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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pierre Rossier</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Rossier" title="Pierre Rossier – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pierre Rossier" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Rossier" title="Pierre Rossier – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pierre Rossier" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Rossier" title="Pierre Rossier – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pierre Rossier" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AC" title="پیر روسیج – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیر روسیج" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Rossier" title="Pierre Rossier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pierre Rossier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="پير روسير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="پير روسير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A8" title="ピエール・ロシエ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピエール・ロシエ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Joseph_Rossier" title="Pierre Joseph Rossier – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pierre Joseph Rossier" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%B5,_%D0%9F%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Россье, Пьер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Россье, Пьер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2" title="ปีแยร์ รอซีเย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปีแยร์ รอซีเย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Rossier" title="Pierre Rossier – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pierre Rossier" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E8%A5%BF%E8%80%B6" title="皮埃尔·罗西耶 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="皮埃尔·罗西耶" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Swiss photographer (1829–1886)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rossier_studio_mark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Rossier_studio_mark.jpg/220px-Rossier_studio_mark.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Rossier_studio_mark.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="235" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The mark of Pierre Rossier's photographic studio in Fribourg</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pierre Joseph Rossier</b> (16 July 1829 – 22 October 1886<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was a pioneering Swiss photographer whose <a href="/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">albumen</a> photographs, which include <a href="/wiki/Stereoscope" title="Stereoscope">stereographs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carte_de_visite" title="Carte de visite">cartes-de-visite</a>, comprise portraits, cityscapes, and landscapes. He was commissioned by the London firm of <i><a href="/wiki/Negretti_and_Zambra" title="Negretti and Zambra">Negretti and Zambra</a></i> to travel to Asia and document the progress of the Anglo-French troops in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a> and, although he failed to join that military expedition, he remained in Asia for several years, producing the first <a href="/wiki/Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">commercial photographs</a> of China, the Philippines, Japan and Siam (now Thailand). He was the first professional photographer in Japan, where he trained <a href="/wiki/Ueno_Hikoma" title="Ueno Hikoma">Ueno Hikoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maeda_Genz%C5%8D" title="Maeda Genzō">Maeda Genzō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horie_Kuwajir%C5%8D" title="Horie Kuwajirō">Horie Kuwajirō</a>, as well as lesser known members of the first generation of Japanese photographers. In Switzerland he established <a href="/wiki/Photographic_studio" title="Photographic studio">photographic studios</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Einsiedeln,_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Einsiedeln, Switzerland">Einsiedeln</a>, and he also produced images elsewhere in the country. Rossier is an important figure in the early history of photography not only because of his own images, but also because of the critical impact of his teaching in the early days of Japanese photography. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identity_and_origins">Identity and origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Rossier&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Identity and origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until very recently, little was known about Rossier; even his given name was a mystery. In his own time he was sometimes referred to as "P. Rossier" and at other times as "M. Rossier". Documents discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a> town archives finally proved that his given name was Pierre, and it can be assumed that the "M" in "M. Rossier" stood for "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Monsieur" title="Monsieur">Monsieur</a></i></span>". He was long thought to be from France and while he was in Japan he was even referred to as an "Englishman";<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, recent research has revealed that Rossier was Swiss, born on 16 July 1829 in Grandsivaz, a small village in the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg" title="Canton of Fribourg">Canton of Fribourg</a>. He was the fourth of ten children of a farming family of modest means. At the age of sixteen he became a teacher at a school in a neighbouring village, but by 1855 he was issued a passport to visit France and England to work as a photographer.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At some point after leaving Switzerland and arriving in England, Rossier was commissioned by the firm of <i><a href="/wiki/Negretti_and_Zambra" title="Negretti and Zambra">Negretti and Zambra</a></i> to travel to China to photograph the Second Opium War (1858–1860). It may be that the firm considered Rossier's Swiss citizenship an asset for such a voyage, that his country's neutrality might help him find passage aboard either British or French ships. Taking into account the high costs and uncertainty incurred by the firm and the potential hazards for Rossier himself, this was an important commission.<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett._4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett.-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Photographing_in_Asia">Photographing in Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Rossier&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Photographing in Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Sailors_at_Canton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/French_Sailors_at_Canton.jpg/300px-French_Sailors_at_Canton.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/French_Sailors_at_Canton.jpg/450px-French_Sailors_at_Canton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/French_Sailors_at_Canton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="241" /></a><figcaption><i>French Sailors at Canton</i>, 1858. Stereograph, <a href="/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">albumen silver prints</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rossier was in Hong Kong in 1858, and he soon began taking photographs, mostly in and around Canton (now <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1859 <i>Negretti and Zambra</i> published a set of fifty of Rossier's views, including <a href="/wiki/Stereoscope" title="Stereoscope">stereographs</a>. These received favourable reviews in photographic periodicals of the day. In 1858 or 1859 Rossier travelled to the Philippines where he visited and photographed the <a href="/wiki/Taal_Volcano" title="Taal Volcano">Taal Volcano</a>. Rossier was in Japan by 1859, producing photographs first in <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki,_Nagasaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagasaki, Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, then in <a href="/wiki/Kanagawa_Prefecture" title="Kanagawa Prefecture">Kanagawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edo" title="Edo">Edo</a> (now Tokyo); he was the first professional photographer to arrive in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Yokoe,_167._6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yokoe,_167.-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the photographs Rossier took during the summer of 1859, while in Nagasaki, was a portrait of <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Franz_von_Siebold" title="Philipp Franz von Siebold">Philipp Franz von Siebold</a>'s son <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Siebold" title="Alexander von Siebold">Alexander</a> and a group of <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Nabeshima_clan" title="Nabeshima clan">Nabeshima clan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of June 1860, Rossier was in Shanghai, and it is likely that he visited the city in an attempt to gain permission to accompany the Anglo-French military expedition that had already arrived in northern China and thereby fulfill his commission to document the Second Opium War.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If so, he was unsuccessful; both forces had already hired photographers to document the mission. The British forces were accompanied by the photographers <a href="/wiki/Felice_Beato" title="Felice Beato">Felice Beato</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Papillon" title="John Papillon">John Papillon</a>, and the French by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Fauchery" title="Antoine Fauchery">Antoine Fauchery</a>, Lieutenant-Colonel Du Pin, and possibly also by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Legrand_(photographer)" title="Louis Legrand (photographer)">Louis Legrand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Rossier failed even to embark on the mission he had been hired to document, he remained in East Asia for some time longer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By October 1860, Rossier had returned to Nagasaki, where he took photographs of the harbour on behalf of the British Consul, <a href="/wiki/George_S._Morrison_(diplomat)" title="George S. Morrison (diplomat)">George S. Morrison</a>, for which Rossier was paid $70.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Rossier's photographs of Japan were advertised by <i>Negretti and Zambra</i> on at least two occasions in 1860, the firm did not publish them until October or November 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five of Rossier's views of Japan appeared earlier, in <a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(bishop_of_Victoria)" title="George Smith (bishop of Victoria)">George Smith</a>'s book, <i>Ten Weeks in Japan</i>, in April 1861, and that July, eight of Rossier's Japan photographs appeared in the form of <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">lithographs</a> in Henry Arthur Tilley's book, <i>Japan, the Amoor, and the Pacific</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett_PiJ,_49._12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett_PiJ,_49.-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An 1861 edition of the <a href="/wiki/Illustrated_London_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Illustrated London News">Illustrated London News</a> included several engravings under the collective title <i>Domestic Life in China</i>, the images having been taken from Rossier's stereographs.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the photographs <i>Negretti and Zambra</i> had advertised in 1860 became the first commercial photograph taken in Japan to be published, and is the earliest known <a href="/wiki/Hand-colouring" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand-colouring">hand-coloured</a> Japanese photograph.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thanks to a number of documents of the time, it is now certain that <i>Negretti and Zambra'</i>s photographs of China and Japan were taken by Rossier, but for many years it was thought that they might have been taken by either <a href="/wiki/Walter_B._Woodbury" title="Walter B. Woodbury">Walter B. Woodbury</a>, who also had dealings with <i>Negretti and Zambra</i> but was based in Batavia (now <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>), or <a href="/wiki/Abel_Gower" title="Abel Gower">Abel Gower</a>, who was an amateur photographer in Japan. The <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a> photograph collection includes a portrait, allegedly of Gower, signed "P. Rossier", and in 1859 Rossier and Gower shared passage aboard <i>HMS Sampson</i> from Nagasaki to Edo.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teaching_photography">Teaching photography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Rossier&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Teaching photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yokohama_1859.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Yokohama_1859.jpg/330px-Yokohama_1859.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Yokohama_1859.jpg/500px-Yokohama_1859.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Yokohama_1859.jpg/600px-Yokohama_1859.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption><i>View of Yokohama</i>, 1859. Stereograph, albumen silver prints.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rossier first arrived in Japan in 1859, at a time when early experiments in photography were being conducted in <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyūshū">Kyūshū</a>, particularly in Nagasaki. The city was the centre of <i><a href="/wiki/Rangaku" title="Rangaku">rangaku</a></i>, the study of Western science, and it was here that physicians <a href="/wiki/Jan_Karel_van_den_Broek" title="Jan Karel van den Broek">Jan Karel van den Broek</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._L._C._Pompe_van_Meerdervoort" title="J. L. C. Pompe van Meerdervoort">J. L. C. Pompe van Meerdervoort</a> were instrumental in teaching their Japanese students not only medicine but also <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> and photography.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither Van den Broek nor Pompe van Meerdervoort was an experienced photographer, and their attempts to produce photographs were largely failures.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, in turn they taught <a href="/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">wet-collodion process</a> photography to Keisai Yoshio,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furukawa Shumpei, Kawano Teizō, <a href="/wiki/Maeda_Genz%C5%8D" title="Maeda Genzō">Maeda Genzō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ueno_Hikoma" title="Ueno Hikoma">Ueno Hikoma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Horie_Kuwajir%C5%8D" title="Horie Kuwajirō">Horie Kuwajirō</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On his arrival in Japan, Rossier presumably introduced himself as a photographer despatched to Japan by <i>Negretti and Zambra</i>, perhaps thereby inspiring a misconception, for while he remained in the country he was often referred to as an "English" photographer. In Nagasaki, Rossier was assisted in his work by Maeda Genzō, who had been instructed to accompany the "Englishman" and to further learn photography.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Maeda and other students escorting him around the city, Rossier took photographs of priests, beggars, the audience of a <a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">sumo</a> match, the foreign settlement, and the group portrait of Alexander von Siebold and <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a>. Rossier believed that Pompe van Meerdervoort's failures in photography were due to a lack of the necessary chemicals and so he provided Maeda with a letter of recommendation to procure photographic apparatus and chemicals from a source in Shanghai. Both Maeda and Furukawa bought lenses, chemicals and albumen paper through Rossier.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At this time, Ueno Hikoma and Horie Kuwajirō also received photographic instruction from Rossier. Apparently Ueno had originally intended to learn not only the practice of photography but also the manufacture of cameras. The encounter with Rossier seems to have convinced Ueno to pursue photography as a career, but he was so overwhelmed by the technology of the camera that he quickly dropped the notion of making one himself. Within a few months, he and Horie had purchased a French camera and chemicals, thereafter launching their independent photographic careers.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Rossier's time in Japan was brief and the surviving photographic legacy of his sojourn is scant, he nevertheless had a lasting impact on photography in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Yokoe,_167._6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yokoe,_167.-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Rossier&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siamese_woman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Siamese_woman.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="190" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><i>Portrait of a Siamese woman</i>, c. 1861. Albumen silver print.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1861, Rossier was in Siam, where he assisted the French <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Marie_Firmin_Bocourt" title="Marie Firmin Bocourt">Firmin Bocourt</a> by taking <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographic</a> portraits for the latter's scientific expedition of 1861–1862, and in 1863, <i>Negretti and Zambra</i> issued a series of 30 stereographic portraits and landscapes taken in Siam that are almost certainly the work of Rossier.<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett_PiJ,_49._12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett_PiJ,_49.-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1862, Rossier was again in Shanghai, where he sold his cameras and other photographic equipment before embarking for Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his time in Asia it is possible that Rossier photographed in India; <i>Negretti and Zambra</i> issued a series of views of India at about the same time as Rossier's China views.<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett_PiJ,_49._12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett_PiJ,_49.-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rossier returned to Switzerland in early 1862 and, in October 1865, married Catharine Barbe Kaelin (1843–1867). The couple had a son, Christophe Marie Pierre Joseph, who was born on 30 July 1866. Catharine died on 4 April 1867.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Rossier maintained a <a href="/wiki/Photographic_studio" title="Photographic studio">photographic studio</a> in Fribourg until at least 1876 and he also had a studio in <a href="/wiki/Einsiedeln,_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Einsiedeln, Switzerland">Einsiedeln</a>. During the 1860s and 1870s, he produced a number of stereographs and <a href="/wiki/Carte_de_visite" title="Carte de visite">cartes-de-visite</a> comprising portraits and views of Fribourg, Einsiedeln and other places in Switzerland. An 1871 advertisement in the French-language Fribourg newspaper <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La Liberté</i></span> offered photographs by Rossier of religious paintings by the artist Melchior Paul von Deschwanden.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1872, Rossier applied for a passport to travel to France where he may have produced photographs. At some point between 1871 and 1884, he married again. His second wife, Marie Virginie Overney, was employed as a household servant by the landlords of his studio. They had a son, Joseph Louis, who was born in Paris on 16 March 1884, and who went on to own a café in <a href="/wiki/Vevey" title="Vevey">Vevey</a>, Switzerland. Pierre Rossier died in Paris some time between 1883 and 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett._4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett.-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Rossier&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of Rossier's views of Switzerland are held in several institutions and private collections in that country. Rossier took the first commercial photographs of China and Japan, and they are now quite rare. He complained at times of the adverse effects of the climate on his photographic chemicals and some of his negatives may have been damaged en route to London from Asia. Though his surviving images are scarce, his importance to the early history of photography in Asia is great. Before his arrival in Japan in 1859, Japanese students of photography had struggled to produce satisfactory images, but Rossier's experience, instruction, and contacts with suppliers of photographic materials were extremely helpful in the development of an autonomous photographic tradition in Japan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Rossier&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.paris.fr/arkotheque/visionneuse/visionneuse.php?arko=YTo2OntzOjQ6ImRhdGUiO3M6MTA6IjIwMTctMTAtMTkiO3M6MTA6InR5cGVfZm9uZHMiO3M6MTE6ImFya29fc2VyaWVsIjtzOjQ6InJlZjEiO2k6NDtzOjQ6InJlZjIiO2k6MjM3MDcwO3M6MTY6InZpc2lvbm5ldXNlX2h0bWwiO2I6MTtzOjIxOiJ2aXNpb25uZXVzZV9odG1sX21vZGUiO3M6NDoicHJvZCI7fQ">"État civil de Paris – Actes de décès"</a>. <i>archives.paris.fr</i>. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archives.paris.fr&rft.atitle=%C3%89tat+civil+de+Paris+%E2%80%93+Actes+de+d%C3%A9c%C3%A8s&rft.pages=17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.paris.fr%2Farkotheque%2Fvisionneuse%2Fvisionneuse.php%3Farko%3DYTo2OntzOjQ6ImRhdGUiO3M6MTA6IjIwMTctMTAtMTkiO3M6MTA6InR5cGVfZm9uZHMiO3M6MTE6ImFya29fc2VyaWVsIjtzOjQ6InJlZjEiO2k6NDtzOjQ6InJlZjIiO2k6MjM3MDcwO3M6MTY6InZpc2lvbm5ldXNlX2h0bWwiO2I6MTtzOjIxOiJ2aXNpb25uZXVzZV9odG1sX21vZGUiO3M6NDoicHJvZCI7fQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APierre+Rossier" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He is described as French by for example Yokoe (167). Even the Union List of Artist Names, a research database of the Getty Research Institute, lists "Rossier, M." as "probably British" (ULAN).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett provides an interesting account of the research involved in revealing Rossier's identity and background. Most of what is now known about Rossier comes from Bennett's work. (Bennett's Internet article <i>The Search for Rossier</i> is cited below as "Bennett", while his books <i>Early Japanese Images</i>, <i>Photography in Japan: 1853–1912</i>, and <i>Old Japanese Photographs</i> are cited as "Bennett EJI", "Bennett PiJ", and "Bennett OJP", respectively.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bennett.-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett._4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett._4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett. Worswick places Rossier in China from 1857 to 1859, but does not provide any further information (Worswick, 146).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yokoe,_167.-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yokoe,_167._6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yokoe,_167._6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yokoe, 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This photograph is in the collection of the Siebold Memorial Museum in Nagasaki (Himeno, 22).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The British and French military forces were already assembling at <a href="/wiki/Dalian_Bay" title="Dalian Bay">Talien Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yantai" title="Yantai">Chefoo</a>, respectively, in June 1860 (Harris, 17) and it is known that Rossier was in Shanghai on 27 June 1860. There is a further possibility that Rossier visited Shanghai in order to procure photographic chemicals (Bennett).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett; Thiriez. Papillon produced images taken between Canton and the <a href="/wiki/Taku_Forts" title="Taku Forts">Taku Forts</a> but became ill and was evacuated before completing his mission. Photographs of the expedition by Fauchery have not been positively identified, but probably include twenty-four stereographs of the French forces in Canton, Shanghai, <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tientsin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Peking</a>. No evidence has been found that either Du Pin or Legrand actually took photographs during the expedition. Thiriez, 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a letter dated 13 October 1860, Morrison wrote, "... considering that M. Rossier's time is specifically devoted to other purposes, and that he was occupied with them for several days... as he is not a tradesman here for the sale of photographs, [I] was not in a position to bargain..." (Bennett). Seventy dollars was a substantial sum; to put it in some perspective, fourteen years later <a href="/wiki/Henry_Smith_Munroe" title="Henry Smith Munroe">Henry Smith Munroe</a>, an American employee of the Japanese government, was considering buying a complete set of 500 photographs by <a href="/wiki/Uchida_Kuichi" title="Uchida Kuichi">Uchida Kuichi</a> that cost $250 or three-quarters of Munroe's monthly salary as a well-paid foreign advisor (Dobson, 20; Clark, Fraser, and Osman, 137–138).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the edition of 28 May 1860 of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> there appeared an advertisement for a "full coloured" stereograph of "Japanese ladies in full dress" by Rossier. An advertisement in <i>The Times</i>, 3 October 1860, referred to the "expected" arrival of "photographs from Japan – A case of rare and curious photographs of the scenery of this interesting country, and illustrative of the manners and customs of the Japanese tribes, which have been executed by a special artist sent out for the purpose by the enterprising firm of Negretti and Zambra of London". Bennett speculates that <i>Negretti and Zambra</i> may have delayed publishing the images because of problems with the quality of the negatives, either because they were damaged in transit or because of Rossier's known difficulties in finding the correct photographic chemicals in Asia (Bennett).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bennett_PiJ,_49.-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett_PiJ,_49._12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett_PiJ,_49._12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bennett_PiJ,_49._12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett PiJ, 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett OJP, 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This being the photograph titled "Japanese ladies in full dress" (Bennett PiJ, 47; 49, fig. 45).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rather than Gower, the portrait sitter is now considered to be John MacDonald, a member of the British Legation (Bennett PiJ, 45; 117, fig. 141).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">More precisely, it was the Dutch enclave of <a href="/wiki/Dejima" title="Dejima">Deshima</a> within Nagasaki harbour that provided the locale for these studies, with the experiments in photography beginning in the mid-1850s. Similar research began about the same time in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_han" class="mw-redirect" title="Satsuma han">Satsuma han</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kagoshima,_Kagoshima" class="mw-redirect" title="Kagoshima, Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a> (Himeno, 18, 20–21).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Even with the help of the user's manual that accompanied the camera he had imported, it seems that Van den Broek never made a satisfactory photographic image and he decided that only an experienced photographer would be able to teach the use of the camera. Pompe van Meerdervoort was hardly more successful; one result of his experiments was described by <a href="/wiki/Matsumoto_Jun_(physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsumoto Jun (physician)">Matsumoto Jun</a> as "a meagre black shadow" (Himeno, 21–22).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keisai was an uncle and teacher of the photographer Uchida Kuichi (Himeno, 24–25).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Himeno, 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matsumoto Jun ordered Maeda to assist Rossier. Yet another link between Matsumoto and photography dates from some point between 1857 and 1859 when he adopted the 13-year-old future photographer Uchida Kuichi (Bennett EJI, 54).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Himeno, 21–22. Maeda and Furukawa succeeded in taking a photograph with these materials on 28 October 1860, a day still commemorated in <a href="/wiki/Fukuoka_Prefecture" title="Fukuoka Prefecture">Fukuoka</a> where the photograph was taken (Himeno, 22)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Himeno, 22. Ueno went on to become one of the most important and successful photographers in nineteenth century Japan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The equipment listed in the advertisement include: a patent <a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a> folding camera, a Ross portrait lens, and a Ross landscape lens – all in a portable case, a portable mahogany tripod, a travelling case "with all the necessary apparatus," a large fresh supply of chemicals ("just received from London"), and two practical works on photography (Bennett PiJ, 49).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bennett OJP, 120.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Rossier&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pierre_Rossier" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pierre Rossier">Pierre Rossier</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Bennett, Terry. <i>Early Japanese Images.</i> Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8048-2033-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8048-2033-3">0-8048-2033-3</a> (paper), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8048-2029-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8048-2029-5">0-8048-2029-5</a> (hard)</li> <li>Bennett, Terry. <i>Old Japanese Photographs: Collector's Data Guide</i> London: Quaritch, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9550852-4-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9550852-4-1">0-9550852-4-1</a> (hard)</li> <li>Bennett, Terry. <i>Photography in Japan: 1853–1912</i> Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8048-3633-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8048-3633-7">0-8048-3633-7</a> (hard)</li> <li>Bennett, Terry. <i>The Search for Rossier: Early Photographer of China and Japan</i>. Accessed 12 September 2006; cited above as "Bennett". Originally appeared in <i>The PhotoHistorian-Journal of the Historical Group of the Royal Photographic Society</i>, December 2004.</li> <li>Clark, John, John Fraser, and Colin Osman. "A revised chronology of Felice (Felix) Beato (1825/34?–1908?)". In <i>Japanese Exchanges in Art, 1850s to 1930s with Britain, Continental Europe, and the USA: Papers and Research Materials.</i> Sydney: Power Publications, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86487-303-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-86487-303-5">1-86487-303-5</a></li> <li>Dobson, Sebastian. "Yokohama Shashin". In <i>Art and Artifice: Japanese Photographs of the Meiji Era — Selections from the Jean S. and Frederic A. Sharf Collection at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.</i> Boston: MFA Publications, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87846-682-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87846-682-7">0-87846-682-7</a> (paper), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87846-683-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87846-683-5">0-87846-683-5</a> (hard)</li> <li>Harris, David. <i>Of Battle and Beauty: Felice Beato's Photographs of China.</i> Santa Barbara: Santa Barbara Museum of Art, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89951-100-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89951-100-7">0-89951-100-7</a> (paper), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89951-101-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-89951-101-5">0-89951-101-5</a> (hard)</li> <li>Himeno, Junichi. "Encounters With Foreign Photographers: The Introduction and Spread of Photography in Kyushu". In <i>Reflecting Truth: Japanese Photography in the Nineteenth Century</i>, ed. Nicole Coolidge Rousmaniere, Mikiko Hirayama. Amsterdam: Hotei Publishing, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-74822-76-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-74822-76-2">90-74822-76-2</a></li> <li>Thiriez, Régine. <i>Barbarian Lens: Western Photographers of the Qianlong Emperor's European Palaces.</i> Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5700-519-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-5700-519-0">90-5700-519-0</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=%13%11rossier&role=&nation=&prev_page=1&subjectid=500036940">Union List of Artist Names, s.v. "Rossier, M."</a>. Accessed 15 September 2006.</li> <li>Worswick, Clark. <i>Japan: Photographs 1854–1905.</i> New York: Pennwick/Alfred A. Knopf, 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-50836-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-50836-X">0-394-50836-X</a></li> <li>Yokoe Fuminori. "The Arrival of Photography". In <i>The Advent of Photography in Japan</i> / <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">寫眞渡來のころ</span></span>. Tokyo: Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography; Hakodate: Hakodate Museum of Art, 1997. Exhibition catalogue with bilingual text.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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