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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Genre of speculative fiction</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hayakawa_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8d/Hayakawa_cover.jpg/220px-Hayakawa_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8d/Hayakawa_cover.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>1968 December issue of <i>Hayakawa's S-F Magazine</i></figcaption></figure><p><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a> is an important genre of modern <a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Japanese literature</a> that has strongly influenced aspects of contemporary Japanese pop culture, including <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Video games">video games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">tokusatsu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">cinema</a>. </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_science_fiction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_science_fiction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">History of science fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kamishibai" title="Kamishibai">Kamishibai</a></div> <p>Both Japan's history of technology and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">mythology</a> play a role in the development of its science fiction. Some early Japanese literature, for example, contain elements of proto-science fiction. The early <a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Japanese tale</a> of "<a href="/wiki/Urashima_Tar%C5%8D" title="Urashima Tarō">Urashima Tarō</a>" involves <a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">traveling forwards in time</a> to a distant future,<sup id="cite_ref-Yorke_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yorke-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was first described in the <i><a href="/wiki/Nihon_Shoki" title="Nihon Shoki">Nihongi</a></i> (720).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was about a young fisherman named Urashima Taro who visits an undersea palace and stays there for three days. After returning home to his village, he finds himself three hundred years in the future, where he is long forgotten, his house in ruins, and his family long dead.<sup id="cite_ref-Yorke_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yorke-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 10th-century Japanese narrative <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_the_Bamboo_Cutter" title="The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter">The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter</a></i> may also be considered proto-science fiction. The protagonist of the story, Kaguya-<a href="/wiki/Hime" title="Hime">hime</a>, is a princess from the Moon who is sent to Earth for safety during a celestial war, and is found and raised by a bamboo cutter in Japan. She is later taken back to the Moon by her real <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial</a> family. A manuscript illustration depicts a round flying machine similar to a <a href="/wiki/Flying_saucer" title="Flying saucer">flying saucer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Richardson_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richardson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Science fiction in the standard modern sense began with the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> and the importation of Western ideas. The first science fiction of any influence to be translated into Japanese were the novels of <a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The translation of <i><a href="/wiki/Around_the_World_in_Eighty_Days_(Verne_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Around the World in Eighty Days (Verne novel)">Around the World in Eighty Days</a></i> - of which part of the plot is set in Japan - was published in 1878–1880, followed by his other works with immense popularity. The word <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kagaku shōsetsu</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">科学小説</span></span>)</span> was coined as a translation of "scientific novel" as early as 1886.<sup id="cite_ref-nagayama2009_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nagayama2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shunr%C5%8D_Oshikawa" title="Shunrō Oshikawa">Shunrō Oshikawa</a> is generally considered as the ancestor of Japanese science fiction. His debut work <i>Kaitei Gunkan</i> (<i>Undersea warship</i>), published in 1900, described <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a> and predicted a coming <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Japanese war">Russo-Japanese war</a>. </p><p>During the period between the world wars, Japanese science fiction was more influenced by <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_science_fiction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American science fiction (page does not exist)">American science fiction</a>. A popular writer of the era was <a href="/wiki/Unno_Juza" title="Unno Juza">Jūza Unno</a>, sometimes called "the father of Japanese science fiction." The literary standards of this era, and the previous, tended to be low. Prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Japanese rarely if ever saw science fiction as worthwhile literature. Instead, it was considered a form of trivial literature for children. </p><p>A character considered to be the first full-fledged <a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">superhero</a> is the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kamishibai" title="Kamishibai">Kamishibai</a> character <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cgon_Bat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ōgon Bat">Ōgon Bat</a>, who debuted in 1930, eight years before <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a>. Another similar Japanese Kamishibai superhero was Prince of Gamma<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ガンマ王子</span></span>)</span> , who debuted in the early 1930s, also years before Superman.<sup id="cite_ref-latimes_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_World_War_II">After World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_science_fiction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: After World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></div><p><a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Tezuka" title="Osamu Tezuka">Osamu Tezuka</a>, who debuted in 1946, was a major influence on the later science fiction authors. <i><a href="/wiki/Lost_World_(manga)" title="Lost World (manga)">Lost World</a></i> (1948), <i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(manga)" title="Metropolis (manga)">Metropolis</a></i> (1949), and <i><a href="/wiki/Nextworld" title="Nextworld">Nextworld</a></i> (1951) are known as Tezuka's early SF trilogy. </p><p>Avant-garde author <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Db%C5%8D_Abe" title="Kōbō Abe">Kōbō Abe</a> wrote works that are within science fiction genre, and he later had close relationship with SF authors.<sup id="cite_ref-nagayama2009_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nagayama2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <i><a href="/wiki/Inter_Ice_Age_4" title="Inter Ice Age 4">Inter Ice Age 4</a></i> (1958–1959) is considered the first Japanese full-length science fiction novel.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The era of modern Japanese science fiction began with the influence of paperbacks that the US <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">occupation army</a> brought to Japan after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The first <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine" title="Science fiction magazine">science fiction magazine</a> in Japan, <i>Seiun</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">星雲</span></span>)</span>, was created in 1954 but was discontinued after only one issue. Several short-lived magazines followed <i>Seiun</i> in the Japanese market, but none experienced great success. </p><p>Science fiction in Japan gained popularity in the early 1960s. Both the <i><a href="/wiki/SF_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="SF Magazine">Hayakawa's S-F Magazine</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">S-Fマガジン</span></span>)</span> (since 1959) and the science fiction coterie magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Uch%C5%ABjin" title="Uchūjin">Uchūjin</a></i> (1957–2013) began publication in this decade. The first <a href="/wiki/Nihon_SF_Taikai" title="Nihon SF Taikai">Japan SF Convention</a> was held in 1962. A writers' association, <a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy_Writers_of_Japan" title="Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of Japan">Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of Japan</a> (SFWJ) was formed in 1963 with eleven members. </p><p>Notable authors like <a href="/wiki/Sakyo_Komatsu" title="Sakyo Komatsu">Sakyo Komatsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yasutaka_Tsutsui" title="Yasutaka Tsutsui">Yasutaka Tsutsui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taku_Mayumura" title="Taku Mayumura">Taku Mayumura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryo_Hanmura" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryo Hanmura">Ryo Hanmura</a> and Aritsune Toyota debuted at the <i><a href="/wiki/Hayakawa_SF_Contest" title="Hayakawa SF Contest">Hayakawa SF Contest</a></i> (1961–1992, restarted since 2012). Other notable authors, such as <a href="/wiki/Shinichi_Hoshi" title="Shinichi Hoshi">Shinichi Hoshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryu_Mitsuse" title="Ryu Mitsuse">Ryu Mitsuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazumasa_Hirai_(author)" title="Kazumasa Hirai (author)">Kazumasa Hirai</a>, Aran Kyodomari and <a href="/wiki/Yoshio_Aramaki" title="Yoshio Aramaki">Yoshio Aramaki</a>, were also published.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a>, their work was distinctively Japanese. For example, Kazumasa Hirai, Aritsune Toyota and <a href="/wiki/Takumi_Shibano" title="Takumi Shibano">Takumi Shibano</a> wrote novels as well as plots for <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">SF-anime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">SF-manga</a>, which are some of the most prominent examples of Japanese contributions to the genre of science fiction. </p><p>The contributions of excellent translators such as <a href="/wiki/Tetsu_Yano" title="Tetsu Yano">Tetsu Yano</a>, Masahiro Noda, Hisashi Asakura and <a href="/wiki/Norio_Ito" title="Norio Ito">Norio Ito</a> introduced English science fiction to readers in Japan, and greatly influenced public opinion of science fiction. <i>SF Magazine'</i>s first editor, <a href="/wiki/Masami_Fukushima" title="Masami Fukushima">Masami Fukushima</a> was also an excellent novelist and translator. </p><p>In visual media genre, film studio <a href="/wiki/Toho" title="Toho">Toho</a> spawned the <a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a> film genre in 1954 with <i><a href="/wiki/Godzilla_(1954_film)" title="Godzilla (1954 film)">Godzilla</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Eiji_Tsuburaya" title="Eiji Tsuburaya">Eiji Tsuburaya</a> who directed the special effects for Toho's film formed his own <a href="/wiki/Tsuburaya_Productions" title="Tsuburaya Productions">studio</a> and created <i><a href="/wiki/Ultraman" title="Ultraman">Ultraman</a></i> in 1966. Tezuka's manga <i><a href="/wiki/Astro_Boy" title="Astro Boy">Astro Boy</a></i> (1952–1968) became <a href="/wiki/Astro_Boy_(1963_TV_series)" title="Astro Boy (1963 TV series)">the first Japanese TV animation series</a> in 1963. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infiltration_and_diffusion">Infiltration and diffusion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_science_fiction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Infiltration and diffusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_Robot" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Robot">Super Robot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Real_Robot" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Robot">Real Robot</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osaka_Expo%2770_Korean_Pavilion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Osaka_Expo%2770_Korean_Pavilion.jpg/220px-Osaka_Expo%2770_Korean_Pavilion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Osaka_Expo%2770_Korean_Pavilion.jpg/330px-Osaka_Expo%2770_Korean_Pavilion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Osaka_Expo%2770_Korean_Pavilion.jpg/440px-Osaka_Expo%2770_Korean_Pavilion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Expo_%2770" title="Expo '70">Expo '70</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Public interest in science fiction had risen notably in Japan by <a href="/wiki/Expo_%2770" title="Expo '70">Expo '70</a>. Komatsu's <i>Nihon Chinbotsu</i> (aka <i><a href="/wiki/Japan_Sinks" title="Japan Sinks">Japan Sinks</a></i>, 1973) was a best-seller. <i>Uchū Senkan Yamato</i> (aka <a href="/wiki/Space_Battleship_Yamato" title="Space Battleship Yamato">Space Battleship Yamato</a>), a work of <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> placed in a science fiction setting, was aired, and <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i> was screened in Japan in the late 1970s. The change in the nature of the science fiction genre in Japan that resulted from these events is often called "Infiltration and Diffusion" (浸透と拡散 <i>Shintō to Kakusan</i>). </p><p>At this time, Hanmura's <i>Denki SF</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">伝奇SF</span></span>, literally "mythology-based SF")</span> series and Hirai's <i>Wolf Guy</i> series became prototypes of later Japanese <a href="/wiki/Light_novel" title="Light novel">light novels</a> through the works of <a href="/wiki/Hideyuki_Kikuchi" title="Hideyuki Kikuchi">Hideyuki Kikuchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baku_Yumemakura" title="Baku Yumemakura">Baku Yumemakura</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haruka_Takachiho" title="Haruka Takachiho">Haruka Takachiho</a>. In addition, new science fiction magazines such as <i>Kisō Tengai</i> (奇想天外), <i>SF Adventure</i> (SFアドベンチャー) and <i>SF Hōseki</i> (SF宝石) were founded. A number of notable authors debuted in either <i>SF Magazine</i> or one of these new publications: <a href="/wiki/Akira_Hori" title="Akira Hori">Akira Hori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jun%27ya_Yokota" title="Jun'ya Yokota">Jun'ya Yokota</a>, Koji Tanaka, <a href="/wiki/Masaki_Yamada_(writer)" title="Masaki Yamada (writer)">Masaki Yamada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musashi_Kanbe" title="Musashi Kanbe">Musashi Kanbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azusa_Noa" title="Azusa Noa">Azusa Noa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dhei_Kanbayashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chōhei Kanbayashi">Chōhei Kanbayashi</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB_Tani" title="Kōshū Tani">Kōshū Tani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariko_Ohara" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariko Ohara">Mariko Ohara</a>, Ko Hiura, Hitoshi Kusakami, <a href="/wiki/Motoko_Arai" title="Motoko Arai">Motoko Arai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baku_Yumemakura" title="Baku Yumemakura">Baku Yumemakura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoshiki_Tanaka" title="Yoshiki Tanaka">Yoshiki Tanaka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hiroe_Suga" title="Hiroe Suga">Hiroe Suga</a>. </p><p>In the 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/Audio-visual" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio-visual">audio-visual</a> side of the Japanese science fiction genre continued to develop. <a href="/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki" title="Hayao Miyazaki">Hayao Miyazaki</a>'s <i>Kaze no Tani no Naushika</i> (a.k.a. <i><a href="/wiki/Nausica%C3%A4_of_the_Valley_of_the_Wind_(film)" title="Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (film)">Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Mamoru_Oshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamoru Oshi">Mamoru Oshi</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Urusei_Yatsura_2:_Beautiful_Dreamer" title="Urusei Yatsura 2: Beautiful Dreamer">Urusei Yatsura 2: Beautiful Dreamer</a></i> were first screened. On <a href="/wiki/TV" class="mw-redirect" title="TV">TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_robot" class="mw-redirect" title="Real robot">real robot</a> anime series, starting with <i><a href="/wiki/Mobile_Suit_Gundam" title="Mobile Suit Gundam">Mobile Suit Gundam</a></i>, were aired, and the science fiction artist group <a href="/wiki/Studio_Nue" title="Studio Nue">Studio Nue</a> joined the staff of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Super_Dimension_Fortress_Macross" class="mw-redirect" title="The Super Dimension Fortress Macross">The Super Dimension Fortress Macross</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Animator" title="Animator">Animators</a> <a href="/wiki/Hideaki_Anno" title="Hideaki Anno">Hideaki Anno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoshiyuki_Sadamoto" title="Yoshiyuki Sadamoto">Yoshiyuki Sadamoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takami_Akai" title="Takami Akai">Takami Akai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shinji_Higuchi" title="Shinji Higuchi">Shinji Higuchi</a>, who had attracted attention by creating anime that had been exhibited at <a href="/wiki/Daicon_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Daicon IV">Daicon III and Daicon IV</a>, established Studio <a href="/wiki/Gainax" title="Gainax">Gainax</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wintery_age">Wintery age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_science_fiction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wintery age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Literary science fiction magazines started to disappear in the late 1980s when public attention increasingly switched to audio-visual media. The Hayakawa science fiction contest was also discontinued, removing a major outlet for the work of many writers. A number of science fiction and <a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">space opera</a> writers, including <a href="/wiki/Hosuke_Nojiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Hosuke Nojiri">Hosuke Nojiri</a>, Hiroshi Yamamoto, Ryuji Kasamine, and <a href="/wiki/Yuichi_Sasamoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuichi Sasamoto">Yuichi Sasamoto</a>, began writing "<a href="/wiki/Light_novel" title="Light novel">light novel</a>" genre paperback science fiction and fantasy novels, which are primarily marketed to teenagers. This period, during which literary science fiction declined, has been labeled "the Wintery Age" (冬の時代 <i>Fuyu no Jidai</i>). In the mainstream of science fiction, <a href="/wiki/Yoshiki_Tanaka" title="Yoshiki Tanaka">Yoshiki Tanaka</a> published <i>Ginga Eiyu Densetsu</i> (a.k.a. <a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Galactic_Heroes" title="Legend of the Galactic Heroes">Legend of the Galactic Heroes</a>) series. </p><p>The boundary between science fiction novels and light novels was blurred in the 1990s. Although <a href="/wiki/Hiroyuki_Morioka" title="Hiroyuki Morioka">Hiroyuki Morioka</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Seikai_no_Monshou" class="mw-redirect" title="Seikai no Monshou">Seikai no Monshou</a></i> series is considered to be in the vein of the light novel, the series was published by Hayakawa Shobo as part of the mainstream science fiction world. On the other hand, light novel writers like Sasamoto and Nojiri have also published <a href="/wiki/Hard_SF" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard SF">hard SF</a> novels. </p><p>As a continuation of infiltration and diffusion of science fiction into mainstream literature, <a href="/wiki/Kenzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ce" title="Kenzaburō Ōe">Kenzaburō Ōe</a>, who later received <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>, wrote two science fiction novels in 1990–1991. <a href="/wiki/Haruki_Murakami" title="Haruki Murakami">Haruki Murakami</a> received <a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Award" title="World Fantasy Award">World Fantasy Award</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/Kafka_on_the_Shore" title="Kafka on the Shore">Kafka on the Shore</a></i> in 2006, and his 2009 novel <i><a href="/wiki/1Q84" title="1Q84">1Q84</a></i> was a bestseller. </p><p>Meanwhile, in visual fields, the new Gamera series (<a href="/wiki/Gamera:_Guardian_of_the_Universe" title="Gamera: Guardian of the Universe">1995</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamera_2:_Attack_of_Legion" title="Gamera 2: Attack of Legion">1996</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamera_3:_The_Revenge_of_Iris" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamera 3: The Revenge of Iris">1999</a>) directed by <a href="/wiki/Shusuke_Kaneko" title="Shusuke Kaneko">Shusuke Kaneko</a> with visual effects by <a href="/wiki/Shinji_Higuchi" title="Shinji Higuchi">Shinji Higuchi</a>, renewed the <a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">kaiju</a> genre film. An anime television series <i><a href="/wiki/Neon_Genesis_Evangelion" title="Neon Genesis Evangelion">Neon Genesis Evangelion</a></i> (1995–1996), directed by <a href="/wiki/Hideaki_Anno" title="Hideaki Anno">Hideaki Anno</a>, got phenomenal popularity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s">2000s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_science_fiction&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2000s (decade) saw a recovery in the market for literary SF. Science fiction books had solid sales compared to the overall decline of the publishing industry.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SFWJ and <a href="/wiki/Tokuma_Shoten" title="Tokuma Shoten">Tokuma Shoten</a> began the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan_SF_Budding_Writer_Award&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japan SF Budding Writer Award (page does not exist)">Japan SF Budding Writer Award</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%ACSF%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%BA%E8%B3%9E" class="extiw" title="ja:日本SF新人賞">ja</a>]</span> contest in 1999, and Tokuma launched the quarterly magazine, <i>SF Japan</i>, in 2000 (ceased in 2011). Hayakawa started a new label, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=J_Collection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J Collection (page does not exist)">J Collection</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%A4%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AFSF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA_J%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" class="extiw" title="ja:ハヤカワSFシリーズ Jコレクション">ja</a>]</span></i>, in 2002. Kadokawa Haruki Corporation conducted <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komatsu_Saky%C5%8D_Award&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komatsu Sakyō Award (page does not exist)">Komatsu Sakyō Award</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E6%9D%BE%E5%B7%A6%E4%BA%AC%E8%B3%9E" class="extiw" title="ja:小松左京賞">ja</a>]</span> contest in 2000 (ceased in 2009). A new <a href="/w/index.php?title=Year%27s-Best_anthology_series&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Year's-Best anthology series (page does not exist)">Year's-Best anthology series</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B4%E5%88%8A%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%ACSF%E5%82%91%E4%BD%9C%E9%81%B8" class="extiw" title="ja:年刊日本SF傑作選">ja</a>]</span>, edited by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nozomi_Ohmori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nozomi Ohmori (page does not exist)">Nozomi Ohmori</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%A3%AE%E6%9C%9B" class="extiw" title="ja:大森望">ja</a>]</span> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanz%C5%8D_Kusaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanzō Kusaka (page does not exist)">Sanzō Kusaka</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E4%B8%8B%E4%B8%89%E8%94%B5" class="extiw" title="ja:日下三蔵">ja</a>]</span>, started in 2008 by <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Sogensha" title="Tokyo Sogensha">Tōkyō Sōgensha</a> (ceased in 2019), and, from it, the <a href="/wiki/Sogen_SF_Short_Story_Prize" title="Sogen SF Short Story Prize">Sogen SF Short Story Prize</a> contest spun off in 2010. </p><p>Among the finalists for the Komatsu Sakyō Award and debuting from <i>J Collection</i>, <a href="/wiki/Project_Itoh" title="Project Itoh">Project Itoh</a> left a strong impression in his short career before dying of cancer in 2009. <a href="/wiki/Toh_Enjoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Toh Enjoe">Toh Enjoe</a>, crossing into mainstream literature, was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Akutagawa_Prize" title="Akutagawa Prize">Akutagawa Prize</a>, and eventually won it in 2012. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C5%ABsuke_Miyauchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yūsuke Miyauchi (page does not exist)">Yūsuke Miyauchi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%AE%E5%86%85%E6%82%A0%E4%BB%8B" class="extiw" title="ja:宮内悠介">ja</a>]</span>, who was a jury's special citation for the Sogen SF Short Story Prize in 2010, was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Naoki_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Naoki Award">Naoki Award</a> and won the <a href="/wiki/Nihon_SF_Taisho" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihon SF Taisho">Nihon SF Taisho</a> in 2012 for his debut collection, <i>Dark Beyond the Weiqi</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">盤上の夜</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Banjō no yoru</i></span>)</span>. Other authors from the Sogen SF Short Story Prize include the 2010 runner-up <a href="/wiki/Haneko_Takayama" title="Haneko Takayama">Haneko Takayama</a> and the 2011 winner <a href="/wiki/Dempow_Torishima" title="Dempow Torishima">Dempow Torishima</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/65th_World_Science_Fiction_Convention" title="65th World Science Fiction Convention">65th World Science Fiction Convention</a> was jointly held with the 46th <a href="/wiki/Nihon_SF_Taikai" title="Nihon SF Taikai">Nihon SF Taikai</a> in Yokohama, Japan, in 2007. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s">2010s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_science_fiction&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2010s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Taiyo_Fujii" title="Taiyo Fujii">Taiyo Fujii</a>, who debuted by self-published e-book in 2012, quickly stood out in the field, and he served as the chairperson of SFWJ in 2015–2018. </p><p>During 2010s, translator and reviewer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nozomi_Ohmori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nozomi Ohmori (page does not exist)">Nozomi Ohmori</a> continued to work actively. He edited an original anthology series <i>NOVA</i> (first series 2009–2013, second series since 2019). Ohmori and <a href="/wiki/Hiroki_Azuma" title="Hiroki Azuma">Hiroki Azuma</a> began the Genron Ohmori Science Fiction Writers' Workshop (since 2016). </p><p><a href="/wiki/User-generated_content" title="User-generated content">User-generated</a> <a href="/wiki/Web_fiction" title="Web fiction">web novel</a> platforms like <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dsetsuka_ni_Nar%C5%8D" title="Shōsetsuka ni Narō">Shōsetsuka ni Narō</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kakuyomu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kakuyomu (page does not exist)">Kakuyomu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A8%E3%83%A0" class="extiw" title="ja:カクヨム">ja</a>]</span> gained popularity during the decade, mostly in <a href="/wiki/Light_novel" title="Light novel">light novel</a> genre. </p><p>In visual media, <i><a href="/wiki/Your_Name" title="Your Name">Your Name</a></i> (2016) and <i><a href="/wiki/Weathering_with_You" title="Weathering with You">Weathering with You</a></i> (2019), written and directed by <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Shinkai" title="Makoto Shinkai">Makoto Shinkai</a>, were the top-grossing films of the respective years. <i><a href="/wiki/Shin_Godzilla" title="Shin Godzilla">Shin Godzilla</a></i> (2016), directed by <a href="/wiki/Hideaki_Anno" title="Hideaki Anno">Hideaki Anno</a> with visual effects by <a href="/wiki/Shinji_Higuchi" title="Shinji Higuchi">Shinji Higuchi</a>, was a major hit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sub-genres">Sub-genres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_science_fiction&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sub-genres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kamishibai">Kamishibai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_science_fiction&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Kamishibai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kamishibai" title="Kamishibai">Kamishibai</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kamishibai" title="Kamishibai">Kamishibai</a> is a form of street theater where oral storytellers illustrate their stories with painted art, which was popular in 1930s Japan. There were a variety of popular stories and themes in <i>kamishibai</i>, which are now seen in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes one of the first <a href="/wiki/Superheroes" class="mw-redirect" title="Superheroes">superheroes</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cgon_Bat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ōgon Bat">Ōgon Bat</a></i> (Golden Bat), who debuted in 1931. Another early kamishibai superhero was <i>Prince of Gamma</i>, who debuted in the early 1930s and anticipated elements of <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a>, including a secret identity (his alter ego was a street urchin) and an extraterrestrial <a href="/wiki/Origin_story" title="Origin story">origin story</a>. Both these early Japanese superheroes predate popular American superheroes such as Superman (1938 debut) and <a href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Batman</a> (1939 debut).<sup id="cite_ref-comicsbulletin_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comicsbulletin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-latimes_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_science_fiction&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tokusatsu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: 特撮, "special filming") is a Japanese term for <a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">live action</a> <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a> or <a href="/wiki/Television_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Television drama">television drama</a> that makes heavy use of <a href="/wiki/Special_effect" title="Special effect">special effects</a>. <i>Tokusatsu</i> entertainment often deals with science fiction. </p><p>Tokusatsu has several sub-genres: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a> – <a href="/wiki/Monster_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Monster films">monster films</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Godzilla_(franchise)" title="Godzilla (franchise)">Godzilla</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gamera" title="Gamera">Gamera</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Rodan" title="Rodan">Rodan</a></i></li> <li>Tokusatsu movies – <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction films">science fiction films</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Warning_from_Space" title="Warning from Space">Warning from Space</a></i> (1956), <i><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Neptune_Men" title="Invasion of the Neptune Men">Invasion of the Neptune Men</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Slime" title="The Green Slime">The Green Slime</a></i></li> <li>Tokusatsu <a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">superhero</a> series – <a href="/wiki/Japanese_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese television">Japanese television</a> series such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra Series">Ultraman</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kamen_Rider" title="Kamen Rider">Kamen Rider</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Masked_Rider_(TV_series)" title="Masked Rider (TV series)">Masked Rider</a></i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Sentai" title="Super Sentai">Super Sentai</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Power_Rangers" title="Power Rangers">Power Rangers</a></i>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Metal_Hero_Series" title="Metal Hero Series">Metal Hero</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/VR_Troopers" title="VR Troopers">VR Troopers</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> dramas – such as <i><a href="/wiki/Giant_Robo_(tokusatsu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant Robo (tokusatsu)">Giant Robo</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Magma" title="Ambassador Magma">Ambassador Magma</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mecha">Mecha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_science_fiction&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mecha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Mecha anime and manga</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">メカ</span>, <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a>: <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">meka</i></span>)</span> refers to science fiction <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genres</a> that center on giant robots or machines (mechs) controlled by people. In Japan, <a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime" class="mw-redirect" title="Mecha anime">mecha anime</a> (also called "robot anime" in Japan) is one of the oldest genres in <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two major sub-genres of <a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">mecha anime and manga</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Super_robot" class="mw-redirect" title="Super robot">Super robot</a> (スーパーロボット <i>sūpā robotto</i>) – Some of the first mecha featured in manga and anime were 'super robots'.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The super robot genre features <a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">superhero</a>-like giant robots that are often one-of-a-kind and the product of an ancient civilization, aliens or a <a href="/wiki/Mad_scientist" title="Mad scientist">mad scientist</a>. These robots are usually piloted by Japanese <a href="/wiki/Teenager" class="mw-redirect" title="Teenager">teenagers</a> via <a href="/wiki/Voice_command" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice command">voice command</a> or <a href="/wiki/Brain-computer_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain-computer interface">neural uplink</a>, and are often powered by mystical or exotic energy sources.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include <i><a href="/wiki/Mazinger_Z" title="Mazinger Z">Mazinger Z</a></i> (1972 debut), <i><a href="/wiki/Getter_Robo" title="Getter Robo">Getter Robo</a></i> (1974 debut) and <i><a href="/wiki/Gurren_Lagann" title="Gurren Lagann">Gurren Lagann</a></i> (2007).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_robot" class="mw-redirect" title="Real robot">Real robot</a> (リアルロボット <i>riaru robotto</i>) – The 'real robot' genre features robots that do not have mythical superpowers, but rather use largely conventional, albeit futuristic weapons and power sources, and are often mass-produced on a large scale for use in wars.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The real robot genre also tends to feature more complex characters with moral conflicts and personal problems.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genre is therefore aimed primarily at young adults instead of children.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include <i><a href="/wiki/Gundam" title="Gundam">Gundam</a></i> (1979 debut), <i><a href="/wiki/Macross" title="Macross">Macross</a></i> (1983 debut) and <i><a href="/wiki/Code_Geass" title="Code Geass">Code Geass</a></i> (2006 debut).</li></ul> <p>Some mecha anime (like the popular 1995 anime <i><a href="/wiki/Neon_Genesis_Evangelion" title="Neon Genesis Evangelion">Neon Genesis Evangelion</a></i>) are a cross of sub-genres in between the super robot sub-genre and the real robot sub-genre. It falls under the sub-genre of super real robot, where super robots are used by a military faction for some hidden agenda.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_science_fiction&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cyberpunk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese cyberpunk</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese cyberpunk</a> has roots in <a href="/wiki/Underground_music" title="Underground music">underground music</a> culture, specifically the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punk subculture</a> that arose from the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_punk" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese punk">Japanese punk</a> music scene in the 1970s. The filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Sogo_Ishii" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogo Ishii">Sogo Ishii</a> introduced this subculture to <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese cinema">Japanese cinema</a> with his <a href="/wiki/Punk_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Punk film">punk films</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Panic_High_School" title="Panic High School">Panic High School</a></i> (1978) and <i><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Thunder_Road" title="Crazy Thunder Road">Crazy Thunder Road</a></i> (1980), which portrayed the rebellion and anarchy associated with punk, and went on to become highly influential in <a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">underground film</a> circles. <i>Crazy Thunder Road</i> in particular was an influential <a href="/wiki/Biker_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Biker film">biker film</a>, with a punk <a href="/wiki/Biker_gang" class="mw-redirect" title="Biker gang">biker gang</a> aesthetic that paved the way for <a href="/wiki/Katsuhiro_Otomo" title="Katsuhiro Otomo">Katsuhiro Otomo</a>'s influential <a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">cyberpunk</a> franchise <i><a href="/wiki/Akira_(franchise)" title="Akira (franchise)">Akira</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Midnight_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Midnight-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese cyberpunk subgenre began in 1982 with the debut of the <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/Akira_(manga)" title="Akira (manga)">Akira</a></i>, with its <a href="/wiki/Akira_(1988_film)" title="Akira (1988 film)">1988 anime film adaptation</a> later popularizing the subgenre. <i>Akira</i> inspired a wave of Japanese cyberpunk works, including manga and <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> series such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_in_the_Shell" title="Ghost in the Shell">Ghost in the Shell</a></i> (1989), <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_Angel_Alita" title="Battle Angel Alita">Battle Angel Alita</a></i> (1990), <i><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_Bebop" title="Cowboy Bebop">Cowboy Bebop</a></i> (1997) and <i><a href="/wiki/Serial_Experiments_Lain" title="Serial Experiments Lain">Serial Experiments Lain</a></i> (1998).<sup id="cite_ref-polygon_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-polygon-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steampunk">Steampunk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_science_fiction&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Steampunk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreliable_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-unreliable_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Some of this section's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">listed sources</a> <b>may not be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Steampunk#Japanese_steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk § Japanese steampunk</a></div> <p>Japanese <a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">steampunk</a> consists of steampunk manga comics and anime productions from Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Wired_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Steampunk elements have consistently appeared in mainstream manga since the 1940s, dating back to <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Tezuka" title="Osamu Tezuka">Osamu Tezuka</a>'s epic science-fiction trilogy consisting of <i><a href="/wiki/Lost_World_(manga)" title="Lost World (manga)">Lost World</a></i> (1948), <i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(manga)" title="Metropolis (manga)">Metropolis</a></i> (1949) and <i><a href="/wiki/Fumoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Fumoon">Nextworld</a></i> (1951). The steampunk elements found in manga eventually made their way into mainstream anime productions starting in the 1970s, including television shows such as <a href="/wiki/Leiji_Matsumoto" title="Leiji Matsumoto">Leiji Matsumoto</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Battleship_Yamato" title="Space Battleship Yamato">Space Battleship Yamato</a></i> (1974) and the 1979 anime adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Riyoko_Ikeda" title="Riyoko Ikeda">Riyoko Ikeda</a>'s manga <i><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose of Versailles">Rose of Versailles</a></i> (1972).<sup id="cite_ref-Cavallaro_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavallaro-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most influential steampunk animator was <a href="/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki" title="Hayao Miyazaki">Hayao Miyazaki</a>, who was creating steampunk anime since the 1970s, starting with the television show <i><a href="/wiki/Future_Boy_Conan" title="Future Boy Conan">Future Boy Conan</a></i> (1978).<sup id="cite_ref-Cavallaro_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavallaro-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His manga <i><a href="/wiki/Nausica%C3%A4_of_the_Valley_of_the_Wind_(manga)" title="Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (manga)">Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind</a></i> (1982) and its <a href="/wiki/Nausica%C3%A4_of_the_Valley_of_the_Wind_(film)" title="Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (film)">1984 anime film adaptation</a> also contained steampunk elements. Miyazaki's most influential steampunk production was the <a href="/wiki/Studio_Ghibli" title="Studio Ghibli">Studio Ghibli</a> anime film <i><a href="/wiki/Laputa:_Castle_in_the_Sky" class="mw-redirect" title="Laputa: Castle in the Sky">Laputa: Castle in the Sky</a></i> (1986), which became a major milestone in the genre and has been described by <i>The Steampunk Bible</i> as "one of the first modern steampunk classics."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of <i>Laputa</i> inspired a wave of Japanese steampunk works, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Nadia:_The_Secret_of_Blue_Water" title="Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water">Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water</a></i> (1990),<sup id="cite_ref-Cavallaro_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavallaro-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nevins2019_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nevins2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Porco_Rosso" title="Porco Rosso">Porco Rosso</a></i> (1992),<sup id="cite_ref-Wired_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Sakura_Wars" title="Sakura Wars">Sakura Wars</a></i> (1996),<sup id="cite_ref-Cavallaro_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavallaro-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Fullmetal_Alchemist" title="Fullmetal Alchemist">Fullmetal Alchemist</a></i> (2001),<sup id="cite_ref-Wired_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Howl%27s_Moving_Castle_(film)" title="Howl's Moving Castle (film)">Howl's Moving Castle</a></i> (2004)<sup id="cite_ref-Cavallaro_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavallaro-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Steamboy" title="Steamboy">Steamboy</a></i> (2004).<sup id="cite_ref-Nevins2019_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nevins2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dieselpunk">Dieselpunk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_science_fiction&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Dieselpunk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of Japanese <a href="/wiki/Dieselpunk" title="Dieselpunk">dieselpunk</a> include <a href="/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki" title="Hayao Miyazaki">Hayao Miyazaki</a>'s manga <i><a href="/wiki/Nausica%C3%A4_of_the_Valley_of_the_Wind_(manga)" title="Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (manga)">Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind</a></i> (1982) and its <a href="/wiki/Nausica%C3%A4_of_the_Valley_of_the_Wind_(film)" title="Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (film)">1984 anime film adaptation</a>, the anime film <i><a href="/wiki/Laputa:_Castle_in_the_Sky" class="mw-redirect" title="Laputa: Castle in the Sky">Laputa: Castle in the Sky</a></i> (1986) by Miyazaki and <a href="/wiki/Studio_Ghibli" title="Studio Ghibli">Studio Ghibli</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Eurogamer_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eurogamer-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Squaresoft" class="mw-redirect" title="Squaresoft">Squaresoft</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Japanese_role-playing_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese role-playing game">Japanese role-playing game</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_VII" title="Final Fantasy VII">Final Fantasy VII</a></i> (1997).<sup id="cite_ref-Eurogamer_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eurogamer-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Top_10_Games_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Top_10_Games-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dot_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dot-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isekai">Isekai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_science_fiction&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Isekai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></div> <p><i>Isekai</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">異世界</span>, <abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr> "different world")</span> is a <a href="/wiki/Subgenre" class="mw-redirect" title="Subgenre">subgenre</a> of Japanese <a href="/wiki/Light_novel" title="Light novel">light novels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Video games">video games</a> that revolve around a normal person from Earth being transported to, reborn or trapped in a <a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">parallel universe</a>. While many isekai involve a <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">fantasy world</a>, a number of <i>isekai</i> instead involve a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_world" title="Virtual world">virtual world</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Digimon_Adventure_(1999_TV_series)" title="Digimon Adventure (1999 TV series)">Digimon Adventure</a></i> (1999 debut)<sup id="cite_ref-Loveridge_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loveridge-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/.hack" title=".hack">.hack</a></i> (2002 debut) franchises were some of the first works to present the concept of <i>isekai</i> as a virtual world (inspired by <a href="/wiki/Video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Video games">video games</a>), with <i><a href="/wiki/Sword_Art_Online" title="Sword Art Online">Sword Art Online</a></i> (also 2002 debut) following in their footsteps.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <i>isekai</i> are set in a formerly virtual world that turns into a real one, such as in <i><a href="/wiki/Log_Horizon" title="Log Horizon">Log Horizon</a></i> (2010 debut) and <i><a href="/wiki/Overlord_(novel_series)" title="Overlord (novel series)">Overlord</a></i> (2010 debut). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_science_fiction&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_science_fiction&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayakawa_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayakawa Award">Hayakawa Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihon_SF_Taisho_Award" title="Nihon SF Taisho Award">Nihon SF Taisho Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiun_Award" title="Seiun Award">Seiun Award</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publishers">Publishers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_science_fiction&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Publishers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayakawa_Publishing" title="Hayakawa Publishing">Hayakawa Publishing</a>, largest science fiction publisher in Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadokawa_Shoten" title="Kadokawa Shoten">Kadokawa Shoten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shueisha" title="Shueisha">Shueisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokuma_Shoten" title="Tokuma Shoten">Tokuma Shoten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Sogensha" title="Tokyo Sogensha">Tokyo Sogensha</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studios">Studios</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_science_fiction&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Studios"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gainax" title="Gainax">Gainax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_Ghibli" title="Studio Ghibli">Studio Ghibli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_Nue" title="Studio Nue">Studio Nue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_Trigger" title="Studio Trigger">Studio Trigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunrise (company)">Sunrise (company)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toei_Company" title="Toei Company">Toei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toho" title="Toho">Toho</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fandom">Fandom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_science_fiction&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Fandom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nihon_SF_Taikai" title="Nihon SF Taikai">Nihon SF Taikai</a> - Japan SF Convention</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_science_fiction&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Yorke-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yorke_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yorke_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYorke2006" class="citation journal cs1">Yorke, Christopher (February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jetpress.org/volume15/yorke-rowe.html">"Malchronia: Cryonics and Bionics as Primitive Weapons in the War on Time"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Evolution_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Evolution and Technology">Journal of Evolution and Technology</a></i>. <b>15</b> (1): 73–85<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Evolution+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Malchronia%3A+Cryonics+and+Bionics+as+Primitive+Weapons+in+the+War+on+Time&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-85&rft.date=2006-02&rft.aulast=Yorke&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjetpress.org%2Fvolume15%2Fyorke-rowe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg1997" class="citation book cs1">Rosenberg, Donna (1997). <i>Folklore, myths, and legends: a world perspective</i>. <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>. p. 421. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8442-5780-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8442-5780-X"><bdi>0-8442-5780-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folklore%2C+myths%2C+and+legends%3A+a+world+perspective&rft.pages=421&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8442-5780-X&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Donna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richardson-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Richardson_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2001" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, Matthew (2001). <i>The Halstead Treasury of Ancient Science Fiction</i>. Rushcutters Bay, New South Wales: Halstead Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-875684-64-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-875684-64-6"><bdi>1-875684-64-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Halstead+Treasury+of+Ancient+Science+Fiction&rft.place=Rushcutters+Bay%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.pub=Halstead+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-875684-64-6&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span> (<a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emcit.com/emcit085.shtml#Once">"Once Upon a Time"</a>. <i>Emerald City</i> (85). September 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emerald+City&rft.atitle=Once+Upon+a+Time&rft.issue=85&rft.date=2002-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emcit.com%2Femcit085.shtml%23Once&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathan2017" class="citation web cs1">Nathan, Richard (10 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redcircleauthors.com/news-and-views/ahead-of-time-mirai-ki-and-japans-early-science-fiction/">"Ahead of Time: Japan's early science fiction"</a>. <i>Red Circle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Red+Circle&rft.atitle=Ahead+of+Time%3A+Japan%27s+early+science+fiction&rft.date=2017-10-10&rft.aulast=Nathan&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redcircleauthors.com%2Fnews-and-views%2Fahead-of-time-mirai-ki-and-japans-early-science-fiction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nagayama2009-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nagayama2009_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nagayama2009_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagayama2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nagayama, Yasuo (2009). <i>Nihon SF Seishinshi</i> (in Japanese). Kawade shobo shinsha. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-309-62407-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-309-62407-5"><bdi>978-4-309-62407-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nihon+SF+Seishinshi&rft.pub=Kawade+shobo+shinsha&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-4-309-62407-5&rft.aulast=Nagayama&rft.aufirst=Yasuo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-latimes-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-latimes_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-latimes_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradner2009" class="citation news cs1">Bradner, Liesl (November 29, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://herocomplex.latimes.com/uncategorized/the-early-origins-of-anime-and-manga-traced-to-street-theater-of-japan/">"The superheroes of Japan who predated Superman and Batman"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140105055754/http://herocomplex.latimes.com/uncategorized/the-early-origins-of-anime-and-manga-traced-to-street-theater-of-japan/">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+superheroes+of+Japan+who+predated+Superman+and+Batman&rft.date=2009-11-29&rft.aulast=Bradner&rft.aufirst=Liesl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fherocomplex.latimes.com%2Funcategorized%2Fthe-early-origins-of-anime-and-manga-traced-to-street-theater-of-japan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Schnellbächer2002" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas Schnellbächer (November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/88/schnellbacher.html">"Has the Empire Sunk Yet?—The Pacific in Japanese Science Fiction"</a>. <i>Science Fiction Studies</i>. <b>29</b> (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Fiction+Studies&rft.atitle=Has+the+Empire+Sunk+Yet%3F%E2%80%94The+Pacific+in+Japanese+Science+Fiction&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2002-11&rft.au=Thomas+Schnellb%C3%A4cher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.depauw.edu%2Fsfs%2Fbackissues%2F88%2Fschnellbacher.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Komatsu, Tsutsui, Mayumura, Hanmura and Toyota debuted by their application works at the Hayakawa SF contest. But Mitsuse and Hirai did not. These writers were well-known by the editors of SF magazine and SF-related people in those days. ref: <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%A4%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BBSF%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88" class="extiw" title="ja:ハヤカワ・SFコンテスト">ja:Hayakawa SF contest</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNozomi_Ōmori,_Yumi_Toyozaki2008" class="citation book cs1">Nozomi Ōmori, Yumi Toyozaki (2008). <i>Bungakushō Mettagiri!</i>. Chikuma Shobo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-480-42413-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-480-42413-6"><bdi>978-4-480-42413-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bungakush%C5%8D+Mettagiri%21&rft.pub=Chikuma+Shobo&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-4-480-42413-6&rft.au=Nozomi+%C5%8Cmori%2C+Yumi+Toyozaki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash2009" class="citation book cs1">Nash, Eric P. (2009). <i>Manga Kamishibai: The Art of Japanese Paper Theatre</i>. New York: Abrams Comicarts. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manga+Kamishibai%3A+The+Art+of+Japanese+Paper+Theatre&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Abrams+Comicarts&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Eric+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchodt1997" class="citation book cs1">Schodt, Frederik L. (1997). <i>Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics</i>. Tokyo: Kodansha International Ltd. p. 66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manga%21+Manga%21+The+World+of+Japanese+Comics&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Kodansha+International+Ltd.&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Schodt&rft.aufirst=Frederik+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-comicsbulletin-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-comicsbulletin_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisson2010" class="citation web cs1">Davisson, Zack (December 19, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://comicsbulletin.com/first-superhero-golden-bat/">"The First Superhero – The Golden Bat?"</a>. ComicsBulletin.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141109164440/http://comicsbulletin.com/first-superhero-golden-bat/">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Tokyo: Kodansha International. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lovingmachineart0000horn/page/57">57–70</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4770030126" title="Special:BookSources/4770030126"><bdi>4770030126</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/63472559">63472559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4&rft.btitle=Loving+the+Machine%3A+the+Art+and+Science+of+Japanese+Robots&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pages=57-70&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Kodansha+International&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F63472559&rft.isbn=4770030126&rft.aulast=Hornyak&rft.aufirst=Timothy+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flovingmachineart0000horn%2Fpage%2F57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomino2012" class="citation book cs1">Tomino, Yoshiyuki (2012). <i>Mobile Suit Gundam: Awakening, Escalation, Confrontation</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+10+Steampunk+and+Dieselpunk+Games+for+the+PC&rft.pub=Bright+Hub&rft.date=2010-03-30&rft.au=sinisterporpoise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brighthub.com%2Fvideo-games%2Fpc%2Farticles%2F67680.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dot-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dot_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomano2013" class="citation news cs1">Romano, Aja (8 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailydot.com/parsec/fandom/dieselpunk-steampunk-beginners-guide/">"Dieselpunk for beginners: Welcome to a world where the '40s never ended"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Dot" title="The Daily Dot">The Daily Dot</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Dot&rft.atitle=Dieselpunk+for+beginners%3A+Welcome+to+a+world+where+the+%2740s+never+ended&rft.date=2013-10-08&rft.aulast=Romano&rft.aufirst=Aja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailydot.com%2Fparsec%2Ffandom%2Fdieselpunk-steampunk-beginners-guide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loveridge-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Loveridge_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoveridge2017" class="citation news cs1">Loveridge, Lynzee (August 19, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/the-list/2017-08-19/.120298">"The List - 8 Anime That Were Isekai Before It Was Cool"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anime_News_Network" title="Anime News Network">Anime News Network</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anime+News+Network&rft.atitle=The+List+-+8+Anime+That+Were+Isekai+Before+It+Was+Cool&rft.date=2017-08-19&rft.aulast=Loveridge&rft.aufirst=Lynzee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fthe-list%2F2017-08-19%2F.120298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamen2017" class="citation web cs1">Kamen, Matt (2017-10-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/oct/02/anime-films-tv-video-games-watch-ghost-in-the-shell-dragon-ball-ah-my-goddess-initial-d">"Anime: the 10 must-watch films and TV shows for video game lovers"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180320170834/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/oct/02/anime-films-tv-video-games-watch-ghost-in-the-shell-dragon-ball-ah-my-goddess-initial-d">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-03-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Anime%3A+the+10+must-watch+films+and+TV+shows+for+video+game+lovers&rft.date=2017-10-02&rft.aulast=Kamen&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2017%2Foct%2F02%2Fanime-films-tv-video-games-watch-ghost-in-the-shell-dragon-ball-ah-my-goddess-initial-d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_science_fiction&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTatsumi2000" class="citation journal cs1">Tatsumi, Takayuki (March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/80/current%20trends.html">"Generations and Controversies: An Overview of Japanese Science Fiction, 1957-1997"</a>. <i>Science Fiction Studies</i>. <b>27</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Fiction+Studies&rft.atitle=Generations+and+Controversies%3A+An+Overview+of+Japanese+Science+Fiction%2C+1957-1997&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2000-03&rft.aulast=Tatsumi&rft.aufirst=Takayuki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.depauw.edu%2Fsfs%2Fbackissues%2F80%2Fcurrent%2520trends.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTatsumi2005" class="citation book cs1">Tatsumi, Takayuki (2005). "Chapter 21: Japanese and Asian Science Fiction". In Seed, David (ed.). <i>A Companion to Science Fiction</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1218-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1218-5"><bdi>978-1-4051-1218-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+21%3A+Japanese+and+Asian+Science+Fiction&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Science+Fiction&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-1218-5&rft.aulast=Tatsumi&rft.aufirst=Takayuki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_science_fiction&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sfwj.jp">Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of Japan</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Japanese)</span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfwj.or.jp/INDEX.e.html">old English page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140117072007/http://www.sfwj.or.jp/INDEX.e.html">Archived</a> 2014-01-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141015185336/http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/covers/cov88.htm">"SPECIAL ISSUE: JAPANESE SCIENCE FICTION"</a>. <i>Science Fiction Studies</i>. <b>29</b> (3). November 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/covers/cov88.htm">the original</a> on 2014-10-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Fiction+Studies&rft.atitle=SPECIAL+ISSUE%3A+JAPANESE+SCIENCE+FICTION&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2002-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.depauw.edu%2Fsfs%2Fcovers%2Fcov88.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kurodahan.com/mt/e/index.html">Kurodahan Press</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180406165750/http://www.kurodahan.com/mt/e/index.html">Archived</a> 2018-04-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>—A publisher specializing in English translations of Japanese fiction, including science fiction.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haikasoru.com/">Haikasoru</a>—An imprint specializing English translation of Japanese science fiction and fantasy.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://io9.com/5953841/mirai+ki-the-forgotten-history-of-japans-early-science-fiction">Mirai-ki: The Forgotten History of Japan’s Early Science Fiction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514182540/http://io9.com/5953841/mirai+ki-the-forgotten-history-of-japans-early-science-fiction">Archived</a> 2013-05-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (io9.com)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClementsShibanoNicholls2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Clements" title="Jonathan Clements">Clements, Jonathan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Takumi_Shibano" title="Takumi Shibano">Shibano, Takumi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Nicholls_(writer)" title="Peter Nicholls (writer)">Nicholls, Peter</a> (April 2, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/japan">"Japan"</a>. In Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a></i> (3rd ed.). SFE Ltd; Victor Gollancz<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Japan&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=SFE+Ltd%3B+Victor+Gollancz&rft.date=2014-04-02&rft.aulast=Clements&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Shibano%2C+Takumi&rft.au=Nicholls%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Fjapan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+science+fiction" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_science_fiction" title="Definitions of science fiction">Definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_science_fiction" title="Anthropological science fiction">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_romance" title="Scientific romance">Scientific romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_science_fiction" title="Soft science fiction">Soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Science_Fiction" title="Golden Age of Science Fiction">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_science_fiction" title="Timeline of science fiction">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_sitcoms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction sitcoms">Sitcoms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_space_(science_fiction)" title="Inner space (science fiction)">Inner space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundane_science_fiction" title="Mundane science fiction">Mundane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare_in_science_fiction" title="Space warfare in science fiction">Space warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sword and planet">Sword and planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science_fiction" title="Social science fiction">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spy-Fi_(subgenre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy-Fi (subgenre)">Spy-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno-thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_derivatives" title="Cyberpunk derivatives">Cyberpunk derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopunk" title="Biopunk">Biopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieselpunk" title="Dieselpunk">Dieselpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanopunk" title="Nanopunk">Nanopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solarpunk" title="Solarpunk">Solarpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_convention" title="Science fiction convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science-fiction_fanzine" title="Science-fiction fanzine">Fanzines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">ISFDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_libraries_and_museums" title="Science fiction libraries and museums">Libraries and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMP_Museum#Science_Fiction_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="EMP Museum">Science Fiction Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_studies" title="Science fiction studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Women in SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldcon" title="Worldcon">Worldcon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction" title="Australian science fiction">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_science_fiction" title="Brazilian science fiction">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction" title="Canadian science fiction">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_science_fiction" title="Chilean science fiction">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_science_fiction" title="Chinese science fiction">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_science_fiction" title="Croatian science fiction">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech science fiction and fantasy">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_science_fiction" title="Estonian science fiction">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_science_fiction" title="French science fiction">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_science_fiction" title="Hungarian science fiction">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_science_fiction" title="Norwegian science fiction">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_and_fantasy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction and fantasy in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_science_fiction" title="Romanian science fiction">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian science fiction and fantasy">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_science_fiction" title="Serbian science fiction">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_science_fiction" title="Spanish science fiction">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_science_fiction" title="Yugoslav science fiction">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinematic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne_Awards" title="Jules Verne Awards">Jules Verne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary, art,<br />and audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astounding_Award_for_Best_New_Writer" title="Astounding Award for Best New Writer">Astounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurealis_Award" title="Aurealis Award">Aurealis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSFA_Award" title="BSFA Award">BSFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Campbell_Memorial_Award_for_Best_Science_Fiction_Novel" title="John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel">Campbell Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesley_Awards" title="Chesley Awards">Chesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke_Award" title="Arthur C. Clarke Award">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Crook_Award" title="Compton Crook Award">Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Science_Fiction_Preis" title="Deutscher Science Fiction Preis">Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick_Award" title="Philip K. Dick Award">Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditmar_Award" title="Ditmar Award">Ditmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeavour_Award" title="Endeavour Award">Endeavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FantLab%27s_Book_of_the_Year_Award" title="FantLab's Book of the Year Award">FantLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Award_(China)" title="Galaxy Award (China)">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Gaughan_Award" title="Jack Gaughan Award">Gaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geffen_Award" title="Geffen Award">Geffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Duck_Award" title="Golden Duck Award">Golden Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damon_Knight_Memorial_Grand_Master_Award" title="Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award">Grand Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_prix_de_l%27Imaginaire" title="Grand prix de l'Imaginaire">Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Harland_Prize" title="Paul Harland Prize">Harland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein_Award" title="Robert A. Heinlein Award">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premio_Ignotus" title="Premio Ignotus">Ignotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitschies" title="Kitschies">Kitschies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lambda_Literary_Awards_winners_and_nominees_for_science_fiction,_fantasy_and_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lambda Literary Awards winners and nominees for science fiction, fantasy and horror">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurd_La%C3%9Fwitz_Award" title="Kurd Laßwitz Award">Laßwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Award" title="Nautilus Award">Nautilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nommo_Awards" title="Nommo Awards">Nommo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Norton_Award" title="Andre Norton Award">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsec_Awards" title="Parsec Awards">Parsec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Award" title="Prometheus Award">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhysling_Award" title="Rhysling Award">Rhysling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFERA_Award" title="SFERA Award">SFERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewise_Award_for_Alternate_History" title="Sidewise Award for Alternate History">Sidewise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Smith_Memorial_Award" title="Edward E. Smith Memorial Award">Skylark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon_Award" title="Theodore Sturgeon Award">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunburst_Award" title="Sunburst Award">Sunburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htivaeltaja_Award" title="Tähtivaeltaja Award">Tähtivaeltaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBD_Science_Fiction_Story_Award" title="TBD Science Fiction Story Award">TBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tiptree_Jr._Award" class="mw-redirect" title="James Tiptree Jr. Award">Tiptree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_Apollo_Award" title="Prix Apollo Award">Tour-Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_%26_Fantasy_Translation_Awards" title="Science Fiction & Fantasy Translation Awards">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urania_Award" title="Urania Award">Urania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Julius_Vogel_Award" title="Sir Julius Vogel Award">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writers_of_the_Future" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers of the Future">Writers and Illustrators of the Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_A._Zajdel_Award" title="Janusz A. Zajdel Award">Zajdel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Awards" title="Aurora Awards">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler_Award" title="Chandler Award">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiun_Award" title="Seiun Award">Seiun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylactic_Spectrum_Awards" title="Gaylactic Spectrum Awards">Spectrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction_films" title="History of science fiction films">Film history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_science_fiction_films" title="Lists of science fiction films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_films_in_India" title="Science fiction films in India">Indian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comics" title="Science fiction comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine" title="Science fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_novels" title="List of science fiction novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_short_stories" title="List of science fiction short stories">Short stories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_opera" title="Science fiction opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_theatre" title="Science fiction theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television" title="Science fiction on television">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_television_programs" title="List of science fiction television programs">List of TV shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction_television" title="Australian science fiction television">Australasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_television_science_fiction" title="British television science fiction">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction_television" title="Canadian science fiction television">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television#Continental_European_science_fiction_series" title="Science fiction on television">European</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Live-action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._television_science_fiction" title="U.S. television science fiction">U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_themes" title="List of science fiction themes">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Architectural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyson_sphere" title="Dyson sphere">Dyson sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrioshka_brain" title="Matrioshka brain">Matrioshka brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_stations_and_habitats_in_fiction" title="Space stations and habitats in fiction">Space stations and habitats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_engine" title="Stellar engine">Stellar engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_in_popular_culture" title="Terraforming in popular culture">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biology_in_fiction" title="Biology in fiction">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare_in_popular_culture" title="Biological warfare in popular culture">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_being" title="Energy being">Energy being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_in_fiction" title="Evolution in fiction">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_extraterrestrials" title="Lists of fictional extraterrestrials">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_speculative_fiction" title="Gender in speculative fiction">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in science fiction">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisibility_in_fiction" title="Invisibility in fiction">Invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology_in_fiction" title="Nanotechnology in fiction">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_fiction" title="Organ transplantation in fiction">Organ transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasites_in_fiction" title="Parasites in fiction">Parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthetics_in_fiction" title="Prosthetics in fiction">Prosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_sexuality_in_speculative_fiction" title="Sex and sexuality in speculative fiction">Sex and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiosis_in_fiction" title="Symbiosis in fiction">Symbiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansible" title="Ansible">Ansible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_holes_in_fiction" title="Black holes in fiction">Black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planets_in_fiction" title="Extrasolar planets in fiction">Extrasolar planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_field_(technology)" title="Force field (technology)">Force field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperspace" title="Hyperspace">Hyperspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertialess_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertialess drive">Inertialess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_hole" title="Portable hole">Portable hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_travel_in_science_fiction" title="Space travel in science fiction">Space travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargate_(device)" title="Stargate (device)">Stargate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stars_in_fiction" title="Stars in fiction">Stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleportation_in_fiction" title="Teleportation in fiction">Teleportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction" title="Time travel in fiction">Time travel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_viewer" title="Time viewer">Viewer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_drive" title="Warp drive">Warp drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormholes_in_fiction" title="Wormholes in fiction">Wormhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_mind_(science_fiction)" title="Group mind (science fiction)">Group mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading_in_fiction" title="Mind uploading in fiction">Mind uploading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psionics" title="Psionics">Psionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_consciousness_in_fiction" title="Simulated consciousness in fiction">Simulated consciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_language" title="Alien language">Alien language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts_in_popular_culture" title="Ancient astronauts in popular culture">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_science_fiction" title="Black science fiction">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_corporation" title="Evil corporation">Evil corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_contact_(science_fiction)" title="First contact (science fiction)">First contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_complex" title="Frankenstein complex">Frankenstein complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_empire" title="Galactic empire">Galactic empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_from_space_(science_fiction)" title="Message from space (science fiction)">Message from space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism_in_fiction" title="Transhumanism in fiction">Transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uplift_(science_fiction)" title="Uplift (science fiction)">Uplift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoarchaeology" title="Xenoarchaeology">Xenoarchaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_fiction" title="Artificial intelligence in fiction">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover_in_popular_culture" title="AI takeover in popular culture">AI takeover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_engineering" title="Astronomical engineering">Astroengineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography_in_fiction" title="Holography in fiction">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" title="List of fictional robots and androids">Robots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyborgs_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyborgs in fiction">Cyborgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_machines_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-replicating machines in fiction">Self-replicating machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_reality" title="Simulated reality">Simulated reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_spacecraft" title="List of fictional spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyons_in_fiction" title="Tachyons in fiction">Tachyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_in_science_fiction" title="Weapons in science fiction">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian science fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_astronauts" title="Lists of fictional astronauts">Fictional astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional technology">Fictional technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_history" title="Future history">Future history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_Fiction" title="Museum of Science Fiction">Museum of Science Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_science" title="Rubber science">Rubber science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">Sense of wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_and_society" title="Technology and society">Technology and society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Science_fiction" title="Category:Science fiction">Category</a></li><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction/Science_fiction" title="Portal:Speculative fiction/Science fiction">Portal</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Science_fiction_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Science_fiction_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Science fiction in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Bangladesh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Bangladesh (page does not exist)">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Cambodia (page does not exist)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Egypt (page does not exist)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Indonesia (page does not exist)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Iran (page does not exist)">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Iraq (page does not exist)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_North_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in North Korea (page does not exist)">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in South Korea (page does not exist)">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Malaysia (page does not exist)">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Myanmar (page does not exist)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Nepal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Nepal (page does not exist)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Pakistan (page does not exist)">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in the Philippines (page does not exist)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Saudi Arabia (page does not exist)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Thailand (page does not exist)">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Turkey (page does not exist)">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Vietnam (page does not exist)">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Taiwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Taiwan (page does not exist)">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Hong Kong (page does not exist)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_fiction_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science fiction in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3042412#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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