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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mediterranean_corsairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mediterranean_corsairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Mediterranean corsairs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mediterranean_corsairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Southeast Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 East Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Piracy_in_the_Ming_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piracy_in_the_Ming_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Piracy in the Ming dynasty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piracy_in_the_Ming_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illegal_trade_and_authority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illegal_trade_and_authority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Illegal trade and authority </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illegal_trade_and_authority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hierarchy_and_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hierarchy_and_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Hierarchy and structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hierarchy_and_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clientele" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clientele"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 Clientele </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clientele-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 South Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian_Gulf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_Gulf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Persian Gulf </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_Gulf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madagascar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madagascar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Madagascar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madagascar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Caribbean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Caribbean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 The Caribbean </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Caribbean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canary_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canary_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Canary Islands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canary_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 North America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_social_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_social_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Culture and social structure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_social_structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture and social structure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_social_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rewards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rewards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Rewards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rewards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Loot </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Punishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Punishment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Role of women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democracy_among_Caribbean_pirates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democracy_among_Caribbean_pirates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Democracy among Caribbean pirates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democracy_among_Caribbean_pirates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pirate_Code" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pirate_Code"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Pirate Code </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pirate_Code-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Known_pirate_shipwrecks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Known_pirate_shipwrecks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Known pirate shipwrecks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Known_pirate_shipwrecks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privateers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privateers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Privateers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privateers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commerce_raiders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commerce_raiders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Commerce raiders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commerce_raiders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_piracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_piracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Contemporary piracy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_piracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-piracy_measures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-piracy_measures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Anti-piracy measures </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anti-piracy_measures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Anti-piracy measures subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Anti-piracy_measures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Self-defense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-defense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Self-defense </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-defense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self_protection_measures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self_protection_measures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Self protection measures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self_protection_measures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patrol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patrol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Patrol </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patrol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Legal aspects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legal aspects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 United Kingdom laws </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definition_of_piracy_jure_gentium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_of_piracy_jure_gentium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.1 Definition of piracy jure gentium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition_of_piracy_jure_gentium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jurisdiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurisdiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.2 Jurisdiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jurisdiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piracy_committed_by_or_against_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piracy_committed_by_or_against_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.3 Piracy committed by or against aircraft </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piracy_committed_by_or_against_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sentence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sentence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.4 Sentence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sentence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.5 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 United States laws </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 International law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effects_on_international_boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_international_boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.1 Effects on international boundaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_international_boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_of_nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_of_nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.2 Law of nations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_of_nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.3 International conventions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_101_to_103_of_UNCLOS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_101_to_103_of_UNCLOS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.4 Articles 101 to 103 of UNCLOS </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_101_to_103_of_UNCLOS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IMB_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IMB_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.5 IMB definition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IMB_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uniformity_in_maritime_piracy_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uniformity_in_maritime_piracy_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.6 Uniformity in maritime piracy law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uniformity_in_maritime_piracy_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_perceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_perceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Cultural perceptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_perceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics_of_piracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics_of_piracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Economics of piracy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economics_of_piracy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economics of piracy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economics_of_piracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Piracy_and_entrepreneurship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piracy_and_entrepreneurship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Piracy and entrepreneurship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piracy_and_entrepreneurship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Piracy</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 92 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" > 92 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seerowery" title="Seerowery – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Seerowery" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A9" title="قرصنة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قرصنة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A7%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8" title="Ծովահէնները – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ծովահէնները" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirater%C3%ADa" title="Piratería – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Piratería" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir%C3%A1ta" title="Piráta – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Piráta" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99niz_quldurlu%C4%9Fu" title="Dəniz quldurluğu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dəniz quldurluğu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="دنیز قولدورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دنیز قولدورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="জলদস্যুতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জলদস্যুতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1i-chha%CC%8Dt" title="Hái-chha̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hái-chha̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Пірацтва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пірацтва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Пиратство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пиратство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirati" title="Pirati – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pirati" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morlaer" title="Morlaer – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Morlaer" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirateria_mar%C3%ADtima" title="Pirateria marítima – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pirateria marítima" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Пиратсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пиратсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir%C3%A1t" title="Pirát – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pirát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4r-ladrad" title="Môr-ladrad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Môr-ladrad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r%C3%B8veri" title="Sørøveri – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sørøveri" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraterie" title="Piraterie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Piraterie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraadid" title="Piraadid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Piraadid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πειρατεία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πειρατεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirater%C3%ADa" title="Piratería – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Piratería" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piratado" title="Piratado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Piratado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirateria" title="Pirateria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pirateria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B2%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="دزدی دریایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دزدی دریایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B3r%C3%A6narar" title="Sjórænarar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sjórænarar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraterie" title="Piraterie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Piraterie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seer%C3%B4verij" title="Seerôverij – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Seerôverij" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirater%C3%ADa" title="Piratería – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Piratería" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3i-chhe%CC%8Dt" title="Hói-chhe̍t – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hói-chhe̍t" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EC%83%81%EA%B0%95%EB%8F%84" title="해상강도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="해상강도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ծովահենություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծովահենություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="समुद्री डकैती – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="समुद्री डकैती" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirati" title="Pirati – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pirati" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirateso" title="Pirateso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pirateso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perompakan" title="Perompakan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perompakan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B3r%C3%A1n" title="Sjórán – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sjórán" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirateria" title="Pirateria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pirateria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99" title="שוד ימי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שוד ימי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A8" title="ಕಡಲುಗಳ್ಳತನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಡಲುಗಳ್ಳತನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მეკობრეობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეკობრეობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Пираттық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пираттық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morlader" title="Morlader – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Morlader" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haramia" title="Haramia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Haramia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir%C4%81tisms" title="Pirātisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pirātisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piratavimas" title="Piratavimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Piratavimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C3%B3zkod%C3%A1s" title="Kalózkodás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kalózkodás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Пиратство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пиратство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asan-jiolahin-tsambo" title="Asan-jiolahin-tsambo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Asan-jiolahin-tsambo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="चाचेगिरी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चाचेगिरी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanun" title="Lanun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lanun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81i-ch%C4%95k" title="Hāi-chĕk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hāi-chĕk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF" title="ပင်လယ်ဓားပြမှု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပင်လယ်ဓားပြမှု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraterij_(zeeroverij)" title="Piraterij (zeeroverij) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Piraterij (zeeroverij)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%B3%8A" title="海賊 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="海賊" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraat" title="Piraat – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Piraat" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B8r%C3%B8veri" title="Sjørøveri – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sjørøveri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B8r%C3%B8veri" title="Sjørøveri – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sjørøveri" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piratari%C3%A1" title="Piratariá – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Piratariá" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaroqchilik" title="Qaroqchilik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qaroqchilik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80" title="ਪਾਇਰੇਸੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਾਇਰੇਸੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piractwo_(prawo_mi%C4%99dzynarodowe)" title="Piractwo (prawo międzynarodowe) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Piractwo (prawo międzynarodowe)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirata" title="Pirata – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pirata" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qorsanl%C4%B1q" title="Qorsanlıq – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Qorsanlıq" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraterie" title="Piraterie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Piraterie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Пиратство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пиратство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/ibayuay_a_lumuwataw" title="ibayuay a lumuwataw – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="ibayuay a lumuwataw" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Piracy" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirateria" title="Pirateria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pirateria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%91%E0%B6%B8" title="මුහුදු කොල්ලකෑම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මුහුදු කොල්ලකෑම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Piracy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piratstvo" title="Piratstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Piratstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burcad_Badeed" title="Burcad Badeed – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Burcad Badeed" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دەریاگری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەریاگری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Гусари – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гусари" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merirosvous" title="Merirosvous – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Merirosvous" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B6r%C3%B6veri" title="Sjöröveri – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sjöröveri" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panunulisan" title="Panunulisan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Panunulisan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Піратство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Піратство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C" title="قزاقی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قزاقی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirateria" title="Pirateria – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pirateria" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bp_bi%E1%BB%83n" title="Cướp biển – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cướp biển" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%B3%8A" title="海賊 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="海賊" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%9B%97" title="海盗 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="海盗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pirate&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate">Pirate</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Act of robbery or criminality at sea</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the unauthorized use of published media, see <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">Copyright infringement</a>. For the unauthorized downloading of online digital media, see <a href="/wiki/Online_piracy" title="Online piracy">Online piracy</a>. "Pirate" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pirate_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pirate (disambiguation)">Pirate (disambiguation)</a>. "Pirate ship" redirects here. For the amusement ride, see <a href="/wiki/Pirate_ship_(ride)" title="Pirate ship (ride)">Pirate ship (ride)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Very_long plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-very_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">too long</a> to read and navigate comfortably. When this tag was added, its <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SIZERULE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SIZERULE">readable prose size</a> was 15,000 words. Consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> content into sub-articles, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">condensing</a> it, or adding <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections" title="Help:Section">subheadings</a>. Please discuss this issue on the article's <a href="/wiki/Talk:Piracy" title="Talk:Piracy">talk page</a>. (September 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Edward_England.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Edward_England.svg/300px-Flag_of_Edward_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Edward_England.svg/450px-Flag_of_Edward_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Edward_England.svg/600px-Flag_of_Edward_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>The traditional "<a href="/wiki/Jolly_Roger" title="Jolly Roger">Jolly Roger</a>" flag of piracy</figcaption></figure> Piracy is an act of robbery or criminal violence by ship or boat-borne attackers upon another ship or a coastal area, typically with the goal of stealing cargo and other valuable goods. Those who conduct acts of piracy are called pirates, and vessels used for piracy are called pirate ships. The earliest documented instances of piracy were in the 14th century BC, when the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a>, a group of ocean raiders, attacked the ships of the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Aegean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> civilisations. Narrow channels which funnel shipping into predictable routes have long created opportunities for piracy,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> as well as for <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">commerce raiding</a>. Historic examples of such areas include the waters of <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Strait_of_Malacca" title="Piracy in the Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Gulf of Aden</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, whose geographic structures facilitated pirate attacks.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The term piracy generally refers to maritime piracy, although the term has been generalized to refer to acts committed on land,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> in the air, on <a href="/wiki/Cyberspace" title="Cyberspace">computer networks</a>, and (in science fiction) outer space. Piracy usually excludes crimes committed by the perpetrator on their own vessel (e.g. theft), as well as <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateering</a>, which implies <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">authorization by a state government</a>. Piracy or pirating is the name of a specific crime under <a href="/wiki/Customary_international_law" title="Customary international law">customary international law</a> and also the name of a number of crimes under the municipal law of a number of states. <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_21st_century" title="Piracy in the 21st century">In the 21st century</a>, seaborne piracy against transport vessels remains a significant issue, with estimated worldwide losses of US$25 billion in 2023,<a href="#cite_note-Assessment_of_global_shipping_risk-5">[5]</a> increased from US$16 billion in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-foreignaffairs.org-6">[6]</a> The waters between the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, off the <a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Somali coast</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piracy_and_armed_robbery_in_the_Singapore_Strait" title="Piracy and armed robbery in the Singapore Strait">Singapore</a> have frequently been targeted by modern pirates armed with automatic weapons, such as <a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">assault rifles</a>, and machine guns, <a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">grenades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rocket_propelled_grenade" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket propelled grenade">rocket propelled grenades</a>. They often use small motorboats to attack and board ships, a tactic that takes advantage of the small number of crew members on modern cargo vessels and transport ships. The <a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">international community</a> is facing many challenges in bringing modern pirates to <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a>, as these attacks often occur in <a href="/wiki/International_waters" title="International waters">international waters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Nations have used their <a href="/wiki/Naval_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval forces">naval forces</a> to repel and pursue pirates, and some private vessels use armed security guards, high-pressure <a href="/wiki/Water_cannon" title="Water cannon">water cannons</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sound_cannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound cannon">sound cannons</a> to repel boarders, and use <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> to avoid potential threats. Romanticised accounts of piracy during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Sail" title="Age of Sail">Age of Sail</a> have long been a part of Western <a href="/wiki/Pop_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop culture">pop culture</a>. The two-volume <a href="/wiki/A_General_History_of_the_Pyrates" title="A General History of the Pyrates">A General History of the Pyrates</a>, published in London in 1724, is generally credited with bringing key piratical figures and a semi-accurate description of their milieu in the "<a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Piracy" title="Golden Age of Piracy">Golden Age of Piracy</a>" to the public's imagination. The General History inspired and informed many later fictional depictions of piracy, most notably the novels <a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a> (1883) and <a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Wendy" title="Peter and Wendy">Peter Pan</a> (1911), both of which have been adapted and readapted for stage, film, television, and other media across over a century. More recently, pirates of the "golden age" were further stereotyped and popularized by the <a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_(film_series)" title="Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)">Pirates of the Caribbean</a> film franchise, which began in 2003. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The English word "pirate" is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> pirata ("pirate, corsair, sea robber"), which comes from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> πειρατής (peiratēs), "brigand",<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> from πειράομαι (peiráomai), "I attempt", from πεῖρα (peîra), "attempt, experience".<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The meaning of the Greek word peiratēs literally is "anyone who attempts something". Over time it came to be used of anyone who engaged in robbery or brigandry on land or sea.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The term first appeared in English <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300.<a href="#cite_note-Online_Etymology_Dictionary-11">[11]</a> Spelling did not become standardised until the eighteenth century, and spellings such as "pirrot", "pyrate" and "pyrat" occurred until this period.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_piracy" title="Timeline of piracy">Timeline of piracy</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Ancient Mediterranean piracy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romtrireme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Romtrireme.jpg/220px-Romtrireme.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Romtrireme.jpg/330px-Romtrireme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Romtrireme.jpg/440px-Romtrireme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1575" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">Roman trireme</a> in Tunisia</figcaption></figure> The earliest documented instances of piracy are the exploits of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea People">Sea Peoples</a> who threatened the ships sailing in the Aegean and Mediterranean waters in the 14th century BC. In <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenians" title="Tyrrhenians">Tyrrhenians</a> were known as pirates. In the pre-classical era, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">ancient Greeks</a> condoned piracy as a viable profession; it apparently was widespread and "regarded as an entirely honourable way of making a living".<a href="#cite_note-mol-14">[14]</a> References are made to its perfectly normal occurrence in many texts including in Homer's <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>, and abduction of women and children to be sold into slavery was common. By the era of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a>, piracy was looked upon as a "disgrace" to have as a profession.<a href="#cite_note-mol-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In the 3rd century BC, pirate attacks on <a href="/wiki/Olympus_(Lycia)" title="Olympus (Lycia)">Olympus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a> brought impoverishment. Among some of the most famous ancient pirateering peoples were the Illyrians, a people populating the western Balkan peninsula. Constantly raiding the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>, the Illyrians caused many conflicts with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>. It was not until 229 BC when the Romans decisively beat the Illyrian fleets that their threat was ended.<a href="#cite_note-WardHeichelheim2016-16">[16]</a> During the 1st century BC, there were pirate states along the Anatolian coast, threatening the commerce of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in the eastern Mediterranean. On one voyage across the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> in 75 BC,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> was kidnapped and briefly held by <a href="/wiki/Cilician" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilician">Cilician</a> pirates and held prisoner in the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a> islet of <a href="/wiki/Pharmacusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacusa">Pharmacusa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The Senate invested the general <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Magnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus">Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus</a> with powers to deal with piracy in 67 BC (the <a href="/wiki/Lex_Gabinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex Gabinia">Lex Gabinia</a>), and Pompey, after three months of naval warfare, <a href="/wiki/Pompey#Campaign_against_the_pirates" title="Pompey">managed to suppress the threat</a>. As early as 258 AD, the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Gothic</a>-<a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Herulic</a> fleet ravaged towns on the coasts of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a>. The Aegean coast suffered similar attacks a few years later. In 264, the Goths reached <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>, and Gothic pirates landed on Cyprus and <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>. In the process, the Goths seized enormous booty and took thousands into captivity.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 286 AD, <a href="/wiki/Carausius" title="Carausius">Carausius</a>, a Roman military commander of Gaulish origins, was appointed to command the <a href="/wiki/Classis_Britannica" title="Classis Britannica">Classis Britannica</a>, and given the responsibility of eliminating <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon">Saxon</a> pirates who had been raiding the coasts of <a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> and Belgic <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>. In the Roman province of Britannia, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Saint Patrick</a> was captured and enslaved by Irish pirates. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viking_invasion_(Pierpont_Morgan_Library_MS_M.736,_folio_9v)_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Viking_invasion_%28Pierpont_Morgan_Library_MS_M.736%2C_folio_9v%29_crop.jpg/220px-Viking_invasion_%28Pierpont_Morgan_Library_MS_M.736%2C_folio_9v%29_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Viking_invasion_%28Pierpont_Morgan_Library_MS_M.736%2C_folio_9v%29_crop.jpg/330px-Viking_invasion_%28Pierpont_Morgan_Library_MS_M.736%2C_folio_9v%29_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Viking_invasion_%28Pierpont_Morgan_Library_MS_M.736%2C_folio_9v%29_crop.jpg/440px-Viking_invasion_%28Pierpont_Morgan_Library_MS_M.736%2C_folio_9v%29_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1548" data-file-height="2324" /></a><figcaption>A fleet of <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a>, painted mid-12th century</figcaption></figure> The most widely recognized and far-reaching pirates in medieval Europe were the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a>,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> seaborne warriors from <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> who raided and looted mainly between the 8th and 12th centuries, during the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>. They raided the coasts, rivers and inland cities of all Western Europe as far as <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, which was attacked by the Norse in 844. Vikings also attacked the coasts of North Africa and Italy and plundered all the coasts of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. Some Vikings ascended the rivers of Eastern Europe as far as the Black Sea and Persia. In the Late Middle Ages, the <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisian</a> pirates known as <a href="/wiki/Arumer_Zwarte_Hoop" title="Arumer Zwarte Hoop">Arumer Zwarte Hoop</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Pier_Gerlofs_Donia" title="Pier Gerlofs Donia">Pier Gerlofs Donia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wijerd_Jelckama" title="Wijerd Jelckama">Wijerd Jelckama</a>, fought against the troops of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> with some success. Toward the end of the 9th century, Moorish pirate havens were established along the coast of southern France and northern Italy.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In 846 Moor raiders <a href="/wiki/Arab_raid_against_Rome" title="Arab raid against Rome">sacked</a> the extra muros Basilicas of <a href="/wiki/Old_saint_peter%27s_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Old saint peter's basilica">Saint Peter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Saint Paul</a> in Rome. In 911, the bishop of <a href="/wiki/Narbonne" title="Narbonne">Narbonne</a> was unable to return to France from Rome because the Moors from <a href="/wiki/Fraxinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraxinet">Fraxinet</a> controlled all the passes in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>. Moor pirates operated out of the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> in the 10th century. From 824 to 961 <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> pirates in the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Crete" title="Emirate of Crete">Emirate of Crete</a> raided the entire Mediterranean. In the 14th century, raids by Moor pirates forced the Venetian Duke of Crete to ask <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> to keep its fleet on constant guard.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> invasions of the former <a href="/wiki/Roman_province_of_Dalmatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman province of Dalmatia">Roman province of Dalmatia</a> in the 5th and 6th centuries, a tribe called the <a href="/wiki/Narentines" title="Narentines">Narentines</a> revived the old Illyrian piratical habits and often raided the Adriatic Sea starting in the 7th century. Their raids in the Adriatic increased rapidly, until the whole Sea was no longer safe for travel. The Narentines took more liberties in their raiding quests while the Venetian Navy was abroad, as when it was campaigning in Sicilian waters in 827–882. As soon as the Venetian fleet would return to the Adriatic, the Narentines momentarily outcast their habits again, even signing a Treaty in Venice and baptising their Slavic pagan leader into Christianity. In 834 or 835 they broke the treaty and again they raided Venetian traders returning from Benevento. All of Venice's military attempts to punish them in 839 and 840 utterly failed. Later, they raided the Venetians more often, together with the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>. In 846, the Narentines broke through to Venice itself and raided its lagoon city of <a href="/wiki/Caorle" title="Caorle">Caorle</a>. This caused a Byzantine military action against them that brought Christianity to them. After the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Arab</a> raids on the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic coast">Adriatic coast</a> circa 872 and the retreat of the Imperial Navy, the Narentines continued their raids of Venetian waters, causing new conflicts with the Italians in 887–888. The Venetians futilely continued to fight them throughout the 10th and 11th centuries. <a href="/wiki/Domagoj_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Domagoj of Croatia">Domagoj</a> was accused of attacking a ship which was bringing home the papal legates who had participated in <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Roman Catholic)">the Eighth Catholic Ecumenical Council</a>, after which <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_VIII" title="Pope John VIII">Pope John VIII</a> addresses to Domagoj with request that his pirates stop attacking Christians at sea.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitalienbrueder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Vitalienbrueder.jpg/250px-Vitalienbrueder.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Vitalienbrueder.jpg/375px-Vitalienbrueder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Vitalienbrueder.jpg/500px-Vitalienbrueder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="707" /></a><figcaption>The Vitalienbrüder. Piracy became endemic in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> because of the <a href="/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 937, Irish pirates sided with the Scots, Vikings, <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a>, and Welsh in their invasion of England. <a href="/wiki/Athelstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Athelstan">Athelstan</a> drove them back. The <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Slavic piracy</a> in the Baltic Sea ended with the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Arkona" title="Siege of Arkona">Danish conquest</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rani_(Slavic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rani (Slavic tribe)">Rani</a> stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Arkona" title="Cape Arkona">Arkona</a> in 1168. In the 12th century the coasts of western Scandinavia were plundered by <a href="/wiki/Curonians" title="Curonians">Curonians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oeselians" title="Oeselians">Oeselians</a> from the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea. In the 13th and 14th century, pirates threatened the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanseatic">Hanseatic</a> routes and nearly brought sea trade to the brink of extinction. The <a href="/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a> were a companionship of privateers who later turned to piracy as the <a href="/wiki/Likedeelers" class="mw-redirect" title="Likedeelers">Likedeelers</a>. They were especially noted for their leaders <a href="/wiki/Klaus_St%C3%B6rtebeker" title="Klaus Störtebeker">Klaus Störtebeker</a> and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6deke_Michels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gödeke Michels">Gödeke Michels</a>. Until about 1440, maritime trade in both the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, the Baltic Sea and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a> was seriously in danger of attack by the pirates. H. Thomas Milhorn mentions a certain Englishman named William Maurice, convicted of piracy in 1241, as the first person known to have been <a href="/wiki/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="Hanged, drawn and quartered">hanged, drawn and quartered</a>,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> which would indicate that the then-ruling King <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a> took an especially severe view of this crime. The <a href="/wiki/Ushkuiniks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ushkuiniks">ushkuiniks</a> were <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorodian</a> pirates who looted the cities on the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a> Rivers in the 14th century. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cotes_de_la_Mer_Noire._Cosaques_d%27Azof_abordant_un_corsaire_Turc._(1847).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cotes_de_la_Mer_Noire._Cosaques_d%27Azof_abordant_un_corsaire_Turc._%281847%29.jpg/220px-Cotes_de_la_Mer_Noire._Cosaques_d%27Azof_abordant_un_corsaire_Turc._%281847%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cotes_de_la_Mer_Noire._Cosaques_d%27Azof_abordant_un_corsaire_Turc._%281847%29.jpg/330px-Cotes_de_la_Mer_Noire._Cosaques_d%27Azof_abordant_un_corsaire_Turc._%281847%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cotes_de_la_Mer_Noire._Cosaques_d%27Azof_abordant_un_corsaire_Turc._%281847%29.jpg/440px-Cotes_de_la_Mer_Noire._Cosaques_d%27Azof_abordant_un_corsaire_Turc._%281847%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2114" data-file-height="1558" /></a><figcaption>"Cossacks of Azov fighting a Turk ship" by <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Gagarin" title="Grigory Gagarin">Grigory Gagarin</a></figcaption></figure> As early as <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> times, the <a href="/wiki/Maniots" title="Maniots">Maniots</a> (one of Greece's toughest populations) were known as pirates. The Maniots considered piracy as a legitimate response to the fact that their land was poor and it became their main source of income. The main victims of Maniot pirates were the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> but the Maniots also targeted ships of European countries. <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhian_Sich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaporizhian Sich">Zaporizhian Sich</a> was a pirate republic in Europe from the 16th through to the 18th century. Situated in <a href="/wiki/Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack">Cossack</a> territory in the remote <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">steppe</a> of Eastern Europe, it was populated with Ukrainian peasants that had run away from their feudal masters, outlaws, destitute gentry, run-away slaves from Turkish <a href="/wiki/Galleys" class="mw-redirect" title="Galleys">galleys</a>, etc. The remoteness of the place and the rapids at the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> river effectively guarded the place from invasions of vengeful powers. The main target of the inhabitants of the Zaporizhian Sich who called themselves "Cossacks", were rich settlements at the Black Sea shores of Ottoman Empire and <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By 1615 and 1625, <a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a> had even managed to raze townships on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, forcing the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Sultan">Ottoman Sultan</a> to flee his palace.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Don_Cossacks" title="Don Cossacks">Don Cossacks</a> under <a href="/wiki/Stenka_Razin" title="Stenka Razin">Stenka Razin</a> even ravaged the Persian coasts.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mediterranean_corsairs">Mediterranean corsairs</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_piracy" title="Albanian piracy">Albanian piracy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_French_Ship_and_Barbary_Pirates_(c_1615)_by_Aert_Anthoniszoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/A_French_Ship_and_Barbary_Pirates_%28c_1615%29_by_Aert_Anthoniszoon.jpg/250px-A_French_Ship_and_Barbary_Pirates_%28c_1615%29_by_Aert_Anthoniszoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/A_French_Ship_and_Barbary_Pirates_%28c_1615%29_by_Aert_Anthoniszoon.jpg/375px-A_French_Ship_and_Barbary_Pirates_%28c_1615%29_by_Aert_Anthoniszoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/A_French_Ship_and_Barbary_Pirates_%28c_1615%29_by_Aert_Anthoniszoon.jpg/500px-A_French_Ship_and_Barbary_Pirates_%28c_1615%29_by_Aert_Anthoniszoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="909" /></a><figcaption>A French ship under attack by Barbary pirates, ca. 1615</figcaption></figure> Though less famous and romanticized than Atlantic or Caribbean pirates, corsairs in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> equaled or outnumbered the former at any given point in history.<a href="#cite_note-Earle_2003,_p._89-25">[25]</a> Mediterranean piracy was conducted almost entirely with galleys until the mid-17th century, when they were gradually replaced with highly maneuverable sailing vessels such as <a href="/wiki/Xebec" title="Xebec">xebecs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brigantine" title="Brigantine">brigantines</a>. They were of a smaller type than battle galleys, often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Galiot" title="Galiot">galiots</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fusta" title="Fusta">fustas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Pirate galleys were small, nimble, lightly armed, but often crewed in large numbers in order to overwhelm the often minimal crews of merchant ships. In general, pirate craft were extremely difficult for patrolling craft to actually hunt down and capture. <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hilarion_de_Tourville" title="Anne Hilarion de Tourville">Anne Hilarion de Tourville</a>, a French admiral of the 17th century, believed that the only way to run down raiders from the infamous corsair Moroccan port of <a href="/wiki/Sal%C3%A9" title="Salé">Salé</a> was by using a captured pirate vessel of the same type.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Using oared vessels to combat pirates was common, and was even practiced by the major powers in the Caribbean. Purpose-built galleys, or hybrid sailing vessels, were built by the English in Jamaica in 1683<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> and by the Spanish in the late 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Specially-built sailing frigates with oar-ports on the lower decks, like the James Galley and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Galley" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Galley">Charles Galley</a>, and oar-equipped sloops proved highly useful for pirate hunting, though they were not built in sufficient numbers to check piracy until the 1720s.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The expansion of Muslim power through the Ottoman conquest of large parts of the eastern Mediterranean in the 15th and 16th century resulted in extensive piracy on sea trading. The so-called <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a> began to operate out of North African ports in Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, Morocco around 1500, preying primarily on the shipping of Christian powers, including massive slave raids at sea as well as on land. The Barbary pirates were nominally under Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a>, but had considerable independence to prey on the enemies of Islam. The Muslim corsairs were technically often privateers with support from legitimate, though highly belligerent, states. They considered themselves as holy Muslim warriors, or <a href="/wiki/Ghazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghazis">ghazis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> carrying on the tradition of fighting the incursion of Western Christians that had begun with the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a> late in the 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-Earle_2003,_pp._39-52-32">[32]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anglo-Dutch_fleet_in_the_bay_of_Algiers_as_support_for_the_ultimatum_demanding_the_release_of_white_slaves_on_august_26_1816_(Nicolaas_Baur,_1818).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Anglo-Dutch_fleet_in_the_bay_of_Algiers_as_support_for_the_ultimatum_demanding_the_release_of_white_slaves_on_august_26_1816_%28Nicolaas_Baur%2C_1818%29.jpg/220px-Anglo-Dutch_fleet_in_the_bay_of_Algiers_as_support_for_the_ultimatum_demanding_the_release_of_white_slaves_on_august_26_1816_%28Nicolaas_Baur%2C_1818%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Anglo-Dutch_fleet_in_the_bay_of_Algiers_as_support_for_the_ultimatum_demanding_the_release_of_white_slaves_on_august_26_1816_%28Nicolaas_Baur%2C_1818%29.jpg/330px-Anglo-Dutch_fleet_in_the_bay_of_Algiers_as_support_for_the_ultimatum_demanding_the_release_of_white_slaves_on_august_26_1816_%28Nicolaas_Baur%2C_1818%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Anglo-Dutch_fleet_in_the_bay_of_Algiers_as_support_for_the_ultimatum_demanding_the_release_of_white_slaves_on_august_26_1816_%28Nicolaas_Baur%2C_1818%29.jpg/440px-Anglo-Dutch_fleet_in_the_bay_of_Algiers_as_support_for_the_ultimatum_demanding_the_release_of_white_slaves_on_august_26_1816_%28Nicolaas_Baur%2C_1818%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1978" data-file-height="1397" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> by the Anglo-Dutch fleet in 1816 to support the ultimatum to release European slaves</figcaption></figure> Coastal villages and towns of Italy, Spain and <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">islands in the Mediterranean</a> were frequently attacked by Muslim corsairs, and long stretches of the Italian and Spanish coasts were almost completely abandoned by their inhabitants. After 1600, the Barbary corsairs occasionally entered the Atlantic and struck as far north as Iceland. According to Robert Davis between 1 million and 1.25 million Europeans were captured by Barbary corsairs and sold as slaves in North Africa and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> between the 16th and 19th centuries. The most famous corsairs were the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin</a> and his older brother <a href="/wiki/Oru%C3%A7_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruç Reis">Oruç Reis</a> (Redbeard), <a href="/wiki/Turgut_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Turgut Reis">Turgut Reis</a> (known as Dragut in the West), <a href="/wiki/Kurtoglu_Muslihiddin_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurtoglu Muslihiddin Reis">Kurtoglu</a> (known as Curtogoli in the West), <a href="/wiki/Kemal_Reis" title="Kemal Reis">Kemal Reis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salih_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Salih Reis">Salih Reis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koca_Murat_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Koca Murat Reis">Koca Murat Reis</a>. A few Barbary corsairs, such as the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Jan_Janszoon" title="Jan Janszoon">Jan Janszoon</a> and the English <a href="/wiki/John_Ward_(pirate)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Ward (pirate)">John Ward</a> (Muslim name Yusuf Reis), were renegade European privateers who had converted to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The Barbary pirates had a direct Christian counterpart in the military order of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Saint_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights of Saint John">Knights of Saint John</a> that operated first out of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> and after 1530 <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, though they were less numerous and took fewer slaves. Both sides waged war against the respective enemies of their faith, and both used galleys as their primary weapons. Both sides also used captured or bought <a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">galley slaves</a> to man the oars of their ships. The Muslims relied mostly on captured Christians, the Christians used a mix of Muslim slaves, Christian convicts and a small contingency of buonavoglie, free men who out of desperation or poverty had taken to rowing.<a href="#cite_note-Earle_2003,_pp._39-52-32">[32]</a> Historian Peter Earle has described the two sides of the Christian-Muslim Mediterranean conflict as "mirror image[s] of maritime predation, two businesslike fleets of plunderers set against each other".<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> This conflict of faith in the form of privateering, piracy and slave raiding generated a complex system that was upheld/financed/operated on the trade in plunder and slaves that was generated from a low-intensive conflict, as well as the need for protection from violence. The system has been described as a "massive, multinational protection racket",<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> the Christian side of which was not ended until 1798 in the Napoleonic Wars. The Barbary corsairs were quelled as late as the 1830s, effectively ending the last vestiges of counter-crusading <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amaro_Pargo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Amaro_Pargo.jpg/220px-Amaro_Pargo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Amaro_Pargo.jpg/330px-Amaro_Pargo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Amaro_Pargo.jpg/440px-Amaro_Pargo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amaro_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Felipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaro Rodríguez Felipe">Amaro Pargo</a> was one of the most famous corsairs of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Piracy" title="Golden Age of Piracy">Golden Age of Piracy</a></figcaption></figure> Piracy off the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary coast">Barbary coast</a> was often assisted by competition among European powers in the 17th century. France encouraged the corsairs against Spain, and later Britain and Holland supported them against France. By the second half of the 17th century the greater European naval powers began to initiate reprisals to intimidate the Barbary States into making peace with them. The most successful of the Christian states in dealing with the corsair threat was England.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] From the 1630s onwards England had signed peace treaties with the Barbary States on various occasions, but invariably breaches of these agreements led to renewed wars. <a href="/wiki/Albanian_piracy" title="Albanian piracy">Albanian piracy</a>, mainly centered in the town of <a href="/wiki/Ulcinj" title="Ulcinj">Ulcinj</a> (thus came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Albanian_piracy" title="Albanian piracy">Dulcignotti</a>), flourished during the 15th to the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> France, which had recently emerged as a leading naval power, achieved comparable success soon afterwards, with bombardments of Algiers in 1682, 1683 and 1688 securing a lasting peace, while Tripoli was similarly coerced in 1686. In 1783 and 1784 the Spaniards bombarded <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> in an effort to stem the piracy. The <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1784)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1784)">second time</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Barcel%C3%B3" title="Antonio Barceló">Admiral Barceló</a> damaged the city so severely that the Algerian <a href="/wiki/Dey" title="Dey">Dey</a> asked Spain to negotiate a peace treaty. From then on, Spanish vessels and coasts were safe for several years.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Until the American <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> in 1776, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> treaties with the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Africa">North African</a> states protected American ships from the <a href="/wiki/Barbary" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary">Barbary</a> corsairs. <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, which in 1777 was <a href="/wiki/Moroccan%E2%80%93American_Treaty_of_Friendship" title="Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship">the first independent nation to publicly recognize the United States</a>, became in 1784 the first Barbary power to seize an American vessel after independence. While the United States managed to secure peace treaties, these obliged it to pay tribute for protection from attack. Payments in ransom and tribute to the Barbary states amounted to 20% of United States government annual expenditures in 1800,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> leading to the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Wars" title="Barbary Wars">Barbary Wars</a> that ended the payment of tribute. Algiers broke the 1805 peace treaty after only two years, and refused to implement the 1815 treaty until compelled to do so by Britain in 1816. In 1815, the sacking of Palma on the island of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> by a Tunisian squadron, which carried off 158 inhabitants, roused widespread indignation. Britain had <a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act_1807" title="Slave Trade Act 1807">by this time banned the slave trade</a> and was seeking to induce other countries to do likewise. This led to complaints from states which were still vulnerable to the corsairs that Britain's enthusiasm for ending the trade in <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">African slaves</a> did not extend to stopping the enslavement of Europeans and Americans by the Barbary States. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Decatur_Boarding_the_Tripolitan_Gunboat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Decatur_Boarding_the_Tripolitan_Gunboat.jpg/240px-Decatur_Boarding_the_Tripolitan_Gunboat.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Decatur_Boarding_the_Tripolitan_Gunboat.jpg/360px-Decatur_Boarding_the_Tripolitan_Gunboat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Decatur_Boarding_the_Tripolitan_Gunboat.jpg/480px-Decatur_Boarding_the_Tripolitan_Gunboat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5079" data-file-height="3717" /></a><figcaption>U.S. naval officer <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Decatur" title="Stephen Decatur">Stephen Decatur</a> boarding a Tripolitan gunboat during the <a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a>, 1804</figcaption></figure> In order to neutralise this objection and further the anti-slavery campaign, in 1816 <a href="/wiki/Edward_Pellew,_1st_Viscount_Exmouth" title="Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth">Lord Exmouth</a> was sent to secure new concessions from <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Tunis" title="Beylik of Tunis">Tunis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Algiers</a>, including a pledge to treat Christian captives in any future conflict as <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> rather than slaves and the imposition of peace between Algiers and the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Piedmont-Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Piedmont-Sardinia">Sardinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Sicily</a>. On his first visit he negotiated satisfactory treaties and sailed for home. While he was negotiating, a number of Sardinian fishermen who had settled at <a href="/wiki/Annaba" title="Annaba">Bona</a> on the Tunisian coast were brutally treated without his knowledge. As <a href="/wiki/Sardinians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardinians">Sardinians</a> they were technically under British protection and the government sent Exmouth back to secure reparation. On August 17, in combination with a Dutch squadron under Admiral Van de Capellen, he bombarded Algiers.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-41">[41]</a> Both Algiers and Tunis made fresh concessions as a result. Securing uniform compliance with a total prohibition of slave-raiding, which was traditionally of central importance to the North African economy, presented difficulties beyond those faced in ending attacks on ships of individual nations, which had left slavers able to continue their accustomed way of life by preying on less well-protected peoples. Algiers renewed its slave-raiding, though on a smaller scale. Measures to be taken against the city's government were discussed at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1818)" title="Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818)">Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle</a> in 1818. In 1820, another British fleet under Admiral Sir Harry Neal again bombarded Algiers. Corsair activity based in Algiers did not entirely cease until its <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria#French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French Algeria">conquest by France in 1830</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sultanates_of_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Sultanates of Southeast Asia">Slavery in Sultanates of Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas" title="Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas">Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Balanguingui" title="Spanish expedition to Balanguingui">Spanish expedition to Balanguingui</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Iranun_(Ilanun)_Moro_%27pirate%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/The_Iranun_%28Ilanun%29_Moro_%27pirate%27.jpg/170px-The_Iranun_%28Ilanun%29_Moro_%27pirate%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/The_Iranun_%28Ilanun%29_Moro_%27pirate%27.jpg/255px-The_Iranun_%28Ilanun%29_Moro_%27pirate%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/The_Iranun_%28Ilanun%29_Moro_%27pirate%27.jpg/340px-The_Iranun_%28Ilanun%29_Moro_%27pirate%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="1315" /></a><figcaption>A 19th-century illustration of an <a href="/wiki/Iranun" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranun">Iranun</a> pirate</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Thalassocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Thalassocratic">thalassocratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian cultures</a> in <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a>, maritime raids for slaves and resources against rival polities have ancient origins. It was associated with prestige and prowess and often recorded in tattoos. Reciprocal raiding traditions were recorded by early European cultures as being prevalent throughout Island Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-warren-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-warren2-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-turbulent_waters-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lobato-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-junker-46">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iban_Prahu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Iban_Prahu.jpg/220px-Iban_Prahu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Iban_Prahu.jpg/330px-Iban_Prahu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Iban_Prahu.jpg/440px-Iban_Prahu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Iban war <a href="/wiki/Perahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Perahu">prahu</a> in Skerang river</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranun_lanong_warship_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_(1890).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Iranun_lanong_warship_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.jpg/220px-Iranun_lanong_warship_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Iranun_lanong_warship_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.jpg/330px-Iranun_lanong_warship_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Iranun_lanong_warship_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.jpg/440px-Iranun_lanong_warship_by_Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n_%281890%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>1890 illustration by <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Monle%C3%B3n" title="Rafael Monleón">Rafael Monleón</a> of a late 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Iranun" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranun">Iranun</a> <a href="/wiki/Lanong" title="Lanong">lanong</a> warship. The <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> word for "pirate", lanun, originates from an <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> of the Iranun people</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Double-barelled_Lantaka_of_artistic_design_and_Moro_arms_(c._1900,_Philippines).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Double-barelled_Lantaka_of_artistic_design_and_Moro_arms_%28c._1900%2C_Philippines%29.jpg/170px-Double-barelled_Lantaka_of_artistic_design_and_Moro_arms_%28c._1900%2C_Philippines%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Double-barelled_Lantaka_of_artistic_design_and_Moro_arms_%28c._1900%2C_Philippines%29.jpg/255px-Double-barelled_Lantaka_of_artistic_design_and_Moro_arms_%28c._1900%2C_Philippines%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Double-barelled_Lantaka_of_artistic_design_and_Moro_arms_%28c._1900%2C_Philippines%29.jpg/340px-Double-barelled_Lantaka_of_artistic_design_and_Moro_arms_%28c._1900%2C_Philippines%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Double-barrelled <a href="/wiki/Lantaka" title="Lantaka">lantaka</a> cannons, <a href="/wiki/Kalasag" title="Kalasag">kalasag</a> shields, armor, and various swords (including <a href="/wiki/Kalis" title="Kalis">kalis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panabas" title="Panabas">panabas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kampilan" title="Kampilan">kampilan</a>) used by <a href="/wiki/Moro_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Moro pirates">Moro pirates</a> in the Philippines (c. 1900)</figcaption></figure> With the advent of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Era">colonial era</a>, slaves became a valuable resource for trading with European, Arab, and Chinese slavers, and the volume of piracy and slave raids increased significantly.<a href="#cite_note-junker-46">[46]</a> Numerous native peoples engaged in sea raiding; they include the <a href="/wiki/Iranun" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranun">Iranun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balanguingui" class="mw-redirect" title="Balanguingui">Balanguingui</a> slavers of <a href="/wiki/Sulu" title="Sulu">Sulu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a> <a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">headhunters</a> of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a> sailors of <a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay people">Malays</a> of western Southeast Asia. Piracy was also practiced by foreign seafarers on a smaller scale, including Chinese, Japanese, and European traders, renegades, and outlaws.<a href="#cite_note-turbulent_waters-44">[44]</a> The volume of piracy and raids were often dependent on the ebb and flow of trade and <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoons</a>, with pirate season (known colloquially as the "Pirate Wind") starting from August to September.<a href="#cite_note-warren2-43">[43]</a> Slave raids were of high economic importance to the Muslim Sultanates in the <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Sea" title="Sulu Sea">Sulu Sea</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Sultanate of Maguindanao</a>, and the Confederation of Sultanates in Lanao (the modern <a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro people</a>). It is estimated that from 1770 to 1870, around 200,000 to 300,000 people were enslaved by <a href="/wiki/Iranun" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranun">Iranun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banguingui" class="mw-redirect" title="Banguingui">Banguingui</a> slavers.<a href="#cite_note-warren-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-warren2-43">[43]</a> David P. Forsythe put the estimate much higher, at around 2 million slaves captured within the first two centuries of Spanish rule of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> after 1565.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombardment_Balanguingui.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bombardment_Balanguingui.jpg/220px-Bombardment_Balanguingui.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bombardment_Balanguingui.jpg/330px-Bombardment_Balanguingui.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bombardment_Balanguingui.jpg/440px-Bombardment_Balanguingui.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>Spanish warships bombarding the <a href="/wiki/Moro_Pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Moro Pirates">Moro Pirates</a> of the southern Philippines in 1848</figcaption></figure> These slaves were taken from piracy on passing ships as well as coastal raids on settlements as far as the <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Strait" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacca Strait">Malacca Strait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, the southern coast of China and the islands beyond the <a href="/wiki/Makassar_Strait" title="Makassar Strait">Makassar Strait</a>. Most of the slaves were <a href="/wiki/Tagalogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagalogs">Tagalogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayans</a>, and "Malays" (including <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandarese_people" title="Mandarese people">Mandarese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Makassar_people" title="Makassar people">Makassar</a>). There were also occasional European and Chinese captives who were usually ransomed off through <a href="/wiki/Tausug_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tausug people">Tausug</a> intermediaries of the <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulu Sultanate">Sulu Sultanate</a>. Slaves were the primary indicators of wealth and status, and they were the source of labor for the farms, fisheries, and workshops of the sultanates. While personal slaves were rarely sold, they trafficked extensively in slaves purchased from the Iranun and Banguingui <a href="/wiki/Slave_market" title="Slave market">slave markets</a>. By the 1850s, slaves constituted 50% or more of the population of the Sulu archipelago.<a href="#cite_note-warren-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-turbulent_waters-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-warren2-43">[43]</a> The scale was so massive that the word for "pirate" in <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> became lanun, an <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> of the Iranun people. The economy of the Sulu sultanates was largely run by slaves and the slave trade. Male captives of the Iranun and the Banguingui were treated brutally, even fellow Muslim captives were not spared. They were usually forced to serve as <a href="/wiki/Galley_slave" title="Galley slave">galley slaves</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Lanong" title="Lanong">lanong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garay_(ship)" title="Garay (ship)">garay</a> warships of their captors. Female captives, however, were usually treated better. There were no recorded accounts of rapes, though some were starved for discipline. Within a year of capture, most of the captives of the Iranun and Banguingui would be bartered off in <a href="/wiki/Jolo,_Sulu" title="Jolo, Sulu">Jolo</a> usually for rice, opium, bolts of cloth, iron bars, brassware, and weapons. The buyers were usually Tausug <a href="/wiki/Datu" title="Datu">datu</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a> who had preferential treatment, but buyers also included European (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese empire">Portuguese</a>) and Chinese traders as well as <a href="/wiki/Visayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Visayan">Visayan</a> pirates (renegados).<a href="#cite_note-warren2-43">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Fight_with_Buginese_perahu,_watercolour_by_J.E._van_Heemskerck_van_Beest,_1820.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/A_Fight_with_Buginese_perahu%2C_watercolour_by_J.E._van_Heemskerck_van_Beest%2C_1820.jpg/170px-A_Fight_with_Buginese_perahu%2C_watercolour_by_J.E._van_Heemskerck_van_Beest%2C_1820.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/A_Fight_with_Buginese_perahu%2C_watercolour_by_J.E._van_Heemskerck_van_Beest%2C_1820.jpg/255px-A_Fight_with_Buginese_perahu%2C_watercolour_by_J.E._van_Heemskerck_van_Beest%2C_1820.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/A_Fight_with_Buginese_perahu%2C_watercolour_by_J.E._van_Heemskerck_van_Beest%2C_1820.jpg/340px-A_Fight_with_Buginese_perahu%2C_watercolour_by_J.E._van_Heemskerck_van_Beest%2C_1820.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1455" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>A fight between Filipino pirates, Bugis trading ship, and Dutch mariners.</figcaption></figure> Spanish authorities and native Christian Filipinos responded to the Moro slave raids by building watchtowers and forts across the Philippine archipelago, many of which are still standing today. Some provincial capitals were also moved further inland. Major command posts were built in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cavite_City" title="Cavite City">Cavite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iloilo_City" title="Iloilo City">Iloilo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iligan" title="Iligan">Iligan</a>. Defending ships were also built by local communities, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Visayas_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Visayas Islands">Visayas Islands</a>, including the construction of war "barangayanes" (<a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">balangay</a>) that were faster than the Moro raiders and could give chase. As resistance against raiders increased, <a href="/wiki/Lanong" title="Lanong">Lanong</a> warships of the Iranun were eventually replaced by the smaller and faster <a href="/wiki/Garay_(ship)" title="Garay (ship)">garay</a> warships of the Banguingui in the early 19th century. The Moro raids were eventually subdued by several major naval expeditions by the Spanish and local forces from 1848 to 1891, including retaliatory bombardment and capture of Moro settlements. By this time, the Spanish had also acquired <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steam gunboats</a> (vapor), which could easily overtake and destroy the native Moro warships.<a href="#cite_note-warren-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-non-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-barrows-49">[49]</a> Aside from the Iranun and Banguingui pirates, other polities were also associated with maritime raiding. The Bugis sailors of <a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a> were infamous as pirates who used to range as far west as Singapore and as far north as the Philippines in search of targets for piracy.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Orang_laut" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang laut">Orang laut</a> pirates controlled shipping in the Straits of Malacca and the waters around Singapore,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_Dayak" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea Dayak">Sea Dayak</a> pirates preyed on maritime shipping in the waters between Singapore and Hong Kong from their haven in <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Borneo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3></div> In East Asia by the ninth century, populations centered mostly around merchant activities in coastal <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>. Wealthy benefactors including <a href="/wiki/Jang_Bogo" title="Jang Bogo">Jang Bogo</a> established <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> Buddhist temples in the region. Jang Bogo had become incensed at the treatment of his fellow countrymen, who in the unstable milieu of late Tang often fell victim to coastal pirates or inland bandits. After returning to Silla around 825, and in possession of a formidable private fleet headquartered at Cheonghae (<a href="/wiki/Wando_County" title="Wando County">Wando</a>), Jang Bogo petitioned the Silla king Heungdeok (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 826–836) to establish a permanent maritime garrison to protect Silla merchant activities in the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a>. Heungdeok agreed and in 828 formally established the Cheonghae (淸海, "clear sea") Garrison (청해진) at what is today Wando island off Korea's South Jeolla province. Heungdeok gave Jang an army of 10,000 men to establish and man the defensive works. The remnants of Cheonghae Garrison can still be seen on Jang islet just off Wando's southern coast. Jang's force, though nominally bequeathed by the Silla king, was effectively under his own control. Jang became arbiter of Yellow Sea commerce and navigation.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> From the 13th century, Wokou based in Japan made their debut in East Asia, initiating invasions that would persist for 300 years. The wokou raids <a href="/wiki/Jiajing_wokou_raids" title="Jiajing wokou raids">peaked in the 1550s</a>, but by then the wokou were mostly Chinese smugglers who reacted strongly against the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>'s strict prohibition on private sea trade. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wokou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Wokou.jpg/220px-Wokou.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Wokou.jpg/330px-Wokou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Wokou.jpg/440px-Wokou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Sixteenth century <a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">Japanese</a> pirate raids</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Qing" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing">Qing</a> period, Chinese pirate fleets grew increasingly large. The effects large-scale piracy had on the Chinese economy were immense. They preyed voraciously on China's junk trade, which flourished in <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> and was a vital artery of Chinese commerce. Pirate fleets exercised <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> over villages on the coast, collecting revenue by exacting tribute and running <a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">extortion</a> rackets. In 1802, the menacing <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yi_(pirate)" title="Zheng Yi (pirate)">Zheng Yi</a> inherited the fleet of his cousin, captain Zheng Qi, whose death provided Zheng Yi with considerably more influence in the world of piracy. Zheng Yi and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yi_Sao" title="Zheng Yi Sao">Zheng Yi Sao</a> (who would eventually inherit the leadership of his pirate confederacy) then formed a pirate coalition that, by 1804, consisted of over ten thousand men. Their military might alone was sufficient to combat the Qing navy. However, a combination of famine, Qing naval opposition, and internal rifts crippled piracy in China around the 1820s, and it has never again reached the same status. In the 1840s and 1850s, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> and Royal Navy forces campaigned together against Chinese pirates. Major battles were fought such as those at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ty-ho_Bay" title="Battle of Ty-ho Bay">Ty-ho Bay</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tonkin_River" title="Battle of Tonkin River">Tonkin River</a> though pirate <a href="/wiki/Junks" class="mw-redirect" title="Junks">junks</a> continued operating off China for years more. However, some British and American individual citizens also volunteered to serve with Chinese pirates to fight against European forces. The British offered rewards for the capture of westerners serving with Chinese pirates. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a>, piratical junks were again destroyed in large numbers by British naval forces but ultimately it was not until the 1860s and 1870s that fleets of pirate junks ceased to exist. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4ChinesePirates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/4ChinesePirates.jpg/220px-4ChinesePirates.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/4ChinesePirates.jpg/330px-4ChinesePirates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/4ChinesePirates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption>Four Chinese pirates who were hanged in Hong Kong in 1863</figcaption></figure> Chinese Pirates also plagued the Tonkin Gulf area.<a href="#cite_note-KleinenOsseweijer2010-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Piracy_in_the_Ming_dynasty">Piracy in the Ming dynasty</h4></div> Pirates in the <a href="/wiki/Ming" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming">Ming</a> era tended to come from populations on the geographic periphery of the state.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> They were recruited largely from the lower classes of society, including poor fishermen, and many were fleeing from obligatory labor on state-building projects organized by the dynasty. These lower-class men, and sometimes women, may have fled taxation or conscription by the state in the search of better opportunities and wealth, and willingly joined local pirate bands.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> These local, lower class individuals seem to have felt unrepresented, and traded the small amount of security afforded them from their allegiance to the state for the promise of a relatively improved existence engaging in smuggling or other illegal trade. Originally, pirates in the coastal areas near Fujian and Zhejiang may have been Japanese, suggested by the Ming government referring to them as "<a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">wokou</a> (倭寇)", but it is probable that piracy was a multi-ethnic profession by the 16th century, although coastal brigands continued to be referred to as wokou in many government documents.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Most pirates were probably <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>, but Japanese and even Europeans engaged in pirate activities in the region.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Illegal_trade_and_authority">Illegal trade and authority</h4></div> Pirates engaged in a number of different schemes to make a living. Smuggling and illegal trade overseas were major sources of revenue for pirate bands, both large and small.<a href="#cite_note-Higgins._1980._p._31-61">[61]</a> As the Ming government mostly outlawed private trade overseas, at least until the overseas silver trade contributed to a lifting of the ban, pirates basically could almost by default control the market for any number of foreign goods.<a href="#cite_note-Higgins._1980._p._31-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Von_Glahn._2016._p._308-63">[63]</a> The geography of the coastline made chasing pirates quite difficult for the authorities, and private overseas trade began to transform coastal societies by the 15th century, as nearly all aspects of the local society benefitted from or associated with illegal trade.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The desire to trade for silver eventually led to open conflict between the Ming and illegal smugglers and pirates. This conflict, along with local merchants in southern China, helped persuade the Ming court to end the <a href="/wiki/Haijin" title="Haijin">haijin</a> ban on private international trade in 1567.<a href="#cite_note-Von_Glahn._2016._p._308-63">[63]</a> Pirates also projected local political authority.<a href="#cite_note-:1-65">[65]</a> Larger pirate bands could act as local governing bodies for coastal communities, collecting taxes and engaging in "protection" schemes. In addition to illegal goods, pirates ostensibly offered security to communities on land in exchange for a tax.<a href="#cite_note-:2-66">[66]</a> These bands also wrote and codified laws that redistributed wealth, punished crimes, and provided protection for the taxed community.<a href="#cite_note-:1-65">[65]</a> These laws were strictly followed by the pirates, as well.<a href="#cite_note-:3-67">[67]</a> The political structures tended to look similar to the Ming structures.<a href="#cite_note-:3-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hierarchy_and_structure">Hierarchy and structure</h4></div> Pirates did not tend to stay pirates permanently. It seems to have been relatively easy both to join and leave a pirate band, and these raiding groups were more interested in maintaining a willing force.<a href="#cite_note-:4-68">[68]</a> Members of these pirate groups did not tend to stay longer than a few months or years at a time.<a href="#cite_note-:4-68">[68]</a> There appears to have been a hierarchy in most pirate organizations. Pirate leaders could become very wealthy and powerful, especially when working with the Chinese dynasty, and, consequently, so could those who served under them.<a href="#cite_note-:2-66">[66]</a> These pirate groups were organized similarly to other "escape societies" throughout history, and maintained a redistributive system to reward looting; the pirates directly responsible for looting or pillaging got their cut first, and the rest was allocated to the rest of the pirate community.<a href="#cite_note-:2-66">[66]</a> There seems to be evidence that there was an egalitarian aspect to these communities, with capability to do the job being rewarded explicitly. The pirates themselves had some special privileges under the law when they interacted with communities on land, mostly in the form of extra allotments of redistributed wealth.<a href="#cite_note-:2-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clientele">Clientele</h4></div> Pirates, of course, had to sell their loot. They had trading relationships with land communities and foreign traders in the southeastern regions of China. <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Wan" title="Zhu Wan">Zhu Wan</a>, who held the office of Grand Coordinator for Coastal Defense, documented that pirates in the region to which he had been sent had the support of the local elite gentry class.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> These "pirates in gowns and caps" directly or indirectly sponsored pirate activity and certainly directly benefitted from the illegal private trade in the region. When Zhu Wan or other officials from the capital attempted to eliminate the pirate problem, these local elites fought back, having Zhu Wan demoted and eventually even sent back to Beijing to possibly be executed.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The gentry who benefitted from illegal maritime trade were too powerful and influential, and they were clearly very invested in the smuggling activities of the pirate community.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In addition to their relationship with the local elite class on the coast, pirates also had complicated and often friendly relationships and partnerships with the dynasty itself, as well as with international traders.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> When pirate groups recognized the authority of the dynasty, they would often be allowed to operate freely and even profit from the relationship. There were also opportunities for these pirates to ally themselves with colonial projects from Europe or other overseas powers.<a href="#cite_note-MacKay._2013._p._559-73">[73]</a> Both the dynasty and foreign colonial projects would employ pirates as mercenaries to establish dominance in the coastal region.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Because of how difficult it was for established state powers to control these regions, pirates seem to have had a lot of freedom to choose their allies and their preferred markets.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Included in this list of possible allies, sea marauders and pirates even found opportunities to bribe military officials as they engaged in illegal trade.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> They seem to have been incentivized mostly by money and loot, and so could afford to play the field with regards to their political or military allies. Because pirate organizations could be so powerful locally, the Ming government made concerted efforts to weaken them. The presence of colonial projects complicated this, however, as pirates could ally themselves with other maritime powers or local elites to stay in business. The Chinese government was clearly aware of the power of some of these pirate groups, as some documents even refer to them as "sea rebels," a reference to the political nature of pirates.<a href="#cite_note-MacKay._2013._p._559-73">[73]</a> Pirates like <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Zhilong" title="Zheng Zhilong">Zheng Zhilong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Chenggong" class="mw-redirect" title="Zheng Chenggong">Zheng Chenggong</a> accrued tremendous local power, eventually even being hired as naval commanders by the Chinese dynasties and foreign maritime powers.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Bawarij" title="Bawarij">Bawarij</a> were <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi people">Sindhi</a> pirates named for their distinctive <a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">barja warships</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> who were active between 251 and 865 AD.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Their frequent piracy and the incident in which they looted two treasure ships coming from Ceylon became the <a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Sindh">Umayyad conquest of Sindh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Pirates who accepted the Royal Pardon from the <a href="/wiki/Chola_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola Dynasty">Chola Empire</a> would get to serve in the <a href="/wiki/Chola_Navy" title="Chola Navy">Chola Navy</a> as "Kallarani". They would be used as coast guards, or sent on recon missions to deal with Arab piracy in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>. Their function is similar to the 18th century <a href="/wiki/Privateers" class="mw-redirect" title="Privateers">privateers</a>, used by the Royal Navy. Starting in the 14th century, the <a href="/wiki/Deccan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan">Deccan</a> (Southern Peninsular region of India) was divided into two entities: on the one side stood the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmani Sultanate</a> and on the other stood the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu king">Hindu kings</a> rallied around the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a>. Continuous wars demanded frequent resupplies of fresh horses, which were imported through sea routes from Persia and Africa. This trade was subjected to frequent raids by thriving bands of pirates based in the coastal cities of Western India. One of such was <a href="/wiki/Timoji" title="Timoji">Timoji</a>, who operated off <a href="/wiki/Anjadip_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Anjadip Island">Anjadip Island</a> both as a privateer (by seizing horse traders, that he rendered to the <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">raja</a> of <a href="/wiki/Honavar" class="mw-redirect" title="Honavar">Honavar</a>) and as a pirate who attacked the Kerala merchant fleets that traded pepper with <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>. During the 16th and 17th centuries, there was frequent European piracy against <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> Indian merchants, especially those <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Grand_Mughal_Fleet" title="Capture of the Grand Mughal Fleet">en route to Mecca</a> for <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a>. The situation came to a head when the Portuguese attacked and captured the vessel Rahimi which belonged to <a href="/wiki/Mariam_Zamani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariam Zamani">Mariam Zamani</a> the Mughal queen, which led to the Mughal seizure of the Portuguese town Daman.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In the 18th century, the famous <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Maratha</a> privateer <a href="/wiki/Kanhoji_Angre" title="Kanhoji Angre">Kanhoji Angre</a> ruled the seas between Mumbai and Goa.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The Marathas attacked British shipping and insisted that <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> ships pay taxes if sailing through their waters.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_Gulf">Persian Gulf</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Piracy in the Persian Gulf">Piracy in the Persian Gulf</a></div> The southern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> was known to the British from the late 18th century as the <a href="/wiki/Pirate_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate Coast">Pirate Coast</a>, where control of the seaways of the Persian Gulf was asserted by the Qawasim (<a href="/wiki/Al_Qasimi" title="Al Qasimi">Al Qasimi</a>) and other local maritime powers. Memories of the privations carried out on the coast by Portuguese raiders under Albuquerque were long and local powers antipathetic as a consequence to Christian powers asserting dominance of their coastal waters.<a href="#cite_note-:0-84">[84]</a> Early British expeditions to protect the Imperial <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">Indian Ocean trade</a> from competitors, principally the Al Qasimi from <a href="/wiki/Ras_Al_Khaimah" title="Ras Al Khaimah">Ras Al Khaimah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lingeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingeh">Lingeh</a>, led to campaigns against those headquarters and other harbours along the coast in <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">1809</a> and then, after a relapse in raiding, again in <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1819" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1819">1819</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> This led to the signing of the first formal treaty of <a href="/wiki/General_Maritime_Treaty_of_1820" title="General Maritime Treaty of 1820">maritime peace</a> between the British and the rulers of several coastal sheikhdoms in 1820. This was cemented by the Treaty of Maritime Peace in Perpetuity in 1853, resulting in the British label for the area, 'Pirate Coast' being softened to the 'Trucial Coast', with several emirates being recognised by the British as <a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madagascar">Madagascar</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pirates_Cemetery_Ile_Ste_Marie_Madagascar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pirates_Cemetery_Ile_Ste_Marie_Madagascar.jpg/220px-Pirates_Cemetery_Ile_Ste_Marie_Madagascar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pirates_Cemetery_Ile_Ste_Marie_Madagascar.jpg/330px-Pirates_Cemetery_Ile_Ste_Marie_Madagascar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pirates_Cemetery_Ile_Ste_Marie_Madagascar.jpg/440px-Pirates_Cemetery_Ile_Ste_Marie_Madagascar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The cemetery of past pirates at Île Ste-Marie (St. Mary's Island)</figcaption></figure> At one point, there were nearly 1,000 pirates located in Madagascar.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Sainte-Marie" class="mw-redirect" title="Île Sainte-Marie">Île Sainte-Marie</a> was a popular base for pirates throughout the 17th and 18th centuries. The most famous <a href="/wiki/Pirate_utopia" title="Pirate utopia">pirate utopia</a> is that of the probably fictional Captain Misson and his pirate crew, who allegedly founded the free colony of <a href="/wiki/Libertatia" title="Libertatia">Libertatia</a> in northern Madagascar in the late 17th century, until it was destroyed in a surprise attack by the island natives in 1694.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Caribbean">The Caribbean</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Piracy" title="Golden Age of Piracy">Golden Age of Piracy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacquesdesores.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Jacquesdesores.jpg/180px-Jacquesdesores.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Jacquesdesores.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="214" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Sores" title="Jacques de Sores">Jacques de Sores</a> looting and burning Havana in 1555</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puerto_del_Pr%C3%ADncipe_-_being_sacked_in_1668_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_19396.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Puerto_del_Pr%C3%ADncipe_-_being_sacked_in_1668_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_19396.jpg/180px-Puerto_del_Pr%C3%ADncipe_-_being_sacked_in_1668_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_19396.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Puerto_del_Pr%C3%ADncipe_-_being_sacked_in_1668_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_19396.jpg/270px-Puerto_del_Pr%C3%ADncipe_-_being_sacked_in_1668_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_19396.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Puerto_del_Pr%C3%ADncipe_-_being_sacked_in_1668_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_19396.jpg/360px-Puerto_del_Pr%C3%ADncipe_-_being_sacked_in_1668_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_19396.jpg 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="1336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Camag%C3%BCey" title="Camagüey">Puerto del Príncipe</a> being sacked in 1668 by Henry Morgan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bok_om_sj%C3%B6r%C3%B6vare_De_Americaensche_Zee-Roovers_publicerades_f%C3%B6rsta_g%C3%A5ngen_1678_i_Amsterdam_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_102633.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bok_om_sj%C3%B6r%C3%B6vare_De_Americaensche_Zee-Roovers_publicerades_f%C3%B6rsta_g%C3%A5ngen_1678_i_Amsterdam_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_102633.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Bok_om_sj%C3%B6r%C3%B6vare_De_Americaensche_Zee-Roovers_publicerades_f%C3%B6rsta_g%C3%A5ngen_1678_i_Amsterdam_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_102633.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bok_om_sj%C3%B6r%C3%B6vare_De_Americaensche_Zee-Roovers_publicerades_f%C3%B6rsta_g%C3%A5ngen_1678_i_Amsterdam_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_102633.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Bok_om_sj%C3%B6r%C3%B6vare_De_Americaensche_Zee-Roovers_publicerades_f%C3%B6rsta_g%C3%A5ngen_1678_i_Amsterdam_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_102633.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bok_om_sj%C3%B6r%C3%B6vare_De_Americaensche_Zee-Roovers_publicerades_f%C3%B6rsta_g%C3%A5ngen_1678_i_Amsterdam_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_102633.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Bok_om_sj%C3%B6r%C3%B6vare_De_Americaensche_Zee-Roovers_publicerades_f%C3%B6rsta_g%C3%A5ngen_1678_i_Amsterdam_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_102633.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3019" data-file-height="3881" /></a><figcaption>Book about pirates "De Americaensche Zee-Roovers" was first published in 1678 in Amsterdam</figcaption></figure> The classic era of piracy in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> lasted from circa 1650 until the mid-1720s.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> By 1650, France, England and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">United Provinces</a> began to develop their colonial empires. This involved considerable seaborne trade, and a general economic improvement: there was money to be made – or stolen – and much of it traveled by ship. French <a href="/wiki/Buccaneer" title="Buccaneer">buccaneers</a> were established on northern <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> as early as 1625,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> but lived at first mostly as hunters rather than robbers; their transition to full-time piracy was gradual and motivated in part by Spanish efforts to wipe out both the buccaneers and the prey animals on which they depended. The buccaneers' migration from Hispaniola's mainland to the more defensible offshore island of <a href="/wiki/Tortuga_(Haiti)" title="Tortuga (Haiti)">Tortuga</a> limited their resources and accelerated their piratical raids. According to <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Exquemelin" title="Alexandre Exquemelin">Alexandre Exquemelin</a>, a buccaneer and historian who remains a major source on this period, the Tortuga buccaneer <a href="/wiki/Pierre_le_Grand_(pirate)" title="Pierre le Grand (pirate)">Pierre Le Grand</a> pioneered the settlers' attacks on galleons making the return voyage to Spain. The growth of buccaneering on Tortuga was augmented by the English capture of Jamaica from Spain in 1655. The early English governors of Jamaica freely granted letters of marque to Tortuga buccaneers and to their own countrymen, while the growth of <a href="/wiki/Port_Royal" title="Port Royal">Port Royal</a> provided these raiders with a far more profitable and enjoyable place to sell their booty. In the 1660s, the new French governor of Tortuga, Bertrand d'Ogeron, similarly provided privateering commissions both to his own colonists and to English cutthroats from Port Royal. These conditions brought Caribbean buccaneering to its zenith. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pg_003_-_Engraving_(bw).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pg_003_-_Engraving_%28bw%29.jpg/220px-Pg_003_-_Engraving_%28bw%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pg_003_-_Engraving_%28bw%29.jpg/330px-Pg_003_-_Engraving_%28bw%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Pg_003_-_Engraving_%28bw%29.jpg/440px-Pg_003_-_Engraving_%28bw%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="1148" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a> is shown selling his loot in this engraving by Howard Pyle. Every's capture of the Grand Mughal ship <a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Ganj-i-Sawai</a> in 1695 stands as one of the most profitable pirate raids ever perpetrated.</figcaption></figure> A new phase of piracy began in the 1690s as English pirates began to look beyond the Caribbean for treasure. The fall of Britain's Stuart kings had restored the traditional enmity between Britain and France, thus ending the profitable collaboration between English Jamaica and French Tortuga. The devastation of Port Royal by an <a href="/wiki/1692_Jamaica_earthquake" title="1692 Jamaica earthquake">earthquake in 1692</a> further reduced the Caribbean's attractions by destroying the pirates' chief market for fenced plunder.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Caribbean colonial governors began to discard the traditional policy of "no peace beyond the Line," under which it was understood that war would continue (and thus letters of marque would be granted) in the Caribbean regardless of peace treaties signed in Europe; henceforth, commissions would be granted only in wartime, and their limitations would be strictly enforced. Furthermore, much of the Spanish Main had simply been exhausted; <a href="/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo">Maracaibo</a> alone had been sacked three times between 1667 and 1678,<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_la_Hacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio de la Hacha">Río de la Hacha</a> had been raided five times and <a href="/wiki/Tol%C3%BA" title="Tolú">Tolú</a> eight.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bartholomew_Roberts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bartholomew_Roberts.jpg/220px-Bartholomew_Roberts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bartholomew_Roberts.jpg/330px-Bartholomew_Roberts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bartholomew_Roberts.jpg/440px-Bartholomew_Roberts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>Bartholomew Roberts was the pirate with most captures during the Golden Age of Piracy. He is now known for hanging the governor of <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> from the yardarm of his ship.</figcaption></figure> At the same time, England's less favored colonies, including <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>, New York, and <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, had become cash-starved by the <a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation Acts</a>, which restricted trade with foreign ships. Merchants and governors eager for coin were willing to overlook and even underwrite pirate voyages; one colonial official defended a pirate because he thought it "very harsh to hang people that brings in gold to these provinces."<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Although some of these pirates operating out of New England and the Middle Colonies targeted Spain's remoter Pacific coast colonies well into the 1690s and beyond, the Indian Ocean was a richer and more tempting target. India's economic output was large during this time, especially in high-value luxury goods like silk and calico which made ideal pirate booty;<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> at the same time, no powerful navies plied the Indian Ocean, leaving both local shipping and the various East India companies' vessels vulnerable to attack. This set the stage for the famous pirates, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tew" title="Thomas Tew">Thomas Tew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Culliford" title="Robert Culliford">Robert Culliford</a> and (although his guilt remains controversial) <a href="/wiki/William_Kidd" title="William Kidd">William Kidd</a>. In 1713 and 1714, a series of peace treaties ended the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>. As a result, thousands of seamen, including European <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a> who had operated in the West Indies, were relieved of military duty, at a time when cross-Atlantic colonial shipping trade was beginning to boom. In addition, European sailors who had been pushed by unemployment to work onboard <a href="/wiki/Merchantmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchantmen">merchantmen</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">slave ships</a>) were often enthusiastic to abandon that profession and turn to pirating, giving pirate captains a steady pool of recruits from various coasts across the Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In 1715, pirates launched a major raid on Spanish divers trying to recover gold from a sunken treasure galleon near Florida. The nucleus of the pirate force was a group of English ex-privateers, all of whom would soon be enshrined in infamy: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jennings" title="Henry Jennings">Henry Jennings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane" title="Charles Vane">Charles Vane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bellamy" title="Samuel Bellamy">Samuel Bellamy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_England" title="Edward England">Edward England</a>. The attack was successful, but contrary to their expectations, the governor of Jamaica refused to allow Jennings and their cohorts to spend their loot on his island. With Kingston and the declining Port Royal closed to them, Jennings and his comrades founded a new pirate base at <a href="/wiki/Nassau,_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau, Bahamas">Nassau</a>, on the island of <a href="/wiki/New_Providence" title="New Providence">New Providence</a> in the Bahamas, which had been abandoned during the war. Until the arrival of governor <a href="/wiki/Woodes_Rogers" title="Woodes Rogers">Woodes Rogers</a> three years later, Nassau would be home for these pirates and their many recruits. Shipping traffic between Africa, the Caribbean, and Europe began to soar in the 18th century, a model that was known as <a href="/wiki/Triangular_trade" title="Triangular trade">triangular trade</a>, and was a rich target for piracy. Trade ships sailed from Europe to the African coast, trading manufactured goods and weapons in exchange for slaves. The traders would then sail to the Caribbean to sell the slaves, and return to Europe with goods such as sugar, tobacco and cocoa. Another triangular trade saw ships carry raw materials, preserved cod, and rum to Europe, where a portion of the cargo would be sold for manufactured goods, which (along with the remainder of the original load) were transported to the Caribbean, where they were exchanged for sugar and molasses, which (with some manufactured articles) were borne to New England. Ships in the triangular trade made money at each stop.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pirata_Cofresi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Pirata_Cofresi.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="269" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="163" data-file-height="269" /></a><figcaption>Born to a noble family in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Cofres%C3%AD" title="Roberto Cofresí">Roberto Cofresí</a> was the last notably successful pirate in the Caribbean.</figcaption></figure> As part of the peace settlement of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_succession" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Spanish succession">War of the Spanish succession</a>, Britain obtained the <a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">asiento</a>, a Spanish government contract, to <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">supply slaves</a> to Spain's new world colonies, providing British traders and smugglers more access to the traditionally closed Spanish markets in America. This arrangement also contributed heavily to the spread of piracy across the western Atlantic at this time. Shipping to the colonies boomed simultaneously with the flood of skilled mariners after the war. Merchant shippers used the surplus of sailors' labor to drive wages down, cutting corners to maximize their profits, and creating unsavory conditions aboard their vessels. Merchant sailors suffered from mortality rates as high or higher than the slaves being transported (Rediker, 2004). Living conditions were so poor that many sailors began to prefer a freer existence as a <a href="/wiki/Pirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate">pirate</a>. The increased volume of shipping traffic also could sustain a large body of brigands preying upon it. Among the most infamous Caribbean pirates of the time were <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teach" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Teach">Edward Teach</a> or Blackbeard, <a href="/wiki/Calico_Jack_Rackham" class="mw-redirect" title="Calico Jack Rackham">Calico Jack Rackham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Bartholomew Roberts</a>. Most of these pirates were eventually hunted down by the Royal Navy and killed or captured; several <a href="/wiki/Action_of_20_October_1720" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 20 October 1720">battles</a> were <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Lopez" title="Battle of Cape Lopez">fought</a> between the brigands and the colonial powers on both land and sea. Piracy in the Caribbean declined for the next several decades after 1730, but by the 1810s many pirates roamed the waters though they were not as bold or successful as their predecessors. The most successful pirates of the era were <a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte" title="Jean Lafitte">Jean Lafitte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Cofresi" class="mw-redirect" title="Roberto Cofresi">Roberto Cofresi</a>. Lafitte is considered by many to be the last <a href="/wiki/Buccaneer" title="Buccaneer">buccaneer</a> due to his army of pirates and fleet of pirate ships which held bases in and around the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>. Lafitte and his men participated in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">battle of New Orleans</a>. Cofresi's base was in <a href="/wiki/Mona_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Mona Island">Mona Island</a>, Puerto Rico, from where he disrupted the commerce throughout the region. He became the last major target of the international anti-piracy operations.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanging_of_William_Kidd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hanging_of_William_Kidd.jpg/150px-Hanging_of_William_Kidd.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hanging_of_William_Kidd.jpg/225px-Hanging_of_William_Kidd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hanging_of_William_Kidd.jpg/300px-Hanging_of_William_Kidd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Hanging of <a href="/wiki/Captain_Kidd" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain Kidd">Captain Kidd</a>; illustration from The Pirates Own Book (1837)</figcaption></figure> The elimination of piracy from European waters expanded to the Caribbean in the 18th century, West Africa and North America by the 1710s and by the 1720s even the Indian Ocean was a difficult location for pirates to operate. England began to strongly turn against piracy at the turn of the 18th century, as it was increasingly damaging to the country's economic and commercial prospects in the region. The <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1698" title="Piracy Act 1698">Piracy Act 1698</a> for the "more effectual suppression of Piracy"<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> made it easier to capture, try and convict pirates by lawfully enabling acts of piracy to be "examined, inquired of, tried, heard and determined, and adjudged in any place at sea, or upon the land, in any of his Majesty's islands, plantations, colonies, dominions, forts, or factories." This effectively enabled admirals to hold a court session to hear the trials of pirates in any place they deemed necessary, rather than requiring that the trial be held in England. Commissioners of these vice-admiralty courts were also vested with "full power and authority" to issue warrants, summon the necessary witnesses, and "to do all thing necessary for the hearing and final determination of any case of piracy, robbery, or felony." These new and faster trials provided no legal representation for the pirates; and ultimately led in this era to the execution of 600 pirates, which represented approximately 10 percent of the pirates active at the time in the Caribbean region.<a href="#cite_note-Max_2009-99">[99]</a> Being an accessory to piracy was also criminalised under the statute. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capture-of-Blackbeard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Capture-of-Blackbeard.jpg/250px-Capture-of-Blackbeard.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Capture-of-Blackbeard.jpg/375px-Capture-of-Blackbeard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Capture-of-Blackbeard.jpg/500px-Capture-of-Blackbeard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="949" /></a><figcaption>Capture of the Pirate Blackbeard, 1718 depicting the battle between <a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Blackbeard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Maynard" title="Robert Maynard">Robert Maynard</a> in Ocracoke Bay; romanticized depiction by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Leon_Gerome_Ferris" title="Jean Leon Gerome Ferris">Jean Leon Gerome Ferris</a> from 1920</figcaption></figure> Piracy saw a brief resurgence between the end of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> in 1713 and around 1720, as many unemployed seafarers took to piracy as a way to make ends meet when a surplus of sailors after the war led to a decline in wages and working conditions. At the same time, one of the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a> that ended the war gave to Great Britain's <a href="/wiki/Royal_African_Company" title="Royal African Company">Royal African Company</a> and other British slavers a thirty-year asiento, or contract, to furnish African slaves to the Spanish colonies, providing British merchants and smugglers potential inroads into the traditionally closed Spanish markets in America and leading to an economic revival for the whole region. This revived Caribbean trade provided rich new pickings for a wave of piracy. Also contributing to the increase of Caribbean piracy at this time was Spain's breakup of the English logwood settlement at <a href="/wiki/Campeche" title="Campeche">Campeche</a> and the attractions of a freshly sunken silver fleet off the southern Bahamas in 1715. Fears over the rising levels of crime and piracy, political discontent, concern over crowd behaviour at public punishments, and an increased determination by <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">parliament</a> to suppress piracy, resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1717" title="Piracy Act 1717">Piracy Act of 1717</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1721" title="Piracy Act 1721">1721</a>. These established a seven-year <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">penal transportation</a> to North America as a possible punishment for those convicted of lesser felonies, or as a possible sentence that capital punishment might be commuted to by <a href="/wiki/Royal_pardon" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal pardon">royal pardon</a>. In 1717, a <a href="/wiki/1717%E2%80%931718_Acts_of_Grace" title="1717–1718 Acts of Grace">pardon was offered to pirates</a> who surrendered to British authorities. After 1720, piracy in the classic sense became extremely rare as increasingly effective anti-piracy measures were taken by the Royal Navy, making it impossible for any pirate to pursue an effective career for long. By 1718, the British Royal Navy had approximately 124 vessels and 214 by 1815; a big increase from the two vessels England had possessed in 1670.<a href="#cite_note-Max_2009-99">[99]</a> British Royal Navy warships tirelessly hunted down pirate vessels, and almost always won these engagements. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackbeard_head_bow.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Blackbeard_head_bow.gif/210px-Blackbeard_head_bow.gif" decoding="async" width="210" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Blackbeard_head_bow.gif/315px-Blackbeard_head_bow.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Blackbeard_head_bow.gif/420px-Blackbeard_head_bow.gif 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Blackbeard</a>'s severed head hanging from Maynard's bowsprit; illustration from The Pirates Own Book (1837)</figcaption></figure> Many pirates did not surrender and were killed at the point of capture; notorious pirate Edward Teach, or "Blackbeard", was hunted down by Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Robert_Maynard" title="Robert Maynard">Robert Maynard</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Lookout_National_Seashore" title="Cape Lookout National Seashore">Ocracoke Inlet</a> off the coast of <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> on November 22, 1718, and killed. His flagship was a captured French slave ship known originally as La Concorde, he renamed the frigate <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge" title="Queen Anne's Revenge">Queen Anne's Revenge</a>. Captain <a href="/wiki/Chaloner_Ogle" title="Chaloner Ogle">Chaloner Ogle</a> of HMS Swallow cornered Bartholomew Roberts in 1722 at Cape Lopez, and a fatal broadside from the Swallow killed the pirate captain instantly. Roberts' death shocked the pirate world, as well as the Royal Navy. The local merchants and civilians had thought him invincible, and some considered him a hero.<a href="#cite_note-Pike1876-100">[100]</a> Roberts' death was seen by many historians as the end of the Golden Age of Piracy. Also crucial to the end of this era of piracy was the loss of the pirates' last Caribbean safe haven at Nassau. In the early 19th century, piracy along the East and Gulf Coasts of North America as well as in the Caribbean increased again. Jean Lafitte was just one of hundreds of pirates operating in American and Caribbean waters between the years of 1820 and 1835. The United States Navy repeatedly engaged pirates in the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico and in the Mediterranean. Cofresí's El Mosquito was disabled in <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_El_Mosquito" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of the El Mosquito">a collaboration</a> between Spain and the United States. After fleeing for hours, he was ambushed and captured inland. The United States landed shore parties on several islands in the Caribbean in pursuit of pirates; Cuba was a major haven. By the 1830s piracy had died out again, and the navies of the region focused on the slave trade. About the time of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> in 1846, the United States Navy had grown strong and numerous enough to eliminate the pirate threat in the West Indies. By the 1830s, ships had begun to convert to steam propulsion, so the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Sail" title="Age of Sail">Age of Sail</a> and the classical idea of pirates in the Caribbean ended. Privateering, similar to piracy, continued as an asset in war for a few more decades and proved to be of some importance during the naval campaigns of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. Privateering would remain a tool of European states until the mid-19th century's <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Paris">Declaration of Paris</a>. But <a href="/wiki/Letters_of_marque" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters of marque">letters of marque</a> were given out much more sparingly by governments and were terminated as soon as conflicts ended. The idea of "no peace beyond the Line" was a relic that had no meaning by the more settled late 18th and early 19th centuries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canary_Islands">Canary Islands</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Gomera_church_M.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/La_Gomera_church_M.jpg/250px-La_Gomera_church_M.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/La_Gomera_church_M.jpg/375px-La_Gomera_church_M.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/La_Gomera_church_M.jpg/500px-La_Gomera_church_M.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3502" data-file-height="2586" /></a><figcaption>Mural representing the attack of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Windon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Windon (page does not exist)">Charles Windon</a> to <a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_La_Gomera" title="San Sebastián de La Gomera">San Sebastián de La Gomera</a> (1743)</figcaption></figure> Due to the strategic situation of this Spanish archipelago as a crossroads of maritime routes and commercial bridge between Europe, Africa and <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a>,<a href="#cite_note-A-101">[101]</a> this was one of the places on the planet with the greatest pirate presence. In the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, the following stand out: the attacks and continuous looting of <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Berber</a>, English, French and Dutch corsairs sometimes successful and often a failure;<a href="#cite_note-A-101">[101]</a> and on the other hand, the presence of pirates and corsairs from this archipelago, who made their incursions into the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. Pirates and corsairs such as <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Clerc" title="François Le Clerc">François Le Clerc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Sores" title="Jacques de Sores">Jacques de Sores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> defeat in <a href="/wiki/Gran_Canaria" title="Gran Canaria">Gran Canaria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pieter_van_der_Does" title="Pieter van der Does">Pieter van der Does</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murat_Reis_the_Elder" title="Murat Reis the Elder">Murat Reis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horacio_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horacio Nelson">Horacio Nelson</a> attacked the islands and was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife_(1797)" title="Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797)">Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Among those born in the archipelago stands out above all <a href="/wiki/Amaro_Pargo" title="Amaro Pargo">Amaro Pargo</a>, whom the monarch <a href="/wiki/Felipe_V_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Felipe V of Spain">Felipe V of Spain</a> frequently benefited in his commercial incursions and corsairs.<a href="#cite_note-ColFar-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-AmaroHeroe-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dan_Seavey_around_1920_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Dan_Seavey_around_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Dan_Seavey_around_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Dan_Seavey_around_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dan_Seavey" title="Dan Seavey">Dan Seavey</a> was a pirate on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> in the early 20th century.</figcaption></figure> Piracy on the east coast of North America first became common in the early seventeenth century, as English privateers discharged after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> (1585–1604) turned to piracy.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The most famous and successful of these early pirates was <a href="/wiki/Peter_Easton" title="Peter Easton">Peter Easton</a>. <a href="/wiki/River_pirate" title="River pirate">River piracy</a> in late 18th-mid-19th century America was primarily concentrated along the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> valleys. In 1803, at <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tower,_Illinois" title="Grand Tower, Illinois">Tower Rock</a>, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">dragoons</a>, possibly, from the frontier army post up river at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Kaskaskia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Kaskaskia">Fort Kaskaskia</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> side opposite St. Louis, raided and drove out the river pirates. <a href="/wiki/Stack_Island_(Mississippi_River)" title="Stack Island (Mississippi River)">Stack Island</a> was also associated with river pirates and <a href="/wiki/Counterfeit_money" title="Counterfeit money">counterfeiters</a> in the late 1790s. In 1809, the last major river pirate activity took place, on the Upper Mississippi River, and river piracy in this area came to an abrupt end, when a group of <a href="/wiki/Flatboat" title="Flatboat">flatboatmen</a> raided the island, wiping out the river pirates. From 1790 to 1834, <a href="/wiki/Cave-In-Rock,_Illinois" title="Cave-In-Rock, Illinois">Cave-In-Rock</a> was the principal <a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">outlaw</a> lair and headquarters of river pirate activity in the Ohio River region, from which <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Mason" title="Samuel Mason">Samuel Mason</a> led a gang of river pirates on the Ohio River. River piracy continued on the lower Mississippi River, from the early 1800s to the mid-1830s, declining as a result of direct military action and local <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vigilante" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigilante">regulator-vigilante</a> groups that uprooted and swept out pockets of outlaw resistance. <a href="/wiki/Dan_Seavey" title="Dan Seavey">"Roaring" Dan Seavey</a> was a pirate active in the early 1900s in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> region who joined the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">United States Marshals Service</a> in later life, working to curb poaching, smuggling, and piracy on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_social_structure">Culture and social structure</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rewards">Rewards</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/No_purchase,_no_pay" title="No purchase, no pay">No purchase, no pay</a></div> Pirates had a system of hierarchy on board their ships determining how captured money was distributed. However, pirates were more <a href="/wiki/Egalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian">egalitarian</a> than any other area of employment at the time. In fact, pirate <a href="/wiki/Quartermaster" title="Quartermaster">quartermasters</a> were a counterbalance to the captain and had the power to veto his orders. The majority of plunder was in the form of cargo and ship's equipment, with medicines the most highly prized. A vessel's doctor's chest would be worth anywhere from £300 to £400, or around $470,000 in today's values. Jewels were common plunder but not popular, as they were hard to sell, and pirates, unlike the public of today, had little concept of their value. There is one case recorded where a pirate was given a large diamond worth a great deal more than the value of the handful of small diamonds given to his crewmates as a share. He felt cheated and had it broken up to match what they received.<a href="#cite_note-Vallar-109">[109]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morgan,Henry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Morgan%2CHenry.jpg/170px-Morgan%2CHenry.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Morgan%2CHenry.jpg/255px-Morgan%2CHenry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Morgan%2CHenry.jpg/340px-Morgan%2CHenry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan" title="Henry Morgan">Henry Morgan</a> who sacked and burned the city of <a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama</a> in 1671 – the second most important city in the Spanish New World at the time; engraving from 1681 Spanish edition of <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Exquemelin" title="Alexandre Exquemelin">Alexandre Exquemelin</a>'s The Buccaneers of America</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Spanish pieces of eight</a> minted in Mexico or Seville were the standard trade currency in the American colonies. However, every colony still used the monetary units of pounds, shillings, and pence for bookkeeping while Spanish, German, French, and Portuguese money were all standard mediums of exchange as British law prohibited the export of British silver coinage. Until the exchange rates were standardised in the late 18th century each colony legislated its own different exchange rates. In England, 1 piece of eight was worth 4s 3d while it was worth 8s in New York, 7s 6d in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> and 6s 8d in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. One 18th-century English shilling was worth around $58 in modern currency, so a piece of eight could be worth anywhere from $246 to $465. As such, the value of pirate plunder could vary considerably, depending on who recorded it and where.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Ordinary seamen received a part of the plunder at the captain's discretion but usually a single share. On average, a pirate could expect the equivalent of a year's wages as his share from each ship captured while the crew of the most successful pirates would often each receive a share valued at around £1,000 ($1.17 million) at least once in their career.<a href="#cite_note-Vallar-109">[109]</a> One of the larger amounts taken from a single ship was that by captain <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tew" title="Thomas Tew">Thomas Tew</a> from an Indian merchantman in 1692. Each ordinary seaman on his ship received a share worth £3,000 ($3.5 million), with officers receiving proportionally larger amounts as per the agreed shares, with Tew himself receiving 2½ shares. It is known there were actions with multiple ships captured where a single share was worth almost double this.<a href="#cite_note-Vallar-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gosse-112">[112]</a> By contrast, an ordinary seamen in the Royal Navy received 19s per month to be paid in a lump sum at the end of a tour of duty, which was around half the rate paid in the <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant Navy">Merchant Navy</a>. However, corrupt officers would often "tax" their crews' wage to supplement their own, and the Royal Navy of the day was infamous for its reluctance to pay. From this wage, 6d per month was deducted for the maintenance of <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Hospital_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwich Hospital (London)">Greenwich Hospital</a>, with similar amounts deducted for the <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Chest" title="Chatham Chest">Chatham Chest</a>, the chaplain and surgeon. Six months' pay was withheld to discourage desertion. That this was insufficient incentive is revealed in a report on proposed changes to the RN <a href="/wiki/Admiral_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral Nelson">Admiral Nelson</a> wrote in 1803; he noted that since 1793 more than 42,000 sailors had deserted. Roughly half of all RN crews were <a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">pressganged</a> and these not only received lower wages than volunteers but were shackled while the vessel was docked and were never permitted to go ashore until released from service.<a href="#cite_note-Hill-113">[113]</a> Although the Royal Navy suffered from many morale issues, it answered the question of prize money via the 'Cruizers and Convoys' Act of 1708 which handed over the share previously gained by the Crown to the captors of the ship. Technically it was still possible for the Crown to get the money or a portion of it but this rarely happened. The process of condemnation of a captured vessel and its cargo and men was given to the High Court of the Admiralty and this was the process which remained in force with minor changes throughout the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic War">Napoleonic Wars</a>. <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; vertical-align: top;"> <caption>Ship prize shares </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Rank</th> <th scope="col">Pre 1808</th> <th scope="col">Post 1808 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(naval)" title="Captain (naval)">Captain</a></td> <td>3/8</td> <td>2/8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">Admiral</a> of fleet</td> <td>1/8</td> <td>1/8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sailing_Master" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailing Master">Sailing Master</a> & Lieutenants & <a href="/wiki/Captain_(OF-2)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (OF-2)">Captain</a> of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Marines</a></td> <td>1/8</td> <td>1/8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Warrant_Officers" class="mw-redirect" title="Warrant Officers">Warrant Officers</a></td> <td>1/8</td> <td>1/8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wardroom Warrant officers & Petty Officers</td> <td>1/8</td> <td>1/8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sailor" title="Sailor">Gunners</a>, Sailors</td> <td>1/8</td> <td>2/8 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BartRobCrew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/BartRobCrew.jpg/170px-BartRobCrew.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/BartRobCrew.jpg/255px-BartRobCrew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/BartRobCrew.jpg/340px-BartRobCrew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Bartholomew Roberts</a>' crew carousing at the <a href="/wiki/Calabar_River" title="Calabar River">Calabar River</a>; illustration from The Pirates Own Book (1837). Roberts is estimated to have captured over 470 vessels.</figcaption></figure> Even the flag officer's share was not quite straightforward; he would only get the full one-eighth if he had no junior flag officer beneath him. If this was the case then he would get a third share. If he had more than one then he would take one-half while the rest was shared out equally. There was a great deal of money to be made in this way. The record breaker was the capture of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_frigate_Hermione" title="Spanish frigate Hermione">Spanish frigate Hermione</a>, which was carrying treasure in 1762. The value of this was so great that each individual seaman netted £485 ($1.4 million in 2008 dollars).<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The two captains responsible, Evans and Pownall, received £65,000 each ($188.4 million). In January 1807 the frigate Caroline took the Spanish San Rafael, which brought in £52,000 for her captain, Peter Rainier (who had been only a midshipman some thirteen months before). All through the wars there are examples of this kind of luck falling on captains. Another famous 'capture' was that of the Spanish frigates Thetis and Santa Brigada, which were loaded with gold <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">specie</a>. They were taken by four British frigates who shared the money, each captain receiving £40,730. Each lieutenant got £5,091, the Warrant Officer group, £2,468, the midshipmen £791 and the individual seamen £182. It should also be noted that it was usually only the frigates which took prizes; the ships of the line were far too ponderous to be able to chase and capture the smaller ships which generally carried treasure. Nelson always bemoaned that he had done badly out of prize money and even as a flag officer received little. This was not that he had a bad command of captains but rather that British mastery of the seas was so complete that few enemy ships dared to sail.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="vertical-align: top;"> <caption>Comparison chart using the share distribution known for three pirates against the shares for a Privateer and wages as paid by the Royal Navy. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Rank </th> <th scope="col">Bartholomew Roberts </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/George_Lowther_(pirate)" title="George Lowther (pirate)">George Lowther</a> </th> <th scope="col">William Phillips </th> <th scope="col">Privateer (<a href="/wiki/William_Monson_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="William Monson (Royal Navy officer)">Sir William Monson</a>) </th> <th scope="col">Royal Navy (per month) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(naval)" title="Captain (naval)">Captain</a> </td> <td>2 shares </td> <td>2 shares </td> <td>1.5 shares </td> <td>10 shares </td> <td>£8, 8s </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Master-at-arms" title="Master-at-arms">Master</a> </td> <td>1.5 shares </td> <td>1.5 shares </td> <td>1.25 shares </td> <td>7 or 8 shares </td> <td>£4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boatswain" title="Boatswain">Boatswain</a> </td> <td>1.5 shares </td> <td>1.25 shares </td> <td>1.25 shares </td> <td>5 shares </td> <td>£2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sailor" title="Sailor">Gunner</a> </td> <td>1.5 shares </td> <td>1.25 shares </td> <td>1.25 shares </td> <td>5 shares </td> <td>£2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quartermaster" title="Quartermaster">Quartermaster</a> </td> <td>2 shares </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>4 shares </td> <td>£1, 6s </td></tr> <tr> <td>Carpenter </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1.25 shares </td> <td>5 shares </td> <td>£2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sub-Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-Lieutenant">Mate</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1.25 shares </td> <td> </td> <td>5 shares </td> <td>£2, 2s </td></tr> <tr> <td>Doctor </td> <td> </td> <td>1.25 shares </td> <td> </td> <td>5 shares </td> <td>£5 +2d per man aboard </td></tr> <tr> <td>"Other Officers" </td> <td>1.25 shares </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>various rates </td> <td>various rates </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Able_Seamen" class="mw-redirect" title="Able Seamen">Able Seamen</a> (2 yrs experience) <a href="/wiki/Ordinary_seaman" title="Ordinary seaman">Ordinary Seamen</a> (some exp) <a href="/wiki/Landman_(rank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Landman (rank)">Landsmen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">pressganged</a>) </td> <td> 1 share </td> <td> 1 share </td> <td> 1 share </td> <td> </td> <td>22s 19s 11s </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loot">Loot</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whydah-gold.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Whydah-gold.jpg/220px-Whydah-gold.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Whydah-gold.jpg/330px-Whydah-gold.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Whydah-gold.jpg/440px-Whydah-gold.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Pirate treasure looted by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bellamy" title="Samuel Bellamy">Samuel Bellamy</a> and recovered from the wreck of the Whydah; exhibit at the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science" title="Houston Museum of Natural Science">Houston Museum of Natural Science</a>, 2010</figcaption></figure> Even though pirates raided many ships, few, if any, buried their treasure. Often, the "treasure" that was stolen was food, water, alcohol, weapons, or clothing. Other things they stole were household items like bits of soap and gear like rope and anchors, or sometimes they would keep the ship they captured (either to sell off or keep because it was better than their ship). Such items were likely to be needed immediately, rather than saved for future trade. For this reason, there was no need for the pirates to bury these goods. Pirates tended to kill few people aboard the ships they captured; usually they would kill no one if the ship surrendered, because if it became known that pirates took no prisoners, their victims would fight to the last breath and make victory both very difficult and costly in lives. In contrast, ships would quickly surrender if they knew they would be spared. In one well-documented case 300 heavily armed soldiers on a ship attacked by Thomas Tew surrendered after a brief battle with none of Tew's 40-man crew being injured.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punishment">Punishment</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henszlein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Henszlein.jpg/220px-Henszlein.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Henszlein.jpg/330px-Henszlein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Henszlein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption>A contemporary flyer depicting the <a href="/wiki/Public_execution" title="Public execution">public execution</a> of 16th-century pirate <a href="/wiki/Klein_Henszlein" title="Klein Henszlein">Klein Henszlein</a> and his crew in 1573</figcaption></figure> During the 17th and 18th centuries, once pirates were caught, justice was meted out in a summary fashion, and many ended their lives by "dancing the hempen jig", a euphemism for <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanging</a>. Public execution was a form of entertainment at the time, and people came out to watch them as they would to a sporting event today. Newspapers reported details such as condemned men's last words, the prayers said by the priests, and descriptions of their final moments in the gallows. In England most of these executions took place at <a href="/wiki/Execution_Dock" title="Execution Dock">Execution Dock</a> on the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> in London. In the cases of more famous prisoners, usually captains, their punishments extended beyond death. Their bodies were enclosed in <a href="/wiki/Gibbeting" title="Gibbeting">iron cages (gibbet)</a> (for which they were measured before their execution) and left to swing in the air until the flesh rotted off them- a process that could take as long as two years. The bodies of captains such as William "Captain" Kidd, Charles Vane, <a href="/wiki/William_Fly" title="William Fly">William Fly</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Rackham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Rackham">Jack Rackham ("Calico Jack")</a> were all treated this manner.<a href="#cite_note-Pirates_by_John_Matthews-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_women">Role of women</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Women in piracy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonney,_Anne_(1697-1720).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Bonney%2C_Anne_%281697-1720%29.jpg/220px-Bonney%2C_Anne_%281697-1720%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Bonney%2C_Anne_%281697-1720%29.jpg/330px-Bonney%2C_Anne_%281697-1720%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Bonney%2C_Anne_%281697-1720%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>Pirate <a href="/wiki/Anne_Bonny" title="Anne Bonny">Anne Bonny</a> (disappeared after 28 November 1720). Engraving from <a href="/wiki/Captain_Charles_Johnson" title="Captain Charles Johnson">Captain Charles Johnson</a>'s General History of the Pyrates (1st Dutch Edition, 1725)</figcaption></figure> While piracy was predominantly a male occupation throughout history, a minority of pirates were female.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Pirates did not allow women onto their ships very often. Additionally, women were often regarded as bad luck among pirates. It was feared that the male members of the crew would argue and fight over the women. On many ships, women (as well as young boys) were prohibited by the <a href="/wiki/Pirate_code" title="Pirate code">ship's contract</a>, which all crew members were required to sign.<a href="#cite_note-Pennell-119">[119]</a> : 303  Because of the resistance to allowing women on board, many female pirates did not identify themselves as such. Anne Bonny, for example, dressed and acted as a man while on Captain Calico Jack's ship.<a href="#cite_note-Pennell-119">[119]</a>: 285  She and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Read" title="Mary Read">Mary Read</a>, another female pirate, are often identified as being unique in this regard.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> However, it is possible many women dressed as men during the Golden Age of Piracy, in an effort to take advantage of the many rights, privileges, and freedoms that were exclusive to men. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democracy_among_Caribbean_pirates">Democracy among Caribbean pirates</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pirate_code" title="Pirate code">Pirate code</a> and <a href="/wiki/Distribution_of_justice" title="Distribution of justice">distribution of justice</a></div> Unlike traditional Western societies of the time, many Caribbean pirate crews of European descent operated as limited <a href="/wiki/Democracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracies">democracies</a>. Pirate communities were some of the first to instate a system of checks and balances similar to the one used by the present-day democracies. The first record of such a government aboard a pirate sloop dates to the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pirate_Code">Pirate Code</h3></div> As recorded by Captain Charles Johnson regarding the articles of Bartholomew Roberts. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <ol><li>Every man shall have an equal vote in affairs of moment. He shall have an equal title to the fresh provisions or strong liquors at any time seized, and shall use them at pleasure unless a scarcity may make it necessary for the common good that a retrenchment may be voted.</li> <li>Every man shall be called fairly in turn by the list on board of prizes, because over and above their proper share, they are allowed a shift of clothes. But if they defraud the company to the value of even one dollar in plate, jewels or money, they shall be <a href="/wiki/Marooning" title="Marooning">marooned</a>. If any man rob another he shall have his nose and ears slit, and be put ashore where he shall be sure to encounter hardships.</li> <li>None shall game for money either with dice or cards.</li> <li>The lights and candles should be put out at eight at night, and if any of the crew desire to drink after that hour they shall sit upon the open deck without lights.</li> <li>Each man shall keep his piece, cutlass and pistols at all times clean and ready for action.</li> <li>No boy or woman to be allowed amongst them. If any man shall be found seducing any of the latter sex and carrying her to sea in disguise he shall suffer death.</li> <li>He that shall desert the ship or his quarters in time of battle shall be punished by death or marooning.</li> <li>None shall strike another on board the ship, but every man's quarrel shall be ended on shore by sword or pistol in this manner. At the word of command from the quartermaster, each man being previously placed back to back, shall turn and fire immediately. If any man do not, the quartermaster shall knock the piece out of his hand. If both miss their aim they shall take to their cutlasses, and he that draw the first blood shall be declared the victor.</li> <li>No man shall talk of breaking up their way of living till each has a share of 1,000. Every man who shall become a cripple or lose a limb in the service shall have 800 pieces of eight from the common stock and for lesser hurts proportionately.</li> <li>The captain and the quartermaster shall each receive two shares of a prize, the master gunner and <a href="/wiki/Boatswain" title="Boatswain">boatswain</a>, one and one half shares, all other officers one and one quarter, and private gentlemen of fortune one share each.</li> <li>The musicians shall have rest on the Sabbath Day only by right. On all other days by favor only.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></li></ol></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Known_pirate_shipwrecks">Known pirate shipwrecks</h2></div> To date, the following identifiable pirate <a href="/wiki/Shipwrecks" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipwrecks">shipwrecks</a> have been discovered: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whydah_Gally" title="Whydah Gally">Whydah Gally</a> (discovered in 1984), a former <a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">slave ship</a> seized on its maiden voyage from Africa by the pirate captain <a href="/wiki/%22Black_Sam%22_Bellamy" class="mw-redirect" title=""Black Sam" Bellamy">"Black Sam" Bellamy</a>. The wreck was found off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a>, Massachusetts, buried under 10 ft (3 m) to 50 ft (15 m) feet of sand, in depths ranging from 16 ft (5 m) to 30 ft (9 m) feet deep, spread for four miles, parallel to the Cape's easternmost coast. With the discovery of the ship's bell in 1985 and a small brass placard in 2013, both inscribed with the ship's name and maiden voyage date, the Whydah is the only fully authenticated Golden Age pirate shipwreck ever discovered.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Since 2007, the Wydah collection has been touring as part of the exhibit "Real Pirates" sponsored by <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge" title="Queen Anne's Revenge">Queen Anne's Revenge</a> (discovered in 1996), the flagship of the infamous pirate <a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Blackbeard</a>. He used the ship for less than a year, but it was an effective tool in his prize-taking. In June 1718, Blackbeard ran the ship aground at <a href="/wiki/Topsail_Inlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Topsail Inlet">Topsail Inlet</a>, now known as Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina. Intersal,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> a private firm working under a permit with the state of North Carolina, discovered the remains of the vessel<a href="#cite_note-D._Moore._1997_pp._31-126">[126]</a> in 28 feet (8.5m) of water about one mile (1.6 km) offshore of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Macon_State_Park" title="Fort Macon State Park">Fort Macon State Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Beach,_North_Carolina" title="Atlantic Beach, North Carolina">Atlantic Beach, North Carolina</a>. Thirty-one cannons have been identified to date, and more than 250,000 artifacts have been recovered.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The cannons are of different origins (such as English, Swedish, and possibly French) and different sizes, as would be expected with a colonial pirate crew.<a href="#cite_note-D._Moore._1997_pp._31-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Fleece_(pirate_ship)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golden Fleece (pirate ship) (page does not exist)">Golden Fleece</a> (discovered in 2009), the ship of the notorious English pirate <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bannister" title="Joseph Bannister">Joseph Bannister</a>, which was found by the American shipwreck hunters <a href="/wiki/John_Chatterton" title="John Chatterton">John Chatterton</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Mattera" title="John Mattera">John Mattera</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Bay" title="Samaná Bay">Samaná Bay</a>. The discovery is recounted in <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kurson" title="Robert Kurson">Robert Kurson</a>'s book Pirate Hunters (2015).<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Privateers">Privateers</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateer</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rekonstruierter_Schaedel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Rekonstruierter_Schaedel.jpg/170px-Rekonstruierter_Schaedel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Rekonstruierter_Schaedel.jpg/255px-Rekonstruierter_Schaedel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Rekonstruierter_Schaedel.jpg/340px-Rekonstruierter_Schaedel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="1186" /></a><figcaption>Modern reconstruction of skull alleged to have belonged to 14th century pirate <a href="/wiki/Klaus_St%C3%B6rtebeker" title="Klaus Störtebeker">Klaus Störtebeker</a>. He was the leader of the privateer guild <a href="/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a>, who later turned to piracy and roamed European seas.</figcaption></figure> A privateer or corsair used similar methods to a pirate, but acted under orders of the state while in possession of a commission or <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">letter of marque</a> and reprisal from a government or monarch authorizing the capture of merchant ships belonging to an enemy nation. For example, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> of 1787 specifically authorized <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> to issue letters of marque and reprisal. The letter of marque and reprisal was recognized by international convention and meant that a privateer could not technically be charged with piracy while attacking the targets named in his commission. This nicety of law did not always save the individuals concerned, however, since whether one was considered a pirate or a legally operating privateer often depended on whose custody the individual found himself in—that of the country that had issued the commission, or that of the object of attack. Spanish authorities were known to execute foreign privateers with their letters of marque hung around their necks to emphasize Spain's rejection of such defenses. Furthermore, many privateers exceeded the bounds of their letters of marque by attacking nations with which their sovereign was at peace (Thomas Tew and William Kidd are notable alleged examples), and thus made themselves liable to conviction for piracy. However, a letter of marque did provide some cover for such pirates, as plunder seized from neutral or friendly shipping could be passed off later as taken from enemy merchants. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Confiance_Kent_fight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Confiance_Kent_fight.jpg/220px-Confiance_Kent_fight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Confiance_Kent_fight.jpg/330px-Confiance_Kent_fight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Confiance_Kent_fight.jpg/440px-Confiance_Kent_fight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1514" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kent_(1799_ship)" title="Kent (1799 ship)">Kent</a> battling <a href="/wiki/Confiance_(1797_ship)" title="Confiance (1797 ship)">Confiance</a>, a privateer vessel commanded by French corsair <a href="/wiki/Robert_Surcouf" title="Robert Surcouf">Robert Surcouf</a> in October 1800, as depicted in a painting by <a href="/wiki/Ambroise_Louis_Garneray" title="Ambroise Louis Garneray">Garneray</a></figcaption></figure> The famous <a href="/wiki/Barbary_corsairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary corsairs">Barbary corsairs</a> of the Mediterranean, authorized by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, were privateers, as were the Maltese corsairs, who were authorized by the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_St._John" class="mw-redirect" title="Knights of St. John">Knights of St. John</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dunkirkers" title="Dunkirkers">Dunkirkers</a> in the service of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>. In the years 1626–1634 alone, the Dunkirk privateers captured 1,499 ships, and sank another 336.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> From 1609 to 1616, England lost 466 merchant ships to Barbary pirates, and 160 British ships were captured by Algerians between 1677 and 1680.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> One famous privateer was <a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Drake" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Francis Drake">Sir Francis Drake</a>. His patron was <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth I">Queen Elizabeth I</a>, and their relationship ultimately proved to be quite profitable for England.<a href="#cite_note-Kelsey-135">[135]</a> Privateers constituted a large proportion of the total military force at sea during the 17th and 18th centuries. During the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine Years War">Nine Years War</a>, the French adopted a policy of strongly encouraging privateers (<a href="/wiki/French_corsairs" title="French corsairs">French corsairs</a>), including the famous <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bart" title="Jean Bart">Jean Bart</a>, to attack English and Dutch shipping. England lost roughly 4,000 merchant ships during the war.<a href="#cite_note-Privateer-136">[136]</a> In the following <a href="/wiki/War_of_Spanish_Succession" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Spanish Succession">War of Spanish Succession</a>, privateer attacks continued, Britain losing 3,250 merchant ships.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Austrian_Succession" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Austrian Succession">War of Austrian Succession</a>, Britain lost 3,238 merchant ships and France lost 3,434 merchant ships to the British.<a href="#cite_note-Privateer-136">[136]</a> During <a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a>, approximately 36,000 Americans served aboard privateers at one time or another.<a href="#cite_note-Privateer-136">[136]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, about 55,000 American seamen served aboard the privateers.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> The American privateers had almost 1,700 ships, and they captured 2,283 enemy ships.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Between the end of the Revolutionary War and 1812, less than 30 years, Britain, France, Naples, the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary states">Barbary states</a>, Spain, and the Netherlands seized approximately 2,500 American ships.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Payments in ransom and tribute to the Barbary states amounted to 20% of United States government annual revenues in 1800.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Throughout the American Civil War, <a href="/wiki/Confederate_privateer" title="Confederate privateer">Confederate privateers</a> successfully harassed Union merchant ships.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Privateering lost international sanction under the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Paris">Declaration of Paris</a> in 1856. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commerce_raiders">Commerce raiders</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ruse_de_guerre" title="Ruse de guerre">Ruse de guerre</a></div> A wartime activity similar to piracy involves disguised <a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">warships</a> called <a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiders" class="mw-redirect" title="Commerce raiders">commerce raiders</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Merchant_raider" title="Merchant raider">merchant raiders</a>, which attack enemy shipping commerce, approaching by stealth and then opening fire. Commerce raiders operated successfully during the American Revolution.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During the American Civil War, the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> sent out several commerce raiders, the most famous of which was the <a href="/wiki/CSS_Alabama" title="CSS Alabama">CSS Alabama</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During World War I and World War II, Germany also made use of these tactics, both in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a> and Indian Oceans. Since commissioned naval vessels were openly used, these commerce raiders should not be considered even privateers, much less pirates—although the opposing combatants were vocal in denouncing them as such. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_piracy">Contemporary piracy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_21st_century" title="Piracy in the 21st century">Piracy in the 21st century</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea">Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy in Somalia">Piracy in Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Strait_of_Malacca" title="Piracy in the Strait of Malacca">Piracy in the Strait of Malacca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_on_Falcon_Lake" title="Piracy on Falcon Lake">Piracy on Falcon Lake</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_attacked_by_Somali_pirates" title="List of ships attacked by Somali pirates">List of ships attacked by Somali pirates</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Terrorism" title="Category:Terrorism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a> and political violence</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_terrorism" title="Definition of terrorism">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_terrorism" title="History of terrorism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents" title="List of terrorist incidents">Incidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">By <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_terrorism" title="Communist terrorism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_terrorism" title="Left-wing terrorism">Left-wing/Far-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcoterrorism" title="Narcoterrorism">Narcotics-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_terrorism" title="Nationalist terrorism">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_political_violence" title="Zionist political violence">Zionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">Right-wing/Far-right</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_terrorism" title="Hindu terrorism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism#Other_jihads" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">Salafi-Wahhabi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_extremist_terrorism" title="Jewish extremist terrorism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh terrorism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Special-interest_terrorism" title="Special-interest terrorism">Special-interest / Single-issue</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">Suffragette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_violence" title="Anti-abortion violence">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">Green/Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogynist_terrorism" title="Misogynist terrorism">Misogynist</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violent_extremism" title="Violent extremism">Violent extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_organizations_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Militia organizations in the United States">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">Resistance movement</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_financing" title="Terrorism financing">Financing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_front_organization" title="Terrorist front organization">Fronting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalization" title="Radicalization">Radicalization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Online_youth_radicalization" title="Online youth radicalization">online</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_training_camp" title="Terrorist training camp">Training camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_cell_system" title="Clandestine cell system">Clandestine cell system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaderless_resistance" title="Leaderless resistance">Leaderless resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_wolf_attack" title="Lone wolf attack">Lone wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_terrorism" title="Domestic terrorism">Domestic</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tactics_of_terrorism" title="Tactics of terrorism"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Methods</li><li>Tactics</li></ul></div></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agro-terrorism" title="Agro-terrorism">Agro-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking" title="Aircraft hijacking">Aircraft hijacking</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_hijackings" title="List of aircraft hijackings">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beheading_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Beheading in Islam">Beheading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing">Bombing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal-borne_bomb_attacks" title="Animal-borne bomb attacks">Animal-borne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">Car</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_car_bombings" title="List of mass car bombings">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">Improvised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_bomb" title="Letter bomb">Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_threat" title="Bomb threat">Threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_bomb" title="Proxy bomb">Proxy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyberterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_run_(terrorism)" title="Dry run (terrorism)">Dry run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_terrorism" title="Environmental terrorism">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage-taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_terror" title="Individual terror">Individual terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">Kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_wolf_attack" title="Lone wolf attack">Lone wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_terrorism" title="Nuclear terrorism">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_terrorism" title="Paper terrorism">Paper</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting" title="Mass shooting">Shooting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_shooting" title="School shooting">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spree_killer" title="Spree killer">Spree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabbing_as_a_terrorist_tactic" title="Stabbing as a terrorist tactic">Stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">Suicide attack</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Suicide_bombings_by_country" title="Category:Suicide bombings by country">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactics_of_terrorism#Rocket_and_mortar_attacks" title="Tactics of terrorism">Rockets and mortars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle-ramming_attack" title="Vehicle-ramming attack">Vehicle-ramming</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Terrorist groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">Designated terrorist groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_charities_accused_of_ties_to_terrorism" title="List of charities accused of ties to terrorism">Charities accused of ties to terrorism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Adherents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violent_non-state_actor" title="Violent non-state actor">Violent non-state actors</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">State terrorism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_counter-terrorism_in_Kazakhstan#State_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism and counter-terrorism in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia#Soviet_Union" title="Terrorism in Russia">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state_terrorism" title="United States and state terrorism">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Uzbekistan#State_terrorism" title="Terrorism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_terrorism" title="State-sponsored terrorism">State-sponsored terrorism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Israel and state-sponsored terrorism">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Kuwait and state-sponsored terrorism">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Libya and state-sponsored terrorism">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Qatar and state-sponsored terrorism">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism and the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_terrorism#Saudi_Arabia" title="State-sponsored terrorism">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Syria#Alleged_Syrian_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Terrorism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="United States and state-sponsored terrorism">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Venezuela and state-sponsored terrorism">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Response to terrorism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-terrorism">Counter-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_conventions_on_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="International conventions on terrorism">International conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-terrorism_legislation" title="Anti-terrorism legislation">Anti-terrorism legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_insurance" title="Terrorism insurance">Terrorism insurance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0.25em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Terrorism" title="Template:Terrorism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Terrorism" title="Template talk:Terrorism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Terrorism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Terrorism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Seaborne piracy against transport vessels is a significant issue, with estimated worldwide losses of US$16 billion per year in 2004,<a href="#cite_note-foreignaffairs.org-6">[6]</a> increased to US$25 billion over the next 20 years.<a href="#cite_note-Assessment_of_global_shipping_risk-5">[5]</a> Waters between the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, off the Somali coast, and also in the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a> and Singapore, which are used by over 50,000 commercial ships a year. In the Gulf of Guinea, maritime piracy has also led to pressure on offshore oil and gas production, providing security for offshore installations and supply vessels is often paid for by oil companies rather than the respective governments.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> In the late 2000s,<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> the emergence of piracy off the coast of Somalia spurred a multi-national effort led by the United States to patrol the waters near the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>. In 2011, Brazil also created an anti-piracy unit on the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Peter_Blake_(sailor)" title="Peter Blake (sailor)">Peter Blake</a>, a New Zealand world champion yachtsman, was killed by pirates on the Amazon river in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, vessels suffer <a href="/wiki/River_pirate" title="River pirate">river piracy</a>, with attacks <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy in Serbia">on the Serbian</a> and Romanian stretches of the <a href="/wiki/Danube_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube river">Danube river</a>, an <a href="/wiki/International_waterway" class="mw-redirect" title="International waterway">international waterway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somalian_Piracy_Threat_Map_2010.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Somalian_Piracy_Threat_Map_2010.png/220px-Somalian_Piracy_Threat_Map_2010.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Somalian_Piracy_Threat_Map_2010.png/330px-Somalian_Piracy_Threat_Map_2010.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Somalian_Piracy_Threat_Map_2010.png/440px-Somalian_Piracy_Threat_Map_2010.png 2x" data-file-width="3389" data-file-height="2396" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the extent of Somali pirate attacks on shipping vessels between 2005 and 2010</figcaption></figure> Modern pirates favor small boats and taking advantage of the small number of crew members on modern cargo vessels. They also use large vessels to supply the smaller attack/boarding vessels. Modern pirates can be successful because a large amount of international commerce occurs via shipping. Major shipping routes take cargo ships through narrow bodies of water such as the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a> and the Strait of Malacca making them vulnerable to be overtaken and boarded by small <a href="/wiki/Motorboat" title="Motorboat">motorboats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Other active areas include the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a>. As usage increases, many of these ships have to lower cruising speeds to allow for navigation and traffic control, making them prime targets for piracy. Also, pirates often operate in regions of poor developing or struggling countries with small or nonexistent navies and large <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade routes</a>. Pirates sometimes evade capture by sailing into waters controlled by their pursuer's enemies. With the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, navies have decreased in size and patrol less frequently, while trade has increased, making organized piracy far easier. Modern pirates are sometimes linked with organized-crime syndicates, but often are small individual groups. The <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Bureau" title="International Maritime Bureau">International Maritime Bureau</a> (IMB) maintains statistics regarding pirate attacks dating back to 1995. Their records indicate hostage-taking overwhelmingly dominates the types of violence against seafarers. For example, in 2006, there were 239 attacks, 77 crew members were kidnapped and 188 taken hostage but only 15 of the pirate attacks resulted in murder.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> In 2007 the attacks rose by 10 percent to 263 attacks. There was a 35 percent increase on reported attacks involving guns. Crew members that were injured numbered 64 compared to just 17 in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-ICC_piracy_report-153">[153]</a> That number does not include instances of hostage taking and kidnapping where the victims were not injured. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS61C-42-72.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/STS61C-42-72.jpg/220px-STS61C-42-72.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/STS61C-42-72.jpg/330px-STS61C-42-72.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/STS61C-42-72.jpg/440px-STS61C-42-72.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>Aerial photograph of the <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea">Niger Delta</a>, a center of piracy</figcaption></figure> The number of attacks from January to September 2009 had surpassed the previous year's total due to the increased pirate attacks in the Gulf of Aden and off Somalia. Between January and September the number of attacks rose to 306 from 293. Pirates boarded the vessels in 114 cases and hijacked 34 of them. Gun use in pirate attacks increased to 176 cases from 76 in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Rather than cargo, modern pirates have targeted the personal belongings of the crew and the contents of the <a href="/wiki/Safe" title="Safe">ship's safe</a>, which potentially contains large amounts of cash needed for payroll and port fees. In other cases, the pirates force the crew off the ship and then sail it to a port to be repainted and given a new identity through false papers purchased from corrupt or complicit officials.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Modern piracy can take place in conditions of political unrest. For example, following the U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam, Thai piracy was aimed at the many Vietnamese who <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_boat_people" title="Vietnamese boat people">took to boats</a> to escape. Further, following the disintegration of the government of Somalia, <a href="/wiki/Warlord" title="Warlord">warlords</a> in the region have attacked ships delivering UN food aid.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somali_Pirates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Somali_Pirates.jpg/220px-Somali_Pirates.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Somali_Pirates.jpg/330px-Somali_Pirates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Somali_Pirates.jpg/440px-Somali_Pirates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption>A collage of Somali pirates armed with <a href="/wiki/AKM" title="AKM">AKM</a> <a href="/wiki/Assault_rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="Assault rifles">assault rifles</a>, <a href="/wiki/RPG-7" title="RPG-7">RPG-7</a> <a href="/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade" title="Rocket-propelled grenade">rocket-propelled grenade</a> launchers and <a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_pistol" title="Semi-automatic pistol">semi-automatic pistols</a> in 2008</figcaption></figure> The attack against the German-built cruise ship the <a href="/wiki/Seabourn_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Seabourn Spirit">Seabourn Spirit</a> offshore of Somalia in November 2005 is an example of the sophisticated pirates mariners face. The pirates carried out their attack more than 100 miles (160 km) offshore with speedboats launched from a larger mother ship. The attackers were armed with automatic firearms and an <a href="/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade" title="Rocket-propelled grenade">RPG</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Since 2008, Somali pirates centered in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a> made about $120 million annually, reportedly costing the shipping industry between $900 million and $3.3 billion per year.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> By September 2012, the heyday of piracy in the Indian Ocean was reportedly over. Backers were now reportedly reluctant to finance pirate expeditions due to the low rate of success, and pirates were no longer able to reimburse their creditors.<a href="#cite_note-Apipsofsp-159">[159]</a> According to the International Maritime Bureau, pirate attacks had by October 2012 dropped to a six-year low.<a href="#cite_note-Bspftsylagds-160">[160]</a> Only five ships were captured by the end of the year, representing a decrease from 25 in 2011 and 27 in 2010,<a href="#cite_note-Hhgfssp-161">[161]</a> with only one ship attacked in the third quarter compared to 36 during the same period in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Bspftsylagds-160">[160]</a> However, pirate incidents off on the West African seaboard increased to 34 from 30 the previous year, and <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Indonesia" title="Piracy in Indonesia">attacks off the coast of Indonesia</a> rose from 2011's total of 46 to 51.<a href="#cite_note-Bspftsylagds-160">[160]</a> Many nations forbid ships to enter their territorial waters or ports if the crew of the ships are armed, in an effort to restrict possible piracy.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Shipping companies sometimes hire private armed security guards. Modern definitions of piracy include the following acts: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_(attack)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boarding (attack)">Boarding</a> without permission.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">Extortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage_taking" class="mw-redirect" title="Hostage taking">Hostage taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">Kidnapping</a> of people for <a href="/wiki/Ransom" title="Ransom">ransom</a></li> <li>Murder</li> <li>Cargo theft</li> <li>Robbery and seizure of items or the ship</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a> resulting in the ship subsequently sinking</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipwreck" title="Shipwreck">Shipwrecking</a> done intentionally to a ship</li></ul> Together with <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counterfeiting" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterfeiting">counterfeiting</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FindLaw-163">[163]</a> piracy, including acts against the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of nations">law of nations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> is one of three criminal offenses against which the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> is delegated power to enact penal legislation by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FindLaw-163">[163]</a> In modern times, ships and airplanes are <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking" title="Aircraft hijacking">hijacked</a> for political reasons as well. The perpetrators of these acts could be described as pirates (for instance, the French term for plane hijacker is pirate de l'air, literally air pirate), but in English are usually termed hijackers. An example is the hijacking of the Italian civilian passenger ship <a href="/wiki/MS_Achille_Lauro" title="MS Achille Lauro">Achille Lauro</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Liberation_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Liberation Organization">Palestinian Liberation Organization</a> in 1985, which is regarded as an act of piracy. A 2009 book entitled International Legal Dimension of Terrorism called the attackers "terrorists".<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Modern pirates also use a great deal of technology. It has been reported that crimes of piracy have involved the use of mobile phones, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">satellite phones</a>, <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machete" title="Machete">machetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/AK74" class="mw-redirect" title="AK74">AK74</a> rifles, <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a> systems, modern <a href="/wiki/Speedboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Speedboat">speedboats</a>, shotguns, <a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">pistols</a>, mounted machine guns, and even <a href="/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade" title="Rocket-propelled grenade">RPGs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grenade_launcher" title="Grenade launcher">grenade launchers</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2020, the amount of piracy increased by 24% after being at its lowest 21st century level in 2019. The Americas and Africa have been identified by the <a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="International Chamber of Commerce">International Chamber of Commerce</a> as the most vulnerable to piracy as a result of less-wealthy governments in the regions being unable to adequately combat piracy.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> IMB Piracy Reporting Centre keeps a live piracy map to help keep track of all recent piracy and armed robbery incidents.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-piracy_measures">Anti-piracy measures</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pipvangulgui.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Pipvangulgui.png/220px-Pipvangulgui.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Pipvangulgui.png/330px-Pipvangulgui.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Pipvangulgui.png/440px-Pipvangulgui.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption>Incidents of pipeline vandalism by pirates in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a>, 2002–2011</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-piracy_measures_in_Somalia" title="Anti-piracy measures in Somalia">Anti-piracy measures in Somalia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Combined_Task_Force_151" title="Combined Task Force 151">Combined Task Force 151</a>; <a href="/wiki/Operation_Atalanta" title="Operation Atalanta">Operation Atalanta</a>; <a href="/wiki/European_Maritime_Force" title="European Maritime Force">European Maritime Force</a>; <a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa</a>; <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ocean_Shield" title="Operation Ocean Shield">Operation Ocean Shield</a>; <a href="/wiki/Danish_counter-piracy_strategy" title="Danish counter-piracy strategy">Danish counter-piracy strategy</a>; <a href="/wiki/West_Indies_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States" title="West Indies anti-piracy operations of the United States">West Indies anti-piracy operations of the United States</a>; <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States" title="Aegean Sea anti-piracy operations of the United States">Aegean Sea anti-piracy operations of the United States</a>; <a href="/wiki/Operation_Prosperity_Guardian" title="Operation Prosperity Guardian">Operation Prosperity Guardian</a>; <a href="/wiki/Operation_Aspides" title="Operation Aspides">Operation Aspides</a>; <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Commission" title="Indian Ocean Commission">Indian Ocean Commission</a>; <a href="/wiki/Information_Fusion_Centre_%E2%80%93_Indian_Ocean_region" title="Information Fusion Centre – Indian Ocean region">Information Fusion Centre – Indian Ocean region</a>; <a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces#Peace_keeping,_anti-piracy,_and_exploration_missions" title="Indian Armed Forces">Indian Armed Forces § Peace keeping, anti-piracy, and exploration missions</a>; <a href="/wiki/Regional_Cooperation_Agreement_on_Combating_Piracy_and_Armed_Robbery_against_Ships_in_Asia" title="Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia">Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Piracy_Act_of_1819" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Piracy Act of 1819">Anti-Piracy Act of 1819</a></div> Under a principle of international law known as the "universality principle", a government may "exercise jurisdiction over conduct outside its territory if that conduct is universally dangerous to states and their nationals."<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> The rationale behind the universality principle is that states will punish certain acts "wherever they may occur as a means of protecting the global community as a whole, even absent a link between the state and the parties or the acts in question." Under this principle, the concept of "universal jurisdiction" applies to the crime of piracy.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> For example, the United States has a statute (section 1651 of title 18 of the United States Code) imposing a sentence of life in prison for piracy "as defined by the law of nations" committed anywhere on the high seas, regardless of the nationality of the pirates or the victims.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> The goal of maritime security operations is "actively to deter, disrupt and suppress piracy in order to protect global maritime security and secure freedom of navigation for the benefit of all nations",<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> and pirates are often detained, interrogated, disarmed, and released. With millions of dollars at stake, pirates have little incentive to stop. In Finland, one case involved pirates who had been captured and whose boat was sunk. As the pirates attacked a vessel of Singapore, not Finland, and are not themselves EU or Finnish citizens, they were not prosecuted. A further complication in many cases, including this one, is that many countries do not allow extradition of people to jurisdictions where they may be sentenced to death or torture.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> The Dutch are using a 17th-century law against sea robbery to prosecute.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Warships that capture pirates have no jurisdiction to try them, and NATO does not have a detention policy in place. Prosecutors have a hard time assembling witnesses and finding translators, and countries are reluctant to imprison pirates because the countries would be saddled with the pirates upon their release.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_111219-N-ZZ999-070_A_visit,_board,_search_and_seizure_team_from_the_guided-missile_destroyer_USS_Pinckney_(DDG_91)_approaches_a_suspected_p.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/US_Navy_111219-N-ZZ999-070_A_visit%2C_board%2C_search_and_seizure_team_from_the_guided-missile_destroyer_USS_Pinckney_%28DDG_91%29_approaches_a_suspected_p.jpg/220px-US_Navy_111219-N-ZZ999-070_A_visit%2C_board%2C_search_and_seizure_team_from_the_guided-missile_destroyer_USS_Pinckney_%28DDG_91%29_approaches_a_suspected_p.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/US_Navy_111219-N-ZZ999-070_A_visit%2C_board%2C_search_and_seizure_team_from_the_guided-missile_destroyer_USS_Pinckney_%28DDG_91%29_approaches_a_suspected_p.jpg/330px-US_Navy_111219-N-ZZ999-070_A_visit%2C_board%2C_search_and_seizure_team_from_the_guided-missile_destroyer_USS_Pinckney_%28DDG_91%29_approaches_a_suspected_p.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/US_Navy_111219-N-ZZ999-070_A_visit%2C_board%2C_search_and_seizure_team_from_the_guided-missile_destroyer_USS_Pinckney_%28DDG_91%29_approaches_a_suspected_p.jpg/440px-US_Navy_111219-N-ZZ999-070_A_visit%2C_board%2C_search_and_seizure_team_from_the_guided-missile_destroyer_USS_Pinckney_%28DDG_91%29_approaches_a_suspected_p.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Suspected <a href="/wiki/Somali_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali pirates">Somali pirates</a> keep their hands in the air</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Regional_Cooperation_Agreement_on_Combating_Piracy_and_Armed_Robbery_against_Ships_in_Asia" title="Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia">Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia</a> formed in November 2006.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Since the 2010s, the U.S. Navy and others have been developing <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> (AI)-based systems that generate piracy alerts based on surveillance data.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-defense">Self-defense</h3></div> The fourth volume of the handbook: Best Management Practices to Deter Piracy off the Coast of Somalia and in the Arabian Sea Area (known as BMP4)<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> is the current authoritative guide for merchant ships on self-defense against pirates. The guide is issued and updated by Oil Companies International Marine Forum (OCIMF), a consortium of interested international shipping and trading organizations including the EU, NATO and the International Maritime Bureau.<a href="#cite_note-bmp3-179">[179]</a> It is distributed primarily by the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Security_Centre_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Security Centre – Horn of Africa">Maritime Security Centre – Horn of Africa</a> (MSCHOA), the planning and coordination authority for EU naval forces (EUNAVFOR).<a href="#cite_note-bmp3-179">[179]</a> The BMP4 encourages vessels to register their voyages through the region with MSCHOA, as this registration is a key component of the operation of the International Recommended Transit Corridor (IRTC, the navy-patrolled route through the Gulf of Aden). The BMP4 contains a chapter entitled "Self-Protective Measures" which lays out a list of steps a merchant vessel can take to make itself less of a target to pirates, and make it better able to repel an attack if one occurs. This list includes rigging the deck of the ship with <a href="/wiki/Razor_wire" title="Razor wire">razor wire</a>, rigging fire-hoses to spray sea-water over the side of the ship to hinder boardings, having a distinctive pirate alarm, hardening the bridge against gunfire and creating a "<a href="/wiki/Safe_room" title="Safe room">citadel</a>" where the crew can retreat if pirates get on board.<a href="#cite_note-bmp3-179">[179]</a> Other unofficial self-defense measures that can be found on merchant vessels include the setting up of mannequins posing as armed guards or firing flares at the pirates.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Though it varies by country, generally peacetime law in the 20th and 21st centuries has not allowed merchant vessels to carry weapons. As a response to the rise in modern piracy, however, the U.S. government changed its rules so that it is now possible for <a href="/wiki/Flag_state" title="Flag state">U.S.-flagged vessels</a> to embark a team of armed private security guards. The <a href="/wiki/US_Coastguard" class="mw-redirect" title="US Coastguard">US Coastguard</a> leaves it to ship owners' discretion to determine if those guards will be armed.<a href="#cite_note-John_W._Miller-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> The International Chamber of Shipping (ICS) in 2011 changed its stance on private armed guards, accepting that operators must be able to defend their ships against pirate attacks.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> This has given birth to a new breed of <a href="/wiki/Private_security_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Private security companies">private security companies</a> that provide training for crew members and operate <a href="/wiki/Floating_armoury" title="Floating armoury">floating armouries</a> for protection of crew and cargo. This has proved effective in countering pirate attacks.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> The use of floating armouries in international waters allows ships to carry weapons in international waters, without being in possession of arms within coastal waters where they would be illegal. <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> has become a central location for international anti-piracy operations, hosting the Anti-Piracy Operation Center for the Indian Ocean. In 2008, VSOS became the first authorized armed maritime security company to operate in the Indian Ocean region.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> With safety trials complete in the late 2000s, <a href="/wiki/Laser_dazzler" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser dazzler">laser dazzlers</a> have been developed for defensive purposes on super-yachts.<a href="#cite_note-mental_dazer-187">[187]</a> They can be effective up to 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) with the effects going from mild disorientation to <a href="/wiki/Flash_blindness" title="Flash blindness">flash blindness</a> at closer range.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> In February 2012, <a href="/wiki/San_Marco_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="San Marco Regiment">Italian Marines</a> based on the tanker <a href="/wiki/Enrica_Lexie" title="Enrica Lexie">Enrica Lexie</a> <a href="/wiki/2012_Italian_shooting_in_the_Arabian_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Italian shooting in the Arabian sea">allegedly fired on an Indian fishing trawler</a> off <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, killing two of her eleven crew. The Marines allegedly mistook the fishing vessel as a pirate vessel. The incident sparked a diplomatic row between India and Italy. Enrica Lexie was ordered into <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a> where her crew were questioned by <a href="/wiki/Indian_Police_Service" title="Indian Police Service">officers of the Indian Police</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC17071474-189">[189]</a> The fact is still sub juris and its legal eventual outcome could influence future deployment of VPDs, since states will be either encouraged or discouraged to provide them depending on whether <a href="/wiki/Immunity_from_prosecution_(international_law)#Functional_immunity" title="Immunity from prosecution (international law)">functional immunity</a> is ultimately granted or denied to the Italians.<a href="#cite_note-R.L.Phillips-190">[190]</a> Another similar incident has been reported to have happened in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> between the coasts of Somalia and Yemen, involving the death of a Yemeni fisherman allegedly at the hands of a Russian Vessel Protection Detachment (VPD) on board a Norwegian-flagged vessel.<a href="#cite_note-piracy-law-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-Russian-Yemeni_incident-192">[192]</a> Despite VPD deployment being controversial because of these incidents, according to the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AP_UN_SC-193">[193]</a> during a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> conference about piracy "U.S. Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Susan_Rice" title="Susan Rice">Susan Rice</a> told the council that no ship carrying armed guards has been successfully attacked by pirates" and "French Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Araud" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerard Araud">Gerard Araud</a> stressed that private guards do not have the deterrent effect that government-posted marine and sailors and naval patrols have in warding off attacks". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self_protection_measures">Self protection measures</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armed_guard_escort_on_a_merchant_ship.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Armed_guard_escort_on_a_merchant_ship.jpg/220px-Armed_guard_escort_on_a_merchant_ship.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Armed_guard_escort_on_a_merchant_ship.jpg/330px-Armed_guard_escort_on_a_merchant_ship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Armed_guard_escort_on_a_merchant_ship.jpg/440px-Armed_guard_escort_on_a_merchant_ship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A private guard escort on a merchant ship providing security services against <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy in Somalia">piracy in the Indian Ocean</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LRAD.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/LRAD.JPG/220px-LRAD.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/LRAD.JPG/330px-LRAD.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/LRAD.JPG/440px-LRAD.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>An LRAD <a href="/wiki/Sound_cannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound cannon">sound cannon</a> mounted on <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_2" title="Queen Mary 2">RMS Queen Mary 2</a></figcaption></figure> The best protection against pirates is to avoid encountering them. This can be accomplished by using tools such as <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> or by using specialised systems that use shorter wavelengths, as small boats are not always picked up by radar. An example of a specialised system is WatchStander.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> While the non-wartime 20th century tradition has been for merchant vessels not to be armed, the U.S. Government has recently changed the rules so that it is now "best practice" for vessels to embark a team of armed private security guards.<a href="#cite_note-John_W._Miller-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> The guards are usually supplied from ships intended specifically for training and supplying such armed personnel.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> The crew can be given weapons training,<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> and warning shots can be fired legally in international waters. Other measures vessels can take to protect themselves against piracy are air-pressurised boat stopping systems which can fire a variety of vessel-disabling projectiles,<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> implementing a high freewall<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> and vessel boarding protection systems (e.g., hot water wall, electricity-charged water wall, automated fire monitor, slippery foam).<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Ships can also attempt to protect themselves using their Automatic Identification Systems (AIS).<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Every ship over 300 tons carries a transponder supplying both information about the ship itself and its movements. Any unexpected change in this information can attract attention. Previously this data could only be picked up if there was a nearby ship, rendering single ships vulnerable. Special satellites have been launched recently that are now able to detect and retransmit this data. Large ships cannot therefore be hijacked without being detected. This can act as a deterrent to attempts to either hijack the entire ship, or steal large portions of cargo with another ship, since an escort can be sent more quickly. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patrol">Patrol</h3></div> In an emergency warships can be called upon. In some areas such as near Somalia, patrolling naval vessels from different nations are available to intercept vessels attacking merchant vessels. For patrolling dangerous coastal waters, or keeping cost down, <a href="/wiki/Robotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic">robotic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Remote-controlled" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote-controlled">remote-controlled</a> <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_surface_vehicle" title="Unmanned surface vehicle">USVs</a> are also sometimes used.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Shore- and vessel-launched <a href="/wiki/UAV" class="mw-redirect" title="UAV">UAVs</a> are used by the U.S. Navy.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> A British former <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the Defence Staff (United Kingdom)">British chief of defence staff</a> (<a href="/wiki/David_Richards,_Baron_Richards_of_Herstmonceux" title="David Richards, Baron Richards of Herstmonceux">David Richards</a>), questioned the value of expensive kit procured by successive governments, saying "We have £1bn destroyers trying to sort out pirates in a little <a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">dhow</a> with <a href="/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade_launchers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket-propelled grenade launchers">RPGs</a> [rocket-propelled grenade launchers] costing US$50, with an outboard motor [costing] $100". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_aspects">Legal aspects</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_laws">United Kingdom laws</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Target_practice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Target_practice.jpg/220px-Target_practice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Target_practice.jpg/330px-Target_practice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Target_practice.jpg/440px-Target_practice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="913" /></a><figcaption>A merchant seaman aboard a fleet oil tanker practices target shooting with a <a href="/wiki/Remington_870" class="mw-redirect" title="Remington 870">Remington 870</a> 12 gauge shotgun as part of training to repel <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Strait_of_Malacca" title="Piracy in the Strait of Malacca">pirates in the Strait of Malacca</a>, 1984</figcaption></figure> Section 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1837" title="Piracy Act 1837">Piracy Act 1837</a> creates a statutory offence of aggravated piracy. See also the <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1850" title="Piracy Act 1850">Piracy Act 1850</a>. In 2008 the British <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office">Foreign Office</a> advised the Royal Navy not to detain pirates of certain nationalities as they might be able to claim asylum in Britain under <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Act_1998" title="Human Rights Act 1998">British human rights legislation</a>, if their national laws included execution, or mutilation as a judicial punishment for crimes committed as pirates.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Definition_of_piracy_jure_gentium">Definition of piracy jure gentium</h4></div> See section 26 of, and Schedule 5 to, the Merchant Shipping and Maritime Security Act 1997. These provisions replace the Schedule to the Tokyo Convention Act 1967. In Cameron v HM Advocate, 1971 SLT 333, the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justiciary" title="High Court of Justiciary">High Court of Justiciary</a> said that that Schedule supplemented the existing law and did not seek to restrict the scope of the offence of piracy jure gentium. See also: <ul><li>Re Piracy Jure Gentium [1934] AC 586, <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council">PC</a></li> <li>Attorney General of Hong Kong v Kwok-a-Sing (1873) LR 5 PC 179</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</h4></div> See section 46(2) of the <a href="/wiki/Senior_Courts_Act_1981" title="Senior Courts Act 1981">Senior Courts Act 1981</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/41-42/73/section/6">section 6</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Waters_Jurisdiction_Act_1878" title="Territorial Waters Jurisdiction Act 1878">Territorial Waters Jurisdiction Act 1878</a>. See also R v Kohn (1864) 4 F & F 68. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Piracy_committed_by_or_against_aircraft">Piracy committed by or against aircraft</h4></div> See section 5 of the <a href="/wiki/Aviation_Security_Act_1982" title="Aviation Security Act 1982">Aviation Security Act 1982</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sentence">Sentence</h4></div> The book <a href="/wiki/Archbold_Criminal_Pleading,_Evidence_and_Practice" title="Archbold Criminal Pleading, Evidence and Practice">Archbold</a> says that in a case that does not fall within section 2 of the Piracy Act 1837, the penalty appears to be determined by the <a href="/wiki/Offences_at_Sea_Act_1799" title="Offences at Sea Act 1799">Offences at Sea Act 1799</a>, which provides that offences committed at sea are liable to the same penalty as if they had been committed upon the shore.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_2">History</h4></div> William Hawkins said that under <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>, piracy by a subject was esteemed to be <a href="/wiki/Petty_treason" title="Petty treason">petty treason</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Treason_Act_1351" title="Treason Act 1351">Treason Act 1351</a> provided that this was not petty treason.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> In English <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law" title="Admiralty law">admiralty law</a>, piracy was classified as petty treason during the medieval period, and offenders were accordingly liable to be <a href="/wiki/Hanged,_drawn_and_quartered" title="Hanged, drawn and quartered">hanged, drawn and quartered</a> on conviction. Piracy was redefined as a <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>. In either case, piracy cases were cognizable in the courts of the Lord High Admiral. English judges in <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_court" title="Admiralty court">admiralty courts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice_admiralty_court" title="Vice admiralty court">vice admiralty courts</a> emphasized that "neither Faith nor Oath is to be kept" with pirates; i.e. contracts with pirates and oaths sworn to them were not legally binding. Pirates were legally subject to <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary execution</a> by their captors if captured in battle. In practice, instances of summary justice and annulment of oaths and contracts involving pirates do not appear to have been common.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_laws">United States laws</h3></div> In the United States, criminal prosecution of piracy is authorized in the <a href="/wiki/Article_I_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_8:_Powers_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Article I of the United States Constitution">U.S. Constitution, Art. I Sec. 8 cl. 10</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations;</blockquote> Title 18 U.S.C. § 1651 states: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> Whoever, on the high seas, commits the crime of piracy as defined by the law of nations, and is afterwards brought into or found in the United States, shall be imprisoned for life. </blockquote> Citing the United States Supreme Court decision in the 1820 case of United States v. Smith,<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> a U.S. District Court ruled in 2010 in the case of United States v. Said that the definition of piracy under section 1651 is confined to "robbery at sea". The piracy charges (but not other serious federal charges) against the defendants in the Said case were dismissed by the Court.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> The U.S. District Court for the E.D.Va. has since been overturned: "On May 23, 2012, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit issued an opinion vacating the Court's dismissal of the piracy count. United States v. Said, 680 F.3d 374 (4th Cir.2012). See also United States v. Dire, 680 F.3d 446, 465 (4th Cir.2012) (upholding an instruction to the jury that the crime of piracy includes 'any of the three following actions: (A) any illegal acts of violence or detention or any act of depredation committed for private ends on the high seas or a place outside the jurisdiction of any state by the crew or the passengers of a private ship and directed against another ship or against persons or property on board such ship; or (B) any act of voluntary participation in the operation of a ship with knowledge of facts making it a pirate ship; or (C) any act of inciting or of intentionally facilitating an act described in (A) or (B) above").'" The case was remanded to E.D. Va., see US v. Said, 3 F. Supp. 3d 515 – Dist. Court, ED Virginia (2014). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_law">International law</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_piracy_law" title="International piracy law">International piracy law</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effects_on_international_boundaries">Effects on international boundaries</h4></div> During the 18th century, the British and the Dutch controlled opposite sides of the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Malacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits of Malacca">Straits of Malacca</a>. The British and the Dutch drew a line separating the Straits into two halves. The agreement was that each party would be responsible for combating piracy in their respective half. Eventually this line became the border between Malaysia and Indonesia in the Straits. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Law_of_nations">Law of nations</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imoconfsom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Imoconfsom.jpg/220px-Imoconfsom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Imoconfsom.jpg/330px-Imoconfsom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Imoconfsom.jpg/440px-Imoconfsom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4580" data-file-height="2948" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a> (IMO) conference on capacity-building to counter piracy in the Indian Ocean</figcaption></figure> Piracy is of note in <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> as it is commonly held to represent the earliest invocation of the concept of <a href="/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction" title="Universal jurisdiction">universal jurisdiction</a>. The crime of piracy is considered a breach of <a href="/wiki/Jus_cogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jus cogens">jus cogens</a>, a conventional peremptory international norm that states must uphold. Those committing thefts on the high seas, inhibiting trade, and endangering maritime communication are considered by sovereign states to hold the status of <a href="/wiki/Hostis_humani_generis" title="Hostis humani generis">hostis humani generis</a> (an enemy of humankind).<a href="#cite_note-HK-2001-211">[211]</a> Because of universal jurisdiction, action can be taken against pirates without objection from the flag state of the pirate vessel. This represents an exception to the principle <a href="/wiki/Extra_territorium_jus_dicenti_impune_non_paretur" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra territorium jus dicenti impune non paretur">extra territorium jus dicenti impune non paretur</a> ("One who exercises jurisdiction out of his territory is disobeyed with impunity").<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_conventions">International conventions</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Articles_101_to_103_of_UNCLOS">Articles 101 to 103 of UNCLOS</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore_Bob_Mansergh_at_MAST.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Commodore_Bob_Mansergh_at_MAST.jpg/220px-Commodore_Bob_Mansergh_at_MAST.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Commodore_Bob_Mansergh_at_MAST.jpg/330px-Commodore_Bob_Mansergh_at_MAST.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Commodore_Bob_Mansergh_at_MAST.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption>British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Commodore_(Royal_Navy)" title="Commodore (Royal Navy)">Commodore</a> gives a presentation on piracy at the MAST 2008 conference</figcaption></figure> Articles 101 to 103 of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a> (UNCLOS) (1982) contain a definition of piracy iure gentium (i.e. according to international law).<a href="#cite_note-Archbold_Criminal_Pleading_1999-213">[213]</a> They read: <blockquote> <div style="font-variant:small-caps">Article 101</div> Definition of piracy Piracy consists of any of the following acts: <ul><li>(a) any illegal acts of violence or detention, or any act of depredation, committed for private ends by the crew or the passengers of a private ship or a private aircraft, and directed— <ul><li>(i) on the <a href="/wiki/High_seas" class="mw-redirect" title="High seas">high seas</a>, against another ship or aircraft, or against persons or property on board such ship or aircraft;</li> <li>(ii) against a ship, aircraft, persons or property in a place outside the jurisdiction of any State;</li></ul></li> <li>(b) any act of voluntary participation in the operation of a ship or of an aircraft with knowledge of facts making it a pirate ship or aircraft;</li> <li>(c) any act of inciting or of intentionally facilitating an act described in subparagraph (a) or (b).</li></ul> <div style="font-variant:small-caps">Article 102</div> Piracy by a warship, government ship or government aircraft whose crew has mutinied The acts of piracy, as defined in article 101, committed by a warship, government ship or government aircraft whose crew has mutinied and taken control of the ship or aircraft are assimilated to acts committed by a private ship or aircraft. <div style="font-variant:small-caps">Article 103</div> Definition of a pirate ship or aircraft A ship or aircraft is considered a pirate ship or aircraft if it is intended by the persons in dominant control to be used for the purpose of committing one of the acts referred to in article 101. The same applies if the ship or aircraft has been used to commit any such act, so long as it remains under the control of the persons guilty of that act.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> </blockquote> This definition was formerly contained in articles 15 to 17 of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_High_Seas" title="Convention on the High Seas">Convention on the High Seas</a> signed at Geneva on April 29, 1958.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> It was drafted<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Law_Commission" title="International Law Commission">International Law Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Archbold_Criminal_Pleading_1999-213">[213]</a> A limitation of article 101 above is that it confines piracy to the High Seas. As the majority of piratical acts occur within territorial waters, some pirates are able to go free as certain jurisdictions lack the resources to monitor their borders adequately.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="IMB_definition">IMB definition</h4></div> The International Maritime Bureau (IMB) defines piracy as: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">the act of boarding any vessel with an intent to commit theft or any other crime, and with an intent or capacity to use force in furtherance of that act.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uniformity_in_maritime_piracy_law">Uniformity in maritime piracy law</h4></div> Given the diverging definitions of piracy in international and municipal legal systems, some authors argue that greater uniformity in the law is required in order to strengthen anti-piracy legal instruments.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_perceptions">Cultural perceptions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_pirates" title="List of fictional pirates">List of fictional pirates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pirates_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirates in popular culture">Pirates in popular culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black-Beard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Black-Beard.jpg/170px-Black-Beard.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="395" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Black-Beard.jpg/255px-Black-Beard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Black-Beard.jpg/340px-Black-Beard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption>"Mic the Scallywag" of the Pirates of Emerson Haunted Adventure Fremont, California</figcaption></figure> Pirates are a frequent topic in fiction and, in their Caribbean incarnation, are associated with certain <a href="/wiki/Stereotypical" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypical">stereotypical</a> manners of speaking and dress, some of them wholly fictional: "nearly all our notions of their behavior come from the golden age of fictional piracy, which reached its zenith in 1881 with the appearance of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a>."<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> Hugely influential in shaping the popular conception of pirates, <a href="/wiki/Captain_Charles_Johnson" title="Captain Charles Johnson">Captain Charles Johnson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/A_General_History_of_the_Pyrates" title="A General History of the Pyrates">A General History of the Pyrates</a>, published in London in 1724, is the prime source for the biographies of many well known pirates of the Golden Age.<a href="#cite_note-Cordingly-220">[220]</a> The book gives an almost mythical status to pirates, with naval historian <a href="/wiki/David_Cordingly" title="David Cordingly">David Cordingly</a> writing: "it has been said, and there seems no reason to question this, that Captain Johnson created the modern conception of pirates."<a href="#cite_note-Cordingly-220">[220]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dale_Clark_poses_as_Johnny_Depp,_in_Pirates_of_the_Caribbean,_24391.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Dale_Clark_poses_as_Johnny_Depp%2C_in_Pirates_of_the_Caribbean%2C_24391.jpg/200px-Dale_Clark_poses_as_Johnny_Depp%2C_in_Pirates_of_the_Caribbean%2C_24391.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Dale_Clark_poses_as_Johnny_Depp%2C_in_Pirates_of_the_Caribbean%2C_24391.jpg/300px-Dale_Clark_poses_as_Johnny_Depp%2C_in_Pirates_of_the_Caribbean%2C_24391.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Dale_Clark_poses_as_Johnny_Depp%2C_in_Pirates_of_the_Caribbean%2C_24391.jpg/400px-Dale_Clark_poses_as_Johnny_Depp%2C_in_Pirates_of_the_Caribbean%2C_24391.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3184" data-file-height="4281" /></a><figcaption>A person costumed in the character of captain <a href="/wiki/Jack_Sparrow" title="Jack Sparrow">Jack Sparrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Depp" title="Johnny Depp">Johnny Depp</a>'s lead role in the <a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_(film_series)" title="Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)">Pirates of the Caribbean</a> film series</figcaption></figure> In the 1830s, <a href="/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon" title="Letitia Elizabeth Landon">Letitia Elizabeth Landon</a> received material relating to piracy for an annual for which she was responsible and she produced two Pirate Songs, the first in 1831, <a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon_(L._E._L.)_in_Fisher%27s_Drawing_Room_Scrap_Book,_1832/Tiger_Island" class="extiw" title="s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1832/Tiger Island">The Pirate's Song off Tiger Island</a>. and the second, <a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon_(L._E._L.)_in_Fisher%27s_Drawing_Room_Scrap_Book,_1837/Bona" class="extiw" title="s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837/Bona">Bona. The Pirate's Song</a>. in 1837. This last was reproduced many times as 'The Pirate's Song', often uncredited. Bona is now the city of Annaba in Algeria. Some inventions of pirate culture such as "<a href="/wiki/Walking_the_plank" title="Walking the plank">walking the plank</a>"—in which a bound captive is forced to walk off a board extending over the sea—were popularized by <a href="/wiki/J._M._Barrie" title="J. M. Barrie">J. M. Barrie</a>'s 1911 novel, <a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Wendy" title="Peter and Wendy">Peter Pan</a>, where the fictional pirate <a href="/wiki/Captain_Hook" title="Captain Hook">Captain Hook</a> and his crew helped define the fictional pirate <a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetype</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-221">[221]</a> English actor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Newton" title="Robert Newton">Robert Newton</a>'s portrayal of <a href="/wiki/Long_John_Silver" title="Long John Silver">Long John Silver</a> in <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures" title="Walt Disney Pictures">Disney's</a> <a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island_(1950_film)" title="Treasure Island (1950 film)">1950 film adaptation</a> also helped define the modern rendition of a pirate, including the stereotypical <a href="/wiki/West_Country_English#Social_stigma_and_future_of_West_Country_dialect" title="West Country English">West Country</a> "<a href="/wiki/Pirates_in_popular_culture#Appearance_and_mannerisms_of_Caribbean_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirates in popular culture">pirate accent</a>".<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> Other influences include <a href="/wiki/Sinbad_the_Sailor" title="Sinbad the Sailor">Sinbad the Sailor</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean" title="Pirates of the Caribbean">Pirates of the Caribbean</a> <a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirates of the Caribbean films">films</a> have helped rekindle modern interest in piracy and have performed well at the box office. The video game <a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed_IV:_Black_Flag" title="Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag">Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag</a> also revolves around pirates during the Golden Age of Piracy. The classic 1879 <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a> comic opera <a href="/wiki/The_Pirates_of_Penzance" title="The Pirates of Penzance">The Pirates of Penzance</a> focuses on The Pirate King and his hapless band of pirates.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> Many sports teams use "pirate" or a related term such as "<a href="/wiki/Raider_(piracy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raider (piracy)">raider</a>" or "buccaneer" as their nickname, based on the popular stereotypes of pirates. The earliest such example was probably the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates" title="Pittsburgh Pirates">Pittsburgh Pirates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> that acquired their nickname in 1891 after allegedly "pirating" a player from another team.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Many amateur and school-based sports programs along with several professional sports franchises have also adopted pirate-related names, including the <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Raiders" title="Las Vegas Raiders">Las Vegas Raiders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers" title="Tampa Bay Buccaneers">Tampa Bay Buccaneers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a>. In turn, the Buccaneer's name was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Gasparilla_Pirate_Festival" title="Gasparilla Pirate Festival">Gasparilla Pirate Festival</a>, a large community parade and related events in <a href="/wiki/Tampa,_Florida" title="Tampa, Florida">Tampa, Florida</a> centered around the legend of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar" title="José Gaspar">José Gaspar</a>, a mythical pirate who supposedly operated in the area. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics_of_piracy">Economics of piracy</h2></div> Sources on the economics of piracy include Cyrus Karraker's 1953 study Piracy was a Business,<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> in which the author discusses pirates in terms of contemporary <a href="/wiki/Racketeering" title="Racketeering">racketeering</a>. Patrick Crowhurst researched French piracy and <a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">David Starkey</a> focused on British 18th-century piracy. Note also the 1998 book The Invisible Hook: The Hidden Economics of Pirates by <a href="/wiki/Peter_T._Leeson" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter T. Leeson">Peter T. Leeson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pennell_89-227">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piracy_and_entrepreneurship">Piracy and entrepreneurship</h3></div> Some 2014 research examines the links between piracy and <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">entrepreneurship</a>. In this context, researchers take a nonmoral approach to piracy as a source of inspiration for 2010s-era <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship_education" title="Entrepreneurship education">entrepreneurship education</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> and to research in entrepreneurship<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">business-model</a> generation.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> In this respect, analysis of piracy operations may distinguish between planned (organised) and <a href="/wiki/Opportunistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Opportunistic">opportunistic</a> piracy.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/29px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/44px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/58px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Piracy" title="Portal:Piracy">Piracy portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_General_History_of_the_Pyrates" title="A General History of the Pyrates">A General History of the Pyrates</a>, an historical book on pirates</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_pirate" title="Air pirate">Air pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking" title="Aircraft hijacking">Aircraft hijacking</a>, a.k.a. air piracy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carjacking" title="Carjacking">Carjacking</a> a.k.a. car piracy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">Copyright infringement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Talk_Like_a_Pirate_Day" title="International Talk Like a Pirate Day">International Talk Like a Pirate Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirates" title="List of pirates">List of pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Atlantic_World" title="Piracy in the Atlantic World">Piracy in the Atlantic World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_kidnappings" title="Piracy kidnappings">Piracy kidnappings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_code" title="Pirate code">Pirate code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_game" title="Pirate game">Pirate game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Round" title="Pirate Round">Pirate Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_studies" title="Pirate studies">Pirate studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_utopia" title="Pirate utopia">Pirate utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_World" title="Pirates World">Pirates World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pirates" title="Republic of Pirates">Republic of Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">Raid (military)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_pirate" title="Space pirate">Space pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Successful_Pyrate" title="The Successful Pyrate">The Successful Pyrate</a>, an historical play</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_robbery" title="Train robbery">Train robbery</a>, a.k.a. railroad piracy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Women in piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violent_non-state_actors_at_sea" title="Violent non-state actors at sea">Violent non-state actors at sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_maritime_security_companies" title="Private maritime security companies">Private maritime security companies</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPennell2001" class="citation book cs1">Pennell, C. R. (2001). "The Geography of Piracy: Northern Morocco in the Mod-Nineteenth Century". In Pennell, C. R. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uB7ODGowJ3AC">Bandits at Sea: A Pirates Reader</a>. NYU Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6678-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6678-1"><bdi>978-0-8147-6678-1</bdi></a>. <q>Sea raiders [...] were most active where the maritime environment gave them most opportunity. Narrow straits which funneled shipping into places where <a href="/wiki/Ambush" title="Ambush">ambush</a> was easy, and escape less chancy, called the pirates into certain areas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Geography+of+Piracy%3A+Northern+Morocco+in+the+Mod-Nineteenth+Century&rft.btitle=Bandits+at+Sea%3A+A+Pirates+Reader&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-6678-1&rft.aulast=Pennell&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuB7ODGowJ3AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeebøll-Holm2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Heeb%C3%B8ll-Holm" title="Thomas Heebøll-Holm">Heebøll-Holm, Thomas</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jw7OWyAN--QC">Ports, Piracy and Maritime War: Piracy in the English Channel and the Atlantic, c. 1280–c. 1330</a>. Medieval Law and Its Practice. Leiden: Brill. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004248168" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004248168"><bdi>978-9004248168</bdi></a>. <q>[...] through their extensive piracies the Portsmen [of the Cinque Ports] were experts in predatory actions at sea. [...] Furthermore, the geostrategic location of the [Cinque] Ports on the English coast closest to the Continent meant that the Ports [...] could effectively control the Narrow Seas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ports%2C+Piracy+and+Maritime+War%3A+Piracy+in+the+English+Channel+and+the+Atlantic%2C+c.+1280%E2%80%93c.+1330&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Medieval+Law+and+Its+Practice&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9004248168&rft.aulast=Heeb%C3%B8ll-Holm&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djw7OWyAN--QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/What-is-Piracy-Jean-Philippe-Ve">"TEDx Talk: What is Piracy?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200618142442/http://tedxtalks.ted.com/video/What-is-Piracy-Jean-Philippe-Ve">Archived</a> from the original on June 18, 2020. Retrieved October 23, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TEDx+Talk%3A+What+is+Piracy%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftedxtalks.ted.com%2Fvideo%2FWhat-is-Piracy-Jean-Philippe-Ve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArquilla2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Arquilla" title="John Arquilla">Arquilla, John</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XzzBvVpXXJsC">Insurgents, Raiders, and Bandits: How Masters of Irregular Warfare Have Shaped Our World</a>. Ivan R. Dee. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56663-908-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56663-908-8"><bdi>978-1-56663-908-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230112023509/https://books.google.com/books?id=XzzBvVpXXJsC">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2015. <q>From ancient high seas pirates to 'road agents' and a host of other bush and mountain pass brigands, bandits have been with us for ages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insurgents%2C+Raiders%2C+and+Bandits%3A+How+Masters+of+Irregular+Warfare+Have+Shaped+Our+World&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=Ivan+R.+Dee&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-56663-908-8&rft.aulast=Arquilla&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXzzBvVpXXJsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Assessment_of_global_shipping_risk-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Assessment_of_global_shipping_risk_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Assessment_of_global_shipping_risk_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeWangGaoXie2023" class="citation journal cs1">He, Zhaoyang; Wang, Chengjin; Gao, Jianbo; Xie, Yongshun (October 14, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10616333">"Assessment of global shipping risk caused by maritime piracy"</a>. Heliyon. 9 (10): e20988. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Heliy...920988H">2023Heliy...920988H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.heliyon.2023.e20988">10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20988</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2405-8440">2405-8440</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10616333">10616333</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37916124">37916124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heliyon&rft.atitle=Assessment+of+global+shipping+risk+caused+by+maritime+piracy&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e20988&rft.date=2023-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10616333%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023Heliy...920988H&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37916124&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.heliyon.2023.e20988&rft.issn=2405-8440&rft.aulast=He&rft.aufirst=Zhaoyang&rft.au=Wang%2C+Chengjin&rft.au=Gao%2C+Jianbo&rft.au=Xie%2C+Yongshun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10616333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-foreignaffairs.org-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-foreignaffairs.org_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foreignaffairs.org_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071214040613/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20041101faessay83606/gal-luft-anne-korin/terrorism-goes-to-sea.html">"Terrorism Goes to Sea"</a>. Foreign Affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20041101faessay83606/gal-luft-anne-korin/terrorism-goes-to-sea.html">the original</a> on December 14, 2007. Retrieved December 8, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Terrorism+Goes+to+Sea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.org%2F20041101faessay83606%2Fgal-luft-anne-korin%2Fterrorism-goes-to-sea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD.Archibugi2009" class="citation news cs1">D.Archibugi, M.Chiarugi (April 9, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090412063756/http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/piracy-challenges-global-governance">"Piracy challenges global governance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/OpenDemocracy" title="OpenDemocracy">openDemocracy</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/piracy-challenges-global-governance">the original</a> on April 12, 2009. Retrieved April 9, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Piracy+challenges+global+governance&rft.date=2009-04-09&rft.aulast=D.Archibugi&rft.aufirst=M.Chiarugi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2Farticle%2Fpiracy-challenges-global-governance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2380356">Peirates, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, "A Greek-English Lexicon", at Perseus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221226081057/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2380356&redirect=true">Archived</a> December 26, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2380341">Peira, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, "A Greek-English Lexicon", at Perseus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221226081031/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2380341&redirect=true">Archived</a> December 26, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Janice J. Gabbert, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/643254">'Piracy in the Early Hellenistic Period: A Career Open to Talents,'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220811163856/https://www.jstor.org/stable/643254">Archived</a> August 11, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Greece_%26_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Greece & Rome">Greece & Rome</a>, October 1986, Vol. 33, No. 2 pp. 156–163, p.157. </li> <li id="cite_note-Online_Etymology_Dictionary-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Online_Etymology_Dictionary_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=pirate&searchmode=none">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090116231058/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=pirate&searchmode=none">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved December 18, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fsearch%3Dpirate%26searchmode%3Dnone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-pirate" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=pirate">"pirate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=pirate&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dpirate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=pyrate&searchmode=none">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714201629/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=pyrate&searchmode=none">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fsearch%3Dpyrate%26searchmode%3Dnone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mol-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mol_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mol_14-1">b</a> Møller, Bjørn. "Piracy, Maritime Terrorism and Naval Strategy." Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies, November 16, 2008. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> wrote: "For in early times the Hellenes and the barbarians of the coast and islands, as communication by sea became more common, were tempted to turn pirate...indeed, this came to be the main source of their livelihood, no disgrace being yet attached to such an achievement, but even some glory." </li> <li id="cite_note-WardHeichelheim2016-16"><a href="#cite_ref-WardHeichelheim2016_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen_M._WardFritz_M._HeichelheimCedric_A._Yeo2016" class="citation book cs1">Allen M. Ward; Fritz M. Heichelheim; Cedric A. Yeo (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Q83DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA100">History of the Roman People</a>. Routledge. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-51120-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-51120-7"><bdi>978-1-315-51120-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Roman+People&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-315-51120-7&rft.au=Allen+M.+Ward&rft.au=Fritz+M.+Heichelheim&rft.au=Cedric+A.+Yeo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Q83DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Again, according to Suetonius's chronology (Julius <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius*.html#4">4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221226081027/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius%2A.html#4">Archived</a> December 26, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). Plutarch (Caesar <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Caesar*.html#1.8">1.8–2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20180213130122/http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/roman/texts/plutarch/lives/caesar%2A.html#1.8">Archived</a> February 13, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Web Archives) says this happened earlier, on his return from Nicomedes's court. Velleius Paterculus (Roman History <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2B*.html#41.3">2:41.3–42</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220731043323/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2B%2A.html#41.3">Archived</a> July 31, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> says merely that it happened when he was a young man. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Plutarch, Caesar 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/golden-age-piracy">"The Golden Age of Piracy"</a>. Royal Museums Greenwich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027024113/https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/golden-age-piracy">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Museums+Greenwich&rft.atitle=The+Golden+Age+of+Piracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rmg.co.uk%2Fstories%2Ftopics%2Fgolden-age-piracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLebling" class="citation web cs1">Lebling, Robert W. Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010622192246/http://www.geocities.com/athens/troy/4040/pirates.htm">"The Pirates of St. Tropez"</a>. The Empty Quarter. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/athens/troy/4040/pirates.htm">the original</a> on June 22, 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Empty+Quarter&rft.atitle=The+Pirates+of+St.+Tropez&rft.aulast=Lebling&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Fathens%2Ftroy%2F4040%2Fpirates.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Vedran Duančić; (2008) Hrvatska između Bizanta i Franačke (in Croatian) p. 17; <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=82757">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201113054932/https://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=82757">Archived</a> November 13, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Maddalena Betti; (2013) The Making of Christian Moravia (858–882): Papal Power and Political Reality p. 129; Brill Academic Publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/900421187X" title="Special:BookSources/900421187X">900421187X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> H Thomas Milhorn, Crime: Computer Viruses to Twin Towers, Universal Publishers, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58112-489-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-58112-489-9">1-58112-489-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStepan_Razin" class="citation web cs1">Stepan Razin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070805222255/http://www.cindyvallar.com/razin.html">"Pirates & Privateers: The History of Maritime Piracy"</a>. www.cindyvallar.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cindyvallar.com/razin.html">the original</a> on August 5, 2007. Retrieved August 28, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cindyvallar.com&rft.atitle=Pirates+%26+Privateers%3A+The+History+of+Maritime+Piracy&rft.au=Stepan+Razin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cindyvallar.com%2Frazin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Earle_2003,_p._89-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Earle_2003,_p._89_25-0">^</a> Earle (2003), p. 89 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Guilmartin (1974), pp. 217–219 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Earle (2003), p. 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Earle (2003), p. 137 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Glete (2000), p. 151 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Earle (2003), p. 139 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Guilmartin (1974), p. 120 </li> <li id="cite_note-Earle_2003,_pp._39-52-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Earle_2003,_pp._39-52_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Earle_2003,_pp._39-52_32-1">b</a> Earle (2003), pp. 39–52 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725220038/http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm">"When Europeans were slaves: Research suggests white slavery was much more common than previously believed"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm">the original</a> on July 25, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+Europeans+were+slaves%3A+Research+suggests+white+slavery+was+much+more+common+than+previously+believed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchnews.osu.edu%2Farchive%2Fwhtslav.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5q9zcB3JS40C&pg=PR14">Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221226081027/https://books.google.com/books?id=5q9zcB3JS40C&pg=PR14">Archived</a> December 26, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Robert Davis (2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-4551-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-4551-9">1-4039-4551-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Earle (2003), pp. 51–52 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Earle (2003), p. 83 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Earle (2003), p. 85 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanka2024" class="citation news cs1">Canka, Mustafa (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.vijesti.me/culture/728069/the-pirate-republic-of-Ulcinj%2C-a-two-century-long-epic">"The Pirate Republic of Ulcinj: An Epic of Two Centuries"</a>. Vijesti.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vijesti&rft.atitle=The+Pirate+Republic+of+Ulcinj%3A+An+Epic+of+Two+Centuries&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Canka&rft.aufirst=Mustafa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.vijesti.me%2Fculture%2F728069%2Fthe-pirate-republic-of-Ulcinj%252C-a-two-century-long-epic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://balkanacademia.com/2023/08/27/albanian-piracy/">"Albanian piracy"</a>. Balkan Academia. August 27, 2023. Retrieved November 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Balkan+Academia&rft.atitle=Albanian+piracy&rft.date=2023-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbalkanacademia.com%2F2023%2F08%2F27%2Falbanian-piracy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOren2005" class="citation web cs1">Oren, Michael B. (November 3, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/05/11/michaelOren.html">"The Middle East and the Making of the United States, 1776 to 1815"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190715201453/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/05/11/michaelOren.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2019. Retrieved February 18, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+and+the+Making+of+the+United+States%2C+1776+to+1815&rft.date=2005-11-03&rft.aulast=Oren&rft.aufirst=Michael+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Fnews%2F05%2F11%2FmichaelOren.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_41-1">b</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Barbary_Pirates" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Barbary Pirates">Barbary Pirates</a>". <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Barbary+Pirates&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-warren-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-warren_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-warren_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-warren_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-warren_42-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Francis_Warren2007" class="citation book cs1">James Francis Warren (2007). The Sulu Zone, 1768–1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State. NUS Press. pp. 257–258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789971693862" title="Special:BookSources/9789971693862"><bdi>9789971693862</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sulu+Zone%2C+1768%E2%80%931898%3A+The+Dynamics+of+External+Trade%2C+Slavery%2C+and+Ethnicity+in+the+Transformation+of+a+Southeast+Asian+Maritime+State&rft.pages=257-258&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789971693862&rft.au=James+Francis+Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-warren2-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-warren2_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-warren2_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-warren2_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-warren2_43-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-warren2_43-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Francis_Warren2002" class="citation book cs1">James Francis Warren (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nuspress.nus.edu.sg/products/iranun-and-balangingi">Iranun and Balangingi: Globalization, Maritime Raiding and the Birth of Ethnicity</a>. NUS Press. pp. 53–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789971692421" title="Special:BookSources/9789971692421"><bdi>9789971692421</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704132211/https://nuspress.nus.edu.sg/products/iranun-and-balangingi">Archived</a> from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iranun+and+Balangingi%3A+Globalization%2C+Maritime+Raiding+and+the+Birth+of+Ethnicity&rft.pages=53-56&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9789971692421&rft.au=James+Francis+Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnuspress.nus.edu.sg%2Fproducts%2Firanun-and-balangingi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-turbulent_waters-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-turbulent_waters_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-turbulent_waters_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-turbulent_waters_44-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntony2013" class="citation journal cs1">Antony, Robert J. (February 2013). "Turbulent Waters: Sea Raiding in Early Modern South East Asia". The Mariner's Mirror. 99 (1): 23–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00253359.2013.766996">10.1080/00253359.2013.766996</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162926825">162926825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mariner%27s+Mirror&rft.atitle=Turbulent+Waters%3A+Sea+Raiding+in+Early+Modern+South+East+Asia&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-38&rft.date=2013-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00253359.2013.766996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162926825%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Antony&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lobato-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Lobato_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSim2014" class="citation book cs1">Sim, Y.H. Teddy, ed. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fTwNBQAAQBAJ">Piracy and surreptitious activities in the Malay Archipelago and adjacent seas, 1600–1840</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789812870858" title="Special:BookSources/9789812870858"><bdi>9789812870858</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Piracy+and+surreptitious+activities+in+the+Malay+Archipelago+and+adjacent+seas%2C+1600%E2%80%931840&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789812870858&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfTwNBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-junker-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-junker_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-junker_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunker1999" class="citation book cs1">Junker, Laura Lee (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yO2yG0nxTtsC">Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms</a>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824820350" title="Special:BookSources/9780824820350"><bdi>9780824820350</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raiding%2C+Trading%2C+and+Feasting%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+Philippine+Chiefdoms&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780824820350&rft.aulast=Junker&rft.aufirst=Laura+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyO2yG0nxTtsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> David P. Forsythe (2009). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC">Encyclopedia of Human Rights, Volume 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221226081028/https://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC">Archived</a> December 26, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Oxford University Press. p. 464. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195334027" title="Special:BookSources/0195334027">0195334027</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-non-48"><a href="#cite_ref-non_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNon1993" class="citation journal cs1">Non, Domingo M. (1993). "Moro Piracy during the Spanish Period and Its Impact". Southeast Asian Studies. 30 (4): 401–419. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.20495%2Ftak.30.4_401">10.20495/tak.30.4_401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Moro+Piracy+during+the+Spanish+Period+and+Its+Impact&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=401-419&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.20495%2Ftak.30.4_401&rft.aulast=Non&rft.aufirst=Domingo+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-barrows-49"><a href="#cite_ref-barrows_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_P._Barrows1905" class="citation book cs1">David P. 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Retrieved July 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Philippines&rft.pub=American+Book+Company&rft.date=1905&rft.au=David+P.+Barrows&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F38269%2F38269-h%2F38269-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927102743/http://www.on-the-edge.com/articles/raja_ampat.php">"The Buginese of Sulawesi"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.on-the-edge.com/articles/raja_ampat.php">the original</a> on September 27, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Buginese+of+Sulawesi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.on-the-edge.com%2Farticles%2Fraja_ampat.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thingsasian.com/story/pirates-east">"Pirates of the East | ThingsAsian"</a>. thingsasian.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141024015434/http://www.thingsasian.com/stories-photos/1997">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2014. Retrieved November 4, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thingsasian.com&rft.atitle=Pirates+of+the+East+%26%23124%3B+ThingsAsian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthingsasian.com%2Fstory%2Fpirates-east&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080609213932/http://www.fullbooks.com/Wanderings-Among-South-Sea-Savages-And-in3.html">"Wanderings Among South Sea Savages And in Borneo and the Philippines by H. Wilfrid Walker"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fullbooks.com/Wanderings-Among-South-Sea-Savages-And-in3.html">the original</a> on June 9, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wanderings+Among+South+Sea+Savages+And+in+Borneo+and+the+Philippines+by+H.+Wilfrid+Walker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fullbooks.com%2FWanderings-Among-South-Sea-Savages-And-in3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2564/2564-h/2564-h.htm">Alt URL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924211540/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2564/2564-h/2564-h.htm">Archived</a> September 24, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Chong Sun Kim, "Slavery in Silla and its Sociological and Economic Implications", in Andrew C. Nahm, ed. Traditional Korea, Theory and Practice (Kalamazoo, MI: Center for Korean Studies, 1974) </li> <li id="cite_note-KleinenOsseweijer2010-54"><a href="#cite_ref-KleinenOsseweijer2010_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_KleinenManon_Osseweijer2010" class="citation book cs1">John Kleinen; Manon Osseweijer (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nEgb15isFZkC&pg=PA60">Pirates, Ports, and Coasts in Asia: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives</a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4279-07-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4279-07-9"><bdi>978-981-4279-07-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pirates%2C+Ports%2C+and+Coasts+in+Asia%3A+Historical+and+Contemporary+Perspectives&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-981-4279-07-9&rft.au=John+Kleinen&rft.au=Manon+Osseweijer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnEgb15isFZkC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0nhFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA578">New Peterson magazine</a>. 1896. p. 578.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Peterson+magazine&rft.pages=578&rft.date=1896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0nhFAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> MacKay, Joseph. "Pirate Nations: Maritime Pirates as Escape Societies in Late Imperial China." Social Science History 37, no. 4 (2013): 551–g573. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0145553200011962">10.1017/S0145553200011962</a>. p. 554 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> MacKay. 2013. p. 553 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> MacKay. 2013. p. 555 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Higgins, Roland L. "Pirates in Gowns and Caps: Gentry Law-Breaking in the Mid-Ming." Ming Studies Volume 1980, Issue #1. pp. 30–37 [31] </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2000" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, David M. (2000). "Banditry and the Subversion of State Authority in China: The Capital Region During the Middle Ming Period (1450–1525)". 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The Economic History of China: From Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge, UK. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107030565" title="Special:BookSources/9781107030565">9781107030565</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/919452147">919452147</a>. p. 307 </li> <li id="cite_note-Von_Glahn._2016._p._308-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Von_Glahn._2016._p._308_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Von_Glahn._2016._p._308_63-1">b</a> Von Glahn. 2016. p. 308 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Higgins. 1980. p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_65-1">b</a> MacKay. 2013. p. 558 </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_66-3">d</a> MacKay. 2013. p. 557 </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_67-1">b</a> MacKay. 2013. p. 567 </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_68-1">b</a> MacKay. 2013. pp. 564, 568 </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Higgins. 1980. p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Higgins. 1980. p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Robinson. 2000. p. 547 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> MacKay. 2013. pp. 552, 557 </li> <li id="cite_note-MacKay._2013._p._559-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacKay._2013._p._559_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacKay._2013._p._559_73-1">b</a> MacKay. 2013. p. 559 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> MacKay. 2013. p. 551 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Szonyi, Michael. The Art of Being Governed: Everyday Politics in Late Imperial China. 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Concept Publishing Company. p. 21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230513082535/https://books.google.com/books?id=1PVMMoChwY4C&dq=bawarij&pg=PA18">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2023. Retrieved April 29, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Pirates&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Saletore&rft.aufirst=Rajaram+Narayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1PVMMoChwY4C%26dq%3Dbawarij%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFindly1988" class="citation journal cs1">Findly, Ellison B. (1988). "The Capture of Maryam-uz-Zamānī's Ship: Mughal Women and European Traders". 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BiblioBazaar, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4346-3302-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4346-3302-6"><bdi>978-1-4346-3302-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pirates%27+Who%27s+Who&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar%2C+LLC&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4346-3302-6&rft.aulast=Gosse&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> p. 251. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Hill_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2002" class="citation book cs1">Hill, J.R. (2002). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy. 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Intersal, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402125820/http://lat3440.com/">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intersal%2C+Inc.&rft.atitle=Intersal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lat3440.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-D._Moore._1997_pp._31-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D._Moore._1997_pp._31_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-D._Moore._1997_pp._31_126-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore,_D.1997" class="citation journal cs1">Moore, D. (1997). "A General History of Blackbeard the Pirate, the Queen Anne's Revenge and the Adventure". Tributaries. VII. 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New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6336-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6336-9"><bdi>978-1-4000-6336-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pirate+Hunters&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6336-9&rft.au=Kurson%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Calendar of State Papers, America and West Indies. 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Kingston: University of the West Indies Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9766400989" title="Special:BookSources/9766400989"><bdi>9766400989</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Port+Royal+Jamaica&rft.place=Kingston&rft.pub=University+of+the+West+Indies+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9766400989&rft.au=Buisseret%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuisseret,_David2009" class="citation book cs1">Buisseret, David (2009). Jamaica in 1687. 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Cooper (1979). p. 229. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29713-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29713-3">0-521-29713-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Rees Davies, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_01.shtml">British Slaves on the Barbary Coast</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110425235016/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_01.shtml">Archived</a> April 25, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, July 1, 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelsey-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Kelsey_135-0">^</a> Kelsey, Harry, Sir Francis Drake; The Queen's Pirate, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07182-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-07182-5">0-300-07182-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Privateer-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Privateer_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Privateer_136-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Privateer_136-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj11n1/cj11n1-8.pdf">Privateering and the Private Production of Naval Power</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031211221516/http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj11n1/cj11n1-8.pdf">Archived</a> December 11, 2003, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Gary M. 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Berkeley Journal of International Law. 29 (2). <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1682624">1682624</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124122947/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1682624">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berkeley+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Toward+An+International+Law+of+Piracy+Sui+Generis%3A+How+the+Dual+Nature+of+Maritime+Piracy+Law+Enables+Piracy+to+Flourish&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1682624%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Bento&rft.aufirst=Lucas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1682624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> Adams, C. "The Straight Dope", October 12, 2007 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straightdope.com/columns/071012.html">The Straight Dope – Fighting Ignorance Since 1973</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071226162010/http://www.straightdope.com/columns/071012.html">Archived</a> December 26, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cordingly-220">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cordingly_220-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cordingly_220-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5ou7Bm11IgEC&pg=PR7">A general history of the robberies & murders of the most notorious pirates. Charles Johnson</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221226081029/https://books.google.com/books?id=5ou7Bm11IgEC&pg=PR7">Archived</a> December 26, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Introduction and commentary to <a href="/wiki/A_General_History_of_the_Pyrates" title="A General History of the Pyrates">A General History of the Pyrates</a> by <a href="/wiki/David_Cordingly" title="David Cordingly">David Cordingly</a>. p. viii. Conway Maritime Press (2002). </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-221"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonanos2007" class="citation web cs1">Bonanos, Christopher (June 5, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2167567/?GT1=10135">"Did pirates really say "arrrr"?"</a>. Slate.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006064725/http://www.slate.com/id/2167567/?GT1=10135">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2008. Retrieved December 18, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Did+pirates+really+say+%22arrrr%22%3F&rft.pub=Slate.com&rft.date=2007-06-05&rft.aulast=Bonanos&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F2167567%2F%3FGT1%3D10135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Angus Konstam (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=USiyy1ZA-BsC&pg=PA313">Piracy: The Complete History</a> P. 313. Osprey Publishing. Retrieved October 11, 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> Dan Parry (2006). "Blackbeard: The Real Pirate of the Caribbean". p. 174. National Maritime Museum </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gsarchive.net/pirates/pirates_lib.pdf">Libretto of The Pirates of Penzance</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120929065225/https://www.gsarchive.net/pirates/pirates_lib.pdf">Archived</a> September 29, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1879), the Gilbert and Sullivan Archive, accessed May 1, 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mlb.com/pirates/history/timeline/early-years">"History of the Pittsburgh Pirates: Early Years"</a>. MLB.com. Pittsburgh Pirates. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211016094034/https://www.mlb.com/pirates/history/timeline/early-years">Archived</a> from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MLB.com&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Pittsburgh+Pirates%3A+Early+Years&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlb.com%2Fpirates%2Fhistory%2Ftimeline%2Fearly-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarraker1953" class="citation book cs1">Karraker, Cyrus Harreld (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/piracywasabusiness">Piracy was a Business</a>. Rindge, New Hampshire: Richard R. Smith, Publisher, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780598227775" title="Special:BookSources/9780598227775"><bdi>9780598227775</bdi></a>. Retrieved August 29, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Piracy+was+a+Business&rft.place=Rindge%2C+New+Hampshire&rft.pub=Richard+R.+Smith%2C+Publisher%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=9780598227775&rft.aulast=Karraker&rft.aufirst=Cyrus+Harreld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpiracywasabusiness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pennell_89-227"><a href="#cite_ref-Pennell_89_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennell1998" class="citation journal cs1">Pennell, C.R. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol08/nm_8_2_61-79.pdf">"Who Needs Pirate Heroes?"</a> (PDF). The Northern Mariner. 8 (2). Canadian Nautical Research Society: 61–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25071%2F2561-5467.660">10.25071/2561-5467.660</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923205109/http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol08/nm_8_2_61-79.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved August 26, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Northern+Mariner&rft.atitle=Who+Needs+Pirate+Heroes%3F&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=61-79&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25071%2F2561-5467.660&rft.aulast=Pennell&rft.aufirst=C.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnrs-scrn.org%2Fnorthern_mariner%2Fvol08%2Fnm_8_2_61-79.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2014" class="citation web cs1">Lawrence, Daina (November 5, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/careers/business-education/disruptors-are-just-pirates-on-the-high-seas-of-capitalism/article21443149/">"Disruptors are just pirates on the high seas of capitalism"</a>. The Globe and Mail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624124536/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/careers/business-education/disruptors-are-just-pirates-on-the-high-seas-of-capitalism/article21443149/">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Disruptors+are+just+pirates+on+the+high+seas+of+capitalism&rft.date=2014-11-05&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Daina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Freport-on-business%2Fcareers%2Fbusiness-education%2Fdisruptors-are-just-pirates-on-the-high-seas-of-capitalism%2Farticle21443149%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth2014" class="citation journal cs1">Roth, S. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/document/41226/1/ssoar-ijesb-2014-4-roth-Booties_bounties_business_models_a.pdf">"Booties, bounties, business models: a map to the next red oceans"</a> (PDF). International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business. 22 (4): 439–448. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1504%2FIJESB.2014.064272">10.1504/IJESB.2014.064272</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53140269">53140269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Entrepreneurship+and+Small+Business&rft.atitle=Booties%2C+bounties%2C+business+models%3A+a+map+to+the+next+red+oceans&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=439-448&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1504%2FIJESB.2014.064272&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53140269%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssoar.info%2Fssoar%2Fbitstream%2Fdocument%2F41226%2F1%2Fssoar-ijesb-2014-4-roth-Booties_bounties_business_models_a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth2014" class="citation journal cs1">Roth, S. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114118/http://works.bepress.com/roth/8/">"The eye-patch of the beholder"</a>. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business. 22 (4): 399–407. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1504%2FIJESB.2014.064271">10.1504/IJESB.2014.064271</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53131826">53131826</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://works.bepress.com/roth/8/">the original</a> on August 26, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Entrepreneurship+and+Small+Business&rft.atitle=The+eye-patch+of+the+beholder&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=399-407&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1504%2FIJESB.2014.064271&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53131826%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworks.bepress.com%2Froth%2F8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEklöf2006" class="citation book cs1">Eklöf, Stefan (2006). "Opportunistic Piracy". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SlDe_cmh3mgC">Pirates in Paradise: A Modern History of Southeast Asia's Maritime Marauders</a>. Nias Monographs: Studies in contemporary Asian history. Vol. 101. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies (NIAS). p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8791114373" title="Special:BookSources/978-8791114373"><bdi>978-8791114373</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 13, 2018. <q>[...] it is useful to distinguish between organised and non-organised (or opportunistic) piracy, with the latter type being by far the most common in South-east Asia today and over the past decades. Opportunistic piracy is mostly perpetrated by quite small groups [...]. The attacks require little detailed information or planning ahead [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Opportunistic+Piracy&rft.btitle=Pirates+in+Paradise%3A+A+Modern+History+of+Southeast+Asia%27s+Maritime+Marauders&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.series=Nias+Monographs%3A+Studies+in+contemporary+Asian+history&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Nordic+Institute+of+Asian+Studies+%28NIAS%29&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-8791114373&rft.aulast=Ekl%C3%B6f&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSlDe_cmh3mgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bonaventure.org.uk/ed/ranks.htm">"bonaventure.org.uk – Pirate Ranks"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080320132900/http://www.bonaventure.org.uk/ed/ranks.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2008. 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Praeger. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99407-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99407-5"><bdi>978-0-275-99407-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quelch%27s+Gold%3A+Piracy%2C+Greed%2C+and+Betrayal+in+Colonial+New+England&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99407-5&rft.aulast=Beal&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnett2002" class="citation book cs1">Burnett, John (2002). Dangerous Waters: Modern Piracy and Terror on the High Seas. Plume. p. 346. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-452-28413-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-452-28413-9"><bdi>0-452-28413-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dangerous+Waters%3A+Modern+Piracy+and+Terror+on+the+High+Seas&rft.pages=346&rft.pub=Plume&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-452-28413-9&rft.aulast=Burnett&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordingly1997" class="citation book cs1">Cordingly, David (1997). Under the Black Flag: The Romance and the Reality of Life Among the Pirates. Harvest Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-600549-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-600549-2"><bdi>0-15-600549-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Black+Flag%3A+The+Romance+and+the+Reality+of+Life+Among+the+Pirates&rft.pub=Harvest+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-15-600549-2&rft.aulast=Cordingly&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hanna, Mark G. Pirate Nests and the Rise of the British Empire, 1570–1740 (University of North Carolina Press, 2015). xvi, 448 pp.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenefee1996" class="citation book cs1">Menefee, Samuel (1996). Trends in Maritime Violence. Jane's Information Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7106-1403-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7106-1403-9"><bdi>0-7106-1403-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trends+in+Maritime+Violence&rft.pub=Jane%27s+Information+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7106-1403-9&rft.aulast=Menefee&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGirard2006" class="citation book cs1">Girard, Geoffrey (2006). Tales of the Atlantic Pirates. Middle Atlantic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9754419-5-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9754419-5-7"><bdi>0-9754419-5-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tales+of+the+Atlantic+Pirates&rft.pub=Middle+Atlantic+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-9754419-5-7&rft.aulast=Girard&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangewiesche2004" class="citation book cs1">Langewiesche, William (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/outlawseaworld00lang">The Outlaw Sea: A World of Freedom, Chaos, and Crime</a>. North Point Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86547-581-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-86547-581-4"><bdi>0-86547-581-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Outlaw+Sea%3A+A+World+of+Freedom%2C+Chaos%2C+and+Crime&rft.pub=North+Point+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-86547-581-4&rft.aulast=Langewiesche&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foutlawseaworld00lang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rediker, Marcus. Outlaws of the Atlantic: Sailors, Pirates, and Motley Crews in the Age of Sail (Boston: Beacon, 2014). xii, 241 pp.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRediker1987" class="citation book cs1">Rediker, Marcus (1987). Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: Merchant Seamen, Pirates and the Anglo-American Maritime World, 1700–1750. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-37983-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-37983-0"><bdi>0-521-37983-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+the+Devil+and+the+Deep+Blue+Sea%3A+Merchant+Seamen%2C+Pirates+and+the+Anglo-American+Maritime+World%2C+1700%E2%80%931750&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-521-37983-0&rft.aulast=Rediker&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimball2006" class="citation book cs1">Kimball, Steve (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309123753/http://pyratesway.com/">The Pyrates Way Magazine</a>. The Pyrates Way, LLC. p. 64. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pyratesway.com">the original</a> on March 9, 2021. Retrieved June 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pyrates+Way+Magazine&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=The+Pyrates+Way%2C+LLC&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Kimball&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pyratesway.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeller-Roazen2009" class="citation book cs1">Heller-Roazen, Daniel (2009). The Enemy of All: Piracy and the Law of Nations. Zone Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1890951948" title="Special:BookSources/978-1890951948"><bdi>978-1890951948</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enemy+of+All%3A+Piracy+and+the+Law+of+Nations&rft.pub=Zone+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1890951948&rft.aulast=Heller-Roazen&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucie-Smith1978" class="citation book cs1">Lucie-Smith, Edward (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/outcastsofseapir0000luci">Outcasts of the Sea: Pirates and Piracy</a>. Paddington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0448226170" title="Special:BookSources/978-0448226170"><bdi>978-0448226170</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outcasts+of+the+Sea%3A+Pirates+and+Piracy&rft.pub=Paddington+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0448226170&rft.aulast=Lucie-Smith&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foutcastsofseapir0000luci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Earle, Peter (2003) The Pirate Wars Methuen, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-75880-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-413-75880-X">0-413-75880-X</a></li> <li>Guilmartin, John Francis, Gunpowder and Galleys: Changing Technology and Mediterranean Warfare at Sea in the Sixteenth Century. Cambridge University Press, London. 1974. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20272-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-20272-8">0-521-20272-8</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Piracy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Piracy">Piracy</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikisource has original works on the topic: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Pirates" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Pirates">Pirates</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eunavfor.eu">European Union Naval Force Somalia</a> Official website.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011013534/http://www.icc-ccs.org/prc/piracyreport.php">"Live Piracy & Armed Robbery Report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="International Chamber of Commerce">International Chamber of Commerce</a>. Commercial Crime Services. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icc-ccs.org/prc/piracyreport.php">the original</a> on October 11, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Chamber+of+Commerce&rft.atitle=Live+Piracy+%26+Armed+Robbery+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icc-ccs.org%2Fprc%2Fpiracyreport.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Security/Pages/MaritimeSecurity.aspx">"Maritime Security and Piracy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Maritime+Organization&rft.atitle=Maritime+Security+and+Piracy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imo.org%2Fen%2FOurWork%2FSecurity%2FPages%2FMaritimeSecurity.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiracy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atalanta" title="Operation Atalanta">Operation Atalanta</a> (EU NAVFOR Somalia), the ongoing EU military operation to combat piracy in the Gulf of Aden.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.piracy-studies.org">Piracy-Studies.org</a> — academic research portal on modern-day piracy and maritime security</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fayobserver.com/news/20191111/nc-supreme-court-revives-lawsuit-over-blackbeards-ship-and-lost-spanish-treasure-ship">N.C Supreme Court revives lawsuit over Blackbeard's ship and lost Spanish treasure ship</a>, Fayetteville Observer</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2019/11/27/783303277/episode-955-pirate-videos">Episode 955: Pirate Videos</a>, Planet Money, NPR</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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law">Sources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customary_international_law" title="Customary international law">Customary international law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peremptory_norm" title="Peremptory norm">Peremptory norm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Charter">Nuremberg Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_principles" title="Nuremberg principles">Nuremberg principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">United Nations Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Torture" title="United Nations Convention Against Torture">Convention Against Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute" title="Rome Statute">Rome Statute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/International_criminal_law" title="International criminal law">Crimes against international law</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_aggression" title="Crime of aggression">Crime of aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_intent" title="Genocidal intent">Genocidal intent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_genocide" title="Incitement to genocide">Incitement to genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Slave trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starvation_(crime)" title="Starvation (crime)">Starvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/International_court" title="International court">International courts</a> (in order of foundation)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Court_for_Sierra_Leone" title="Special Court for Sierra Leone">Special Court for Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_Tribunal" title="Khmer Rouge Tribunal">Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Panels_for_Serious_Crimes_(East_Timor)" title="Special Panels for Serious Crimes (East Timor)">Special Panels of the Dili District Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Tribunal_for_Lebanon" title="Special Tribunal for Lebanon">Special Tribunal for Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Residual_Mechanism_for_Criminal_Tribunals" title="International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals">International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Command_responsibility" title="Command responsibility">Command responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_orders" title="Superior orders">Superior orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_criminal_enterprise" title="Joint criminal enterprise">Joint criminal enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">International humanitarian law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_speech_crimes" title="International speech crimes">International speech crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_jurisdiction" title="Universal jurisdiction">Universal jurisdiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Piracy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pirates" title="Template:Pirates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pirates" title="Template talk:Pirates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pirates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pirates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Piracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Piracy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy_by_period" title="Category:Piracy by period">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Ancient Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Piracy" title="Golden Age of Piracy">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_21st_century" title="Piracy in the 21st century">21st century</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_piracy" title="2022 in piracy">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_piracy" title="2023 in piracy">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_piracy" title="2024 in piracy">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Types of pirate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_piracy" title="Albanian piracy">Albanian piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_piracy" title="Anglo-Turkish piracy">Anglo-Turkish piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Baltic Slavic pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates (corsairs)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corsairs_of_Algiers" title="Corsairs of Algiers">Algiers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Coast" title="Brethren of the Coast">Brethren of the Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccaneer" title="Buccaneer">Buccaneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pirate" title="Child pirate">Child pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossack pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filibuster_(military)" title="Filibuster (military)">Filibusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_corsairs" title="French corsairs">French corsairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_pirates" title="Jewish pirates">Jewish pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas" title="Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas">Moro pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narentines" title="Narentines">Narentines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">Privateers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_privateer" title="Confederate privateer">Confederate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_pirate" title="River pirate">River pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geuzen" title="Geuzen">Sea Beggars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Sea_Dogs" title="Elizabethan Sea Dogs">Sea Dogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawarij" title="Bawarij">Sindhi corsairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_pirate" title="Timber pirate">Timber pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushkuyniks" title="Ushkuyniks">Ushkuyniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uskoks" title="Uskoks">Uskoks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">Wokou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Women in piracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Atlantic_World" title="Piracy in the Atlantic World">Atlantic World</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Piracy in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Main" title="Spanish Main">Spanish Main</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_on_Lake_Nicaragua" title="Piracy on Lake Nicaragua">Lake Nicaragua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy off the coast of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_around_the_Horn_of_Africa" title="Piracy around the Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Somali Coast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Indonesia" title="Piracy in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Piracy in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Strait_of_Malacca" title="Piracy in the Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nosy_Boraha" title="Nosy Boraha">Nosy Boraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other waters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Baltic Slavic piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_on_Falcon_Lake" title="Piracy on Falcon Lake">Falcon Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_South_China_Coast" title="Pirates of the South China Coast">South China Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Sulu_and_Celebes_Seas" title="Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas">Sulu Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pirate_haven" title="Pirate haven">Pirate havens</a> and bases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barataria_Bay" title="Barataria Bay">Barataria Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Sainte-Marie" class="mw-redirect" title="Île Sainte-Marie">Île Sainte-Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertatia" title="Libertatia">Libertatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lundy" title="Lundy">Lundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdya,_Morocco" title="Mehdya, Morocco">Mamora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Royal" title="Port Royal">Port Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pirates" title="Republic of Pirates">Republic of Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Republic of Salé">Republic of Salé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustin,_Madagascar" title="Saint Augustin, Madagascar">Saint Augustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Malo" title="Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortuga_(Haiti)" title="Tortuga (Haiti)">Tortuga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pirates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abduwali_Muse" title="Abduwali Muse">Abduwali Muse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abshir_Boyah" title="Abshir Boyah">Abshir Boyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Baldridge" title="Adam Baldridge">Adam Baldridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Samuel" title="Abraham Samuel">Abraham Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_and_Alfhild" title="Alf and Alfhild">Alfhild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_W._Hicks" title="Albert W. Hicks">Albert W. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bonny" title="Anne Bonny">Anne Bonny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dieu-le-Veut" title="Anne Dieu-le-Veut">Anne Dieu-le-Veut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Faria" title="António de Faria">António de Faria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Exquemelin" title="Alexandre Exquemelin">Alexandre Exquemelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemisia_I_of_Caria" title="Artemisia I of Caria">Artemisia I of Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awilda" title="Awilda">Awilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_Portugu%C3%AAs" title="Bartolomeu Português">Bartolomeu Português</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Bartholomew Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_de_Soto" title="Benito de Soto">Benito de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hornigold" title="Benjamin Hornigold">Benjamin Hornigold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Caesar_(pirate)" title="Black Caesar (pirate)">Black Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Blackbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bully_Hayes" title="Bully Hayes">Bully Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Qian" title="Cai Qian">Cai Qian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico_Jack" title="Calico Jack">Calico Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gibbs" title="Charles Gibbs">Charles Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Berry" title="Charlotte de Berry">Charlotte de Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheung_Po_Tsai" title="Cheung Po Tsai">Cheung Po Tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Anna_Skytte" title="Christina Anna Skytte">Christina Anna Skytte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chui_A-poo" title="Chui A-poo">Chui A-poo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Seavey" title="Dan Seavey">Dan Seavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabolito" title="Diabolito">Diabolito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dido" title="Dido">Dido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Chivers" title="Dirk Chivers">Dirk Chivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_You" title="Dominique You">Dominique You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_England" title="Edward England">Edward England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Low" title="Edward Low">Edward Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Boggs" title="Eli Boggs">Eli Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elise_Eskilsdotter" title="Elise Eskilsdotter">Elise Eskilsdotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_the_Monk" title="Eustace the Monk">Eustace the Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_Burn" title="Flora Burn">Flora Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Gang" title="Flying Gang">Flying Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C5%ABma_Kotar%C5%8D" title="Fūma Kotarō">Fūma Kotarō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Le_Clerc" title="François Le Clerc">François Le Clerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_l%27Olonnais" title="François l'Olonnais">François l'Olonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Ning" title="Gan Ning">Gan Ning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_O%27Malley" title="Grace O'Malley">Grace O'Malley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Lucifer" title="Hendrick Lucifer">Hendrick Lucifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Caesar" title="Henri Caesar">Henri Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan" title="Henry Morgan">Henry Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Strangways_(pirate)" title="Henry Strangways (pirate)">Henry Strangways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Bouchard" title="Hippolyte Bouchard">Hippolyte Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Bamei" title="Huang Bamei">Huang Bamei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Hands" title="Israel Hands">Israel Hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquotte_Delahaye" title="Jacquotte Delahaye">Jacquotte Delahaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Janszoon" title="Jan Janszoon">Jan Janszoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte" title="Jean Lafitte">Jean Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Clisson" title="Jeanne de Clisson">Jeanne de Clisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_H%C3%A5rd" title="Johanna Hård">Johanna Hård</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)" title="John Hawkins (naval commander)">John Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hoar" title="John Hoar">John Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Newland_Maffitt_(privateer)" title="John Newland Maffitt (privateer)">John Newland Maffitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pro" title="John Pro">John Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Jørgen Jørgensen">Jørgen Jørgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaquim_Almeida" title="José Joaquim Almeida">José Joaquim Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Baker_(pirate)" title="Joseph Baker (pirate)">Joseph Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barss" title="Joseph Barss">Joseph Barss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_St%C3%B6rtebeker" title="Klaus Störtebeker">Klaus Störtebeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Choi_San" title="Lai Choi San">Lai Choi San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurens_de_Graaf" title="Laurens de Graaf">Laurens de Graaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Prince" title="Lawrence Prince">Lawrence Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Daoming" title="Liang Daoming">Liang Daoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limahong" title="Limahong">Limahong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_Hon-cho" title="Lo Hon-cho">Lo Hon-cho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_Aury" title="Louis-Michel Aury">Louis-Michel Aury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansel_Alcantra" title="Mansel Alcantra">Mansel Alcantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ribeiro_Pardal" title="Manuel Ribeiro Pardal">Manuel Ribeiro Pardal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Martin Frobisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Cobham_and_Maria_Lindsey" title="Eric Cobham and Maria Lindsey">Mary Lindsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Read" title="Mary Read">Mary Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wolverston" title="Mary Wolverston">Mary Wolverston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Grammont" title="Michel de Grammont">Michel de Grammont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Cohen_Henriques" title="Moses Cohen Henriques">Moses Cohen Henriques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Gordon" title="Nathaniel Gordon">Nathaniel Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_van_Hoorn" title="Nicholas van Hoorn">Nicholas van Hoorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng_Akew" title="Ng Akew">Ng Akew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Levasseur" title="Olivier Levasseur">Olivier Levasseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Gilbert" title="Pedro Gilbert">Pedro Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Easton" title="Peter Easton">Peter Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lafitte" title="Pierre Lafitte">Pierre Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piet_Pieterszoon_Hein" title="Piet Pieterszoon Hein">Piet Pieterszoon Hein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Sela" title="Princess Sela">Princess Sela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmah_ibn_Jabir_al-Jalhami" title="Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami">Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Wall" title="Rachel Wall">Rachel Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oru%C3%A7_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oruç Reis">Redbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Glover_(pirate)" title="Richard Glover (pirate)">Richard Glover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Culliford" title="Robert Culliford">Robert Culliford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Surcouf" title="Robert Surcouf">Robert Surcouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Cofres%C3%AD" title="Roberto Cofresí">Roberto Cofresí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_Braziliano" title="Roche Braziliano">Roche Braziliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusla" title="Rusla">Rusla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadie_Farrell" title="Sadie Farrell">Sadie Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bellamy" title="Samuel Bellamy">Samuel Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hall_Lord" title="Samuel Hall Lord">Samuel Hall Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Mason" title="Samuel Mason">Samuel Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pallache" title="Samuel Pallache">Samuel Pallache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyida_al_Hurra" title="Sayyida al Hurra">Sayyida al Hurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Ping" title="Sister Ping">Sister Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shap-ng-tsai" title="Shap-ng-tsai">Shap-ng-tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirahama_Kenki" title="Shirahama Kenki">Shirahama Kenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Mascarino" title="Simon Mascarino">Simon Mascarino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stede_Bonnet" title="Stede Bonnet">Stede Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuta" title="Teuta">Teuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavendish" title="Thomas Cavendish">Thomas Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tew" title="Thomas Tew">Thomas Tew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veborg" title="Veborg">Veborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Gambi" title="Vincenzo Gambi">Vincenzo Gambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhi_(pirate)" title="Wang Zhi (pirate)">Wang Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dampier" title="William Dampier">William Dampier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kidd" title="William Kidd">William Kidd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Jing" title="Zheng Jing">Zheng Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Qi_(pirate)" title="Zheng Qi (pirate)">Zheng Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yi_(pirate)" title="Zheng Yi (pirate)">Zheng Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Zhilong" title="Zheng Zhilong">Zheng Zhilong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yi_Sao" title="Zheng Yi Sao">Zheng Yi Sao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pirate hunters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Emo" title="Angelo Emo">Angelo Emo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaloner_Ogle" title="Chaloner Ogle">Chaloner Ogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Porter_(naval_officer)" title="David Porter (naval officer)">David Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duarte_Pacheco_Pereira" title="Duarte Pacheco Pereira">Duarte Pacheco Pereira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Brooke" title="James Brooke">James Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campuzano_Polanco_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Campuzano Polanco family">Jose Campuzano-Polanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_(Spanish_Navy_officer)" title="Luis Fajardo (Spanish Navy officer)">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Enr%C3%ADquez_(privateer)" title="Miguel Enríquez (privateer)">Miguel Enríquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Avery_Hornsby" title="Richard Avery Hornsby">Richard Avery Hornsby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Maynard" title="Robert Maynard">Robert Maynard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Warren_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Thomas Warren (Royal Navy officer)">Thomas Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodes_Rogers" title="Woodes Rogers">Woodes Rogers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Pirate ships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_Galley" title="Adventure Galley">Adventure Galley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Light_(ship)" title="Ambrose Light (ship)">Ambrose Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fancy_(ship)" title="Fancy (ship)">Fancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Dutchman" title="Flying Dutchman">Flying Dutchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Ganj-i-Sawai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge" title="Queen Anne's Revenge">Queen Anne's Revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quedagh_Merchant" title="Quedagh Merchant">Quedagh Merchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSS_McRae" title="CSS McRae">Marquis of Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Clisson" title="Jeanne de Clisson">My Revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Royal Fortune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saladin_(barque)" title="Saladin (barque)">Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whydah_Gally" title="Whydah Gally">Whydah Gally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_York" title="MV York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Pirate battles and incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pirate_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/100px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/150px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pirate_Flag.svg/200px-Pirate_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1582_Cagayan_battles" title="1582 Cagayan battles">1582 Cagayan battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Lahad_Datu_ambush" title="1985 Lahad Datu ambush">1985 Lahad Datu ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_9_November_1822" title="Action of 9 November 1822">Action of 9 November 1822</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_28_October_2007" title="Action of 28 October 2007">Action of 28 October 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_11_November_2008" title="Action of 11 November 2008">Action of 11 November 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2009_raid_off_Somalia" title="April 2009 raid off Somalia">Action of 9 April 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_23_March_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 23 March 2010">Action of 23 March 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_1_April_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 1 April 2010">Action of 1 April 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_5_April_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 5 April 2010">Action of 5 April 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States" title="Aegean Sea anti-piracy operations of the United States">Anti-piracy in the Aegean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antelope_of_Boston" title="Antelope of Boston">Antelope incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_anti-piracy_operations_of_the_United_States" title="West Indies anti-piracy operations of the United States">Anti-piracy in the West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Veracruz" title="Attack on Veracruz">Attack on Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expedition_to_Balanguingui" title="Spanish expedition to Balanguingui">Balanguingui Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boca_Teacapan" title="Battle of Boca Teacapan">Battle of Boca Teacapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Fear_River_(1718)" title="Battle of Cape Fear River (1718)">Battle of Cape Fear River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Lopez" title="Battle of Cape Lopez">Battle of Cape Lopez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doro_Passage" title="Battle of Doro Passage">Battle of Doro Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganj-i-Sawai" title="Ganj-i-Sawai">Battle of Mandab Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1574)" title="Battle of Manila (1574)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Minicoy_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle off Minicoy Island">Battle off Minicoy Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Mukah" title="Battle off Mukah">Battle off Mukah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nam_Quan" title="Battle of Nam Quan">Battle of Nam Quan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Battle of Ocracoke Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pianosa" title="Battle of Pianosa">Battle of Pianosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Leotung" title="Battle of the Leotung">Battle of the Leotung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tiger%27s_Mouth" title="Battle of the Tiger's Mouth">Battle of the Tiger's Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tonkin_River" title="Battle of Tonkin River">Battle of Tonkin River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ty-ho_Bay" title="Battle of Ty-ho Bay">Battle of Ty-ho Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tysami" title="Battle of Tysami">Battle of Tysami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Beluga_Nomination_incident" title="MV Beluga Nomination incident">Beluga Nomination incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane" title="Charles Vane">Blockade of Charleston (Vane)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepo_expedition" title="Chepo expedition">Chepo Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Light_(ship)" title="Ambrose Light (ship)">Capture of the Ambrose Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_John_%22Calico_Jack%22_Rackham" title="Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham">Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_schooner_Bravo" title="Capture of the schooner Bravo">Capture of the schooner Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_schooner_Fancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of the schooner Fancy">Capture of the schooner Fancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_sloop_Anne" title="Capture of the sloop Anne">Capture of the sloop Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr%C3%A9_d%27As_IV_incident" title="Carré d'As IV incident">Carré d'As IV incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Hong_Dan_incident" title="Dai Hong Dan incident">Dai Hong Dan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_Expedition" title="Falklands Expedition">Falklands Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Patrol" title="Great Lakes Patrol">Great Lakes Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_incident" title="Irene incident">Irene incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiajing_wokou_raids" title="Jiajing wokou raids">Jiajing wokou raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maersk_Alabama_hijacking" title="Maersk Alabama hijacking">Maersk Alabama hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_Zafirah_hijacking" title="MT Zafirah hijacking">MT Zafirah hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT_Orkim_Harmony_hijacking" title="MT Orkim Harmony hijacking">MT Orkim Harmony hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Moscow_University_hijacking" title="MV Moscow University hijacking">MV Moscow University hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Star_affair" title="North Star affair">North Star affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Enduring_Freedom_%E2%80%93_Horn_of_Africa" title="Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa">Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atalanta" title="Operation Atalanta">Operation Atalanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_of_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden">Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dawn_8:_Gulf_of_Aden" title="Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden">Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ocean_Shield" title="Operation Ocean Shield">Operation Ocean Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_campaign_of_1809" title="Persian Gulf campaign of 1809">Persian Gulf Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_border_attacks_in_Sabah" title="Cross border attacks in Sabah">Pirate attacks in Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SY_Quest_incident" title="SY Quest incident">Quest incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Cartagena_(1683)" title="Raid on Cartagena (1683)">Raid on Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Campeche_(1663)" title="Sack of Campeche (1663)">Sack of Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Pirates" title="Salvador Pirates">Salvador Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_raid_of_Su%C3%B0uroy" title="Slave raid of Suðuroy">Slave raid of Suðuroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Piracy law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_grace_(piracy)" title="Acts of grace (piracy)">Acts of grace</a> (<a href="/wiki/1717%E2%80%931718_Acts_of_Grace" title="1717–1718 Acts of Grace">1717–1718 Acts of Grace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_piracy_law" title="International piracy law">International piracy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_marque" title="Letter of marque">Letter of marque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Declaration_Respecting_Maritime_Law" title="Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law">Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act" title="Piracy Act">Piracy Act</a> (<a href="/wiki/Offences_at_Sea_Act_1536" title="Offences at Sea Act 1536">1536</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1698" title="Piracy Act 1698">1698</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Act_1717" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation Act 1717">1717</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1721" title="Piracy Act 1721">1721</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1837" title="Piracy Act 1837">1837</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piracy_Act_1850" title="Piracy Act 1850">1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_Law_of_1820" class="mw-redirect" title="Piracy Law of 1820">Piracy Law of 1820</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">Slave trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa" title="Slavery in Africa">African slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Slave_Trade_Patrol" title="African Slave Trade Patrol">African Slave Trade Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Amistad" title="La Amistad">Amistad Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Africa" title="Blockade of Africa">Blockade of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Veloz_Passagera" title="Capture of the Veloz Passagera">Capture of the Veloz Passagera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_brig_Brillante" title="Capture of the brig Brillante">Capture of the brig Brillante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_slave_trade" title="Indian Ocean slave trade">Indian Ocean slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">Trans-Saharan slave trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pirates_in_the_arts_and_popular_culture" title="Pirates in the arts and popular culture">Pirates in popular culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_pirates" title="List of fictional pirates">Fictional pirates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Askeladd" title="Askeladd">Askeladd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Ayrton" title="Tom Ayrton">Tom Ayrton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbeard_(comics)" title="Redbeard (comics)">Barbe Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Birdseye" title="Captain Birdseye">Captain Birdseye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Blood_(novel)" title="Captain Blood (novel)">Captain Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldland" title="McDonaldland">Captain Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Flint" title="Captain Flint">Captain Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Hook" title="Captain Hook">Captain Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Nemo" title="Captain Nemo">Captain Nemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Pugwash" title="Captain Pugwash">Captain Pugwash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Sabertooth" title="Captain Sabertooth">Captain Sabertooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Stingaree" title="Captain Stingaree">Captain Stingaree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Berry" title="Charlotte de Berry">Charlotte de Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones_(Pirates_of_the_Caribbean)" title="Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean)">Davy Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kenway" title="Edward Kenway">Edward Kenway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Marley" title="Elaine Marley">Elaine Marley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Swann" title="Elizabeth Swann">Elizabeth Swann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franky_(One_Piece)" title="Franky (One Piece)">Franky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guybrush_Threepwood" title="Guybrush Threepwood">Guybrush Threepwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Barbossa" title="Hector Barbossa">Hector Barbossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Sparrow" title="Jack Sparrow">Jack Sparrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquotte_Delahaye" title="Jacquotte Delahaye">Jacquotte Delahaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar" title="José Gaspar">José Gaspar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshamee_Gibbs" title="Joshamee Gibbs">Joshamee Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_John_Silver" title="Long John Silver">Long John Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_D._Luffy" title="Monkey D. Luffy">Monkey D. Luffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaas_Montenegro" title="Vaas Montenegro">Vaas Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._Smee" title="Mr. Smee">Mr. Smee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nami_(One_Piece)" title="Nami (One Piece)">Nami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nico_Robin" title="Nico Robin">Nico Robin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roronoa_Zoro" title="Roronoa Zoro">Roronoa Zoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandokan" title="Sandokan">Sandokan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanji_(One_Piece)" title="Sanji (One Piece)">Sanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Tony_Chopper" title="Tony Tony Chopper">Tony Tony Chopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usopp" title="Usopp">Usopp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Turner" title="Will Turner">Will Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_(G.I._Joe)" title="Zanzibar (G.I. Joe)">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_(novel)" title="The Pirate (novel)">The Pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pilot:_A_Tale_of_the_Sea" title="The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea">The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Island" title="Treasure Island">Treasure Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facing_the_Flag" title="Facing the Flag">Facing the Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Stranger_Tides" title="On Stranger Tides">On Stranger Tides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Hawkins_and_the_Curse_of_Treasure_Island" title="Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island">Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castaways_of_the_Flying_Dutchman" title="Castaways of the Flying Dutchman">Castaways of the Flying Dutchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Angel%27s_Command" title="The Angel's Command">The Angel's Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyage_of_Slaves" title="Voyage of Slaves">Voyage of Slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_John_Silver_(comics)" title="Long John Silver (comics)">Long John Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Latitudes" title="Pirate Latitudes">Pirate Latitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistress_of_the_Seas" title="Mistress of the Seas">Mistress of the Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_(Motion_novel)" title="Silver (Motion novel)">Silver: Return to Treasure Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tropes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buried_treasure" title="Buried treasure">Buried treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones%27s_locker" title="Davy Jones's locker">Davy Jones's locker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyepatch" title="Eyepatch">Eyepatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jolly_Roger" title="Jolly Roger">Jolly Roger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skull_and_crossbones_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skull and crossbones (symbol)">skull and crossbones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keelhauling" title="Keelhauling">Keelhauling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marooning" title="Marooning">Marooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_purchase,_no_pay" title="No purchase, no pay">No purchase, no pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegleg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegleg">Pegleg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_parrot" title="Companion parrot">Pet parrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_code" title="Pirate code">Pirate code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_utopia" title="Pirate utopia">Pirate utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_map" title="Treasure map">Treasure map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_the_plank" title="Walking the plank">Walking the plank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pirate" title="Air pirate">Air pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_pirates" title="List of space pirates">Space pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Talk_Like_a_Pirate_Day" title="International Talk Like a Pirate Day">International Talk Like a Pirate Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_versus_Ninjas" title="Pirates versus Ninjas">Pirates versus Ninjas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_General_History_of_the_Pyrates" title="A General History of the Pyrates">A General History of the Pyrates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Charles_Johnson" title="Captain Charles Johnson">Captain Charles Johnson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Ratisbon" title="Truce of Ratisbon">Truce of Ratisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Round" title="Pirate Round">Pirate Round</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matelotage" title="Matelotage">Matelotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_kidnappings" title="Piracy kidnappings">Piracy kidnappings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Meta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirates" title="List of pirates">Pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pirate_films_and_television_series" title="List of pirate films and television series">Pirate films and TV series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_privateers" title="List of privateers">Privateers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_attacked_by_Somali_pirates" title="List of ships attacked by Somali pirates">List of ships attacked by Somali pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_piracy" title="Timeline of piracy">Timeline of piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Women in piracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Barbary_pirates" class="mw-disambig" title="Category:Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pirates_by_nationality" title="Category:Pirates by nationality">By nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Female_pirates" title="Category:Female pirates">Female pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_pirates" title="Category:Fictional pirates">Fictional pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy" title="Category:Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy_by_year" title="Category:Piracy by year">Piracy by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pirates" title="Category:Pirates">Pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/29px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/44px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/58px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Piracy" title="Portal:Piracy">Piracy portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Piracy" title="Category:Piracy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pirates_since_the_1660s" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#CEDFF2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pirates_of_the_Modern_Age" title="Template:Pirates of the Modern Age"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pirates_of_the_Modern_Age" title="Template talk:Pirates of the Modern Age"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pirates_of_the_Modern_Age" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pirates of the Modern Age"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pirates_since_the_1660s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pirates</a> since the 1660s</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_Aury" title="Louis-Michel Aury">Louis-Michel Aury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Baker_(pirate)" title="Joseph Baker (pirate)">Joseph Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bellamy" title="Samuel Bellamy">Samuel Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbeard" title="Blackbeard">Blackbeard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stede_Bonnet" title="Stede Bonnet">Stede Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bonny" title="Anne Bonny">Anne Bonny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Bouchard" title="Hippolyte Bouchard">Hippolyte Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_Braziliano" title="Roche Braziliano">Roche Braziliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico_Jack" title="Calico Jack">Calico Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campuzano_Polanco_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Campuzano Polanco family">Jose Campuzano-Polanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheung_Po_Tsai" title="Cheung Po Tsai">Cheung Po Tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chui_A-poo" title="Chui A-poo">Chui A-poo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Cofres%C3%AD" title="Roberto Cofresí">Roberto Cofresi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dampier" title="William Dampier">William Dampier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabolito" title="Diabolito">Diabolito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Gambi" title="Vincenzo Gambi">Vincenzo Gambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gibbs" title="Charles Gibbs">Charles Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Gilbert" title="Pedro Gilbert">Pedro Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurens_de_Graaf" title="Laurens de Graaf">Laurens de Graaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Grammont" title="Michel de Grammont">Michel de Grammont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Halsey_(privateer)" title="John Halsey (privateer)">John Halsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Hands" title="Israel Hands">Israel Hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Cohen_Henriques" title="Moses Cohen Henriques">Moses Cohen Henriques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_van_Hoorn" title="Nicholas van Hoorn">Nicholas van Hoorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hornigold" title="Benjamin Hornigold">Benjamin Hornigold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Bamei" title="Huang Bamei">Huang Bamei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmah_ibn_Jabir_Al_Jalhami" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahmah ibn Jabir Al Jalhami">Rahmah ibn Jabir Al Jalhami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jennings" title="Henry Jennings">Henry Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Johnston_(pirate)" title="Bill Johnston (pirate)">Bill Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Jordan_(pirate)" title="Edward Jordan (pirate)">Edward Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Jørgen Jørgensen">Jørgen Jørgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kidd" title="William Kidd">William Kidd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte" title="Jean Lafitte">Jean Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lafitte" title="Pierre Lafitte">Pierre Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_Hon-cho" title="Lo Hon-cho">Lo Hon-cho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Low" title="Edward Low">Edward Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Mason" title="Samuel Mason">Samuel Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan" title="Henry Morgan">Henry Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_l%27Olonnais" title="François l'Olonnais">François l'Olonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Prince" title="Lawrence Prince">Lawrence Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Roberts" title="Bartholomew Roberts">Bartholomew Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_de_Soto" title="Benito de Soto">Benito de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_You" title="Dominique You">Dominique You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yi_Sao" title="Zheng Yi Sao">Zheng Yi Sao</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Jolly-Roger.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Jolly-Roger.svg/95px-Jolly-Roger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Jolly-Roger.svg/143px-Jolly-Roger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Jolly-Roger.svg/190px-Jolly-Roger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="272" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Piracy" title="Portal:Piracy">Piracy portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Treasure" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Treasure" title="Template:Treasure"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Treasure" title="Template talk:Treasure"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Treasure" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Treasure"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Treasure" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Treasure" title="Treasure">Treasure</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoard" title="Hoard">Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buried_treasure" title="Buried treasure">Buried treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_trove" title="Treasure trove">Treasure trove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missing_treasures" title="List of missing treasures">List of missing treasures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treasure_from_shipwrecks" title="Category:Treasure from shipwrecks">Treasure from shipwrecks</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:A_hoard_of_Iron_Age_coins_from_Beverly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/A_hoard_of_Iron_Age_coins_from_Beverly.jpg/125px-A_hoard_of_Iron_Age_coins_from_Beverly.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/A_hoard_of_Iron_Age_coins_from_Beverly.jpg/188px-A_hoard_of_Iron_Age_coins_from_Beverly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/A_hoard_of_Iron_Age_coins_from_Beverly.jpg/250px-A_hoard_of_Iron_Age_coins_from_Beverly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Treasure_troves_by_period" title="Category:Treasure troves by period">By period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treasure_troves_of_the_Bronze_Age" title="Category:Treasure troves of the Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treasure_troves_of_the_Iron_Age" title="Category:Treasure troves of the Iron Age">Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treasure_troves_of_classical_antiquity" title="Category:Treasure troves of classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treasure_troves_of_late_antiquity" title="Category:Treasure troves of late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treasure_troves_of_Medieval_Europe" title="Category:Treasure troves of Medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Viking_treasure_troves" title="Category:Viking treasure troves">Viking</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Treasure_troves_by_country" title="Category:Treasure troves by country">By location</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treasure_troves_in_Azerbaijan" title="Category:Treasure troves in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treasure_troves_in_Belgium" title="Category:Treasure troves in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treasure_troves_in_Bulgaria" title="Category:Treasure troves in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treasure_troves_in_China" title="Category:Treasure troves in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coin_hoards_in_China" title="List of coin hoards in China">coins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treasure_troves_in_France" title="Category:Treasure troves in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treasure_troves_in_Germany" title="Category:Treasure troves in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treasure_troves_in_India" title="Category:Treasure troves in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treasure_troves_in_Italy" title="Category:Treasure troves in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treasure_troves_in_Poland" title="Category:Treasure troves in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hoards_in_Romania" title="List of hoards in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treasure_troves_in_Russia" title="Category:Treasure troves in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treasure_troves_in_Spain" title="Category:Treasure troves in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treasure_troves_in_Turkey" title="Category:Treasure troves in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treasure_troves_in_Ukraine" title="Category:Treasure troves in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treasure_troves_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Treasure troves in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treasure_troves_in_Vietnam" title="Category:Treasure troves in Vietnam">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coin_hoards_in_Vietnam" title="List of coin hoards in Vietnam">coins</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British Isles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treasure_troves_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Category:Treasure troves in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treasure_troves_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Treasure troves in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hoards_in_the_Channel_Islands" title="List of hoards in the Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hoards_in_Great_Britain" title="List of hoards in Great Britain">Great Britain</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Bronze_Age_hoards_in_Great_Britain" title="List of Bronze Age hoards in Great Britain">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iron_Age_hoards_in_Great_Britain" title="List of Iron Age hoards in Great Britain">Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_hoards_in_Great_Britain" title="List of Roman hoards in Great Britain">Roman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hoards_in_Ireland" title="List of hoards in Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_treasure_hunters" title="List of treasure hunters">List of treasure hunters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_map" title="Treasure map">Treasure map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_hunting" title="Treasure hunting">Treasure hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Act_1996" title="Treasure Act 1996">Treasure Act 1996</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_Valuation_Committee" title="Treasure Valuation Committee">Treasure Valuation Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_fishing" title="Magnet fishing">Magnet fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Treasure" title="Category:Treasure">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Treasures" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Treasures">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Terrorism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Terrorism_topics" title="Template:Terrorism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Terrorism_topics" title="Template talk:Terrorism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Terrorism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Terrorism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Terrorism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_terrorism" title="Definition of terrorism">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_terrorism" title="History of terrorism">History of terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_conventions_on_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="International conventions on terrorism">International conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-terrorism_legislation" title="Anti-terrorism legislation">Anti-terrorism legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-terrorism">Counter-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_(WTC_2)_-_B6019~11_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Terrorism topics"><img alt="Terrorism topics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Explosion_following_the_plane_impact_into_the_South_Tower_%28WTC_2%29_-_B6019~11_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1497" data-file-height="1830" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_terrorism" title="Communist terrorism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_terrorism" title="Left-wing terrorism">Left-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">Right-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_political_violence" title="Zionist political violence">Zionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcoterrorism" title="Narcoterrorism">Narcoterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_terrorism" title="Nationalist terrorism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_extremist_terrorism" title="Jewish extremist terrorism">Jewish</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and <a href="/wiki/Tactics_of_terrorism" title="Tactics of terrorism">tactics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agro-terrorism" title="Agro-terrorism">Agro-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking" title="Aircraft hijacking">Aircraft hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">Car bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_terrorism" title="Environmental terrorism">Environmental destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_terrorism" title="Nuclear terrorism">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_bomb" title="Proxy bomb">Proxy bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">Suicide attack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_suicide_attacks" title="Palestinian suicide attacks">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">State terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_terrorism" title="State-sponsored terrorism">State-sponsored terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_cell_system" title="Clandestine cell system">Clandestine cell system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_financing" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist financing">Financing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_front_organization" title="Terrorist front organization">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_wolf_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Lone wolf attacks">Lone wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_training_camp" title="Terrorist training camp">Training camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_White_Terror" title="First White Terror">White Terror</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_charities_accused_of_ties_to_terrorism" title="List of charities accused of ties to terrorism">Charities accused of ties to terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of designated terrorist organizations">Designated terrorist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents" title="List of terrorist incidents">Incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_terrorist_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Islamic terrorist attacks">Islamic terrorist attacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorials and museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Terror" title="House of Terror">House of Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography_of_Terror" title="Topography of Terror">Topography of Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Acts_of_Terror_Memorial" title="Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial">Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Sponsored</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Israel and state-sponsored terrorism">Sponsored</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kuwait <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Kuwait and state-sponsored terrorism">Sponsored</a></li></ul></li> <li>Libya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libya_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Libya and state-sponsored terrorism">Sponsored</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism">Sponsored</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">Palestine</a></li> <li>Qatar <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Qatar and state-sponsored terrorism">Sponsored</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism and the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_and_state_terrorism" title="Sri Lanka and state terrorism">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state_terrorism" title="United States and state terrorism">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="United States and state-sponsored terrorism">Sponsored</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Venezuela and state-sponsored terrorism">Sponsored</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" 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