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</a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 註釋 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 參考文獻 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 外部連結 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">物理学</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。244种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-244" aria-hidden="true" > 244种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – 亚齐语" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="亚齐语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physik" title="Physik – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Physik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%B0%E1%8D%88%E1%8C%A5%E1%88%AE_%E1%88%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%8C%8B%E1%89%B5_%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%93%E1%89%B5" title="የተፈጥሮ ሕግጋት ጥናት – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የተፈጥሮ ሕግጋት ጥናት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisica" title="Fisica – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fisica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="जीव-विज्ञान – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जीव-विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="فيزياء – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيزياء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%9D%DC%A3%DC%9D%DC%9F" title="ܦܝܣܝܟ – 阿拉米语" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܝܣܝܟ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%83" title="فيزيك – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فيزيك" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="فيزيا – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيزيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞান – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Física" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altelopa" title="Altelopa – 科塔瓦文" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Altelopa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="科塔瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="भौतिक शास्त्र – 阿瓦德语" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="भौतिक शास्त्र" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="阿瓦德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="فیزیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فیزیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physik" title="Physik – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Physik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiz%C4%97ka" title="Fizėka – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Fizėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisika" title="Pisika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pisika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фізіка – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фізіка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фізыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фізыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88lmu_cekian_benda" title="Èlmu cekian benda – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Èlmu cekian benda" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="भौतिकी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भौतिकी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisika" title="Pisika – 班亞爾文" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Pisika" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="班亞爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%95%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ရူပဗေဒ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ရူပဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পদার্থবিজ্ঞান – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পদার্থবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B" title="དངོས་ཁམས་རིག་པ་ – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དངོས་ཁམས་རིག་པ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পদার্থবিজ্ঞান – 比什奴普萊利亞文" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="পদার্থবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="比什奴普萊利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fizik" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%84%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%80" title="ᨄᨗᨔᨗᨀ – 布吉语" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨄᨗᨔᨗᨀ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="布吉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Физикэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Физикэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Física" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%ACk-l%C4%AB" title="Ŭk-lī – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ŭk-lī" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisika" title="Pisika – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pisika" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="فیزیک – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فیزیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisica" title="Fisica – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Fisica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyzika" title="Fyzika – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fyzika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizyka" title="Fizyka – 卡舒比语" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Fizyka" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="卡舒比语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffiseg" title="Ffiseg – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffiseg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fysik" title="Fysik – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fysik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physik" title="Physik – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Physik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%B6%C3%B6ckat%C9%94%C9%94r" title="Piööckatɔɔr – 丁卡语" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Piööckatɔɔr" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="丁卡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Fizik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyzika" title="Fyzika – 下索布语" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Fyzika" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="下索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pijik" title="Pijik – 中部杜順文" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Pijik" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="中部杜順文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%A9%DE%92%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7%DE%87%DE%A9_%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%89%DE%AA" title="ފީޒިޔާއީ އިލްމު – 迪维希语" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ފީޒިޔާއީ އިލްމު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪维希语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94" title="དངོས་ཁམས་རིག་པ – 宗卡语" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="དངོས་ཁམས་རིག་པ" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="宗卡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Φυσική – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φυσική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%AEsica" title="Fîsica – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Fîsica" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" title="Physics – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Physics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiziko" title="Fiziko – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fiziko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Física" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BC%C3%BCsika" title="Füüsika – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Füüsika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Física" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="فیزیک – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیزیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fysiikka" title="Fysiikka – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fysiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BC%C3%BCsiga" title="Füüsiga – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Füüsiga" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisiki" title="Fisiki – 斐济语" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Fisiki" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐济语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisfr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Alisfrøði – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Alisfrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physique" title="Physique – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Physique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fesica" title="Fesica – 法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Fesica" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCsiik" title="Füsiik – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Füsiik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisiche" title="Fisiche – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Fisiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuerkunde" title="Natuerkunde – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Natuerkunde" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisic" title="Fisic – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fisic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="物理學 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="物理學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Fizik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiosaig" title="Fiosaig – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Fiosaig" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Física" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mba%27erekokuaa" title="Mba'erekokuaa – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mba'erekokuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – 哥伦打洛语" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="哥伦打洛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AD%E0%AB%8C%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="ભૌતિકશાસ્ત્ર – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ભૌતિકશાસ્ત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%BCjia" title="Atüjia – 瓦尤文" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Atüjia" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="瓦尤文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishig" title="Fishig – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Fishig" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vu%CC%8Dt-l%C3%AE-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Vu̍t-lî-ho̍k – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vu̍t-lî-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81laik%C5%ABlohea" title="Kālaikūlohea – 夏威夷语" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kālaikūlohea" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="夏威夷语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="פיזיקה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיזיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="भौतिक शास्त्र – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भौतिक शास्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhautik_vigyan" title="Bhautik vigyan – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bhautik vigyan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyzika" title="Fyzika – 上索布语" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Fyzika" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fizik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Ֆիզիկա – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆիզիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physica" title="Physica – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Physica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik – 伊班语" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Fizik" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisica" title="Fisica – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Fisica" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8C%CC%80m%E1%BB%A5%CC%80nt%E1%BB%A5d%E1%BB%8B" title="Ọ̀mụ̀ntụdị – 伊博语" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ọ̀mụ̀ntụdị" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="伊博语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisika" title="Pisika – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pisika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiziko" title="Fiziko – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fiziko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%B0lisfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Eðlisfræði – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eðlisfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisica" title="Fisica – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fisica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%86%E1%92%AB%E1%91%A6%E1%93%B1%E1%93%95%E1%95%86%E1%93%82%E1%96%85/umatsuliriniq" title="ᐆᒫᑦᓱᓕᕆᓂᖅ/umatsuliriniq – 因纽特语" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐆᒫᑦᓱᓕᕆᓂᖅ/umatsuliriniq" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="因纽特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="物理学 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="物理学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizix" title="Fizix – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Fizix" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/termu%27eske" title="termu'eske – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="termu'eske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ფიზიკა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფიზიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasengama" title="Tasengama – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasengama" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik – 卡塔布语" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Fizik" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="卡塔布语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" title="Physics – 吉库尤语" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Physics" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="吉库尤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uumaatsulerineq" title="Uumaatsulerineq – 格陵兰语" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Uumaatsulerineq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="格陵兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kalaallisut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="រូបវិទ្យា – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រូបវិទ្យា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಭೌತಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭೌತಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" title="Physics – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Physics" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="물리학 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="물리학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%9B%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%8F%D8%AA" title="ترٛایُت – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ترٛایُت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiz%C3%AEk" title="Fizîk – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fizîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fysegieth" title="Fysegieth – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Fysegieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physica" title="Physica – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Physica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – 拉迪诺语" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physik" title="Physik – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Physik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisica" title="Fisica – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Fisica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebyobuzimbe" title="Ebyobuzimbe – 卢干达语" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Ebyobuzimbe" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="卢干达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuurkunde" title="Natuurkunde – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Natuurkunde" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixica" title="Fixica – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Fixica" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisica" title="Fisica – 拉定语" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Fisica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="拉定语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisica" title="Fisica – 伦巴第语" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fisica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="伦巴第语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADz%C3%ADk%C3%AD" title="Fízíkí – 林加拉语" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Fízíkí" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="林加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9F%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%AA%E0%BB%8C" title="ຟີຊິກສ໌ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຟີຊິກສ໌" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – 马都拉语" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="马都拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="भौतिक शास्‍त्र – 迈蒂利语" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="भौतिक शास्‍त्र" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="迈蒂利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Физикась – 莫克沙语" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Физикась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Физике – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Физике" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ഭൗതികശാസ്ത്രം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭൗതികശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Физик – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Физик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="भौतिकशास्त्र – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भौतिकशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fizik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C5%BCika" title="Fiżika – 马耳他语" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Fiżika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="马耳他语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Física" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%95%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ရူပဗေဒ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရူပဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – 厄尔兹亚语" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄尔兹亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="فزیک – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فزیک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADseca" title="Físeca – 那不勒斯语" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Físeca" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="那不勒斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physik" title="Physik – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Physik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netuurkunde" title="Netuurkunde – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Netuurkunde" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="भौतिक शास्त्र – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भौतिक शास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="भौतिक शास्त्र – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भौतिक शास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuurkunde" title="Natuurkunde – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Natuurkunde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fysikk" title="Fysikk – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fysikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fysikk" title="Fysikk – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fysikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisike" title="Fisike – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Fisike" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C5%B7sique" title="Phŷsique – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Phŷsique" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – 北索托语" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="北索托语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisica" title="Fisica – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fisica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiiziksii" title="Fiiziksii – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Fiiziksii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A5_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ପଦାର୍ଥ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପଦାର୍ଥ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Физикæ – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Физикæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਭੌਤਿਕ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭੌਤਿਕ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsika" title="Físika – 邦板牙语" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Físika" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="邦板牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisike" title="Fisike – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Fisike" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizyka" title="Fizyka – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fizyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ACsica" title="Fìsica – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Fìsica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B2%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="فزکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فزکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="فزیک – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فزیک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADsica" title="Física – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Física" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachaykamay" title="Pachaykamay – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pachaykamay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizic%C4%83" title="Fizică – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fizică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizic%C3%A2" title="Fizicâ – 阿罗马尼亚语" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Fizicâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="阿罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фізіка – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Фізіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="भौतिकशास्त्रम् – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="भौतिकशास्त्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ACsica" title="Fìsica – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Fìsica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ACsica" title="Fìsica – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Fìsica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naitural_philosophy" title="Naitural philosophy – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Naitural philosophy" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="طبيعيات – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="طبيعيات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasngama" title="Tasngama – 希尔哈语" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasngama" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="希尔哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%81%A2%E1%82%86%E1%80%B8%E1%82%81%E1%81%A2%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="ပၢႆးႁၢင်ႈ – 掸语" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ပၢႆးႁၢင်ႈ" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="掸语" class="interlanguage-link-target">တႆး</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%9E%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="භෞතික විද්‍යාව – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="භෞතික විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" title="Physics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Physics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyzika" title="Fyzika – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fyzika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_(%D9%81%D8%B2%DA%A9%D8%B3)" title="طبیعیات (فزکس) – 色莱基语" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="طبیعیات (فزکس)" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="色莱基语" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisiki" title="Fisiki – 萨摩亚语" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Fisiki" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="萨摩亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundoyetsimba" title="Fundoyetsimba – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Fundoyetsimba" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiisigis" title="Fiisigis – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Fiisigis" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabi_fu_natru" title="Sabi fu natru – 苏里南汤加语" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Sabi fu natru" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="苏里南汤加语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisiksi" title="Fisiksi – 南索托语" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Fisiksi" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="南索托语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physik" title="Physik – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Physik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fysik" title="Fysik – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fysik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizikia" title="Fizikia – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fizikia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizyka" title="Fizyka – 西里西亚语" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Fizyka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="இயற்பியல் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இயற்பியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಭೌತ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – 圖盧文" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಭೌತ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="圖盧文" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="భౌతిక శాస్త్రం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భౌతిక శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="ฟิสิกส์ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟิสิกส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8A%E1%8B%9A%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5" title="ፊዚክስ – 提格利尼亚语" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ፊዚክስ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="提格利尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisika" title="Pisika – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pisika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik%C9%99" title="Fizikə – 塔里什文" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Fizikə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="塔里什文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisiki" title="Fisiki – 汤加语" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Fisiki" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="汤加语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fizik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntivo-Ntumbuluko" title="Ntivo-Ntumbuluko – 聪加语" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Ntivo-Ntumbuluko" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="聪加语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisiks" title="Fisiks – 通布卡语" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Fisiks" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="通布卡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – 图瓦语" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="图瓦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – 乌德穆尔特语" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="乌德穆尔特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%89%D8%B2%D9%89%D9%83%D8%A7" title="فىزىكا – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="فىزىكا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фізика – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фізика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="طبیعیات – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="طبیعیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fizika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizega" title="Fizega – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fizega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizik" title="Fizik – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Fizik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BD_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Vật lý học – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vật lý học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCs%C3%BCd" title="Füsüd – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Füsüd" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizike" title="Fizike – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Fizike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fisika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%ABmm" title="Jëmm – 沃洛夫语" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Jëmm" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="沃洛夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="物理学 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="物理学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика – 卡尔梅克语" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Физика" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="卡尔梅克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifiziki" title="Ifiziki – 科萨语" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ifiziki" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="科萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ფიზიკა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფიზიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7" title="פיזיק – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פיזיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADs%C3%ADks%C3%AC" title="Físíksì – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Físíksì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuzlij" title="Vuzlij – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vuzlij" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuurkunde" title="Natuurkunde – 西蘭文" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Natuurkunde" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="西蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B3%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ – 标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴳⴰⵎⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="物理學 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="物理學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%CC%8Dt-l%C3%AD-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="物理學 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="物理學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umchazandalo" title="Umchazandalo – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umchazandalo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q413#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></div> </div> 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/50px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></a>提示：此条目的主题不是<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-disambig" title="理学">理学</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="元物理学">元物理学</a>。</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CollageFisica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/CollageFisica.jpg/250px-CollageFisica.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/CollageFisica.jpg/500px-CollageFisica.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>（从左上角起，延著顺时针螺旋方向）1.折射光；2.一束激光；3.热气球；4.陀螺；5.非弹性碰撞；6.氢的原子轨道；7原子弹爆炸；8.闪电；9.星系</figcaption></figure> 物理學（源自<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84750655">.mw-parser-output span[lang="grc"],.mw-parser-output .Polytonic{font-family:"SBL BibLit","SBL Greek","New Athena Unicode","EB Garamond","EB Garamond 12","Foulis Greek","Garamond Libre","Noto Sans","Noto Serif","Cardo","Gentium Plus","Gentium Book Plus","Garamond","Palatino Linotype","DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif","FreeSerif","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Lucida Sans Unicode","Lucida Grande","Code2000",sans-serif}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘語">古希臘語</a>：φυσική（ἐπιστήμη），羅馬化：physikḗ （epistḗmē），<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E8%AF%91" title="直译">直译</a>：「大自然的知识」，源自φύσις，转写：phýsis，直譯：大自然）<a href="#cite_note-etymonline-physics-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-etymonline-physic-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-LSJ-3">[3]</a>是研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="物質">物質</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a>的本質與性質的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="自然科學">自然科學</a>。<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>由於物質與能量是所有科學研究的必須涉及的基本要素，所以物理學是<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="自然科學">自然科學</a>中最基礎的學科之一。物理學是一種<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="科学实验">實驗科學</a>，物理學者從觀測與分析<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="大自然">大自然</a>的各種基於物質與能量的現象來找出其中的模式。這些模式稱為「物理理論」，經得起實驗檢驗的常用物理理論稱為<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="物理定律">物理定律</a>，直到有一天被證明是有錯誤為止（具<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%90%A6%E8%AD%89%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="可否證性">可否證性</a>）。物理學是由這些定律精緻地建構而成。物理學是<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="自然科學">自然科學</a>中最基礎的學科之一。化學、生物學、考古學等等科學學術領域的理論都是建構於這些物理定律。<a href="#cite_note-Young2004-5">[5]</a>:1-2<a href="#cite_note-Giordano2009-6">[6]</a>:2-3 物理學是最古老的學術之一。<a href="#cite_note-Giordano2009-6">[6]</a>:2物理學、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學">化學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="生物學">生物學</a>等等原本都歸屬於<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="自然哲學">自然哲學</a>的範疇，直到十七世紀至十九世紀期間，才漸漸地從自然哲學中分別成長為獨立的學術領域。<a href="#cite_note-Grant1996-7">[7]</a>:193-194物理學與其它很多跨領域研究有相當的交集，如<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="量子化學">量子化學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物物理学">生物物理學</a>等等。物理學的疆界並不是固定不變的，物理學裡的創始突破時常可以用來解釋這些跨領域研究的基礎機制，有時還會開啟嶄新的跨領域研究。<a href="#cite_note-Young2004-5">[5]</a>:1-2 通過創建新理論與發展新科技，物理學對於人類文明有極為顯著的貢獻。例如，由於<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="電磁學">電磁學</a>的快速發展，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%87%88" class="mw-redirect" title="電燈">電燈</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="電動機">電動機</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E7%94%A8%E9%9B%BB%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="家用電器">家用電器</a>等新產品纷纷涌现，人類社會的生活水平也得到大幅提升。<a href="#cite_note-Young2004-5">[5]</a>:1<a href="#cite_note-CommitteeAstronomy2001-8">[8]</a>由於<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="核子物理學">核子物理學</a>日趨成熟，<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%83%BD%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="核能發電">核能發電</a>已不再是藍圖構想，但其所引致的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8" title="核安全">安全問題</a>也使人們意識到地球環境、生態與人類的嬌弱渺小。 <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史">歷史</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：歷史">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="物理學史">物理學史</a></div> 「物理」一詞在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="英文">英文</a>裏是「physics」，最先出自於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘文">古希臘文</a>「φύσις」，原意是「<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" title="自然">自然</a>」。在中文裏，「物理」最早可在戰國時期佚書《鹖冠子·王鈇篇》「願聞其人情物理所以嗇萬物與天地總與神明體正之道」中找到，「物理」在這裏指的是一切事物之道理。<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="三國">三國</a>時期，<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E6%B3%89" title="楊泉">楊泉</a>著有《物理論》，是最早的書名含有「物理」一詞的著作。<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>明末清初科學家<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E4%BB%A5%E6%99%BA" title="方以智">方以智</a>受到西方科學影響，撰寫了<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="百科全書">百科全書</a>式著作《<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%86" title="物理小识">物理小識</a>》，在這裏，「物理」的含義已演化為學術之理，包括自然科學的各門領域與人文學的部分領域。<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> 清朝<a href="/wiki/%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="鴉片戰爭">鴉片戰爭</a>後，西方科學傳入中國，此時的譯者將「physics」翻譯為「格致學」或「格物學」。「格物致知」這詞源自於《<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AE%E8%A8%98" class="mw-redirect" title="禮記">禮記</a>．<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="大學">大學</a>》：「致知在格物，格物而後知至」，用白話說，「若要增進知識，必須窮究事物之理，唯有窮究事物之理，才可增進知識」。這句話指出，明瞭事物是增進知識的關鍵方法。在物理學裡，時常會利用觀察、模擬、實驗、推論、演繹等方法來獲得知識，鉴于此，將「physics」翻譯為「格致學」或「格物學」有其道理深意。<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>:2-3 中国战国哲学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E5%AE%B6" title="名家">名家</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A0%E6%96%BD" title="惠施">惠施</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="邓析">邓析</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%AD%99%E9%BE%99" title="公孙龙">公孙龙</a>，以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E5%AE%B6" title="墨家">墨家</a>，曾努力钻研宇宙间万物构成的原因。惠施有十个命题，主要是对自然界的分析，其中有些含有辩证的元素。他说：“至大无外，谓之大一；至小无内，谓之小一。”。“大一”是指整个空间大到无所不包，不再有外部；“小一”是指物质最小的单位，小到不可再分割，不再有内部<a href="#cite_note-Youlan1997-14">[14]</a>。名家的思想<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E5%90%8C%E5%BC%82" title="合同异">合同异</a>以惠施为代表，认为“天与地卑，山与泽平”，万物“毕异”本为“毕同”，并无区别<a href="#cite_note-Youlan1997-14">[14]</a>。后期<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E5%AE%B6" title="墨家">墨家</a>认为物质世界是由微小的不可再分割的物质粒子所构成<a href="#cite_note-Youlan1997-14">[14]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="古希臘物理學">古希臘物理學</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：古希臘物理學">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archimedes_lever_(Small).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Archimedes_lever_%28Small%29.jpg/250px-Archimedes_lever_%28Small%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Archimedes_lever_%28Small%29.jpg/330px-Archimedes_lever_%28Small%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Archimedes_lever_%28Small%29.jpg/500px-Archimedes_lever_%28Small%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>1824年，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="倫敦">倫敦</a>發行的《機械雜誌》內的一副刻畫。阿基米德說：「給我一個支點，我就可以撬起整個地球。」<a href="#cite_note-Singer2013-15">[15]</a>:65-66</figcaption></figure> 从古代以來，人们就尝试着了解大自然的奥妙：为什么物体会往地面掉落，为什么不同的物质会具有不同的性质？如此等等。從觀測與分析大自然的現象，早期人們找到其中的樣式，並針對這些樣式提出了各种理论，试图解释大自然的奥妙，然而他們所提出的大多數理論都不正确。以現代準則來看，早期的物理理论更像是一些<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学">哲学</a>理论：现代的理论都需要经过嚴格的实验檢驗，而那些早期的理论并没有经过严格证实。像<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8B%92%E5%AF%86" class="mw-redirect" title="托勒密">托勒密</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="亞里士多德">亞里士多德</a>提出的理論中，有些就与日常所能观察到的事实相悖。<a href="#cite_note-Cajori1917-16">[16]</a>:1, 28 儘管如此，仍有許多古學者貢獻出相當正確的理論。古希臘哲學家<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="泰勒斯">泰勒斯</a>（前624年－前546年）曾經遠渡<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海">地中海</a>，在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%8D%E9%81%94%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="美索不達米亞">美索不達米亞</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a>學習天文學與<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95" class="mw-redirect" title="幾何">幾何</a>，還加以推廣延伸，發揚光大。他預測出公元前585年發生的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%9D%95" class="mw-redirect" title="日蝕">日蝕</a>，還能夠估算船隻離岸邊的距離，又從<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%AD%97%E5%A1%94" title="金字塔">金字塔</a>的陰影計算出其高度。泰勒斯拒絕倚賴玄異或超自然因素來解釋自然現象，他主張，任何事件的發生都有其不變與普適的因果關係。<a href="#cite_note-Singer2013-15">[15]</a>:8-10, 28<a href="#cite_note-Lloyd2012-17">[17]</a>公元前5世紀古希臘哲學家<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%99%E5%9F%BA%E4%BC%AF" title="留基伯">留基伯</a>與學生<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%B0%9F%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9" title="德谟克利特">德謨克利特</a>率先提出<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%AB%96" title="原子論">原子論</a>，认为所有物質皆是由不會毀壞、不可分割的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a>所構成。<a href="#cite_note-Singer2013-15">[15]</a>:14-15<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="古希腊">古希腊</a>的思想家<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E5%BE%B7" title="阿基米德">阿基米德</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="作用力">作用力</a>方面推导出许多正确的定量结论，如對於<a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%93%E6%A1%BF%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="槓桿原理">槓桿原理</a>的解釋<a href="#cite_note-Singer2013-15">[15]</a>:65-66。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的物理學">中世紀伊斯蘭世界的物理學</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：中世紀伊斯蘭世界的物理學">编辑</a>]</div> 從西元850年至950年間，大量希臘學術被翻譯成阿拉伯文。<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97" title="穆斯林">穆斯林</a>科學家從希臘人繼承了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="亞里士多德">亞里士多德物理學</a>。在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%BB%83%E9%87%91%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="伊斯蘭黃金時代">伊斯蘭黃金時代</a>，他們將這些學術發揚光大，特別強調觀測的動作，發展出一種早期形式的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="科學方法">科學方法</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Singer2013-15">[15]</a>:130-131.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>:362-363 <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hazan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hazan.png/150px-Hazan.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hazan.png/225px-Hazan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Hazan.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption>海什木是光學的拓荒者</figcaption></figure> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊本·沙爾（页面不存在）">伊本·沙爾</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sahl" class="extiw" title="en:Ibn Sahl">Ibn Sahl</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E8%BF%AA" title="肯迪">肯迪</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E4%BB%80%E6%9C%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="海什木">海什木</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3" title="伊本·西那">伊本·西那</a>等等科學家在光學與視覺領域給出創新理論。海什木在著名著作《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="光學書（页面不存在）">光學書</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Optics" class="extiw" title="en:Book of Optics">Book of Optics</a>）》（Kitab al-Manazir）裏，堅定地駁斥了古希臘的視覺理論——<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2#哲学" title="光學史">發射說</a>，並且給出新理論。倚賴<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%8B%E5%80%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="蓋倫">蓋倫</a>關於眼睛內部解剖結構的信息，他說明了光線如何進入眼睛，如何被聚焦與投射至眼睛的後部，他認為眼睛就如同「暗室」，光線進入一個小洞後，在暗室形成顛倒影像。很明顯地，在這裡，他所指的是<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%9D%E5%AD%94%E7%9B%B8%E6%A9%9F" title="針孔相機">針孔相機</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%97%E7%AE%B1" title="暗箱">暗箱</a>。他還描述怎樣用暗室來觀測日蝕。<a href="#cite_note-Howard1995-19">[19]</a>:6-7 海什木的成就在<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="阿拉伯世界">阿拉伯世界</a>並沒有得到應有的重視。十二世紀，他的著作被翻譯成拉丁文，書名為《透視》（Perspectiva）。直至十七世紀，這著作在歐洲是光學的標準參考書，強烈影響了後來<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BC%80%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92" title="约翰内斯·开普勒">约翰内斯·开普勒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E7%89%B9%E7%BE%85" title="威特羅">威特羅</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%9D%B0%C2%B7%E5%9F%B9%E6%A0%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="罗杰·培根">羅傑·培根</a>等等科學家的研究。<a href="#cite_note-Howard1995-19">[19]</a>:6-7<a href="#cite_note-Lindberg1981-20">[20]</a>:86, 209 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="經典物理學">經典物理學</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：經典物理學">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg/250px-GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg/330px-GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="艾薩克·牛頓">艾薩克·牛頓</a>（1643年－1727年）</figcaption></figure> 經典物理學指的是不涉及到量子力學或相對論的物理學，例如，<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="牛頓力學">牛頓力學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="熱力學">熱力學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6" title="经典电磁学">馬克士威電磁學</a>等等。<a href="#cite_note-Dictionary-21">[21]</a>經典物理學的兴盛時期開始於十六世紀的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="科學革命">第一次科學革命</a>，終止於十九世紀末。<a href="#cite_note-Newton2009-22">[22]</a>:67<a href="#cite_note-Bernal1997-23">[23]</a>:11<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E5%93%A5%E7%99%BD%E5%B0%BC" title="尼古拉·哥白尼">尼古拉·哥白尼</a>打響了科學革命的第一槍，他於1543年提出了描述太陽系統的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%BF%83%E8%AA%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="日心說">日心說</a>，這理論推翻了托勒密的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%BF%83%E8%AF%B4" title="地心说">地心說</a>。在1609年與1619年期間，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%E5%85%A7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%8D%9C%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="約翰內斯·克卜勒">約翰內斯·克卜勒</a>發表了主導<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8D%9C%E5%8B%92%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="克卜勒定律">行星運動的定律</a>，他用數學方程準確估算出從天文觀測獲得的行星繞著太陽的公轉數據，從而給予日心說強而有力的理論支持。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9%E7%95%A5%C2%B7%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9%E8%8E%B1" title="伽利略·伽利莱">伽利略·伽利萊</a>做實驗研究物體運動，發現落體定律，並且展示出實驗方法對於科學研究的重要性。他倚賴使用實驗或觀測所獲得的證據，而不是倚靠純粹推理，來證實任何假說的正確性。他強調使用數學來描述物理現象，大自然的語言是數學，假若不懂數學，則無法明白大自然。1687年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="艾薩克·牛頓">艾薩克·牛頓</a>提出的<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="牛頓運動定律">牛頓運動定律</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E6%9C%89%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="萬有引力定律">萬有引力定律</a>为經典物理學奠定了穩固的基础，他和<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%BC%E8%8C%A8" title="戈特弗里德·莱布尼茨">戈特弗里德·莱布尼茨</a>創建了<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%A9%8D%E5%88%86" class="mw-redirect" title="微積分">微積分</a>，給出一種新的高功能數學方法來研析物理問題。他為第一次科學革命畫上了完美的終止符。<a href="#cite_note-Heilbron2005-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newton2009-22">[22]</a>:84, 98物理學展現出兩個獨門特徵：使用實驗證據來檢視<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="物理定律">物理定律</a>、採用數學語言來表述物理定律。物理學逐漸發展進步，成為一門獨立學科。<a href="#cite_note-Newton2009-22">[22]</a>:100<a href="#cite_note-Grant1996-7">[7]</a>:193-194 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="現代物理學">現代物理學</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：現代物理學">编辑</a>]</div> 二十世紀初期，物理學者發現經典物理學存在著極嚴重的瑕疵：<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%81%E5%85%8B%E7%94%9F-%E8%8E%AB%E7%AB%8B%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="邁克生-莫立實驗">邁克生-莫立實驗</a>的零結果不符合經典物理學的預測，黑體輻射譜不符合熱力學的預測，經典電磁學無法解釋光電效應與原子光譜，放射性物質的物理性質貌似與經典物理學的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="決定論">決定論</a>背道而馳。這些瑕疵給學術界帶來了一場前所未有的考驗，徹底地動搖了舊理論體系的基石，導致了二十世紀物理學兩大理論體系<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="相對論">相對論</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="量子力學">量子力學</a>的出現，进而開始了<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="現代物理學">現代物理學</a>的紀元。相對論和量子力學對於這些難題給出合理解答。不僅如此，物理學者應用相對論和量子力學於像原子、分子等等的微觀系統，以及各種凝聚態宏觀系統，從而更為深切地揭示大自然的工作機制，並且促進物質文明蓬勃發展。<a href="#cite_note-TiplerLlewellyn2003-25">[25]</a>:1-2 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="核心理論">核心理論</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：核心理論">编辑</a>]</div> 雖然物理學的研究範圍十分廣泛，物理學者時常會使用到某些物理學的核心理論。這些理論皆已通過很多不同實驗的多次檢驗，並且對於自然現象的預測被認為足夠準確，例如，經典力學的理論能夠準確地描述物體的運動，但必須滿足兩個前提，一是物體尺寸超大於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a>、二是物體運動速度超小於<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%80%9F" title="光速">光速</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Griffiths2008-26">[26]</a>:2當今，這些核心理論仍舊是很熱門的研究領域。例如，二十世紀後半期，即在牛頓（1642年–1727年）表述經典力學整整三個世紀之後，學者發現與創建了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E6%B2%8C%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="混沌理論">混沌理論</a>，其揭示了力學系統的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="決定論">決定論</a>可預測性是一個錯誤的觀念。<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> 這些核心理論大致包括於<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="經典力學">經典力學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="量子力學">量子力學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="熱力學">熱力學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="統計力學">統計力學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="電磁學">電磁學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%B9%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="狹義相對論">狹義相對論</a>等等基礎物理學領域，是進階研究專門論題的重要工具。<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="經典物理學_2">經典物理學</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：經典物理學">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E5%85%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="經典物理學">經典物理學</a></div> 經典物理學包括那些在二十世紀初已成熟的傳統學術分支領域：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E5%85%B8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="經典力學">經典力學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="聲學">聲學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="光學">光學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="熱力學">熱力學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="電磁學">電磁學</a>等等。<a href="#cite_note-Dictionary-21">[21]</a> 經典力學研究受力物體的運動狀況。<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="牛顿定律">牛頓定律</a>是經典力學的基礎定律。經典力學分為<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9C%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="靜力學">靜力學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="運動學">運動學</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="動力學">動力學</a>。靜力學論述處於靜力平衡的物體所感受到力與力矩。運動學描述物體的運動，完全不考慮力或質量等等影響運動的因素。動力學研究改變物體運動的因素與物體運動如何因此改變。按照表述方式的不同，經典力學又可分為<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%91%E9%87%8F%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="向量力學">向量力學</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="分析力学">分析力學</a>。向量力學著重於論述<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8D%E7%A7%BB" title="位移">位移</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="速度">速度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="加速度">加速度</a>、力等等向量間的關係，而分析力學則從受力物體運動時的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%9C%97%E6%97%A5%E9%87%8F" title="拉格朗日量">拉格朗日量</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%AF%86%E9%A0%93%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="哈密頓量">哈密頓量</a>來分析物體的運動行為。<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>:緒論<a href="#cite_note-Lanczos-30">[30]</a>:5-6 聲學是研究聲音的製造、控制、傳播、接收與效應的學術領域。<a href="#cite_note-britannica-acoustics-31">[31]</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%81%B2%E6%B3%A2" title="超聲波">超聲波學</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A3%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="生物声学">生物聲學</a>與<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E8%81%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="電聲學（页面不存在）">電聲學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/electroacoustics" class="extiw" title="en:electroacoustics">electroacoustics</a>）是聲學所包含的一些重要現代分支領域。超聲波學研究超過人類聽覺能力的高頻率聲波，在醫學診斷與醫學治療方面有很多重要用途。生物聲學研究涉及動物的聲波。電聲波學研究電聲設備的操控。<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> 光學專注於光的性質與行為的物理學分支領域。<a href="#cite_note-McGrawHill-33">[33]</a>光在<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="几何光学">幾何光學</a>裡被視為光線，能夠以直線移動，直到遇到不同介質時，才會改變方向。反射、折射等現象都可以用幾何光學的理論來解釋。光在<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="物理光學">物理光學</a>裡被視為光波，能夠用來描述<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8D%E5%B0%84" title="衍射">衍射</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="干涉 (物理学)">干涉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E6%8C%AF" title="偏振">偏振</a>等等現象。<a href="#cite_note-Hecht2002-34">[34]</a>:149 熱力學主要研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E9%87%8F" title="熱量">熱量</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E5%8A%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="機械功">機械功</a>彼此之間的轉換。在熱力學裏，通常透過描述物理系統平均性質的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8F%E8%A7%82" title="宏观">宏觀</a>變量，像<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="溫度">溫度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="內能">內能</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B5" title="熵">熵</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E5%BC%BA" title="压强">壓強</a>等等來解釋自然現象。熱力學研究這些宏觀變量彼此之間的關係（如<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E5%BC%8F" title="麦克斯韦关系式">麦克斯韦关系式</a>）、以及它們的改變對於物理系統的影響。<a href="#cite_note-Wang-35">[35]</a>:51-56學習熱力學的起跑點是<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="熱力學定律">熱力學定律</a>。熱力學不研究物質的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E8%A7%80" title="微觀">微觀</a>性質，這屬於<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="統計力學">統計力學</a>領域。從統計力學的理論可以推導出熱力學定律。<a href="#cite_note-Wang-35">[35]</a>:195統計力學應用<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E7%8E%87%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="機率論">機率論</a>來研究由大量粒子組成的系統的物理行為。統計力學將單獨原子或分子的微觀性質橋接至大塊物質的宏觀性質，對於這些宏觀性質給出微觀層級的詮釋。在大尺度的實驗中可以測量到這些宏觀性質。<a href="#cite_note-Fermi1956-36">[36]</a>:ix-x 電磁學描述<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B6%E9%9B%BB%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="帶電粒子">帶電粒子</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B4" title="電場">電場</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4" title="磁場">磁場</a>的交互作用。電磁學的分支有<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9C%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="靜電學">靜電學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9C%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%B8" title="靜磁學">靜磁學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="電動力學">電動力學</a>等等。靜電學研究靜止帶電粒子彼此之間的交互作用。靜磁學研究所有涉及常定磁場的現象。電動力學研究所有涉及加速度帶電粒子、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" title="電磁輻射">電磁輻射</a>、時變電場與時變磁場的現象。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6" title="经典电磁学">經典電磁學</a>的基礎理論是<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E5%A3%AB%E5%A8%81%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="馬克士威方程式">馬克士威方程式</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E4%BE%96%E8%8C%B2%E5%8A%9B%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="勞侖茲力方程式">勞侖茲力方程式</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="光波">光波</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%B3%A2" title="电磁波">电磁波</a>的一種，可由帶電粒子的加速度運動產生。<a href="#cite_note-Griffiths1998-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="現代物理學_2">現代物理學</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：現代物理學">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="現代物理學">現代物理學</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solvay_conference_1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Solvay_conference_1927.jpg/220px-Solvay_conference_1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Solvay_conference_1927.jpg/330px-Solvay_conference_1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Solvay_conference_1927.jpg/440px-Solvay_conference_1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2171" /></a><figcaption>於1927年召開的第五次<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="索尔维会议">索爾維會議</a>，全世界當時最卓越的物理學者齊聚一堂、腦力激盪，商討量子理論</figcaption></figure> 經典物理學通常用以闡述日常可觀察尺寸的系統現象，而現代物理學通常用以闡述極端或非常大尺寸、非常小尺寸的系統現象。例如，化學元素可以被辨識的最小尺寸是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="原子物理学">原子物理學</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="核子物理學">核子物理學</a>探索物質所操作的尺寸。而粒子物理學操作的尺寸則更為微小，它論述的是基本粒子或由基本粒子組成的粒子。由於使用大型<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%99%A8" title="粒子加速器">粒子加速器</a>來產生基本粒子需要非常巨大的能量，所以通常<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="粒子物理學">粒子物理學</a>又稱為高能量物理學。對於粒子物理學所研究的物理系統，那些關於空間、時間、物質、能量的普通常識不再適用，必須加以修改。<a href="#cite_note-TiplerLlewellyn2003-25">[25]</a>:269, 477, 561 現代物理學的兩種核心理論給出關於空間、時間、物質、能量的崭新繪景。<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="量子力學">量子力學</a>論述發生於原子層級與亞原子層級各種現象的離散性質，以及在關於這些現象的描述裏的粒子與波動的互補性質。<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="相對論">相對論</a>闡述，處於某參考系的觀察者，所觀察到在另外一個以相對速度移動的參考系發生的現象。相對論又可分為<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%B9%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="狹義相對論">狹義相對論</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" title="廣義相對論">廣義相對論</a>。狹義與廣義相對論的區別在於所討論的問題是否涉及<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="重力">重力</a>（彎曲時空），即狹義相對論只涉及那些沒有重力作用或者重力作用可以忽略的問題，而廣義相對論則是研討那些涉及重力的論題。<a href="#cite_note-TiplerLlewellyn2003-25">[25]</a>:1-4, 115, 185-187 <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="經典物理學與現代物理學之間的差異">經典物理學與現代物理學之間的差異</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：經典物理學與現代物理學之間的差異">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modernphysicsfields_zh-hans.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Modernphysicsfields_zh-hans.svg/250px-Modernphysicsfields_zh-hans.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Modernphysicsfields_zh-hans.svg/375px-Modernphysicsfields_zh-hans.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Modernphysicsfields_zh-hans.svg/500px-Modernphysicsfields_zh-hans.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>按照尺寸与速度分类，物理学的四大领域<a href="#cite_note-Griffiths2008-26">[26]</a>:2</figcaption></figure> 物理學的一大研究目標是在發現<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E9%81%A9%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普適定律（页面不存在）">普適定律</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/universal_law" class="extiw" title="en:universal law">universal law</a>），即毫無例外的規律，但似乎每一種物理理論都只適用於某些明確值域。<a href="#cite_note-Carroll-39">[39]</a>:第9.1節大致而言，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E5%85%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="經典物理學">經典物理學</a>的定律能夠準確地描述<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="長度">長度</a>超大於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a>尺度、<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="速度">速度</a>超小於<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%80%9F" title="光速">光速</a>的系統。在這適用範圍以外，實驗結果與理論預測並不相符合。<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%B9%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="狹義相對論">狹義相對論</a>徹底地丟棄了絕對時間與絕對空間的概念，且以四維<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E7%A9%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="時空">時空</a>取而代之，因此得以準確地描述速度接近光速的系統，即相對論性系統。<a href="#cite_note-TiplerLlewellyn2003-25">[25]</a>:11-12<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="量子力學">量子力學</a>不似經典物理學一般<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="決定論">決定性</a>地描述宏觀物體的物理行為，而是<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="統計詮釋">統計性</a>地描述微觀系統的物理行為，它成功地通過了當今任何檢試其正確性的精密複雜實驗。<a href="#cite_note-TiplerLlewellyn2003-25">[25]</a>:221-225<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%A0%B4%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="量子場論">量子場論</a>統一了量子力學和狹義相對論，是<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="粒子物理學">粒子物理學</a>不可或缺的基礎理論。<a href="#cite_note-Griffiths2008-26">[26]</a>:2<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E4%BA%A4%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="電磁交互作用">電磁交互作用</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E4%BA%A4%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="弱交互作用">弱交互作用</a>也已被合併為<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BC%B1%E4%BA%A4%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="電弱交互作用">電弱交互作用</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Griffiths2008-26">[26]</a>:338-346物理學者期望在不久的未來，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E4%BA%A4%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="電磁交互作用">電磁交互作用</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E4%BA%A4%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="強交互作用">強交互作用</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E4%BA%A4%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="弱交互作用">弱交互作用</a>能夠被收斂在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%80%E7%BB%9F%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="大一统理论">大一統理論</a>的論述內。<a href="#cite_note-Griffiths2008-26">[26]</a>:84-85<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" title="廣義相對論">廣義相對論</a>將時空延伸為動態的彎曲時空，能夠描述大質量系統和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙">宇宙</a>的大尺寸結構。<a href="#cite_note-TiplerLlewellyn2003-25">[25]</a>:3-4但是，廣義相對論與其它種類的基礎相互作用表述尚未能被統一為單一理論；科學家仍舊在發展幾種可能的<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="量子引力">量子引力</a>理論。<a href="#cite_note-#1-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="與其它學術領域之間的關係">與其它學術領域之間的關係</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：與其它學術領域之間的關係">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pahoeoe_fountain_original.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Pahoeoe_fountain_original.jpg/200px-Pahoeoe_fountain_original.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Pahoeoe_fountain_original.jpg/300px-Pahoeoe_fountain_original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Pahoeoe_fountain_original.jpg/400px-Pahoeoe_fountain_original.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%8B%E7%89%A9%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="拋物線">拋物線</a>形<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E5%B2%A9%E6%B5%81" class="mw-redirect" title="熔岩流">熔岩流</a>表現出<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9%E7%95%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="伽利略">伽利略</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%90%BD%E9%AB%94" title="自由落體">自由落體定律</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="物理與數學相輔相成">物理與數學相輔相成</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：物理與數學相輔相成">编辑</a>]</div> 數學是研讀物理必備的工具之一，這包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95" class="mw-redirect" title="幾何">幾何</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="代數">代數</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%A9%8D%E5%88%86" class="mw-redirect" title="微積分">微積分</a>等等。應用這些數學工具，物理學者可以從物理定律推導與演算出很多有意思的結果。例如，1912年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E5%88%97%E7%BB%B4-%E9%BD%90%E7%BB%B4%E5%A1%94" title="图利奥·列维-齐维塔">圖利奧·勒維奇維塔</a>獲知<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%84%9B%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦">阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦</a>在探索重力的相對性理論中，遇到一些挫折，他便力勸愛因斯坦學習<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E9%87%8F" title="張量">張量</a>微積分。愛因斯坦採納了勒維奇維塔的建議，勤學張量微積分，并於1915年成功創立了<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" title="廣義相對論">廣義相對論</a><a href="#cite_note-Wigner-42">[42]</a>。如同大多數英國的理論物理學者，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%82%91%C2%B7%E6%BD%98%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%AF" title="羅傑·潘洛斯">羅傑·潘洛斯</a>讀大學時專修數學，因此有深厚的數學造詣，能夠將<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91%E5%AD%A6" title="拓扑学">拓撲學</a>方法引入相對論研究，證明在每一個黑洞的中心存在著一個奇點，這就是在宇宙學裏著名的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%AD%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%EF%BC%8D%E9%9C%8D%E9%87%91%E5%A5%87%E7%82%B9%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="彭罗斯－霍金奇点定理">奇性定理</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Thorne1995-43">[43]</a>:462, 469 數學在物理學裏的主要角色並不是推導與演算的優良工具，它還扮演了一個更關鍵的角色：作为一種抽象語言，担当精準地表述物理定律之重要責任。實際而言，物理定律必須先用數學語言來表述，然後才能將數學工具的功能發揮至極。伽利略在1622年著作《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分析者（页面不存在）">分析者</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Saggiatore" class="extiw" title="en:Il Saggiatore">Il Saggiatore</a>）》裏提到，<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="數學">數學</a>是大自然表達其內涵所用的語言，假若棄之不用，則無法瞭解大自然的任何一句話<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a>。物理學依賴數學來給出準確的公式、準確或近似的解答、定量的結果或預測<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="理查德·费曼">理查·費曼</a>在著作《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E4%B9%8B%E7%BE%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="物理之美（页面不存在）">物理之美</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Character_of_Physical_Law" class="extiw" title="en:The Character of Physical Law">The Character of Physical Law</a>）》裏也有類似的表示，他认为，不知道數學的人很難真正地理解大自然的美，尤其是最深刻的自然之美……假如你想知道任何有關大自然的事物，或者想鑑賞大自然，就必須瞭解大自然所用的語言<a href="#cite_note-Feynman1965-46">[46]</a>。 數學語言在表述物理定律的同時，也表述出內含的數學概念。例如，根據<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%A8%E8%BF%B0" title="量子力學的數學表述">量子力學的數學表述</a>，在量子力學裏，有兩個基礎概念：物理系統的<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E6%85%8B" title="量子態">量子態</a>是以<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" title="希尔伯特空间">希爾伯特空間</a>的單位向量來代表，從觀察物理系統得到的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%E9%87%8F" title="可觀察量">可觀察量</a>是以作用於這些向量的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E4%BC%B4%E7%AE%97%E5%AD%90" title="自伴算子">厄米算符</a>來代表。一旦找到了這兩個基礎物理概念的對應數學概念，整個<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0" title="线性代数">線性代數</a>的理論都可以立刻應用於量子力學。這凸顯出數學的重要性與適應性<a href="#cite_note-Griffiths2004-47">[47]</a>。 在數學理論裏瀰漫著數學語言，其伴隨的數學概念往往會指出前進的道路，有時甚至會衍生出經驗預測。這並不只是巧合，而恰恰反映出在數學與物理之間無比深奧的關係。例如，1915年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E4%B9%89%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="广义相对论">广义相对论</a>最初创立之时，尚没有甚麼牢靠的经验性观测基础，它在当时所能解释的最著名现象就是<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="牛顿力学">牛顿力学</a>无法解释的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%98%9F" title="水星">水星</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E6%97%A5%E7%82%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="近日点">近日点</a>的反常<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9B%E5%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="进动">进动</a>。1919年天体物理学者<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E4%B8%81%E9%A1%BF" title="亚瑟·爱丁顿">亚瑟·爱丁顿</a>爵士观测到了广义相对论预言的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E4%B9%89%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%BC%80%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="广义相对论中的开普勒问题">光线在太阳引力场中的偏折</a>（这一实验直到1959年才开始被精确地定量测量），这在当时是对广义相对论最有力的支持。時至今日，广义相对论的理論預測已由實驗測量結果证实<a href="#cite_note-Wigner-42">[42]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="應用與影響">應用與影響</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：應用與影響">编辑</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MRI_head_side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/MRI_head_side.jpg/250px-MRI_head_side.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/MRI_head_side.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>人腦縱切面的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%A3%81%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="核磁共振成像">核磁共振成像</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CFD_Shuttle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/CFD_Shuttle.jpg/250px-CFD_Shuttle.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/CFD_Shuttle.jpg/330px-CFD_Shuttle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/CFD_Shuttle.jpg/500px-CFD_Shuttle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>計算機模擬顯示出<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%A2%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="太空梭">太空梭</a>重回大氣層時的受熱狀況</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="应用物理学">應用物理學</a></div> 物理學是一门<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="基础科学">基礎科學</a>，不是<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="應用科學">應用科學</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a>。物理學也被認為是基礎科學中的基礎科學，因為其它自然科學的分支，像<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學">化學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學">天文學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="地球物理學">地球物理學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="生物學">生物學</a>的理論都必須遵守物理定律<a href="#cite_note-Feynman-49">[49]</a>:94ff。例如，化學研究物質的性質、結構、化學反應（化學專注於原子尺寸，這是化學與物理的主要界線）。結構的形成是因為粒子與粒子之間彼此相互作用。能量守恆、動量守恆、電荷守恆等，這些物理定律主導了物質性質和化學反應，以往化學家只能使用各種模糊的概念建立的理論也都因量子物理的發展而得到更為正確的了解。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="应用物理学">應用物理學</a>指的是針對實際用途而進行的物理研究。應用物理學的課程規畫通常會選修一些應用學科的課程，像<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="地質學">地質學</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%A9%9F%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="電機工程學">電機工程學</a>。應用物理學與<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="工程學">工程學</a>不同，應用物理學不會特別地設計某種元件或機器，而是用物理理論或從事物理研究來發展某種新科技或解析某問題。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="工程學">工程學</a>應用到很多物理理論。例如，在學習建造<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%8B%E6%A8%91" class="mw-redirect" title="橋樑">橋樑</a>與其它建築物的技術之前，必須先學會<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9C%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="靜力學">靜力學</a>的理論。設計世界一流的音樂廳，必須先學會<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="聲學">聲學</a>。設計與製造更優良的光學元件必須先精思熟讀<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="光學">光學</a>。經過考慮種種物理因素而設計出來的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E8%A1%8C%E6%A8%A1%E6%93%AC%E5%99%A8" title="飛行模擬器">飛行模擬器</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="電子遊戲">電子遊戲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="電影">電影</a>等等，會顯得更加維妙維肖、栩栩如生。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學">化學</a>研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="物質">物質</a>的性質、組成、結構、以及变化规律。化學研究的對象涉及物質之間的相互關係，或物質和能量之間的關聯。傳統的化學常常都是關於兩種物質接觸、變化，即<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="化學反應">化學反應</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>，又或者是一種物質變成另一種物質的過程。這些變化有時會需要使用<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="電磁波">電磁波</a>，當中電磁波負責激發化學作用。不過有時化學都不一定要關於物質之間的反應。<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="光譜學">光譜學</a>研究物質與光之間的關係，而這些關係並不涉及化學反應。准确的说，化学的研究范围是包括分子、电子、离子、原子、原子团在内的核-电子体系。<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a>隨著量子物理的發展，化學也吸收了量子物理的理論建立了更完備的理論基礎。 物理學使用的一些探本溯源、格物致知的方法也可用於<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E5%AD%B8%E7%A7%91%E9%A0%98%E5%9F%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="跨學科領域">跨學科領域</a>。物理學或多或少地影響了很多重要學術領域，例如，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="經濟物理學">經濟物理學</a>應用大量物理學裏的理論與方法來解析<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟學">經濟學</a>問題，這些問題時常會涉及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%A2%BA%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="不確定性">不確定性</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E6%B2%8C" title="混沌">混沌</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="學術研究">學術研究</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：學術研究">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="科學方法">科學方法</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：科學方法">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="科學方法">科學方法</a></div> 科學方法是一種用來解答問題的系統性程序，通過這種程序，可以發展出對於大自然現象的合理解釋。從觀察自然現象、閱讀書籍或討論中，時常會找到有意義的問題。假若問題過於複雜，則必須剝除其無關緊要部分，找到核心思想，將問題簡化，<a href="#cite_note-Thorne1994-52">[52]</a>:191-192進而發展出能夠解釋這問題並且被實驗檢試的假說。經過實驗檢試後，或許需要對於假說加以改善或駁回。這嚴格過程可能會重複多次，直到假說的預測能夠符合實驗結果為止，這假說才能被學術界接受成為科學理論。<a href="#cite_note-Myers2006-53">[53]</a>:295-297<a href="#cite_note-Garland2015-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Feynman-49">[49]</a>:66ff 實驗檢試必須擁有抓出科學理論的瑕疵的能力。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94" title="卡尔·波普尔">卡爾·波普爾</a>強調，科學理論必須具有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%AD%89%E5%81%BD%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="可證偽性">可證偽性</a>。換句話說，必須能夠對於理論預言與實驗結果做比較，假若兩者不一致，則不能承認這科學理論的正確性。<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a>然而近期，有些<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="弦理論">弦理論</a>學者與<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="宇宙學">宇宙學</a>者主張，一個足夠精緻並且能夠對相關問題給出解釋的理論不需要通過實驗檢試，例如，至今為止，弦理論是唯一能夠統一四種<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="基本相互作用">基本相互作用</a>的理論，但是它所提出的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%8D%E5%A4%96%E7%B6%AD%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="額外維度">額外維度</a>概念，是無法做實驗觀測到的。在宇宙學方面，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%87%8D%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E8%AB%96" title="多重宇宙論">多重宇宙論</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8" title="大爆炸">前大爆炸理論</a>都涉及到無法觀測到的論述。理論物理學者<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%B0%E6%81%A9%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9" title="保罗·斯泰恩哈特">保羅·斯泰恩哈特</a>表示，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E6%9A%B4%E8%84%B9" title="宇宙暴脹">宇宙暴脹</a>理論不是科學理論，因為所有觀測結果都會與它的預測相符合，換句話說，它不具可證偽性。對於這些理論是否為科學理論這問題，必須更加仔細研究與辯論。<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="理論與實驗">理論與實驗</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：理論與實驗">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="實驗物理學">實驗物理學</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="理論物理學">理論物理學</a></div> 物理學研究大致分為理論研究與實驗研究。<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="理查·費曼">理查·費曼</a>表明兩者的相同與不同之處：<a href="#cite_note-Feynman-49">[49]</a>:39 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209892">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{margin-top:0;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1em;text-align:left;padding-left:2em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite cite{font-size:small}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">理論物理學者想像、推演與猜想新的定律，但不做實驗，而實驗物理學者則是做實驗、想像、推演與猜想。</blockquote> 理論研究和實驗研究一般是分開進行的，然而它們彼此之間息息相關、缺一不可。實驗結果對於理論發展給出建議，理論預測對於實驗設計給出引領。<a href="#cite_note-Cropper2004-57">[57]</a>:148 過去幾百年來，實驗結果驅使了理論物理的進展，最近幾十年來，物理學的演進方式已大幅度改變，在某些物理學分支領域，理論預測驅使了實驗物理的方向。通常而言，當實驗者發現一個新現象，而已知理論無法解釋這新現象時，或者當根据新理論所作出的預測，可以通過設計精緻實驗來檢驗時，持著大膽假設，小心求證的研究態度，物理學往往會有所進展。<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a>例如，在大型強子對撞機進行的各項研究完美地展示出理論物理學與實驗物理學的互助互補。由於先前理論物理學者預測<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" title="希格斯玻色子">希格斯玻色子</a>存在，實驗物理學者才會堅持不斷地做實驗探索其蹤跡，在經過幾十年努力後，終於證實了希格斯玻色子確切存在。當今，理論物理學者正等待更多實踐數據來指示未來的理論研究方向。<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> 實驗物理學者設計與完成實驗來檢試理論的預測與探索新的物理現象。<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>實驗物理學者探索大自然奧秘的方式有兩種，一種是消極方式，如同天文觀測者的作法，因為無法操控宇宙星體的物理行為，另一種是積極方式，如同粒子實驗者的作法，操控粒子來展示其行為與性質。<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cooke2005-62">[62]</a>:1-2 實驗物理學擴展了<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="工程學">工程學</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" class="mw-redirect" title="科技">科技</a>，也被工程學與科技所擴展。涉及<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="研究">基礎研究</a>的實驗者，在做實驗時，時常會接觸到像<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%99%A8" title="粒子加速器">粒子加速器</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E5%85%89" title="激光">激光</a>一類的先進器材；而那些涉及<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="应用研究">應用研究</a>的實驗者，時常會在工業就職，开發像<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E6%96%AD%E5%B1%82%E6%89%AB%E6%8F%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="正电子发射计算机断层扫描">正電子發射計算機斷層掃描</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%99%B6%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="電晶體">電晶體</a>一類的科技。有時候，某些很有意思的區域，雖然理論物理學者尚未探索論證，實驗者也會先行做實驗檢驗測試。<a href="#cite_note-Cooke2005-62">[62]</a>:30-31<a href="#cite_note-Feynman1965-46">[46]</a>:157 理論物理學者試圖發展<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="数学模型">數學模型</a>，這模型必須能夠合理地解釋其所針對的物理現象，這模型的預測還必須與實驗數據相符合。<a href="#cite_note-Marder2011-63">[63]</a>:9理論物理學應該可能是影響最大、成本最少的基礎研究領域。理論物理學推進了人類對於大自然的基本知識，又對於明日科技撒播了珍貴的種子。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%B0%8E%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="半導體">半導體</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E8%83%BD%E7%94%B5%E6%B1%A0" title="太阳能电池">太阳能电池</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E5%85%89" title="激光">激光</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%AE%9A%E4%BD%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="全球定位系统">全球定位系统</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E5%85%89%E4%BA%8C%E6%A5%B5%E7%AE%A1" title="發光二極管">發光二極管</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%A3%82%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="核裂變">核裂變</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%A3%81%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF" title="核磁共振">核磁共振</a>等等對於人類文明有重大貢獻的科技皆是源於理論物理學者給出的突破。<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%B8" title="粒子物理現象學">唯象專家</a>努力探索理論與實驗之間錯綜複雜的交集區；他們專注於研究從實驗所觀測到的複雜現象，試圖找到這些複雜現象與物理理論之間的關係。唯象專家計算理論模型的預測，並將這些預測跟實驗數據做比較。<a href="#cite_note-Traweek2009-65">[65]</a>:111<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="範疇與目標">範疇與目標</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：範疇與目標">编辑</a>]</div> 物理學涵蓋廣泛的自然現象，從微乎其微的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="基本粒子">基本粒子</a>（像：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="夸克">夸克</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="微中子">微中子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="電子">電子</a>）到龐大無比的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E5%9C%98" title="超星系團">超星系團</a>都是研究對象。很多千變萬化的現象，都可用更基礎的現象來做合理的描述與解釋。物理學是一門<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="基础科学">基礎科學</a>，<a href="#cite_note-Feynman-49">[49]</a>:94ff物理學者致力於追根究底，發掘這些現象的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E6%9C%AC%E5%8E%9F%E5%9B%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="根本原因">根本原因</a>，並試圖尋覓其中任何連結關係。物理學者努力研究所得到的結果大致可歸納為一些明確的基礎定律。其它許多學術領域，像<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="生物學">生物學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學">化學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="地質學">地質學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="工程學">工程學</a>等等，所涉及的物質系統都遵守這些基礎定律。但是，這些基礎定律仍不完全。物理學對於自然現象所給出的描述與解釋，只是近似事實，而不是絕對事實。<a href="#cite_note-DePree-67">[67]</a>:3ff<a href="#cite_note-Feynman-49">[49]</a>:66-71 舉例而言，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘">古希臘人</a>知道像<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%A5%E7%8F%80" title="琥珀">琥珀</a>一類的物質，當與毛皮磨擦時，會出現吸引力，使得這兩種磨擦物互相吸引。<a href="#cite_note-stewart-68">[68]</a>:50這性質後來稱為<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB" title="電">電性</a>。在十七世紀，學者開始慎密地研查這性質。<a href="#cite_note-Whittaker-69">[69]</a>:8另外，在亞洲大陸的那一端，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="中國歷史">古中國人</a>觀測到某些石頭（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="磁石">磁石</a>），會通過某種看不見的作用力互相吸引。<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a>這性質後來稱為<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="磁性">磁性</a>。也是在十七世紀，學者開始嚴格地窮究其起因。<a href="#cite_note-Whittaker-69">[69]</a>:8經過燃膏繼晷、廢寢忘食的努力，物理學者終於明白了這兩種自然現象的基本成因——電与磁。但是，在二十世紀，經過更深入的研究，物理學者發現電与磁是<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="電磁相互作用">電磁相互作用</a>的兩種不同表現。今天，這統一各種各樣相互作用的程序仍舊方興未艾，物理學者認為電磁相互作用和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="弱相互作用">弱相互作用</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%BC%B1%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="电弱相互作用">電弱相互作用</a>的兩種不同表現。物理學者的終極目標是找到一個完美的<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E6%9C%89%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="萬有理論">萬有理論</a>，其能夠解釋大自然的一切本質。<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="研究領域">研究領域</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：研究領域">编辑</a>]</div> 現代物理研究大致分類為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="天文物理學">天文物理學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%8E%E5%85%89%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="原子分子与光物理学">原子分子与光物理学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="粒子物理學">粒子物理學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E8%81%9A%E6%80%81%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="凝聚态物理学">凝聚態物理學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="应用物理学">應用物理學</a>等等<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a>。有些大學的物理系也提供<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="物理教育">物理教育</a>研究<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a>。 自20世紀以來，物理學的各個領域越加專業化，大多數物理學者整個職業生涯只專精於一個領域，像<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%84%9B%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦">阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦</a>（1879–1955）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%9C%97%E9%81%93" title="列夫·朗道">列夫·朗道</a>（1908–1968）這樣的全才大師現在寥若晨星。<a href="#cite_note-76">[註 1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="粒子物理學">粒子物理學</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：粒子物理學">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CMS_Higgs-event.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CMS_Higgs-event.jpg/200px-CMS_Higgs-event.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CMS_Higgs-event.jpg/300px-CMS_Higgs-event.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/CMS_Higgs-event.jpg/400px-CMS_Higgs-event.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="1018" /></a><figcaption>模擬在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E5%BC%B7%E5%AD%90%E5%B0%8D%E6%92%9E%E6%A9%9F" title="大型強子對撞機">大型強子對撞機</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%8A%E6%B9%8A%E7%B7%B2%E5%AD%90%E7%B7%9A%E5%9C%88" title="緊湊緲子線圈">緊湊緲子線圈</a>裏，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" title="希格斯玻色子">希格斯玻色子</a>出現的一個事件</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="粒子物理學">粒子物理學</a></div> 粒子物理學研究組成物質的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="基本粒子">基本粒子</a>，它們的結構與它們彼此之間的交互作用<a href="#cite_note-aps-dpf-77">[76]</a>。另外，粒子物理學者設計與發展進行研究所需要的高能量加速器<a href="#cite_note-halpern2010-78">[77]</a>、探測器與探用分佈式處理系統的電腦程式<a href="#cite_note-grupen1999-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-walsh2012-80">[79]</a>。由於在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="大自然">大自然</a>的一般條件下，許多基本粒子不存在、存在的生命周期極短或無法單獨出現，需待物理學者使用極高能量的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%99%A8" title="粒子加速器">粒子加速器</a>碰撞來產生這些基本粒子，因此粒子物理學也被稱為<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E8%83%BD%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="高能物理學">高能物理學</a><a href="#cite_note-UCBoulder_hepp-81">[80]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="標準模型">標準模型</a>可以正確地描述基本粒子之間的交互作用。這模型能夠說明12種已知粒子（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="夸克">夸克</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%95%E5%AD%90" title="輕子">輕子</a>），這些粒子彼此之間以<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="強力">強力</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="弱力">弱力</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B" title="電磁力">電磁力</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="引力">引力</a>進行交互作用。這些粒子會互相交換<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="規範玻色子">規範玻色子</a>（分別為<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E5%AD%90" title="膠子">膠子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90" title="光子">光子</a>、<a href="/wiki/W%E5%8F%8AZ%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" title="W及Z玻色子">W及Z玻色子</a>）。標準模型還預測了<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" title="希格斯玻色子">希格斯玻色子</a>的存在。2012年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%90%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="歐洲核子研究組織">歐洲核子研究組織</a>宣布，探測到希格斯玻色子。<a href="#cite_note-Griffiths2008-26">[26]</a>:49-52<a href="#cite_note-eonr-higgs-82">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="原子分子与光物理学">原子分子与光物理学</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：原子分子与光物理学">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%8E%E5%85%89%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="原子分子与光物理学">原子分子与光物理学</a></div> 原子分子与光物理学專注於研究原子、分子與光，以及研究光与物质之間、物質与物质之間的相互作用。闡明物理的基礎定律、了解物質是怎樣在原子與分子層次組構而成、明白光與物質之間的相互作用、發展出新技術與新器件，這些是原子分子与光物理学的中心目標。原子分子与光物理学發展出的實驗與理論技術，時常會被應用於其它科學領域，例如，化學、天文物理學、生物學、醫藥學等等。對於很多其它科學領域，通過發展關於控制與操縱原子、分子與光的方法，或通過精確測量與分析它們的物理性質，或通過發展出新方法來製成具有某種特定性質的光，原子分子与光物理学扮演著賦能的角色。<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-nap-84">[83]</a>:1 原子物理學研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a>的結構與物理性質。<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yates2013-86">[85]</a>:148原子物理學的研究主要分為三種趨勢。第一是研究自然基礎定律，這通常會涉及到高精確度測量。第二是了解原子的結構，以及原子與光的相互作用。第三是研究原子與電子之間、原子和離子之間的相互作用。<a href="#cite_note-nap-84">[83]</a>:53 分子物理學嘗試了解<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子">分子</a>的結構與物理性質，分子與分子之間怎樣相互作用與進行反應，以及更複雜的物質狀態，例如液體等等。分子物理學是跨立於物理與化學之邊界的一門學問，其常用的重要工具有<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="光譜學">光譜學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8D%E5%B0%84" title="衍射">衍射</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF" title="共振">共振</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E6%9D%9F" title="分子束">分子束</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E8%B0%B1%E6%B3%95" title="质谱法">質譜學</a>等等。分子物理學的主要研究目標為：分子的形狀與結構、分子的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="對稱性">對稱性</a>、分子的內部能量態、分子的光學性質與電磁性質、探測分子的方法、在科技與生物學與醫藥學領域的應用。<a href="#cite_note-nap-84">[83]</a>:88<a href="#cite_note-Buyana1997-87">[86]</a>:10-13 光物理學研究<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" title="電磁輻射">光</a>的性質、光與物質之間的交互作用，這包括光的生成與探測、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="线性光学">線性</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="非線性光學">非線性光學</a>過程、光譜學。光物理學的內容與應用光學、光工程學很鄰近。光物理學專注於光的基礎物理研究，應用光學注重於應用相關科技在其它科學領域，而光工程學則注重於光學器件的設計與發展。一些前瞻性研究領域為<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E5%85%89" title="激光">激光</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E5%85%89%E5%85%89%E8%B0%B1%E5%AD%A6" title="激光光谱学">激光光譜學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="量子光學">量子光學</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B9%B2%E6%80%A7#量子相干性" title="相干性">量子相干</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A3%9B%E7%A7%92%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="飛秒光學（页面不存在）">飛秒光學</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/femtosecond_optics" class="extiw" title="en:femtosecond optics">femtosecond optics</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E5%85%89%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="激光冷卻">激光冷卻</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E5%85%89%E6%8D%95%E6%8D%89" class="mw-redirect" title="激光捕捉">激光捕捉</a>等等。<a href="#cite_note-nap-84">[83]</a>:110 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="凝聚態物理學">凝聚態物理學</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：凝聚態物理學">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bose_Einstein_condensate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bose_Einstein_condensate.png/250px-Bose_Einstein_condensate.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bose_Einstein_condensate.png/330px-Bose_Einstein_condensate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bose_Einstein_condensate.png/500px-Bose_Einstein_condensate.png 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="銣">銣原子</a>氣體的速度分佈數據，由此確定了一種稱為<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2-%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%87%9D%E8%81%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚">玻色-愛因斯坦凝聚</a>的新<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E6%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="物態">物態</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E8%81%9A%E6%80%81%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="凝聚态物理学">凝聚態物理學</a></div> 凝聚態物理學研究物質的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8F%E8%A7%82" title="宏观">宏觀</a>物理性質，例如，從測量物質的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="密度">密度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6" title="磁化強度">磁化強度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%B0%8E%E7%8E%87" title="電導率">電導率</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%B0%8E%E7%8E%87" title="熱導率">熱導率</a>等等所獲得的數據可以得知它們對於外界影響的反應。在粒子與粒子之間的相互作用都是已知的交互作用的前提下，凝聚態物理學對於分析與描述多粒子系統給出工作框架。凝聚態物理學專注於多粒子系統，<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E8%81%9A%E6%80%81%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="凝聚态物理学">凝聚態</a>指的是由大量粒子組成，並且粒子與粒子之間存在很強的交互作用的系統。<a href="#cite_note-Cohen2008-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChaikinLubensky2000-89">[88]</a>:1-3常見的凝聚態有<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E6%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="固態">固態</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E6%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="液態">液態</a>，由於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a>與原子之間因<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B" title="電磁力">電磁力</a>而形成的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E9%8D%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="化學鍵">化學鍵</a>，才會出現這些<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8_(%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8)" title="相 (物质)">物態</a>。比較罕见的凝聚態包括發生於非常低溫系統裏的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%B5%81%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="超流體">超流體</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2-%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%87%9D%E8%81%9A%E6%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚态">玻色-愛因斯坦凝聚態</a>、<a href="#cite_note-leggett1999-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-levy2001-91">[90]</a>在某些物質裏的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%82%B3%E5%B0%8E" title="電傳導">傳導電子</a>展現的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%AF%BC%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" class="mw-redirect" title="超导材料">超導態</a>、<a href="#cite_note-stajiccoontzosborne2011-92">[91]</a> 在某些磁性物質內部因為定域於原子<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="晶体结构">晶格</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%97%8B" title="自旋">自旋</a>而出現的<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" title="铁磁性">鐵磁態</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E9%93%81%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" title="反铁磁性">反鐵磁態</a>。<a href="#cite_note-ChaikinLubensky2000-89">[88]</a>:85-87 <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%88%E6%81%86%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="守恆定律">守恆定律</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E7%A7%B0%E6%80%A7%E7%A0%B4%E7%BC%BA" title="对称性破缺">對稱性破缺</a>主導了物質的宏觀性質，這是凝聚態物理學的一個重要概念。在由大量粒子組成的孤立系統裡，粒子數、能量、動量、電荷量等等都是守恆量。在足夠高溫度狀況下，這系統具有較高的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="對稱性">對稱性</a>，例如在<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93" title="自由空間">自由空間</a>裡的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%8B%E8%BD%89%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="旋轉對稱性">旋轉對稱性</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E7%A7%BB" title="平移">平移對稱性</a>。假設降低溫度，則會凝聚出新的熱力學穩定態，其具有越來越多的對稱性破缺，因此，對稱性會變得越來越低。<a href="#cite_note-ChaikinLubensky2000-89">[88]</a>:1-3 凝聚態物理學起源於十九世紀<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="固体物理学">固體物理學</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E6%B8%A9%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="低温物理学">低溫物理學</a>的發展，當今是物理學的最大分支，與<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學">化學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="材料科学">材料科學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="纳米技术">纳米科技</a>有相當程度的重疊。<a href="#cite_note-Cohen2008-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-aps-dcmp-93">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="天文物理學">天文物理學</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：天文物理學">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="天文物理學">天文物理學</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1.jpg/200px-Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1.jpg/300px-Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1.jpg/400px-Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6200" data-file-height="6200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E4%BC%AF%E8%B6%85%E6%B7%B1%E7%A9%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="哈伯超深空">哈伯超深空</a>是以<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A6%8B%E5%85%89" class="mw-redirect" title="可見光">可見光</a>拍攝的最深遠的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙">宇宙</a>影象之一</figcaption></figure> 天文物理學主要研究的是宇宙星體的性質與結構。<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a>這包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="恆星">恆星</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="行星">行星</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB" title="星系">星系</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="星雲">星雲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%97%E6%98%9F" class="mw-disambig" title="暗星">暗星</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B4%9E" title="黑洞">黑洞</a>等等。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學">天文學</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="宇宙學">宇宙學</a>是它的姊妹學術領域，很難將它們做嚴格區分。簡略而言，天文學測量星體的位置、運動、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%BA%A6" title="光度">光度</a>等等，例如，某恆星的位置與光譜，天文物理學嘗試了解星體的本質，例如，某恆星的內部結構與形成機制，宇宙學企圖解釋宇宙的整體或大尺度結構的本質，例如，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8" title="大爆炸">大爆炸</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E6%9A%B4%E8%84%B9" title="宇宙暴脹">宇宙暴脹</a>的機制。<a href="#cite_note-WhatIsAstrophysics-96">[95]</a> 由於天文物理學是一門很廣泛的學問，天文物理學者通常需要用到很多不同的學術理論，例如，經典力學、電磁學、統計力學、量子力學、相對論、粒子物理學等等，將這些學術理論應用於天文研究，例如，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%9E%E6%98%9F%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="類星體">類星體</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B4%E5%AF%86%E6%98%9F" title="致密星">緻密雙星</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%BA%E5%BA%A6%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B" title="大尺度結構">大尺度結構</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="恆星動力學">恆星動力學</a>等等，時常可以得到很有意義的答案。<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="近期研究">近期研究</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：近期研究">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E8%A7%A3%E6%B1%BA%E7%9A%84%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="未解決的物理學問題">未解決的物理學問題</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meissner_effect_p1390048.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Meissner_effect_p1390048.jpg/250px-Meissner_effect_p1390048.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Meissner_effect_p1390048.jpg/330px-Meissner_effect_p1390048.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Meissner_effect_p1390048.jpg/500px-Meissner_effect_p1390048.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1716" /></a><figcaption>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E8%81%9A%E6%80%81%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="凝聚态物理学">凝聚態物理學</a>領域裡，<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%81%E6%96%AF%E7%B4%8D%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="邁斯納效應">邁斯納效應</a>促使<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E9%90%B5" title="磁鐵">磁鐵</a>懸浮於<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%B0%8E%E9%AB%94" title="超導體">超導體</a>的上方</figcaption></figure> 雖然物理學是最古老的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%A7%91%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="學科列表">學術</a>之一，時至今日，仍有許多具突破性的劃時代研究在物理的各個分支領域夜以繼日、如火如荼地進行中。 在<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E8%81%9A%E6%80%81%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="凝聚态物理学">凝聚態物理學</a>領域裡，某些物質在溫度高於50 K仍舊具有超導電性，物理學者不清楚促成這<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%BA%AB%E8%B6%85%E5%B0%8E" title="高溫超導">高溫超導</a>現象的機制為何<a href="#cite_note-Legg2006-99">[98]</a>。很多凝聚體實驗的目標是製成可使用的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%97%8B%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%B8" title="自旋電子學">自旋電子學</a>元件和<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="量子計算機">量子計算機</a>元件<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cohen2008-88">[87]</a>。 在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="粒子物理學">粒子物理學</a>領域，支持<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="後標準模型">後標準模型</a>物理学的實驗证据已開始陸續出现。在這些結果之中，比較重要的是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="微中子">微中子</a>具有非零質量的徵象。這實驗結果合理解答了矚目已久的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E5%BE%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽微中子問題">太陽微中子缺失問題</a>，即有些微中子在從太陽傳播到地球的路途中，會轉換為實驗無法偵測的別種類微中子的现象。帶質量微中子的物理研究是很熱門的理論與實驗題目。辨明微中子震盪與反微中子震盪的不同之處也是個重要題目，其可以對於為什麼宇宙裡到處都是物質，而不是反物質這個宇宙學難題給出解答。很多實驗都在尋找<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%B0%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" title="惰性中微子">惰性中微子</a>的蛛絲馬跡。<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> 高能量<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E5%BC%B7%E5%AD%90%E5%B0%8D%E6%92%9E%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="大型強子對撞器">大型強子對撞器</a>已開始偵測14<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9" title="電子伏特">TeV</a>能量域，精緻的後標準模型<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="超對稱">超對稱</a>理論所預測的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="超對稱粒子">粒子</a>，或是約占宇宙物質85%的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%97%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="暗物質">暗物質</a>，這些都是大型強子對撞器的探索目標。<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%90%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="歐洲核子研究組織">歐洲核子研究組織</a>（CERN）宣布，大型強子對撞機已發現<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" title="希格斯玻色子">希格斯玻色子</a>，但數量有限，無法詳細觀察其性質，未來通過蒐集更多數據，例如希格斯玻色子的各種<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" title="粒子衰變">衰變</a>管道的頻率，預期將能夠發現任何不符合標準模型之物理行為，以及找到任何不同種類的希格斯玻色子。<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> 在<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="理论物理学">理论物理学</a>領域，理論物理學者嘗試將<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="量子力學">量子力學</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" title="廣義相對論">廣義相對論</a>統一成為<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="量子引力">量子引力理論</a>。這研究已延續了大半個世紀，但至今仍未得到滿意的答案。現今幾個比較成功的理論為<a href="/wiki/M%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="M理論">M理論</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="超弦理論">超弦理論</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%88%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="圈量子引力论">圈量子引力论</a>。<a href="#cite_note-#1-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-BeckerBecker2006-103">[102]</a>:296 在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="天文物理學">天文物理学</a>領域，許多<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學">天文</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%A6" title="物理宇宙学">宇宙</a>現象仍舊沒有找到合意的解答，如<a href="/wiki/GZK%E6%A5%B5%E9%99%90" title="GZK極限">超高能量宇宙射線</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%8D%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1%E6%80%A7" title="重子不對稱性">重子不對稱性</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E8%87%AA%E8%BD%89%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="星系自轉問題">星系自轉問題</a>等等。<a href="#cite_note-Cosmic-ray_theory_unravels-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ryden2003-105">[104]</a>:60, 187-188.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a>以下列出一些重要論題：<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> <ul><li>研究宇宙的初始與命運：嘗試解釋<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8" title="大爆炸">大爆炸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%BE%AE%E6%B3%A2%E8%83%8C%E6%99%AF" title="宇宙微波背景">宇宙微波背景</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E6%9A%B4%E8%84%B9" title="宇宙暴脹">宇宙暴脹</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9" title="宇宙加速膨脹">宇宙加速膨脹</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%97%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="暗物質">暗物質</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%97%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="暗能量">暗能量</a>等等難題。</li> <li>研究宇宙的演化機制：宇宙怎樣從大爆炸演化至當今的浩瀚星空？初始的恆星、星系與黑洞是怎樣形成的？它们怎樣影響後來天文星體的形成？各種天文星體是怎樣形成的？</li> <li>研究鄰近的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E5%A4%96%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="系外行星">系外行星</a>：它們是否適合居住、是否已孕育生命？怎樣才能觀察到更多關於它們的信息？</li></ul> 雖然，高能物理、量子物理、天文物理等領域有很大的突破與進展，但對於許多涉及<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E9%9B%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="複雜系統">複雜系統</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E6%B2%8C" title="混沌">混沌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%8D%E6%B5%81" title="湍流">湍流</a>等等日常發生的現象，科學家仍是一知半解。<a href="#cite_note-nrc1997v9p161-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-kellert1993p32-110">[109]</a>:30<a href="#cite_note-eames-quoting-feynman-111">[110]</a>地震、斷裂、生命等等現象只會發生於離平衡很遠的狀況，其所出現的系統稱為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%A2%E9%80%96%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="離逖平衡系統（页面不存在）">離逖平衡系統</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/far-from-equilibrium_system" class="extiw" title="en:far-from-equilibrium system">far-from-equilibrium system</a>）。很多關於平衡系統或近平衡系統的物理行為都已被了解，但是，物理學者只知道些許主導離逖平衡系統的基本原理。<a href="#cite_note-Jaeger-112">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见">参见</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：参见">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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title="蒂姆·伯纳斯-李">提姆·柏納-李</a>創始與發展成功的，原先設計目标為向組織內部和全世界的物理學者提供資訊傳播服務。廣受歡迎的<a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>網站也是在類似狀況下創立的。 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻">參考文獻</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：參考文獻">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-etymonline-physics-1"><a href="#cite_ref-etymonline-physics_1-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=physics&allowed_in_frame=0">physics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. [2016-11-01]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161224191507/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=physics&allowed_in_frame=0">存档</a>于2016-12-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=physics&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dphysics%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-etymonline-physic-2"><a href="#cite_ref-etymonline-physic_2-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=physic&allowed_in_frame=0">physic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>. [2016-11-01]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161224173651/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=physic&allowed_in_frame=0">存档</a>于2016-12-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=physic&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dphysic%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-LSJ-3"><a href="#cite_ref-LSJ_3-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=fu/sis">φύσις</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=fusiko/s">φυσική</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=e)pisth/mh">ἐπιστήμη</a>. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/physics">Physics</a>. Oxford Living Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. [2016-11-05]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161111191326/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/physics">存档</a>于2016-11-11）. <q>The branch of science concerned with the nature and properties of matter and energy</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=Physics&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Living+Dictionaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fphysics&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Young2004-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Young2004_5-0">5.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Young2004_5-1">5.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Young2004_5-2">5.2</a> <cite id="CITEREFH.D._Young,_R.A._Freedman2004" class="citation">H.D. Young, R.A. Freedman, University Physics with Modern Physics 11th, Addison Wesley, 2004, <q>Physics is an experimental science. Physicists observe the phenomena of nature and try to find patterns and principles that relate these phenomena. These patterns are called physical theories or, when they are very well established and of broad use, physical laws or principles. Physics is one of the most fundamental of the sciences. Scientists of all disciplines use the ideas of physics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=H.D.+Young%2C+R.A.+Freedman&rft.btitle=University+Physics+with+Modern+Physics&rft.date=2004&rft.edition=11th&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Giordano2009-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Giordano2009_6-0">6.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giordano2009_6-1">6.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Nicholas Giordano. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collegephysicsre0000gior_c4r0">College Physics: Reasoning and Relationships</a>. Cengage Learning. 2009-02-13. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-534-42471-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-534-42471-6">ISBN 0-534-42471-6</a>. <q>physics: the science of matter and energy, and the interactions between them</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Nicholas+Giordano&rft.btitle=College+Physics%3A+Reasoning+and+Relationships&rft.date=2009-02-13&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-534-42471-6&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollegephysicsre0000gior_c4r0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Grant1996-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grant1996_7-0">7.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grant1996_7-1">7.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Edward Grant. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundationsofmod0000gran">The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages: Their Religious, Institutional and Intellectual Contexts</a>. Cambridge University Press. 1996-10-28. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-56762-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-56762-6">ISBN 978-0-521-56762-6</a>. <q>physics, chemistry, biology… emerged as independent disciplines from within the matrix of natural philosophy during the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Edward+Grant&rft.btitle=The+Foundations+of+Modern+Science+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+Their+Religious%2C+Institutional+and+Intellectual+Contexts&rft.date=1996-10-28&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56762-6&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoundationsofmod0000gran&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-CommitteeAstronomy2001-8"><a href="#cite_ref-CommitteeAstronomy2001_8-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Physics Survey Overview Committee; Board on Physics and Astronomy; Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences; National Research Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nap.edu/catalog/10118/physics-in-a-new-era-an-overview">Physics in a New Era: An Overview</a>. National Academies Press. 2001-06-15 [2016-11-11]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-309-17089-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-309-17089-5">ISBN 978-0-309-17089-5</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161111122844/https://www.nap.edu/catalog/10118/physics-in-a-new-era-an-overview">存档</a>于2016-11-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Board+on+Physics+and+Astronomy&rft.au=Division+on+Engineering+and+Physical+Sciences&rft.au=Physics+Survey+Overview+Committee&rft.btitle=Physics+in+a+New+Era%3A+An+Overview&rft.date=2001-06-15&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-309-17089-5&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fcatalog%2F10118%2Fphysics-in-a-new-era-an-overview&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation web">鶡冠子. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctext.org/he-guan-zi/wang-fu/zh">《鹖冠子·王鈇》</a>. 中國哲學書電子化計劃. [10-11-2016]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161124161410/http://ctext.org/he-guan-zi/wang-fu/zh">存档</a>于2016-11-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=%E9%B6%A1%E5%86%A0%E5%AD%90&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E9%B9%96%E5%86%A0%E5%AD%90%C2%B7%E7%8E%8B%E9%88%87%E3%80%8B&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E6%9B%B8%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%8C%96%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fctext.org%2Fhe-guan-zi%2Fwang-fu%2Fzh&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code>中的日期值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_date" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite class="citation web">劉源俊. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160807031321/http://sci.ncu.edu.tw/wp-content/uploads/s8.pdf">世說新語之八，物理探原</a> (PDF). 東吳大學物理學系學生網. [2016-07-27]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sci.ncu.edu.tw/wp-content/uploads/s8.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2016-08-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%96%E8%AA%AA%E6%96%B0%E8%AA%9E%E4%B9%8B%E5%85%AB%EF%BC%8C%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E6%8E%A2%E5%8E%9F&rft.au=%E5%8A%89%E6%BA%90%E4%BF%8A&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E6%9D%B1%E5%90%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E7%B3%BB%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%B6%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsci.ncu.edu.tw%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fs8.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">张道扩. 趣说生活俗语　巧学初中物理二、三例. 中学物理（初中版）. 2011, 11 (29).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=%E8%B6%A3%E8%AF%B4%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E4%BF%97%E8%AF%AD%E3%80%80%E5%B7%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%9D%E4%B8%AD%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%81%E4%B8%89%E4%BE%8B&rft.au=%E5%BC%A0%E9%81%93%E6%89%A9&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=29&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%EF%BC%88%E5%88%9D%E4%B8%AD%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89&rft.volume=11&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">冯天瑜. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140719062909/http://www.chinaqw.com/news/2006/0511/68/27685.shtml">《侨词来归与近代中日文化互动——以“卫生”“物理”“小说”为例》</a>. 《武汉大学学报》. 2005, 1 [2014-07-15]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaqw.com/news/2006/0511/68/27685.shtml">原始内容</a>存档于2014-07-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%BE%A8%E8%AF%8D%E6%9D%A5%E5%BD%92%E4%B8%8E%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%AD%E6%97%A5%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A8%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E4%BB%A5%E2%80%9C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E2%80%9D%E2%80%9C%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E2%80%9D%E2%80%9C%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%B4%E2%80%9D%E4%B8%BA%E4%BE%8B%E3%80%8B&rft.au=%E5%86%AF%E5%A4%A9%E7%91%9C&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%89%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%A5%E3%80%8B&rft.volume=1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaqw.com%2Fnews%2F2006%2F0511%2F68%2F27685.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite class="citation book">戴念祖. 中国科学技术史：物理学卷. 科学出版社. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-03-007853-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-03-007853-7">ISBN 978-7-03-007853-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=%E6%88%B4%E5%BF%B5%E7%A5%96&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2%EF%BC%9A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%8D%B7&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-03-007853-7&rft.pub=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Youlan1997-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Youlan1997_14-0">14.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Youlan1997_14-1">14.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Youlan1997_14-2">14.2</a> <cite class="citation book">Feng Youlan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/31907.A_Short_History_of_Chinese_Philosophy">中国哲学简史</a>. Free Press. 1997-03-01 [2016-11-20]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0684836348" title="Special:网络书源/978-0684836348">ISBN 978-0684836348</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230214329/http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/31907.A_Short_History_of_Chinese_Philosophy">存档</a>于2016-12-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Feng+Youlan&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%AE%80%E5%8F%B2&rft.date=1997-03-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0684836348&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F31907.A_Short_History_of_Chinese_Philosophy&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Singer2013-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singer2013_15-0">15.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singer2013_15-1">15.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singer2013_15-2">15.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singer2013_15-3">15.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singer2013_15-4">15.4</a> <cite class="citation book">Charles Singer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofsc007407mbp">A Short History of Science to the Nineteenth Century</a>. Courier Corporation. 2013-10-29. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-486-16928-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-486-16928-6">ISBN 978-0-486-16928-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Charles+Singer&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Science+to+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.date=2013-10-29&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-486-16928-6&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshorthistoryofsc007407mbp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Cajori1917-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Cajori1917_16-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Florian Cajori. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofphysics00cajo">A History of Physics in Its Elementary Branches: Including the Evolution of Physical Laboratories</a>. Macmillan. 1917 [2016-11-22]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430041301/https://archive.org/details/historyofphysics00cajo">存档</a>于2016-04-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Florian+Cajori&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Physics+in+Its+Elementary+Branches%3A+Including+the+Evolution+of+Physical+Laboratories&rft.date=1917&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofphysics00cajo&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Lloyd2012-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Lloyd2012_17-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">G E R Lloyd. Early Greek Science: Thales to Aristotle. Random House. 2012-09-30. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4481-5671-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4481-5671-9">ISBN 978-1-4481-5671-9</a>. <q>supernatural plays no part in their explanations [for the cosmologies]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=G+E+R+Lloyd&rft.btitle=Early+Greek+Science%3A+Thales+to+Aristotle&rft.date=2012-09-30&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4481-5671-9&rft.pub=Random+House&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Lindberg, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beginningsofwest0000lind_d9a5">The beginnings of western science: the European scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context, Prehistory to A.D. 1450</a>. The University of Chicago Press. 2007. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0226482057" title="Special:网络书源/0226482057">ISBN 0226482057</a>. <q>In medieval Islam, Ibn al-Haytham performed experiments designed to prove or disprove the truth of optical theories</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Lindberg&rft.btitle=The+beginnings+of+western+science%3A+the+European+scientific+tradition+in+philosophical%2C+religious%2C+and+institutional+context%2C+Prehistory+to+A.D.+1450&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0226482057&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeginningsofwest0000lind_d9a5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard1995-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howard1995_19-0">19.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard1995_19-1">19.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Ian P. Howard; Brian J. Rogers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/binocularvisions0000unse">Binocular Vision and Stereopsis</a>. Oxford University Press. 1995. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-508476-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-508476-4">ISBN 978-0-19-508476-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Brian+J.+Rogers&rft.au=Ian+P.+Howard&rft.btitle=Binocular+Vision+and+Stereopsis&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508476-4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbinocularvisions0000unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindberg1981-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Lindberg1981_20-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">David C. Lindberg. Theories of Vision from Al-kindi to Kepler. University of Chicago Press. 1981. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-226-48235-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-226-48235-4">ISBN 978-0-226-48235-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=David+C.+Lindberg&rft.btitle=Theories+of+Vision+from+Al-kindi+to+Kepler&rft.date=1981&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-226-48235-4&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Dictionary-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dictionary_21-0">21.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dictionary_21-1">21.1</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/classical-physics">classical physics</a>. Dictionary.com. The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. [2016-11-18]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161122154843/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/classical-physics">存档</a>于2016-11-22）. <q>Physics that does not make use of quantum mechanics or the theory of relativity. Newtonian mechanics, thermodynamics, and Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism are all examples of classical physics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=classical+physics&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fclassical-physics&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Newton2009-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newton2009_22-0">22.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newton2009_22-1">22.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newton2009_22-2">22.2</a> <cite class="citation book">Roger G Newton. From Clockwork to Crapshoot: A History of Physics. Harvard University Press. 2009-06-30. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-674-04149-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-674-04149-3">ISBN 978-0-674-04149-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Roger+G+Newton&rft.btitle=From+Clockwork+to+Crapshoot%3A+A+History+of+Physics&rft.date=2009-06-30&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-674-04149-3&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  使用<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdate=</code>需要含有<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernal1997-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Bernal1997_23-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AEWUqV35u4UC">A History of Classical Physics: From Antiquity to the Quantum</a>. Barnes & Noble. 1997 [2016-11-22]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7607-0601-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7607-0601-5">ISBN 978-0-7607-0601-5</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171129030913/https://books.google.com/books?id=AEWUqV35u4UC">存档</a>于2017-11-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Classical+Physics%3A+From+Antiquity+to+the+Quantum&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7607-0601-5&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAEWUqV35u4UC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Heilbron2005-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Heilbron2005_24-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">J. L. Heilbron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordguidetohis0000unse">The Oxford Guide to the History of Physics and Astronomy</a>. Oxford University Press, USA. 2005-06-03. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-517198-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-517198-3">ISBN 978-0-19-517198-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=J.+L.+Heilbron&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+the+History+of+Physics+and+Astronomy&rft.date=2005-06-03&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517198-3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordguidetohis0000unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-TiplerLlewellyn2003-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TiplerLlewellyn2003_25-0">25.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TiplerLlewellyn2003_25-1">25.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TiplerLlewellyn2003_25-2">25.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TiplerLlewellyn2003_25-3">25.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TiplerLlewellyn2003_25-4">25.4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TiplerLlewellyn2003_25-5">25.5</a> <cite class="citation book">Paul A. Tipler; Ralph Llewellyn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernphysics0000tipl">Modern Physics</a>. W. H. Freeman. 2003. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7167-4345-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7167-4345-3">ISBN 978-0-7167-4345-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Paul+A.+Tipler&rft.au=Ralph+Llewellyn&rft.btitle=Modern+Physics&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-4345-3&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernphysics0000tipl&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffiths2008-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Griffiths2008_26-0">26.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffiths2008_26-1">26.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffiths2008_26-2">26.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffiths2008_26-3">26.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffiths2008_26-4">26.4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffiths2008_26-5">26.5</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffiths2008_26-6">26.6</a> <cite id="CITEREFGriffiths,_David_J.2008" class="citation">Griffiths, David J., Introduction to Elementary Particles 2nd revised, WILEY-VCH, 2008, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-3-527-40601-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-3-527-40601-2">ISBN 978-3-527-40601-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+David+J.&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Elementary+Particles&rft.date=2008&rft.edition=2nd+revised&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-3-527-40601-2&rft.pub=WILEY-VCH&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Motter, A. 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Today. 2013, 66 (5): 27–33. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9228">ISSN 0031-9228</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2Fpt.3.1977">doi:10.1063/pt.3.1977</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=Chaos+at+fifty&rft.au=Campbell%2C+D.+K.&rft.aufirst=A.+E.&rft.aulast=Motter&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0031-9228&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Today&rft.pages=27-33&rft.volume=66&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physicstoday.org%2Fresource%2F1%2Fphtoad%2Fv66%2Fi5%2Fp27_s1%3FbypassSSO%3D1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2Fpt.3.1977&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接">失效連結</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Kaku, Michio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160503221908/http://mkaku.org/home/articles/so-you-want-to-become-a-physicist/">So You Want to Become a Physicist?</a>. Michio Kaku. [2016-10-25]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mkaku.org/home/articles/so-you-want-to-become-a-physicist/">原始内容</a>存档于2016-05-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=Michio&rft.aulast=Kaku&rft.btitle=So+You+Want+to+Become+a+Physicist%3F&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Michio+Kaku&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmkaku.org%2Fhome%2Farticles%2Fso-you-want-to-become-a-physicist%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <cite class="citation book">陳世民. 理論力學簡明教程（第二版）. 高等教育出版社. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-04-023918-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-04-023918-8">ISBN 978-7-04-023918-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=%E9%99%B3%E4%B8%96%E6%B0%91&rft.btitle=%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%B0%A1%E6%98%8E%E6%95%99%E7%A8%8B%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-04-023918-8&rft.pub=%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Lanczos-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Lanczos_30-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLanczos1970" class="citation">Lanczos, Cornelius, The Variational Principles of Mechanics, Dovers Publications, Inc, 1970, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-486-65067-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-486-65067-8">ISBN 978-0-486-65067-8</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=Cornelius&rft.aulast=Lanczos&rft.btitle=The+Variational+Principles+of+Mechanics&rft.date=1970&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-486-65067-8&rft.pub=Dovers+Publications%2C+Inc&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-acoustics-31"><a href="#cite_ref-britannica-acoustics_31-0">^</a> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/4044/acoustics">acoustics</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. [2013-06-14]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429235412/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/4044/acoustics">存档</a>于2015-04-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=acoustics&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F4044%2Facoustics&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Acoustical Society of America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904010934/http://asaweb.devcloud.acquia-sites.com/education_outreach/careers_in_acoustics">Acoustics and You (A Career in Acoustics?)</a>. [2013-05-21]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asaweb.devcloud.acquia-sites.com/education_outreach/careers_in_acoustics">原始内容</a>存档于2015年9月4日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft.btitle=Acoustics+and+You+%28A+Career+in+Acoustics%3F%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasaweb.devcloud.acquia-sites.com%2Feducation_outreach%2Fcareers_in_acoustics&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-McGrawHill-33"><a href="#cite_ref-McGrawHill_33-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology 5th. McGraw-Hill. 1993.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=McGraw-Hill+Encyclopedia+of+Science+and+Technology&rft.date=1993&rft.edition=5th&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Hecht2002-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Hecht2002_34-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHecht2002" class="citation">Hecht, Eugene, Optics 4th, United States of America: Addison Wesley, 2002, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8053-8566-5" title="Special:网络书源/0-8053-8566-5">ISBN 0-8053-8566-5</a> （英语）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft.aulast=Hecht&rft.btitle=Optics&rft.date=2002&rft.edition=4th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8053-8566-5&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wang_35-0">35.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wang_35-1">35.1</a> <cite class="citation book">汪志誠. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/relixuetongjiwul0004unse">熱力學·統計物理（第四版）</a>. 高等教育出版社. 2008. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-04-022636-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-04-022636-2">ISBN 978-7-04-022636-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=%E6%B1%AA%E5%BF%97%E8%AA%A0&rft.btitle=%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%C2%B7%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-04-022636-2&rft.pub=%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frelixuetongjiwul0004unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Fermi1956-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Fermi1956_36-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Enrico Fermi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thermodynamics0000ferm">Thermodynamics</a>. Courier Corporation. 1956-06-01. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-486-60361-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-486-60361-2">ISBN 978-0-486-60361-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Enrico+Fermi&rft.btitle=Thermodynamics&rft.date=1956-06-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-486-60361-2&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthermodynamics0000ferm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <cite class="citation book">郭碩鴻. 電動力學（第三版）. 高等教育出版社. : 14-18. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-04-023924-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-04-023924-9">ISBN 978-7-04-023924-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=%E9%83%AD%E7%A2%A9%E9%B4%BB&rft.btitle=%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-04-023924-9&rft.pages=14-18&rft.pub=%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffiths1998-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Griffiths1998_38-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGriffiths,_David_J.1998" class="citation">Griffiths, David J., Introduction to Electrodynamics (3rd ed.), Prentice Hall, 1998, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-13-805326-X" title="Special:网络书源/0-13-805326-X">ISBN 0-13-805326-X</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+David+J.&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Electrodynamics+%283rd+ed.%29&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-13-805326-X&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Carroll-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Carroll_39-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Carroll, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/laws-of-nature/">Laws of Nature</a>. Stanford Encyclopidia of Philosophy. Stanford University. 2016-08-02 [2016-10-06]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161020021326/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/laws-of-nature/">存档</a>于2016-10-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=Laws+of+Nature&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.date=2016-08-02&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopidia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Flaws-of-nature%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Markus Arndt; Kalus Hornberger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1410.0270">Testing the limits of quantum superpositions</a>. Nature Physics. 2014, 10: 271–277 [2016-10-06]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnphys2863">doi:10.1038/nphys2863</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009102542/https://arxiv.org/abs/1410.0270">存档</a>于2016-10-09）. <q>Quantum mechanics has passed all precision tests with flying colours.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=Testing+the+limits+of+quantum+superpositions&rft.au=Kalus+Hornberger&rft.au=Markus+Arndt&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Physics&rft.pages=271-277&rft.volume=10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farxiv.org%2Fabs%2F1410.0270&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnphys2863&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-#1-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-#1_41-0">41.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-#1_41-1">41.1</a> <cite class="citation web">Rovelli, Carlo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Quantum_gravity">Quantum gravity - Scholarpedia</a>. www.scholarpedia.org. [2016-01-09]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180704003925/http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Quantum_gravity">存档</a>于2018-07-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=Quantum+gravity+-+Scholarpedia&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rft.aulast=Rovelli&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scholarpedia.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scholarpedia.org%2Farticle%2FQuantum_gravity&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Wigner-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wigner_42-0">42.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wigner_42-1">42.1</a> <cite id="CITEREFWigner1960" class="citation">Wigner, Eugene, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dartmouth.edu/~matc/MathDrama/reading/Wigner.html">The unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics in the natural sciences. Richard courant lecture in mathematical sciences delivered at New York University, May 11, 1959</a>, Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, 1960, 13 (1): pp. 1–14 [2012-10-20], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcpa.3160130102">doi:10.1002/cpa.3160130102</a>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190505104723/https://www.dartmouth.edu/~matc/MathDrama/reading/Wigner.html">存档</a>于2019-05-05）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=The+unreasonable+effectiveness+of+mathematics+in+the+natural+sciences.+Richard+courant+lecture+in+mathematical+sciences+delivered+at+New+York+University%2C+May+11%2C+1959&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft.aulast=Wigner&rft.date=1960&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Communications+on+Pure+and+Applied+Mathematics&rft.pages=pp.+1-14&rft.volume=13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dartmouth.edu%2F~matc%2FMathDrama%2Freading%2FWigner.html&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcpa.3160130102&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Thorne1995-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Thorne1995_43-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Kip Thorne. Black Holes & Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy (Commonwealth Fund Book Program). W. W. Norton. 1995-01-17. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-393-24747-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-393-24747-3">ISBN 978-0-393-24747-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Kip+Thorne&rft.btitle=Black+Holes+%26+Time+Warps%3A+Einstein%27s+Outrageous+Legacy+%28Commonwealth+Fund+Book+Program%29&rft.date=1995-01-17&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-393-24747-3&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> "在我們眼前的宇宙這本巨著裏，寫滿了精彩無比的哲理。但是，假若我們我們不先學會其語言，不能理解內中的符號，則我們絕對無法懂得這本巨作的內容。這本巨作是以數學語言書寫的，其內中符號是三角形、圓形和其它幾何圖樣。沒有這些語言與符號，我們絕對無法懂得其中任何一個字語，我們就好像是徒然漫遊於黑暗迷宮的流浪者。" –伽利略（1623）, 分析者，引述作者G. Toraldo Di Francia (1976), The Investigation of the Physical World <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780521299251" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-29925-1</a> p.10 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150510112012/http://www.math.niu.edu/~rusin/known-math/index/tour_sci.html">Applications of Mathematics to the Sciences</a>. Math.niu.edu. 2000-01-25 [2012-01-30]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.math.niu.edu/~rusin/known-math/index/tour_sci.html">原始内容</a>存档于2015-05-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=Applications+of+Mathematics+to+the+Sciences&rft.date=2000-01-25&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Math.niu.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.math.niu.edu%2F~rusin%2Fknown-math%2Findex%2Ftour_sci.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Feynman1965-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Feynman1965_46-0">46.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feynman1965_46-1">46.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Feynman, Richard. The Character of Physical Law. 1965. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-262-56003-8" title="Special:网络书源/0-262-56003-8">ISBN 0-262-56003-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Feynman&rft.btitle=The+Character+of+Physical+Law&rft.date=1965&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-262-56003-8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  : "In fact experimenters have a certain individual character. They ... very often do their experiments in a region in which people know the theorist has not made any guesses. " </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffiths2004-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Griffiths2004_47-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGriffiths,_David_J.2004" class="citation">Griffiths, David J., Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (2nd ed.), Prentice Hall: 93, 2004, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-13-111892-7" title="Special:网络书源/0-13-111892-7">ISBN 0-13-111892-7</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+David+J.&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Quantum+Mechanics+%282nd+ed.%29&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-13-111892-7&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> American Association for the Advancement of Science, Science. 1917. Page 645 </li> <li id="cite_note-Feynman-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Feynman_49-0">49.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feynman_49-1">49.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feynman_49-2">49.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feynman_49-3">49.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feynman_49-4">49.4</a> <cite id="CITEREF費曼雷頓山德士2007" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="理查·費曼">費曼, 理查</a>; 雷頓, 羅伯; 山德士, 馬修, 費曼物理學講義I (1)物理學與其它科學的關係, 台灣: 天下文化書, 2007, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789864178582" title="Special:网络书源/9789864178582">ISBN 9789864178582</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=%E5%B1%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%A3%AB%2C+%E9%A6%AC%E4%BF%AE&rft.au=%E9%9B%B7%E9%A0%93%2C+%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF&rft.aufirst=%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5&rft.aulast=%E8%B2%BB%E6%9B%BC&rft.btitle=%E8%B2%BB%E6%9B%BC%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E8%AC%9B%E7%BE%A9I+%281%29%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E8%88%87%E5%85%B6%E5%AE%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%9A%84%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9789864178582&rft.place=%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3&rft.pub=%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%8B%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E6%9B%B8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemistry.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemistry.（页面不存在）">Chemistry.</a>（n.d.）. Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary. Retrieved August 19, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <cite class="citation book">北京师范大学，华中师范大学，南京师范大学无机化学教研组. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wujihuaxueshangc0001unse">无机化学第四版</a>. 北京: 高等教育出版社. 1981年12月. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787040107685" title="Special:网络书源/9787040107685">ISBN 9787040107685</a> （中文）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%EF%BC%8C%E5%8D%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%EF%BC%8C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E6%97%A0%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E6%95%99%E7%A0%94%E7%BB%84&rft.btitle=%E6%97%A0%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%89%88&rft.date=1981-12&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787040107685&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwujihuaxueshangc0001unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Thorne1994-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Thorne1994_52-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Kip S. Thorne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackholestimewa0000kips">Black Holes and Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy</a>. W.W. Norton. 1994. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-393-31276-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-393-31276-8">ISBN 978-0-393-31276-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Kip+S.+Thorne&rft.btitle=Black+Holes+and+Time+Warps%3A+Einstein%27s+Outrageous+Legacy&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-393-31276-8&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackholestimewa0000kips&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Myers2006-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Myers2006_53-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Rusty L. Myers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/basicsofphysics0000myer_e4x2">The Basics of Physics</a>. 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U C Riverside. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://idea.ucr.edu/documents/flash/scientific_method/story.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2016-08-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft.aulast=Garland%2C+Jr.&rft.btitle=The+Scientific+Method+as+an+Ongoing+Process&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=U+C+Riverside&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fidea.ucr.edu%2Fdocuments%2Fflash%2Fscientific_method%2Fstory.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGoldhaberNieto2010" class="citation">Goldhaber, Alfred Scharff; Nieto, Michael Martin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/0809.1003">Photon and graviton mass limits</a>, Review of Modern Physics (American Physical Society), January–March 2010, 82: pp. 940 [2013-02-02], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.82.939">doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.82.939</a>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140531063415/http://arxiv.org/abs/0809.1003">存档</a>于2014-05-31）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=Photon+and+graviton+mass+limits&rft.au=Nieto%2C+Michael+Martin&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Scharff&rft.aulast=Goldhaber&rft.date=2010-01%2F2010-03&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Modern+Physics&rft.pages=pp.+940&rft.volume=82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farxiv.org%2Fabs%2F0809.1003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FRevModPhys.82.939&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">link</a>) 引文格式1维护：日期与年 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%9F%E4%B8%8E%E5%B9%B4" title="Category:引文格式1维护：日期与年">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <cite class="citation web">George Ellis; Joe Silk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160402134608/http://www.nature.com/news/scientific-method-defend-the-integrity-of-physics-1.16535">Scientific method: Defend the integrity of physics</a>. Nature.com. Nature. 2014-12-16. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/scientific-method-defend-the-integrity-of-physics-1.16535">原始内容</a>存档于2016-04-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=Scientific+method%3A+Defend+the+integrity+of+physics&rft.au=George+Ellis&rft.au=Joe+Silk&rft.date=2014-12-16&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nature.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2Fscientific-method-defend-the-integrity-of-physics-1.16535&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Cropper2004-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Cropper2004_57-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">William H. Cropper. Great Physicists: The Life and Times of Leading Physicists from Galileo to Hawking. Oxford University Press. 2004-09-16. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-983208-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-983208-8">ISBN 978-0-19-983208-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=William+H.+Cropper&rft.btitle=Great+Physicists%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Leading+Physicists+from+Galileo+to+Hawking&rft.date=2004-09-16&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-983208-8&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160421064320/http://www.perimeterinstitute.ca/research/conferences/convergence/roundtable-discussion-questions/has-theoretical-physics-moved-too">Has theoretical physics moved too far away from experiments? Is the field entering a crisis and, if so, what should we do about it?</a>. Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics. 2015-06. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perimeterinstitute.ca/research/conferences/convergence/roundtable-discussion-questions/has-theoretical-physics-moved-too">原始内容</a>存档于2016-04-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=Has+theoretical+physics+moved+too+far+away+from+experiments%3F+Is+the+field+entering+a+crisis+and%2C+if+so%2C+what+should+we+do+about+it%3F&rft.date=2015-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Perimeter+Institute+for+Theoretical+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perimeterinstitute.ca%2Fresearch%2Fconferences%2Fconvergence%2Froundtable-discussion-questions%2Fhas-theoretical-physics-moved-too&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Jarlett, Harriet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.cern/about/updates/2016/04/theory-which-came-first">In Theory: Which came first…?</a>. CERN. 2016-05-19 [2016-12-05]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20161212093730/https://home.cern/about/updates/2016/04/theory-which-came-first">存档</a>于2016-12-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rft.aulast=Jarlett&rft.btitle=In+Theory%3A+Which+came+first%E2%80%A6%3F&rft.date=2016-05-19&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=CERN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhome.cern%2Fabout%2Fupdates%2F2016%2F04%2Ftheory-which-came-first&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Allan Franklin; Slobodan Perovic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physics-experiment">Experiment in Physics</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2015-02-27 [2016-10-25]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161109074918/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physics-experiment/">存档</a>于2016-11-09）. <q>Experiment … test theories and to provide the basis for scientific knowledge. It can also call for a new theory, either by showing that an accepted theory is incorrect, or by exhibiting a new phenomenon that is in need of explanation</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Allan+Franklin&rft.au=Slobodan+Perovic&rft.btitle=Experiment+in+Physics&rft.date=2015-02-27&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fphysics-experiment&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Rújula, Álvaro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161025060344/https://home.cern/about/opinion/1999/04/what-theoretical-physicist">Opinion: What is a theoretical physicist?</a>. CERN. 2016-04-14. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.cern/about/opinion/1999/04/what-theoretical-physicist">原始内容</a>存档于2016-10-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=%C3%81lvaro&rft.aulast=R%C3%BAjula&rft.btitle=Opinion%3A+What+is+a+theoretical+physicist%3F&rft.date=2016-04-14&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=CERN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhome.cern%2Fabout%2Fopinion%2F1999%2F04%2Fwhat-theoretical-physicist&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooke2005-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cooke2005_62-0">62.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cooke2005_62-1">62.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Colin Cooke. An Introduction to Experimental Physics. CRC Press. 2005-08-08. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-203-98362-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-203-98362-1">ISBN 978-0-203-98362-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Colin+Cooke&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Experimental+Physics&rft.date=2005-08-08&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-203-98362-1&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Marder2011-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Marder2011_63-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Michael P. Marder. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/researchmethodsf0000mard">Research Methods for Science</a>. Cambridge University Press. 2011-01-27. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-139-49388-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-139-49388-8">ISBN 978-1-139-49388-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Michael+P.+Marder&rft.btitle=Research+Methods+for+Science&rft.date=2011-01-27&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-139-49388-8&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fresearchmethodsf0000mard&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160503221908/http://mkaku.org/home/articles/so-you-want-to-become-a-physicist/">Why Theoretical Physics</a>. Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics. [2016-11-01]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perimeterinstitute.ca/about/about/why-theoretical-physics">原始内容</a>存档于2016-05-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=Why+Theoretical+Physics&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Perimeter+Institute+for+Theoretical+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perimeterinstitute.ca%2Fabout%2Fabout%2Fwhy-theoretical-physics&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Traweek2009-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Traweek2009_65-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Sharon Traweek. Beamtimes and Lifetimes. Harvard University Press. 2009-06-30. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-674-04444-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-674-04444-9">ISBN 978-0-674-04444-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Sharon+Traweek&rft.btitle=Beamtimes+and+Lifetimes&rft.date=2009-06-30&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-674-04444-9&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105406/https://www.mpp.mpg.de/english/research/theory/phenomenologie/index.html">Phenomenology</a>. Max Planck Institute for Physics. [2016-10-22]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mpp.mpg.de/english/research/theory/phenomenologie/index.html">原始内容</a>存档于2016-03-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=Phenomenology&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpp.mpg.de%2Fenglish%2Fresearch%2Ftheory%2Fphenomenologie%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-DePree-67"><a href="#cite_ref-DePree_67-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDe_Pree2005" class="citation">De Pree, Christopher, 1, Physics Made Simple 2nd, Random House, Inc., 2005, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780767917018" title="Special:网络书源/9780767917018">ISBN 9780767917018</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=1&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.aulast=De+Pree&rft.btitle=Physics+Made+Simple&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=9780767917018&rft.pub=Random+House%2C+Inc.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-stewart-68"><a href="#cite_ref-stewart_68-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFStewart2001" class="citation">Stewart, Joseph, Intermediate Electromagnetic Theory, World Scientific, 2001, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9-8102-4471-1" title="Special:网络书源/9-8102-4471-1">ISBN 9-8102-4471-1</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.btitle=Intermediate+Electromagnetic+Theory&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9-8102-4471-1&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Whittaker-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whittaker_69-0">69.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whittaker_69-1">69.1</a> <cite id="CITEREFWhittaker1951" class="citation">Whittaker, E. T., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/details/historyoftheorie00whitrich">A history of the theories of aether and electricity. Vol 1</a>, Nelson, London, 1951 [2013-02-02], （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225121802/http://www.archive.org/details/historyoftheorie00whitrich">存档</a>于2009-02-25）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=E.+T.&rft.aulast=Whittaker&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+theories+of+aether+and+electricity.+Vol+1&rft.date=1951&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Nelson%2C+London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoftheorie00whitrich&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> 見《<a href="/wiki/%E9%AC%BC%E8%B0%B7%E5%AD%90" title="鬼谷子">鬼谷子</a>》<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%AC%BC%E8%B0%B7%E5%AD%90" class="extiw" title="s:鬼谷子">反應第二</a>：「其察言也，不失若磁石之取鍼，舌之取燔骨。」用白話解釋，「察析這人的言詞話語，就好像用磁石吸取鐵針，又好像用舌尖探取炙肉中的骨頭，絕對不能有所差失。」 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <cite class="citation book">王充. <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%A1%A1/47">《論衡》卷十六亂龍篇第四十七</a>. 汉章帝元和3年/西元86年） [2013-02-02]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522093730/http://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%A1%A1/47">存档</a>于2013-05-22）. <q>頓牟掇芥，磁石引針</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E5%85%85&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%AB%96%E8%A1%A1%E3%80%8B%E5%8D%B7%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E4%BA%82%E9%BE%8D%E7%AF%87%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%25AB%2596%25E8%25A1%25A1%2F47&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code>中的日期值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_date" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWeinberg1993" class="citation">Weinberg, Steven, Dreams of a Final Theory: The Search for the Fundamental Laws of Nature, Hutchinson Radius, London, 1993, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-09-177395-4" title="Special:网络书源/0-09-177395-4">ISBN 0-09-177395-4</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.btitle=Dreams+of+a+Final+Theory%3A+The+Search+for+the+Fundamental+Laws+of+Nature&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-09-177395-4&rft.pub=Hutchinson+Radius%2C+London&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.physics.umn.edu/research/">Physics Research Programs</a>. University of Minnesota. 2015-11-20 [2016-10-06]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009105338/https://www.physics.umn.edu/research/">存档</a>于2016-10-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=Physics+Research+Programs&rft.date=2015-11-20&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.physics.umn.edu%2Fresearch%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.princeton.edu/physics/research/">Research</a>. 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Brookhaven National Laboratory. 2012-06-01 [2012-10-18]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bnl.gov/newsroom/news.php?a=23098">原始内容</a>存档于2016-07-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=K.M.&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.btitle=Plotting+the+Future+for+Computing+in+High-Energy+and+Nuclear+Physics&rft.date=2012-06-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Brookhaven+National+Laboratory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnl.gov%2Fnewsroom%2Fnews.php%3Fa%3D23098&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-UCBoulder_hepp-81"><a href="#cite_ref-UCBoulder_hepp_81-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160916045843/http://www.colorado.edu/physics/research/high-energy-physics">High Energy Physics</a>. University of Colorado Boulder. [2016-11-03]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colorado.edu/physics/research/high-energy-physics">原始内容</a>存档于2016-09-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=High+Energy+Physics&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=University+of+Colorado+Boulder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colorado.edu%2Fphysics%2Fresearch%2Fhigh-energy-physics&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-eonr-higgs-82"><a href="#cite_ref-eonr-higgs_82-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114084952/http://press-archived.web.cern.ch/press-archived/PressReleases/Releases2012/PR17.12E.html">CERN experiments observe particle consistent with long-sought Higgs boson</a>. CERN. 2012-07-04 [2012-10-18]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press-archived.web.cern.ch/press-archived/PressReleases/Releases2012/PR17.12E.html">原始内容</a>存档于2012年11月14日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=CERN+experiments+observe+particle+consistent+with+long-sought+Higgs+boson&rft.date=2012-07-04&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=CERN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress-archived.web.cern.ch%2Fpress-archived%2FPressReleases%2FReleases2012%2FPR17.12E.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624024106/http://www.aps.org/units/damop/">Division of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics</a>. American Physical society. 2016. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aps.org/units/damop/">原始内容</a>存档于2016-06-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=Division+of+Atomic%2C+Molecular%2C+and+Optical+Physics&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=American+Physical+society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aps.org%2Funits%2Fdamop%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-nap-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nap_84-0">83.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nap_84-1">83.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nap_84-2">83.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nap_84-3">83.3</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atomicmolecularo00nati_0">Atomic, molecular, and optical physics</a>. National Academy Press. 1986. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-309-03575-9" title="Special:网络书源/0-309-03575-9">ISBN 0-309-03575-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=Atomic%2C+molecular%2C+and+optical+physics&rft.date=1986&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-309-03575-9&rft.pub=National+Academy+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatomicmolecularo00nati_0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160731022311/https://www.britannica.com/science/atomic-physics">atomic physics</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/atomic-physics">原始内容</a>存档于2016-07-31）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=atomic+physics&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica+Online&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fatomic-physics&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Yates2013-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Yates2013_86-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">B. Yates. How to Find Out About Physics: A Guide to Sources of Information Arranged by the Decimal Classification. 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[2016-10-15]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161018220331/https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/">存档</a>于2016-10-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=NASA+Astrophysics&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fastrophysics%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Astrophysics Subcommittee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019001645/https://smd-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/science-blue/s3fs-public/atoms/files/secure-Astrophysics_Roadmap_2013.pdf">Enduring Quests, Daring Visions, NASA Astrophysics in the Next Three Decades</a> (PDF). NASA. 2013 [2016-10-14]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smd-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/science-blue/s3fs-public/atoms/files/secure-Astrophysics_Roadmap_2013.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2016-10-19）. <q>The past three decades have seen prodigious advances in astronomy and astrophysics</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Astrophysics+Subcommittee&rft.btitle=Enduring+Quests%2C+Daring+Visions%2C+NASA+Astrophysics+in+the+Next+Three+Decades&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsmd-prod.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fscience-blue%2Fs3fs-public%2Fatoms%2Ffiles%2Fsecure-Astrophysics_Roadmap_2013.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-nrc1997v9p161-109"><a href="#cite_ref-nrc1997v9p161_109-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNational_Research_CouncilCommittee_on_Technology_for_Future_Naval_Forces1997" class="citation book">National Research Council; Committee on Technology for Future Naval Forces. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5869&page=161">Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035 Becoming a 21st-Century Force: Volume 9: Modeling and Simulation</a>. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 1997 [2016-10-09]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-309-05928-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-309-05928-2">ISBN 978-0-309-05928-2</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407045141/http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5869&page=161">存档</a>于2014-04-07）. <q>Complex systems are poorly understood</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=Committee+on+Technology+for+Future+Naval+Forces&rft.au=National+Research+Council&rft.btitle=Technology+for+the+United+States+Navy+and+Marine+Corps%2C+2000-2035+Becoming+a+21st-Century+Force%3A+Volume+9%3A+Modeling+and+Simulation&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-309-05928-2&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=The+National+Academies+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fopenbook.php%3Frecord_id%3D5869%26page%3D161&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> :161 </li> <li id="cite_note-kellert1993p32-110"><a href="#cite_ref-kellert1993p32_110-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKellert1993" class="citation book">Kellert, S.H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inwakeofchaosunp0000kell">In the Wake of Chaos: Unpredictable Order in Dynamical Systems</a>. University of Chicago Press. 1993. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-226-42976-8" title="Special:网络书源/0-226-42976-8">ISBN 0-226-42976-8</a>. <q>chaotic systems require impossibly great resources for accomplishing useful predictions</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=S.H.&rft.aulast=Kellert&rft.btitle=In+the+Wake+of+Chaos%3A+Unpredictable+Order+in+Dynamical+Systems&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-226-42976-8&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finwakeofchaosunp0000kell&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-eames-quoting-feynman-111"><a href="#cite_ref-eames-quoting-feynman_111-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Eames, I.; Flor, J.B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/369/1937/702">New developments in understanding interfacial processes in turbulent flows</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 2011-01-17 [2016-10-09]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.2010.0332">doi:10.1098/rsta.2010.0332</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817230613/http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/369/1937/702">存档</a>于2016-08-17）. <q>Richard Feynman said that ‘Turbulence is the most important unsolved problem of classical physics’</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=New+developments+in+understanding+interfacial+processes+in+turbulent+flows&rft.au=Flor%2C+J.B.&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.aulast=Eames&rft.date=2011-01-17&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frsta.royalsocietypublishing.org%2Fcontent%2F369%2F1937%2F702&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.2010.0332&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaeger-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Jaeger_112-0">^</a> <cite class="citation arxiv">Heinrich Jaeger; Andrea Liu. Far-From-Equilibrium Physics: An Overview. 2010-09-24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1009.4874">arXiv:1009.4874</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /> [<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/archive/cond-mat.soft">cond-mat.soft</a>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=Far-From-Equilibrium+Physics%3A+An+Overview&rft.au=Andrea+Liu&rft.au=Heinrich+Jaeger&rft.date=2010-09-24&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1009.4874&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> published in book Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: the science of the world around us (National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2007) </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結">外部連結</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：外部連結">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83112147">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> 物理學在维基百科的<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93%E5%A7%8A%E5%A6%B9%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE" title="Wikipedia:维基媒体姊妹项目">姊妹项目</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" />维基词典上的<a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/物理學">字词解释</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" />维基共享资源上的<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Physics" class="extiw" title="c:Physics">多媒体资源</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" />维基新闻上的<a href="https://zh.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/物理學">新闻</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" 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href="http://photos.aip.org/">Emilio Segrè Visual Archives</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170422024215/http://photos.aip.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）－這檔案館網頁收集了超過30000張科學家本人和相關成就的相片。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E5%BC%8F%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="开放式目录">开放目录项目</a>中的“<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org//Science/Physics/Publications/">物理刊物</a>”</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130322020457/http://www.learner.org/resources/series42.html">The Mechanical Universe...and Beyond</a>－<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%9E%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2" title="加州理工學院">加州理工學院</a>物理系52集影音課程。</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gadda001/goodtheorist/index.html">怎樣成為傑出的理論物理學者？</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20151218173801/http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gadda001/goodtheorist/index.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）－1999年<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E7%8D%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="諾貝爾物理學獎">諾貝爾物理學獎</a>得主<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E5%A4%AB%E7%89%B9" title="杰拉德·特·胡夫特">傑拉德·特·胡夫特</a>的金石良言。</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scu.edu.tw/physics/science-scu/M301/nobel.htm">諾貝爾物理學獎100年</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201001010147/http://www.scu.edu.tw/physics/science-scu/M301/nobel.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）－<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%90%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8_(%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3)" class="mw-redirect" title="東吳大學 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title="量子光学">量子</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="天体物理学">天体物理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="核天体物理学">核</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="恒星物理学">恒星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="天体粒子物理学">天体粒子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="太阳物理学">太阳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="空间物理学">空间</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">生命科学中的物理学</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物物理学">生物物理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="生物力学">生物力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="农业物理学">农业物理学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" title="醫學物理">醫學物理</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BF%80%E5%85%89%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="激光医学（页面不存在）">激光医学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Laser medicine">Laser medicine</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="核医学">核医学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F" title="醫學影像">醫學影像</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="心理物理学">心理物理学</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E9%99%85%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88" title="科际整合">交叉学科</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="天体物理学">天体物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" title="数学物理">数学物理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="非线性物理学">非线性物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="經濟物理學">经济物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="材料科学">材料科学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="高分子物理学">高分子</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="物理化学">物理化学</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="化学物理学">化学物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%A6" title="物理宇宙学">物理宇宙学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="大气物理学">大气</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="云物理学">云</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="地球物理学">地球物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="土壤物理學">土壤物理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="物理海洋学">物理海洋学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="量子信息科学">量子信息科学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">有关</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔物理学奖">诺贝尔物理学奖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="物理教育">物理教育</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="分类" 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