rarely gang-coordinated ... most involved gang members operating as individuals or in small groups."<a href="#cite_note-Cottrell-Boyce-141">[141]</a> Cottrell-Boyce, writing in the Youth Justice journal, argues that gangs have been constructed as a "suitable enemy" by politicians and the media, obscuring the wider, structural roots of youth violence. At the level of enforcement, a focus on gang membership may be counterproductive; creating confusion and resulting in a drag-net approach which can criminalise innocent young people rather than focusing resources on serious violent crime.<a href="#cite_note-Cottrell-Boyce-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States_military">United States military</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gang_presence_in_the_United_States_military" title="Gang presence in the United States military">Gang presence in the United States military</a></div> Gang members in uniform use their military knowledge, skills and weapons to commit and facilitate various crimes. As of April 2011, the <a href="/wiki/National_Ground_Intelligence_Center" title="National Ground Intelligence Center">NGIC</a> has identified members of at least 53 gangs whose members have served in or are affiliated with US military.<a href="#cite_note-fbi-111">[111]</a> In 2006, Scott Barfield, a Defense Department investigator, said there is an online network of gangs and extremists: "They're communicating with each other about weapons, about recruiting, about keeping their identities secret, about organizing within the military."<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> A 2006 <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times" title="Chicago Sun-Times">Chicago Sun-Times</a> article reported that gangs encourage members to enter the military to learn urban warfare techniques to teach other gang members.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> A January 2007 article in the Chicago Sun-Times reported that gang members in the military are involved in the theft and sale of military weapons, ammunition, and equipment, including body armor. The Sun-Times began investigating the gang activity in the military after receiving photos of gang graffiti showing up in Iraq. The FBI's 2007 report on gang membership in the military states that the military's recruit screening process is ineffective, allows gang members/extremists to enter the military, and lists at least eight instances in the last three years in which gang members have obtained military weapons for their illegal enterprises.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> "Gang Activity in the U.S. Armed Forces Increasing", dated January 12, 2007, states that street gangs including the Bloods, Crips, <a href="/wiki/Black_Disciples" title="Black Disciples">Black Disciples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gangster_Disciples" title="Gangster Disciples">Gangster Disciples</a>, Hells Angels, <a href="/wiki/Latin_Kings_(gang)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Kings (gang)">Latin Kings</a>, The 18th Street Gang, Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13), Mexican Mafia, <a href="/wiki/Norte%C3%B1os" title="Norteños">Norteños</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sure%C3%B1os" title="Sureños">Sureños</a>, and Vice Lords have been documented on military installations both domestic and international although recruiting gang members violates military regulations.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_narcissism" title="Collective narcissism">Collective narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_tattoo" title="Criminal tattoo">Criminal tattoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_cartel" title="Drug cartel">Drug cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_population" title="Gang population">Gang population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangs_in_Australia" title="Gangs in Australia">Gangs in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangs_in_Canada" title="Gangs in Canada">Gangs in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangs_in_New_Zealand" title="Gangs in New Zealand">Gangs in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangs_in_South_Africa" title="Gangs in South Africa">Gangs in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangs_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Gangs in the United Kingdom">Gangs in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangs_in_the_United_States" title="Gangs in the United States">Gangs in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_W._Klein" title="Malcolm W. Klein">Malcolm W. Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_criminal_enterprises,_gangs,_and_syndicates" title="List of criminal enterprises, gangs, and syndicates">List of criminal enterprises, gangs, and syndicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_known_gang_members" title="List of known gang members">List of known gang members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">Organized crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime_in_Italy" title="Organized crime in Italy">Organized crime in Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_motorcycle_club" title="Outlaw motorcycle club">Outlaw motorcycle club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raskol_gangs" title="Raskol gangs">Raskol gangs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_violence" title="School violence">School violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triad_(organized_crime)" title="Triad (organized crime)">Triad (organized crime)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violent_extremism" title="Violent extremism">Violent extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violent_non-state_actor" title="Violent non-state actor">Violent non-state actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Gangs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Gangs">War on Gangs</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_Harper" class="citation web cs1">Douglas Harper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=gang&searchmode=none">"gang"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=gang&rft.au=Douglas+Harper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fsearch%3Dgang%26searchmode%3Dnone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Cleasby/Vigfusson An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lexicon.ff.cuni.cz/html/oi_cleasbyvigfusson/b0191.html">GÖNGUDRYKKJA – GARÐR</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/gang">"Gang"</a>. dictionary.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Gang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forum.wordreference.com/threads/hi-gang-used-with-friends.3058012/">"Hi, gang! (used with friends)"</a>. wordreference.com. 18 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wordreference.com&rft.atitle=Hi%2C+gang%21+%28used+with+friends%29&rft.date=2015-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforum.wordreference.com%2Fthreads%2Fhi-gang-used-with-friends.3058012%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaspar_Walsh2011" class="citation web cs1">Caspar Walsh (10 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/joepublic/2011/nov/10/gangs-good-society-youth-crime">"Gangs are good for society"</a>. theguardian.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theguardian.com&rft.atitle=Gangs+are+good+for+society&rft.date=2011-11-10&rft.au=Caspar+Walsh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsociety%2Fjoepublic%2F2011%2Fnov%2F10%2Fgangs-good-society-youth-crime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoore1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barrington_Moore" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrington Moore">Moore, Barrington</a> (March 1967) [1966]. Social origins of dictatorship and democracy: Lord and peasant in the making of the modern world. Boston: Beacon Press. p. 214. <q>Gangsterism is likely to crop up wherever the forces of law and order are weak. European feudalism was mainly gangsterism that had become society itself and acquired respectability through the notions of chivalry. As the rise of feudalism out of the decay of the Roman administrative system shows, this form of self-help which victimizes others is in principle opposed to the workings of a sound bureaucratic system.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+origins+of+dictatorship+and+democracy%3A+Lord+and+peasant+in+the+making+of+the+modern+world&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1967-03&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Barrington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHowell2012" class="citation book cs1">Howell, James C. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gangsinamericasc0000howe">Gangs in America's Communities</a>. Sage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412979535" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412979535"><bdi>978-1412979535</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gangs+in+America%27s+Communities&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1412979535&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgangsinamericasc0000howe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHowell2012" class="citation book cs1">Howell, James C. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gangsinamericasc0000howe">Gangs in America's Communities</a>. 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Crime in Victorian London"</a>. Surrey Shores.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Menace%2C+Mayhem%2C+and+Morality%21+Crime+in+Victorian+London&rft.pub=Surrey+Shores&rft.au=Barton%2C+William+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsurrey-shore.freeservers.com%2FVicCrime.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Victoria_2-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Victoria_2_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas,_Donald" class="citation news cs1">Thomas, Donald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/books/article/The-Victorian-Roots-of-Organized-Crime-2954000.php">"The Victotian Underworld"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trincoll.edu/~anselmi/ChildDevelopment/solutions/2006%20Fall%20-%20Gang%20Involvement.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2014-05-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=source&rft.atitle=Gang+influence+and+gain+revenue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trincoll.edu%2F~anselmi%2FChildDevelopment%2Fsolutions%2F2006%2520Fall%2520-%2520Gang%2520Involvement.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://definitions.uslegal.com/g/gang-violence/">"Gang Violence Law and Legal Definition | USLegal, Inc"</a>. definitions.uslegal.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=definitions.uslegal.com&rft.atitle=Gang+Violence+Law+and+Legal+Definition+%26%23124%3B+USLegal%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdefinitions.uslegal.com%2Fg%2Fgang-violence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724075802/http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/Youth%20Gangs%20%20%20Members%2C%20Activities%20and%20Measures%20to%20Decrease%20Violence.pdf">"U.S. Gangs: Their Changing History"</a> (PDF). data. 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Colorado Public Radio.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Colorado+Public+Radio&rft.atitle=May+17%2C+2021%3A+%27The+Holly%27+Explores+Gang+Warfare%2C+Anti-Gang+Efforts+And+Police+Informants&rft.date=2021-05-17&rft.aulast=Dukakis&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpr.org%2Fshow-episode%2Fmay-17-2021-the-holly-explores-gang-warfare-anti-gang-efforts-and-police-informants%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> United States. Congress. House. Select Committee on Crime, Crime in America--youth Gang Warfare (1970)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=99_0-CeyflIC&dq=gang+warfare&pg=RA4-PA205-IA8">Excerpt</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVigil2003" class="citation journal cs1">Vigil, James Diego (2003). "Urban Violence and Street Gangs". 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January 25, 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgangcenter.gov/About/FAQ">"Frequently Asked Questions About Gangs"</a>. National Gang Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Gang+Center&rft.atitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+About+Gangs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgangcenter.gov%2FAbout%2FFAQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fbi-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fbi_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fbi_111-1">b</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/2011-national-gang-threat-assessment/">FBI — 2011 National Gang Threat Assessment – Emerging Trends</a>. 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(2016). Protecting Children Affected by Armed Violence in the Community. 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Geneva: World Health Organization. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-4-154561-5" title="Special:BookSources/92-4-154561-5"><bdi>92-4-154561-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=World+Report+on+Violence+and+Health&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=92-4-154561-5&rft.aulast=Krug&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Dahlberg%2C+L.&rft.au=Mercy%2C+J.&rft.au=Zwi%2C+A.+B.&rft.au=Lozano%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fpublications%2Fi%2Fitem%2F9241545615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_115-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization_(WHO)2015" class="citation book cs1">World Health Organization (WHO) (2015). 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[United Kingdom]: Home Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84473-924-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84473-924-4"><bdi>1-84473-924-4</bdi></a>. Online Report 14/06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Delinquent+Youth+Groups+and+Offending+Behaviour%3A+Findings+From+the+2004+Offending%2C+Crime+and+Justice+Survey&rft.place=%5BUnited+Kingdom%5D&rft.pub=Home+Office&rft.isbn=1-84473-924-4&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Aldridge%2C+J.&rft.au=Medina%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ojp.gov%2Fncjrs%2Fvirtual-library%2Fabstracts%2Fdelinquent-youth-groups-and-offending-behaviour-findings-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFValdebenito_MunozTtofiEisnerGaffney" class="citation journal cs1">Valdebenito Munoz, S.; Ttofi, M.; Eisner, M.; Gaffney, H. 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Retrieved February 19, 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150423131139/http://www.everettpolicema.com/gang_awareness.htm">"Gang Awareness"</a>. Everett Police Department. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.everettpolicema.com/gang_awareness.htm">the original</a> on 2015-04-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Everett+Police+Department&rft.atitle=Gang+Awareness&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.everettpolicema.com%2Fgang_awareness.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717092554/http://www.cityofws.org/Home/Nlnn/GangAwareness/Articles/GangIdentifiers">"Gang Identifiers"</a>. Winston-Salem Police Department web site "TGOD Mofo" is a common statement being passed around the hood. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityofws.org/Home/Nlnn/GangAwareness/Articles/GangIdentifiers">the original</a> on 2011-07-17. 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Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366483">Behind the numbers: ending school violence and bullying</a>, 70. 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href="/wiki/Template:Gangs" title="Template:Gangs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gangs" title="Template talk:Gangs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gangs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gangs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gangs335" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gangs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_criminal_enterprises,_gangs_and_syndicates" class="mw-redirect" title="List of criminal enterprises, gangs and syndicates">List of criminal enterprises, gangs and syndicates</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects and components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gang_population" title="Gang population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_tattoo" title="Criminal tattoo">Tattoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gang signal">Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_colors" title="Gang colors">Colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_patch" title="Gang patch">Patch</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Role4" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Role</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_boss" title="Crime boss">Boss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crime_bosses" title="List of crime bosses">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangster" title="Gangster">Gangster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_moll" title="Gun moll">Gun moll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henchman" title="Henchman">Henchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informant" title="Informant">Informant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banditry" title="Banditry">Banditry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_cartel" title="Drug cartel">Drug cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_organization" title="Front organization">Front organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">Organized crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_motorcycle_club" title="Outlaw motorcycle club">Outlaw motorcycle club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_gang" title="Prison gang">Prison gang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gangs_in_Australia" title="Gangs in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_gangs_in_Bangladesh" title="Teen gangs in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangs_in_Canada" title="Gangs in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangs_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangs in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangs_in_New_Zealand" title="Gangs in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangs_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Gangs in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gangs_in_Glasgow" title="List of gangs in Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangs_in_Liverpool" title="Gangs in Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangs_in_the_United_States" title="Gangs in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_street_gangs" title="List of California street gangs">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_criminal_gangs_in_Los_Angeles" title="List of criminal gangs in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LASD_deputy_gangs" title="List of LASD deputy gangs">County Sheriff's Department</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangs_in_Chicago" title="Gangs in Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangs_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Gangs in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangs_in_Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Gangs in Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Orleans_gangs" title="List of New Orleans gangs">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_gangs_in_the_United_States" title="Prison gangs in the United States">Prison gangs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_presence_in_the_United_States_military" title="Gang presence in the United States military">U.S. military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gangs_in_the_United_States" title="List of gangs in the United States">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized crime in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gangs_in_Mexico" title="List of gangs in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gangs_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of gangs in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confraternities_in_Nigeria" title="Confraternities in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organised_crime_in_Pakistan" title="Organised crime in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangs_in_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangs in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangs_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangs in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gangs_in_the_Philippines" title="List of gangs in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raskol_gangs" title="Raskol gangs">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangs_in_South_Africa" title="Gangs in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency_and_crime" title="Cryptocurrency and crime">Cryptocurrency and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawala" title="Hawala">Hawala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a 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