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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Female" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Female</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Male" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Male"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Male</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Male-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reproduction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Production_of_gametes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_of_gametes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Production of gametes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_of_gametes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Human reproductive system</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="جهاز تناسلي بشري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جهاز تناسلي بشري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsanda_reproduktiv_sistem" title="İnsanda reproduktiv sistem – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnsanda reproduktiv sistem" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Рэпрадуктыўная сістэма чалавека – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэпрадуктыўная сістэма чалавека" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_atgenhedlu_ddynol" title="System atgenhedlu ddynol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="System atgenhedlu ddynol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizakien_ugal-aparatu" title="Gizakien ugal-aparatu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gizakien ugal-aparatu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Մարդու վերարտադրողական համակարգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարդու վերարտադրողական համակարգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="मानव प्रजनन प्रणाली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मानव प्रजनन प्रणाली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_reproduksi_manusia" title="Sistem reproduksi manusia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sistem reproduksi manusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B9" title="ಮಾನವನ ಸಂತಾನೋತ್ಪತ್ತಿವ್ಯೂಹ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾನವನ ಸಂತಾನೋತ್ಪತ್ತಿವ್ಯೂಹ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Адамдын репродуктивдик тутуму – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Адамдын репродуктивдик тутуму" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="मानवी प्रजननसंस्था – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मानवी प्रजननसंस्था" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%81%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%82%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99_%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%81%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA" title="သၞောတ် ဂလိုင်မ ကောန်မၞိဟ် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="သၞောတ် ဂလိုင်မ ကောန်မၞိဟ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_pembiakan_manusia" title="Sistem pembiakan manusia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sistem pembiakan manusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menselijk_voortplantingssysteem" title="Menselijk voortplantingssysteem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Menselijk voortplantingssysteem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aparatul_genital_uman" title="Aparatul genital uman – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aparatul genital uman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Репродуктивная система человека – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Репродуктивная система человека" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%80_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="මානව ප්‍රජනන පද්ධතිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මානව ප්‍රජනන පද්ධතිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4nniskans_k%C3%B6nsorgan" title="Människans könsorgan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Människans könsorgan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="மனித இனப்பெருக்க அமைப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மனித இனப்பெருக்க அமைப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D2%A3_%D2%97%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Кешенең җенси системасы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кешенең җенси системасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Репродуктивна система людини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Репродуктивна система людини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_sinh_d%E1%BB%A5c_%E1%BB%9F_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di" title="Hệ sinh dục ở người – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hệ sinh dục ở người" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="人类生殖系统 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="人类生殖系统" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q20645683#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Human+reproductive+system%22">"Human reproductive system"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Human+reproductive+system%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Human+reproductive+system%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Human+reproductive+system%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Human+reproductive+system%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Human+reproductive+system%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Human reproductive system</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1053752524">.mw-parser-output .template-imageflip-horiz img{transform:scaleX(-1);transform-origin:center}.mw-parser-output .template-imageflip-vert img{transform:scaleY(-1);transform-origin:center}</style><div class="template-imageflip-horiz"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anatomy_of_male_and_female_human_genitalia_-_blanc.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Anatomy_of_male_and_female_human_genitalia_-_blanc.png/250px-Anatomy_of_male_and_female_human_genitalia_-_blanc.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Anatomy_of_male_and_female_human_genitalia_-_blanc.png/375px-Anatomy_of_male_and_female_human_genitalia_-_blanc.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Anatomy_of_male_and_female_human_genitalia_-_blanc.png/500px-Anatomy_of_male_and_female_human_genitalia_-_blanc.png 2x" data-file-width="2220" data-file-height="1152" /></a></span></div><div class="infobox-caption">Internal <a href="/wiki/Genitalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitalia">genitalia</a> of a human female (left) and male (right).</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_and_male_genitalia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Female_and_male_genitalia.png/250px-Female_and_male_genitalia.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Female_and_male_genitalia.png/375px-Female_and_male_genitalia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Female_and_male_genitalia.png/500px-Female_and_male_genitalia.png 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">External genitalia of an adult female (left) and male (right).</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>systemata genitalia</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/09.0.00.000%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A09.0.00.000</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=3467">3467</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma75572,">7160 75572, 7160</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20645683" class="extiw" title="d:Q20645683">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>human reproductive system</b> includes the <a href="/wiki/Male_reproductive_system" title="Male reproductive system">male reproductive system</a>, which functions to produce and deposit <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">female reproductive system</a>, which functions to produce <a href="/wiki/Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">egg cells</a> and to protect and nourish the <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a> until <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">birth</a>. Humans have a high level of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_differentiation_in_humans" title="Sexual differentiation in humans">sexual differentiation</a>. In addition to differences in nearly every reproductive organ, there are numerous differences in typical <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sex_characteristic" title="Secondary sex characteristic">secondary sex characteristics</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Human_reproduction" title="Human reproduction">Human reproduction</a> usually involves <a href="/wiki/Internal_fertilization" title="Internal fertilization">internal fertilization</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sexual intercourse</a>. In this process, the <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">male</a> inserts his <a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">penis</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">female</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ejaculate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejaculate">ejaculates</a> <a href="/wiki/Semen" title="Semen">semen</a>, which contains <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a>. A small proportion of the sperm pass through the cervix into the uterus and then into the <a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube" title="Fallopian tube">fallopian tubes</a> for fertilization of the <a href="/wiki/Ovum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovum">ovum</a>. Only one sperm is required to fertilize the ovum. Upon successful <a href="/wiki/Human_fertilization" title="Human fertilization">fertilization</a>, the fertilized ovum, or <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a>, travels out of the fallopian tube and into the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>, where it implants in the uterine wall. This marks the beginning of gestation, better known as <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>, which continues for around nine months as the fetus develops. When the fetus has developed to a certain point, pregnancy is concluded with <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a>, involving labor. During labor, the uterine muscles contract, and the <a href="/wiki/Cervix#Childbirth" title="Cervix">cervix dilates</a> typically over a period of hours, allowing the infant to pass from the uterus through the vagina.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human infants are entirely dependent on their caregivers and require <a href="/wiki/Parental_care" title="Parental care">parental care</a>. Infants rely on their caregivers for comfort, cleanliness, and food. Food may be provided by <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</a> or <a href="/wiki/Infant_formula" title="Infant formula">formula feeding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sexual_Reproduction_in_Humans_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sexual_Reproduction_in_Humans-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_reproductive_system&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Human_reproductive_system" title="Special:EditPage/Human reproductive system">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Female">Female</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_reproductive_system&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Female"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_female_reproductive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Human female reproductive system">Human female reproductive system</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_reproductive_system_lateral_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Female_reproductive_system_lateral_1.png/220px-Female_reproductive_system_lateral_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Female_reproductive_system_lateral_1.png/330px-Female_reproductive_system_lateral_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Female_reproductive_system_lateral_1.png/440px-Female_reproductive_system_lateral_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Female reproductive system</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Labeled_illustration_of_the_human_external_female_genitalia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Labeled_illustration_of_the_human_external_female_genitalia.jpg/220px-Labeled_illustration_of_the_human_external_female_genitalia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Labeled_illustration_of_the_human_external_female_genitalia.jpg/330px-Labeled_illustration_of_the_human_external_female_genitalia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Labeled_illustration_of_the_human_external_female_genitalia.jpg/440px-Labeled_illustration_of_the_human_external_female_genitalia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2728" data-file-height="3976" /></a><figcaption>Labeled illustration of the human external female genitalia</figcaption></figure> <p>The human female reproductive system is a series of organs primarily located inside the body and around the <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvic</a> region of a <a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">female</a> that contribute towards the <a href="/wiki/Human_reproduction" title="Human reproduction">reproductive</a> process. The human female reproductive system contains three main parts: the vagina, which leads from the <a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">vulva</a>, the vaginal opening, to the uterus; the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>, which holds the developing fetus; and the <a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">ovaries</a>, which produce the female's ova. The <a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">breasts</a> are involved during the parenting stage of reproduction, but in most classifications they are not considered to be part of the female reproductive system.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_and_back_womans_genitalia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Front_and_back_womans_genitalia.jpg/220px-Front_and_back_womans_genitalia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Front_and_back_womans_genitalia.jpg/330px-Front_and_back_womans_genitalia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Front_and_back_womans_genitalia.jpg/440px-Front_and_back_womans_genitalia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1459" data-file-height="1901" /></a><figcaption>The vulva</figcaption></figure><p>The vagina meets the outside at the <a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">vulva</a>, which is made up of the <a href="/wiki/Labia_(genitalia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labia (genitalia)">labia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clitoris" title="Clitoris">clitoris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vulval_vestibule" title="Vulval vestibule">vestibule</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during intercourse this area is lubricated by mucus secreted by the <a href="/wiki/Bartholin%27s_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholin's glands">Bartholin's glands</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a> is attached to the uterus through the <a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">cervix</a>, while the uterus is attached to the ovaries via the <a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tubes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallopian tubes">fallopian tubes</a>. Each ovary contains hundreds of egg cells or ova (singular <i><a href="/wiki/Ovum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovum">ovum</a></i>). </p><p>Approximately <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">every 28 days</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">pituitary gland</a> releases a <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormone</a> that stimulates some of the ova to develop and grow. One ovum is released and it passes through the fallopian tube into the uterus. Hormones produced by the ovaries prepare the uterus to receive the ovum. The lining of the uterus, called the <a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">endometrium</a>, and unfertilized ova are shed each cycle through the process of <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruation</a>. If the ova is fertilized by sperm, it attaches to the endometrium and the fetus develops.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Male">Male</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_reproductive_system&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Male"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_male_reproductive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Human male reproductive system">Human male reproductive system</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_anatomy_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Male_anatomy_1.png/220px-Male_anatomy_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Male_anatomy_1.png/330px-Male_anatomy_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Male_anatomy_1.png/440px-Male_anatomy_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Male reproductive system</figcaption></figure><p>The male reproductive system is a series of organs located outside the body and around the <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvis</a> region of a <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">male</a> that contribute towards the reproduction process. The primary direct function of the male reproductive system is to provide the male <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a> for fertilization of the ovum.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flaccid_Penis_Shrinkage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flaccid_Penis_Shrinkage.jpg/220px-Flaccid_Penis_Shrinkage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flaccid_Penis_Shrinkage.jpg/330px-Flaccid_Penis_Shrinkage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flaccid_Penis_Shrinkage.jpg/440px-Flaccid_Penis_Shrinkage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Penile shrinkage due to low temperatures. The scrotum is in a tense state to regulate testicular temperatures.</figcaption></figure><p>The major reproductive organs of the male can be grouped into three categories. The first category produces and stores sperm (<a href="/wiki/Spermatozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatozoa">spermatozoa</a>). These are produced in the <a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">testicles</a>, which are housed in the temperature-regulating <a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">scrotum</a>; immature sperm then travel to the <a href="/wiki/Epididymis" title="Epididymis">epididymides</a> for development and storage. The second category are the ejaculatory fluid producing glands which include the <a href="/wiki/Cowper%27s_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowper's gland">Cowper's gland</a> (also called bulbourethral gland), <a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicles" title="Seminal vesicles">seminal vesicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">prostate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vas_deferens" title="Vas deferens">vas deferens</a>. The final category are those used for <a href="/wiki/Human_reproduction#Copulation" title="Human reproduction">copulation</a> and deposition of the sperm within the female; these include the <a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">penis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urethra#Male" title="Urethra">urethra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vas_deferens" title="Vas deferens">vas deferens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major secondary sexual characteristics include a larger, more muscular stature, deepened voice, <a href="/wiki/Facial_hair" title="Facial hair">facial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Body_hair" title="Body hair">body hair</a>, broad shoulders, and the development of an <a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_apple" title="Adam's apple">Adam's apple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important sexual hormone of males is <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgen</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The testes release a hormone that controls the development of sperm. This hormone is also responsible for the development of physical characteristics in men, such as facial hair and a deep voice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_reproductive_system&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_reproductive_system" title="Development of the reproductive system">development of the reproductive system</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_urinary_system" title="Development of the urinary system">development of the urinary system</a> are closely tied to the <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">development</a> of the human fetus. Despite the differences between them, the <a href="/wiki/Adult" title="Adult">adult</a> <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">male</a> and <a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">female</a> are <a href="/wiki/Sexual_differentiation_in_humans" title="Sexual differentiation in humans">determined</a> in early development in the 6th week. The gonads and external genitals are derived from the <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_mesoderm" title="Intermediate mesoderm">intermediate mesoderm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three main fetal precursors of the reproductive organs are the <a href="/wiki/Wolffian_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolffian duct">Wolffian duct</a>, the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCllerian_ducts" class="mw-redirect" title="Müllerian ducts">Müllerian ducts</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonads</a>. <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine</a> hormones are a well-known and critical controlling factor in the normal differentiation of the reproductive system.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Wolffian duct forms the <a href="/wiki/Epididymis" title="Epididymis">epididymis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vas_deferens" title="Vas deferens">vas deferens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ejaculatory_duct" title="Ejaculatory duct">ejaculatory duct</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicles" title="Seminal vesicles">seminal vesicle</a> in the male reproductive system, but essentially disappears in the female reproductive system.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reverse is true for the Müllerian duct, as it essentially disappears in the male reproductive system and forms the fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina in the female system. In both sexes, the gonads go on to form the testes and ovaries; because they are derived from the same undeveloped structure, they are considered <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous</a> organs. There are a number of other homologous structures shared between male and female reproductive systems. However, despite the similarity in function of the female fallopian tubes and the male epididymis and vas deferens, they are not homologous but rather <a href="/wiki/Analogy_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Analogy (biology)">analogous</a> structures as they arise from different fetal structures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_reproductive_system&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Human_reproduction" title="Human reproduction">Human reproduction</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_of_gametes">Production of gametes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_reproductive_system&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Production of gametes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Spermatogenesis" title="Spermatogenesis">Spermatogenesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oogenesis" title="Oogenesis">Oogenesis</a></div> <p>Gametes are produced within the gonads through a process known as <a href="/wiki/Gametogenesis" title="Gametogenesis">gametogenesis</a>. This occurs when certain types of <a href="/wiki/Germ_cell" title="Germ cell">germ cells</a> undergo <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> to split the normal <a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a> number of <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a> (n=46) into <a href="/wiki/Haploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploid">haploid</a> cells containing only 23 chromosomes.<sup id="cite_ref-sexcell_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sexcell-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Testicle_hariadhi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Testicle_hariadhi.svg/220px-Testicle_hariadhi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Testicle_hariadhi.svg/330px-Testicle_hariadhi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Testicle_hariadhi.svg/440px-Testicle_hariadhi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Anatomy of the testis</figcaption></figure><p> In males, this process is known as <a href="/wiki/Spermatogenesis" title="Spermatogenesis">spermatogenesis</a> and occurs only after <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Seminiferous_tubules" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminiferous tubules">seminiferous tubules</a> of the testes. The immature <a href="/wiki/Spermatozoon" title="Spermatozoon">spermatozoa</a> or sperm are then sent to the <a href="/wiki/Epididymis" title="Epididymis">epididymis</a>, where they gain a tail, enabling <a href="/wiki/Motility" title="Motility">motility</a>. Each of the original diploid germ cells or primary <a href="/wiki/Spermatocyte" title="Spermatocyte">spermatocytes</a> forms four functional gametes, each forever young.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The production and survival of sperms require a temperature below the normal core body temperature. Since the scrotum, where the testes is present, is situated outside the body cavity, it provides a temperature about 3 °C below normal body temperature. </p><p>In females, gametogenesis is known as <a href="/wiki/Oogenesis" title="Oogenesis">oogenesis</a>; this occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_follicle" title="Ovarian follicle">ovarian follicles</a> of the ovaries. This process does not produce mature ovum until puberty. In contrast with males, each of the original diploid germ cells or primary <a href="/wiki/Oocyte" title="Oocyte">oocytes</a> will form only one mature ovum, and three <a href="/wiki/Polar_body" title="Polar body">polar bodies</a> which are not capable of fertilization. It has long been understood that in females, unlike males, all the primary oocytes ever found in a female will be created prior to birth, and that the final stages of ova production will then not resume until puberty.<sup id="cite_ref-sexcell_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sexcell-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, recent scientific research has challenged that hypothesis.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new research indicates that in at least some species of mammal, oocytes continue to be replenished in females well after birth.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In male <a href="/wiki/Germ_cell" title="Germ cell">germ cells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spermatozoon" title="Spermatozoon">spermatozoa</a>, and also in female <a href="/wiki/Oocyte" title="Oocyte">oocytes</a>, special <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a> mechanism are present that function to maintain the integrity of the <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genomes</a> that are to be passed on to progeny.<sup id="cite_ref-Garcia-Rodriguez2018_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia-Rodriguez2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These DNA repair pathways include <a href="/wiki/Homologous_recombination" title="Homologous recombination">homologous recombinational</a> repair, <a href="/wiki/Non-homologous_end_joining" title="Non-homologous end joining">non-homologous end joining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Base_excision_repair" title="Base excision repair">base excision repair</a> and <a href="/wiki/DNA_mismatch_repair" title="DNA mismatch repair">DNA mismatch repair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garcia-Rodriguez2018_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcia-Rodriguez2018-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disease">Disease</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_reproductive_system&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system_disease" title="Reproductive system disease">Reproductive system disease</a></div><p> Like all complex organ systems, the human reproductive system is affected by many diseases. There are four main categories of reproductive diseases in humans. They are:</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rate_of_Sexually_Transmitted_Diseases_in_the_US.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Rate_of_Sexually_Transmitted_Diseases_in_the_US.svg/220px-Rate_of_Sexually_Transmitted_Diseases_in_the_US.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Rate_of_Sexually_Transmitted_Diseases_in_the_US.svg/330px-Rate_of_Sexually_Transmitted_Diseases_in_the_US.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Rate_of_Sexually_Transmitted_Diseases_in_the_US.svg/440px-Rate_of_Sexually_Transmitted_Diseases_in_the_US.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Rate of <b>sexually transmitted diseases in the U.S</b></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Genetic or <a href="/wiki/Congenital_abnormalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital abnormalities">congenital abnormalities</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">Cancers</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infections</a>, which are often <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">sexually transmitted infections</a>.</li> <li>Varicocele <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Functional problems caused by <a href="/wiki/Environmental_factor" title="Environmental factor">environmental factors</a>, physical damage, psychological issues, <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoimmune disorder">autoimmune disorders</a>, or other causes. The best-known functional problems include <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">sexual dysfunction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">infertility</a>, which are both broad terms relating to many disorders with many causes.</li></ul> <p>Specific reproductive diseases are often <a href="/wiki/Symptom" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptom">symptoms</a> of other diseases and <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disorders</a>, or have multiple, or unknown causes making them difficult to classify. Examples of unclassifiable disorders are <a href="/wiki/Peyronie%27s_disease" title="Peyronie's disease">Peyronie's disease</a> in males and <a href="/wiki/Endometriosis" title="Endometriosis">endometriosis</a> in females. Many congenital conditions cause reproductive abnormalities, but are better known for their other symptoms. These include: <a href="/wiki/Turner_syndrome" title="Turner syndrome">Turner syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klinefelter%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Klinefelter's syndrome">Klinefelter's syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">cystic fibrosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bloom_syndrome" title="Bloom syndrome">Bloom syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_reproductive_system&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_reproductive_system" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Human reproductive system">Human reproductive system</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHanleyMunroGreysonGross2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hanley, Gillian E.; 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href="/wiki/Organ_(biology)" title="Organ (biology)">organs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_musculoskeletal_system" title="Human musculoskeletal system">Musculoskeletal system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skeleton" title="Human skeleton">Skeletal system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">Collar bone</a> (clavicle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">Thigh bone</a> (femur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">Fibula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">Humerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">Mandible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacarpal_bones" title="Metacarpal bones">Metacarpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metatarsal_bones" title="Metatarsal bones">Metatarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossicles" title="Ossicles">Ossicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">Patella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx_bone" title="Phalanx bone">Phalanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">Radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skull#Humans" title="Skull">Skull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)" title="Tarsus (skeleton)">Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">Tibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">Ulna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">Rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">Vertebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">Pelvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">Sternum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">Cartilage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">Joints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibrous_joint" title="Fibrous joint">Fibrous joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartilaginous_joint" title="Cartilaginous joint">Cartilaginous joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synovial_joint" title="Synovial joint">Synovial joint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscular_system" title="Muscular system">Muscular system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">Muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">Tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">Diaphragm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Cardiovascular system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>peripheral</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Vein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_vessel" title="Lymphatic vessel">Lymphatic vessel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">Heart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">Lymphatic system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>primary</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">Bone marrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">Thymus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>secondary</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">Spleen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">Lymph node</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>CNS equivalent</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glymphatic_system" title="Glymphatic system">Glymphatic system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">Spinal cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory system">Sensory system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eye</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_nervous_system" title="Somatic nervous system">Somatic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_tissue" title="Nervous tissue">Tissue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integumentary_system" title="Integumentary system">Integumentary system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_tissue" title="Subcutaneous tissue">Subcutaneous tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">Mammary gland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Haematopoietic_system" title="Haematopoietic system">Haematopoietic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myeloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Myeloid">Myeloid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Myeloid immune system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte" title="Lymphocyte">Lymphoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Lymphoid immune system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract#Upper_respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx#Nasopharynx" title="Pharynx">Nasopharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">Larynx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract#Lower_respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Lower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">Trachea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">Bronchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">Lung</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">Salivary gland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">Tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">Lip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">Tooth</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>upper GI</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Oropharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Laryngopharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>lower GI</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small intestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appendix_(anatomy)" title="Appendix (anatomy)">Appendix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_intestine#Structure" title="Large intestine">Colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">Anus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">accessory</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biliary_tract" title="Biliary tract">Biliary tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">Urinary system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">Genitourinary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ureter" title="Ureter">Ureter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">Bladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">Urethra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reproductive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Male_reproductive_system" title="Male reproductive system">Male</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">Prostate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">Testicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal vesicle">Seminal vesicle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">Female</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">Uterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">Vagina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">Pituitary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">Pineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">Thyroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_gland" title="Parathyroid gland">Parathyroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">Adrenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_islets" title="Pancreatic islets">Islets of Langerhans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_physiology_of_sexual_reproduction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_reproductive_physiology" title="Template:Human reproductive physiology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_reproductive_physiology" title="Template talk:Human reproductive physiology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_reproductive_physiology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human reproductive physiology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_physiology_of_sexual_reproduction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">Human physiology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human_reproduction" title="Human reproduction">sexual reproduction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">Menstrual cycle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">Menarche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">Menstruation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follicular_phase" title="Follicular phase">Follicular phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">Ovulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luteal_phase" title="Luteal phase">Luteal phase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gametogenesis" title="Gametogenesis">Gametogenesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spermatogenesis" title="Spermatogenesis">Spermatogenesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spermatogonium" title="Spermatogonium">spermatogonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatocyte" title="Spermatocyte">spermatocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatid" title="Spermatid">spermatid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oogenesis" title="Oogenesis">Oogenesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oogonium" title="Oogonium">oogonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oocyte" title="Oocyte">oocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immature_ovum" title="Immature ovum">ootid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">ovum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_cell" title="Germ cell">Germ cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonocyte" title="Gonocyte">gonocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gamete</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Human sexual activity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">Sexual arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a></li> <li>Erection <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erection" title="Erection">Penile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitoral_erection" title="Clitoral erection">Clitoral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">Orgasm</a></li> <li>Ejaculation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_ejaculation" title="Female ejaculation">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insemination" title="Insemination">Insemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_fertilization" title="Human fertilization">Fertilization</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">Fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implantation_(embryology)" title="Implantation (embryology)">Implantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpartum_period" title="Postpartum period">Postpartum period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanics_of_human_sexuality" title="Mechanics of human sexuality">Mechanics of sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_lubrication" title="Vaginal lubrication">Vaginal lubrication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_reproductive_system" title="Development of the reproductive system">Development of the<br /> reproductive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_differentiation_in_humans" title="Sexual differentiation in humans">Sexual differentiation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminization_(biology)" title="Feminization (biology)">Feminization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virilization" title="Virilization">Virilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">Puberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonadarche" title="Gonadarche">Gonadarche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanner_scale" title="Tanner scale">Tanner scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pubarche" title="Pubarche">Pubarche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">Menarche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermarche" title="Spermarche">Spermarche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenarche" title="Adrenarche">Adrenarche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_maternal_age" title="Advanced maternal age">Maternal age</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paternal_age_effect" title="Paternal age effect">Paternal age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">Menopause</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">Egg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">Ovum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viviparity" title="Viviparity">Vivipary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility" title="Reproductive endocrinology and infertility">Reproductive endocrinology<br />and infertility</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93gonadal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis">Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93prolactin_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis">Hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">Hormone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thelarche" title="Thelarche">Thelarche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_development" title="Breast development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">Lactation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">Breastfeeding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human reproductive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Male_reproductive_system" title="Male reproductive system">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">Female</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diseases and disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorgasmia" title="Anorgasmia">Anorgasmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysorgasmia" title="Dysorgasmia">Dysorgasmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyspareunia" title="Dyspareunia">Dyspareunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">Erectile dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_flaccid_syndrome" title="Hard flaccid syndrome">Hard flaccid syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premature_ejaculation" title="Premature ejaculation">Premature ejaculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginismus" title="Vaginismus">Vaginismus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sex" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sex_(biology)" title="Template:Sex (biology)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sex_(biology)" title="Template talk:Sex (biology)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sex_(biology)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sex (biology)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sex" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">Sex</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological<br />terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_differentiation" title="Sexual differentiation">Sexual differentiation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminization_(biology)" title="Feminization (biology)">Feminization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virilization" title="Virilization">Virilization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-determination_system" title="Sex-determination system">Sex-determination system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XY_sex-determination_system" title="XY sex-determination system">XY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZW_sex-determination_system" title="ZW sex-determination system">ZW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XO_sex-determination_system" title="XO sex-determination system">XO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZO_sex-determination_system" title="ZO sex-determination system">ZO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperature-dependent_sex_determination" title="Temperature-dependent sex determination">Temperature-dependent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplodiploidy" title="Haplodiploidy">Haplodiploidy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_chromosome" title="Sex chromosome">Sex chromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testis-determining_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Testis-determining factor">Testis-determining factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">Hermaphrodite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_hermaphroditism" title="Sequential hermaphroditism">Sequential hermaphroditism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_hermaphroditism" title="Simultaneous hermaphroditism">Simultaneous hermaphroditism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasexual_cycle" title="Parasexual cycle">parasexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_as_a_biological_variable" title="Sex as a biological variable">Sex as a biological variable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">Sexual<br />reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction" title="Evolution of sexual reproduction">Evolution of sexual reproduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisogamy" title="Anisogamy">Anisogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isogamy" title="Isogamy">Isogamy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_cell" title="Germ cell">Germ cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system" title="Reproductive system">Reproductive system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">Sex organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mating" title="Mating">Mating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">Meiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gametogenesis" title="Gametogenesis">Gametogenesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spermatogenesis" title="Spermatogenesis">Spermatogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oogenesis" title="Oogenesis">Oogenesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">Gamete</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spermatozoon" title="Spermatozoon">spermatozoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">ovum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilisation" title="Fertilisation">Fertilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/External_fertilization" title="External fertilization">External</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_fertilization" title="Internal fertilization">Internal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">Sexual selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Plant reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mating_in_fungi" title="Mating in fungi">Fungal reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction_in_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual reproduction in animals">Sexual reproduction in animals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penile-vaginal_intercourse" title="Penile-vaginal intercourse">Penile-vaginal intercourse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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