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compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Isotopes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence_and_synthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence_and_synthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Occurrence and synthesis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence_and_synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precautions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precautions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Precautions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precautions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Actinium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 139 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" > 139 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Aktinium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B2%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="አክቲኒየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አክቲኒየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="ऐक्टिनियम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ऐक्टिनियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="أكتينيوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أكتينيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinio" title="Actinio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Actinio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actiniu" title="Actiniu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Actiniu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actiniu" title="Actiniu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Actiniu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aktinium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Aktinium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="অ্যাক্টিনিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যাক্টিনিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Actinium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Актыній – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Актыній" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Актын – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Актын" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="एक्टिनियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="एक्टिनियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktinyo" title="Aktinyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Aktinyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Актиний – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Актиний" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨེག་ཊི་ནིམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨེག་ཊི་ནིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktinij" title="Aktinij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Aktinij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiniom" title="Aktiniom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aktiniom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actini" title="Actini – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Actini" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Актиний – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Актиний" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinyo" title="Actinyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Actinyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aktinium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attiniu" title="Attiniu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Attiniu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actiniwm" title="Actiniwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Actiniwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Actinium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="أكتينيوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أكتينيوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Aktinium" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Actinium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiinium" title="Aktiinium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aktiinium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF_(%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF)" title="Ακτίνιο (στοιχείο) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ακτίνιο (στοιχείο)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinio" title="Actinio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Actinio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktinio" title="Aktinio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aktinio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktinio" title="Aktinio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aktinio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="اکتینیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اکتینیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Actinium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Actinium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atini" title="Atini – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Atini" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achtainiam" title="Achtainiam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Achtainiam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghtinnium" title="Aghtinnium – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Aghtinnium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Actinium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinio" title="Actinio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Actinio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="એક્ટિનીયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="એક્ટિનીયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Actinium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Актиниум – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Актиниум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%85%ED%8B%B0%EB%8A%84" title="악티늄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="악티늄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ակտինիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ակտինիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="ऐक्टिनियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऐक्टिनियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktinij" title="Aktinij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aktinij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiniumo" title="Aktiniumo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aktiniumo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aktinium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Actinium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Актиний – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Актиний" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsAcagu" title="IsAcagu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsAcagu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attinio" title="Attinio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Attinio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="אקטיניום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אקטיניום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Aktinium" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C9%A9t%C9%A9n%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Akɩtɩnɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Akɩtɩnɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆಕ್ಟಿನಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಕ್ಟಿನಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="აქტინიუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აქტინიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Актиний – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Актиний" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiniom" title="Aktiniom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Aktiniom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktini" title="Aktini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Aktini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Актиний – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Актиний" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktini%C3%B2m" title="Aktiniòm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Aktiniòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Актиний – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Актиний" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Актиний – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Актиний" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Actinium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akt%C4%ABnijs" title="Aktīnijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aktīnijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Actinium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktinis" title="Aktinis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aktinis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attinio" title="Attinio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Attinio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Actinium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiinii" title="Aktiinii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Aktiinii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jinmrtaktini" title="jinmrtaktini – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jinmrtaktini" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akt%C3%ADnium" title="Aktínium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Aktínium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Актиниум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Актиниум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ആക്റ്റിനിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആക്റ്റിനിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="ॲक्टिनियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ॲक्टिनियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="اكتينيوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اكتينيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Aktinium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Actinium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Актини – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Актини" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="အက်တီနီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အက်တီနီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Actinium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="एक्टिनियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="एक्टिनियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%83%81%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="アクチニウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アクチニウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiinium" title="Aktiinium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Aktiinium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Actinium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Actinium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actini" title="Actini – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Actini" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AE" title="ଆକ୍ଟିନିଅମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆକ୍ଟିନିଅମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiniy" title="Aktiniy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Aktiniy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="एक्टिनियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="एक्टिनियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktinyo" title="Aktinyo – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Aktinyo" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ایکٹینیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایکٹینیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%A9%D9%BC%DB%90%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="آکټېنيوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آکټېنيوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actini" title="Actini – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Actini" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Actinium" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktyn" title="Aktyn – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aktyn" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act%C3%ADnio" title="Actínio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Actínio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actiniu" title="Actiniu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Actiniu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktinyu" title="Aktinyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Aktinyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Актіній – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Актіній" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Актиний – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Актиний" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Актиниум – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Актиниум" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="एक्टिनियम – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="एक्टिनियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C3%ACniu" title="Atìniu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Atìniu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Aktinium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiniumi" title="Aktiniumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Aktiniumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attiniu" title="Attiniu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Attiniu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Actinium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akt%C3%ADnium" title="Aktínium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Aktínium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktinij" title="Aktinij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aktinij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiiniyaam" title="Aktiiniyaam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Aktiiniyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="ئەکتینیۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەکتینیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Актинијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Актинијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktinijum" title="Aktinijum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aktinijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aktinium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aktinium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktinyo" title="Aktinyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aktinyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆக்டினியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆக்டினியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktinyum" title="Aktinyum – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Aktinyum" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Актиний – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Актиний" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="యాక్టీనియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="యాక్టీనియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="แอกทิเนียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอกทิเนียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Актиний – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Актиний" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktinyum" title="Aktinyum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aktinyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Актиній – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Актиній" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="عیکٹنیئم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عیکٹنیئم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A" title="ئاكتىنىي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئاكتىنىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktinii_(himine_element)" title="Aktinii (himine element) – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Aktinii (himine element)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actini" title="Actini – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Actini" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8C%92" title="錒 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="錒" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinyo" title="Actinyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Actinyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Actin" title="Actin">Actin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Actium" title="Actium">Actium</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 89 (Ac)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Actinium, 89Ac</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Actinium_sample_(31481701837).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Actinium_sample_%2831481701837%29.png/220px-Actinium_sample_%2831481701837%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Actinium_sample_%2831481701837%29.png/330px-Actinium_sample_%2831481701837%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Actinium_sample_%2831481701837%29.png/440px-Actinium_sample_%2831481701837%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Actinium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ækˈtɪniəm/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ak-TIN-ee-əm</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">silvery-white, glowing with an eerie blue light;<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> sometimes with a golden cast<a href="#cite_note-Kirby-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">Mass number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[227]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Actinium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> ↑ Ac ↓ — </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a> ← actinium → <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">89</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/F-block_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block groups">f-block groups</a> (no number)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">period 7</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#f-block" title="Block (periodic table)">f-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>] 6d1 7s2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 9, 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1500 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (1227 °C, 2240 °F) (estimated)<a href="#cite_note-Kirby-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3500±300 K (3200±300 °C, 5800±500 °F) (extrapolated)<a href="#cite_note-Kirby-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">r.t.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">10 g/cm3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">400 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">27.2 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 1.1 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 499 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1170 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 1900 kJ/mol </li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements#actinium" title="Molar ionization energies of the elements">more</a>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">215 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Actinium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Actinium_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Actinium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Actinium_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Actinium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Actinium_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Actinium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of actinium</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">from decay</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">face-centered cubic</a> (fcc) (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">cF4</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubic-face-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Face-centered cubic crystal structure for actinium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/50px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/75px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/100px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="127" /></a></div>a = 531.5 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-34-8 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a> and first isolation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Oskar_Giesel" title="Friedrich Oskar Giesel">Friedrich Oskar Giesel</a> (1902, 1903)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Named by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Louis_Debierne" title="André-Louis Debierne">André-Louis Debierne</a> (1899)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_actinium" title="Isotopes of actinium">Isotopes of actinium</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_actinium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox actinium isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_actinium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox actinium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-4">[4]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium-225" title="Actinium-225">225Ac</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">trace</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">9.919 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">α</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Francium-221" class="mw-redirect" title="Francium-221">221Fr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Cluster_decay" title="Cluster decay">CD</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth-211" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth-211">211Bi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" style="vertical-align: top;">226Ac </th> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">29.37 h </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium-226" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium-226">226Th</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Radium-226" title="Radium-226">226Ra</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Francium-222" class="mw-redirect" title="Francium-222">222Fr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">227Ac </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">trace </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">21.772 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium-227" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium-227">227Th</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Francium-223" class="mw-redirect" title="Francium-223">223Fr</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Actinium" title="Category:Actinium">Category: Actinium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_actinium" title="Template:Infobox actinium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_actinium" title="Template talk:Infobox actinium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_actinium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox actinium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Actinium is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">symbol</a> Ac and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 89. It was first isolated by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Oskar_Giesel" title="Friedrich Oskar Giesel">Friedrich Oskar Giesel</a> in 1902, who gave it the name emanium; the element got its name by being wrongly identified with a substance <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Louis_Debierne" title="André-Louis Debierne">André-Louis Debierne</a> found in 1899 and called actinium. The <a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinide</a> series, a set of 15 elements between actinium and <a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">lawrencium</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>, are named for actinium. Together with <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a>, actinium was one of the first <a href="/wiki/Primordial_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Primordial element">non-primordial radioactive elements</a> to be isolated. A soft, silvery-white <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a> metal, actinium reacts rapidly with oxygen and moisture in air forming a white coating of actinium oxide that prevents further oxidation. As with most <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanides</a> and many <a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinides</a>, actinium assumes <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> +3 in nearly all its chemical compounds. Actinium is found only in traces in <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> ores as the <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> 227Ac, which decays with a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 21.772 years, predominantly emitting <a href="/wiki/Beta_particle" title="Beta particle">beta</a> and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particles</a>, and 228Ac, which is beta active with a half-life of 6.15 hours. One <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a> of natural <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> in ore contains about 0.2 milligrams of actinium-227, and one tonne of <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> contains about 5 nanograms of actinium-228. The close similarity of physical and chemical properties of actinium and <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">lanthanum</a> makes separation of actinium from the ore impractical. Instead, the element is prepared, in milligram amounts, by the neutron irradiation of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">226Ra</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a>. Owing to its scarcity, high price and radioactivity, actinium has no significant industrial use. Its current applications include a neutron source and an agent for <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Louis_Debierne" title="André-Louis Debierne">André-Louis Debierne</a>, a French chemist, announced the discovery of a new element in 1899.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> He separated it from <a href="/wiki/Uraninite" title="Uraninite">pitchblende</a> residues left by <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> after they had extracted <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Adloff-6">[6]</a> In 1899, Debierne described the substance as similar to <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and (in 1900) as similar to <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Oskar_Giesel" title="Friedrich Oskar Giesel">Friedrich Oskar Giesel</a> found in 1902<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> a substance similar to <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">lanthanum</a> and called it "emanium" in 1904.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> After a comparison of the substances' half-lives determined by Debierne,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Brooks" title="Harriet Brooks">Harriet Brooks</a> in 1904, and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Sackur" title="Otto Sackur">Otto Sackur</a> in 1905, Debierne's chosen name for the new element was retained because it had seniority, despite the contradicting chemical properties he claimed for the element at different times.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Articles published in the 1970s<a href="#cite_note-discovery-14">[14]</a> and later<a href="#cite_note-Adloff-6">[6]</a> suggest that Debierne's results published in 1904 conflict with those reported in 1899 and 1900. Furthermore, the now-known chemistry of actinium precludes its presence as anything other than a minor constituent of Debierne's 1899 and 1900 results; in fact, the chemical properties he reported make it likely that he had, instead, accidentally identified <a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">protactinium</a>, which would not be discovered for another fourteen years, only to have it disappear due to its hydrolysis and adsorption onto his <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Laboratory equipment">laboratory equipment</a>. This has led some authors to advocate that Giesel alone should be credited with the discovery.<a href="#cite_note-Kirby-2">[2]</a> A less confrontational vision of scientific discovery is proposed by Adloff.<a href="#cite_note-Adloff-6">[6]</a> He suggests that hindsight criticism of the early publications should be mitigated by the then nascent state of radiochemistry: highlighting the prudence of Debierne's claims in the original papers, he notes that nobody can contend that Debierne's substance did not contain actinium.<a href="#cite_note-Adloff-6">[6]</a> Debierne, who is now considered by the vast majority of historians as the discoverer, lost interest in the element and left the topic. Giesel, on the other hand, can rightfully be credited with the first preparation of radiochemically pure actinium and with the identification of its atomic number 89.<a href="#cite_note-discovery-14">[14]</a> The name actinium originates from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> aktis, aktinos (ακτίς, ακτίνος), meaning beam or ray.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-15">[15]</a> Its symbol Ac is also used in abbreviations of other compounds that have nothing to do with actinium, such as <a href="/wiki/Acetyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetyl">acetyl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetate" title="Acetate">acetate</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">acetaldehyde</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Properties">edit</a>]</div> Actinium is a soft, silvery-white,<a href="#cite_note-blueglow-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-brit-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a>, metallic element. Its estimated <a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">shear modulus</a> is similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Owing to its strong radioactivity, actinium glows in the dark with a pale blue light, which originates from the surrounding air ionized by the emitted energetic particles.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Actinium has similar chemical properties to <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">lanthanum</a> and other lanthanides, and therefore these elements are difficult to separate when extracting from uranium ores. <a href="/wiki/Solvent_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvent extraction">Solvent extraction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ion_chromatography" title="Ion chromatography">ion chromatography</a> are commonly used for the separation.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The first element of the <a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinides</a>, actinium gave the set its name, much as <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">lanthanum</a> had done for the <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanides</a>. The actinides are much more diverse than the lanthanides<a href="#cite_note-Jorgensen-23">[23]</a> and therefore it was not until 1945 that the most significant change to <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a> since the recognition of the lanthanides, the <a href="/wiki/Actinide_concept" title="Actinide concept">introduction of the actinides</a>, was generally accepted after <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a>'s research on the <a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">transuranium elements</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> (although it had been proposed as early as 1892 by British chemist Henry Bassett).<a href="#cite_note-Thyssen-25">[25]</a> Actinium reacts rapidly with oxygen and moisture in air forming a white coating of <a href="/wiki/Actinium_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinium oxide">actinium oxide</a> that impedes further oxidation.<a href="#cite_note-blueglow-18">[18]</a> As with most lanthanides and actinides, actinium exists in the <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> +3, and the Ac3+ ions are colorless in solutions.<a href="#cite_note-bse-26">[26]</a> The oxidation state +3 originates from the [Rn] 6d17s2 electronic configuration of actinium, with three valence electrons that are easily donated to give the stable closed-shell structure of the <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gas</a> <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-brit-19">[19]</a> Although the 5f orbitals are unoccupied in an actinium atom, it can be used as a valence orbital in actinium complexes and hence it is generally considered the first 5f element by authors working on it.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-AcNatureChem-29">[29]</a> Ac3+ is the largest of all known tripositive ions and its first coordination sphere contains approximately 10.9 ± 0.5 water molecules.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_compounds">Chemical compounds</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chemical compounds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Actinium_compounds" title="Actinium compounds">Actinium compounds</a></div> Due to actinium's intense radioactivity, only a limited number of actinium compounds are known. These include: <a href="/wiki/Actinium_fluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinium fluoride">AcF3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Actinium(III)_chloride" title="Actinium(III) chloride">AcCl3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Actinium(III)_bromide" title="Actinium(III) bromide">AcBr3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Actinium_oxyfluoride" title="Actinium oxyfluoride">AcOF</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinium(III)_oxychloride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Actinium(III) oxychloride (page does not exist)">AcOCl</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinium(III)_oxybromide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Actinium(III) oxybromide (page does not exist)">AcOBr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Actinium(III)_sulfide" title="Actinium(III) sulfide">Ac2S3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Actinium_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinium oxide">Ac2O3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Actinium(III)_phosphate" title="Actinium(III) phosphate">AcPO4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Actinium(III)_nitrate" title="Actinium(III) nitrate">Ac(NO3)3</a>. They all contain actinium in the oxidation state +3.<a href="#cite_note-bse-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-j2-31">[31]</a> In particular, the lattice constants of the analogous lanthanum and actinium compounds differ by only a few percent.<a href="#cite_note-j2-31">[31]</a> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Formula </th> <th>color </th> <th>symmetry </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">space group</a> </th> <th>No </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">Pearson symbol</a> </th> <th>a (pm) </th> <th>b (pm) </th> <th>c (pm) </th> <th>Z </th> <th>density, g/cm3 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ac </td> <td>silvery </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">fcc</a><a href="#cite_note-ach-32">[32]</a> </td> <td>Fm3m </td> <td>225 </td> <td>cF4 </td> <td>531.1 </td> <td>531.1 </td> <td>531.1 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>10.07 </td></tr> <tr> <td>AcH2 </td> <td>unknown </td> <td>cubic<a href="#cite_note-ach-32">[32]</a> </td> <td>Fm3m </td> <td>225 </td> <td>cF12 </td> <td>567 </td> <td>567 </td> <td>567 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>8.35 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ac2O3 </td> <td>white<a href="#cite_note-blueglow-18">[18]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trigonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigonal crystal system">trigonal</a><a href="#cite_note-aco-33">[33]</a> </td> <td>P3m1 </td> <td>164 </td> <td>hP5 </td> <td>408 </td> <td>408 </td> <td>630 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>9.18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ac2S3 </td> <td>black </td> <td>cubic<a href="#cite_note-acs-34">[34]</a> </td> <td>I43d </td> <td>220 </td> <td>cI28 </td> <td>778.56 </td> <td>778.56 </td> <td>778.56 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>6.71 </td></tr> <tr> <td>AcF3 </td> <td>white<a href="#cite_note-m71-35">[35]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal crystal system">hexagonal</a><a href="#cite_note-j2-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-aco-33">[33]</a> </td> <td>P3c1 </td> <td>165 </td> <td>hP24 </td> <td>741 </td> <td>741 </td> <td>755 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7.88 </td></tr> <tr> <td>AcCl3 </td> <td>white </td> <td>hexagonal<a href="#cite_note-j2-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-accl-36">[36]</a> </td> <td>P63/m </td> <td>165 </td> <td>hP8 </td> <td>764 </td> <td>764 </td> <td>456 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>4.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>AcBr3 </td> <td>white<a href="#cite_note-j2-31">[31]</a> </td> <td>hexagonal<a href="#cite_note-accl-36">[36]</a> </td> <td>P63/m </td> <td>165 </td> <td>hP8 </td> <td>764 </td> <td>764 </td> <td>456 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>5.85 </td></tr> <tr> <td>AcOF </td> <td>white<a href="#cite_note-m87-37">[37]</a> </td> <td>cubic<a href="#cite_note-j2-31">[31]</a> </td> <td>Fm3m </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>593.1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>8.28 </td></tr> <tr> <td>AcOCl </td> <td>white </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tetragonal_crystal_system" title="Tetragonal crystal system">tetragonal</a><a href="#cite_note-j2-31">[31]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>424 </td> <td>424 </td> <td>707 </td> <td> </td> <td>7.23 </td></tr> <tr> <td>AcOBr </td> <td>white </td> <td>tetragonal<a href="#cite_note-j2-31">[31]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>427 </td> <td>427 </td> <td>740 </td> <td> </td> <td>7.89 </td></tr> <tr> <td>AcPO4·0.5H2O </td> <td>unknown </td> <td>hexagonal<a href="#cite_note-j2-31">[31]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>721 </td> <td>721 </td> <td>664 </td> <td> </td> <td>5.48 </td></tr></tbody></table> Here a, b and c are lattice constants, No is space group number and Z is the number of <a href="/wiki/Formula_unit" title="Formula unit">formula units</a> per <a href="/wiki/Unit_cell" title="Unit cell">unit cell</a>. Density was not measured directly but calculated from the lattice parameters. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxides">Oxides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Oxides">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Actinium(III)_oxide" title="Actinium(III) oxide">Actinium(III) oxide</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Actinium_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinium oxide">Actinium oxide</a> (Ac2O3) can be obtained by heating the hydroxide at 500 °C (932 °F) or the <a href="/wiki/Oxalate" title="Oxalate">oxalate</a> at 1,100 °C (2,010 °F), in vacuum. Its crystal lattice is <a href="/wiki/Isomorphism_(crystallography)" title="Isomorphism (crystallography)">isotypic</a> with the oxides of most trivalent rare-earth metals.<a href="#cite_note-j2-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halides">Halides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Halides">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Actinium_trifluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinium trifluoride">Actinium trifluoride</a> can be produced either in solution or in solid reaction. The former reaction is carried out at room temperature, by adding <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid" title="Hydrofluoric acid">hydrofluoric acid</a> to a solution containing actinium ions. In the latter method, actinium metal is treated with hydrogen fluoride vapors at 700 °C (1,292 °F) in an all-platinum setup. Treating actinium trifluoride with <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonium hydroxide">ammonium hydroxide</a> at 900–1,000 °C (1,650–1,830 °F) yields <a href="/wiki/Oxyfluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyfluoride">oxyfluoride</a> AcOF. Whereas lanthanum oxyfluoride can be easily obtained by burning lanthanum trifluoride in air at 800 °C (1,470 °F) for an hour, similar treatment of actinium trifluoride yields no AcOF and only results in melting of the initial product.<a href="#cite_note-j2-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-m87-37">[37]</a> <dl><dd>AcF3 + 2 NH3 + H2O → AcOF + 2 NH4F</dd></dl> Actinium trichloride is obtained by reacting actinium hydroxide or <a href="/wiki/Oxalate" title="Oxalate">oxalate</a> with <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride" title="Carbon tetrachloride">carbon tetrachloride</a> vapors at temperatures above 960 °C (1,760 °F). Similarly to the oxyfluoride, actinium <a href="/wiki/Oxychloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxychloride">oxychloride</a> can be prepared by hydrolyzing actinium trichloride with <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonium hydroxide">ammonium hydroxide</a> at 1,000 °C (1,830 °F). However, in contrast to the oxyfluoride, the oxychloride could well be synthesized by igniting a solution of actinium trichloride in <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-j2-31">[31]</a> Reaction of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_bromide" title="Aluminium bromide">aluminium bromide</a> and actinium oxide yields actinium tribromide: <dl><dd>Ac2O3 + 2 AlBr3 → 2 AcBr3 + Al2O3</dd></dl> and treating it with ammonium hydroxide at 500 °C (932 °F) results in the oxybromide AcOBr.<a href="#cite_note-j2-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_compounds">Other compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other compounds">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinium_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Actinium hydride (page does not exist)">Actinium hydride</a> was obtained by reduction of actinium trichloride with potassium at 300 °C (572 °F), and its structure was deduced by analogy with the corresponding LaH2 hydride. The source of hydrogen in the reaction was uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Mixing <a href="/wiki/Monosodium_phosphate" title="Monosodium phosphate">monosodium phosphate</a> (NaH2PO4) with a solution of actinium in hydrochloric acid yields white-colored actinium phosphate hemihydrate (AcPO4·0.5H2O), and heating <a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinium_oxalate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Actinium oxalate (page does not exist)">actinium oxalate</a> with <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> vapors at 1,400 °C (2,550 °F) for a few minutes results in a black <a href="/wiki/Actinium_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinium sulfide">actinium sulfide</a> Ac2S3. It may possibly be produced by acting with a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">carbon disulfide</a> on <a href="/wiki/Actinium_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinium oxide">actinium oxide</a> at 1,000 °C (1,830 °F).<a href="#cite_note-j2-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_actinium" title="Isotopes of actinium">Isotopes of actinium</a></div> Naturally occurring actinium is principally composed of two radioactive <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>; 227 Ac (from the radioactive family of 235 U) and 228 Ac (a granddaughter of 232 Th). 227 Ac decays mainly as a <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta emitter</a> with a very small energy, but in 1.38% of cases it emits an <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particle</a>, so it can readily be identified through <a href="/wiki/Alpha_spectrometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha spectrometry">alpha spectrometry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kirby-2">[2]</a> Thirty-three <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotopes</a> have been identified, the most stable being 227 Ac with a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 21.772 years, <a href="/wiki/Actinium-225" title="Actinium-225">225 Ac</a> with a half-life of 10.0 days and 226 Ac with a half-life of 29.37 hours. All remaining <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive</a> isotopes have half-lives that are less than 10 hours and the majority of them have half-lives shorter than one minute. The shortest-lived known isotope of actinium is 217 Ac (half-life of 69 nanoseconds) which decays through <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha decay</a>. Actinium also has two known <a href="/wiki/Meta_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta state">meta states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2016-39">[39]</a> The most significant isotopes for chemistry are 225Ac, 227Ac, and 228Ac.<a href="#cite_note-Kirby-2">[2]</a> Purified 227 Ac comes into equilibrium with its decay products after about a half of year. It decays according to its 21.772-year half-life emitting mostly beta (98.62%) and some alpha particles (1.38%);<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2016-39">[39]</a> the successive decay products are part of the <a href="/wiki/Actinium_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinium series">actinium series</a>. Owing to the low available amounts, low energy of its beta particles (maximum 44.8 keV) and low intensity of alpha radiation, 227 Ac is difficult to detect directly by its emission and it is therefore traced via its decay products.<a href="#cite_note-bse-26">[26]</a> The isotopes of actinium range in <a href="/wiki/Atomic_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic weight">atomic weight</a> from 203 <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic mass unit">u</a> (203 Ac) to 236 u (236 Ac).<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2016-39">[39]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Isotope </th> <th>Production </th> <th>Decay </th> <th>Half-life </th></tr> <tr> <td>221Ac </td> <td align="right">232Th(d,9n)→225Pa(α)→221Ac </td> <td>α </td> <td>52 ms </td></tr> <tr> <td>222Ac </td> <td align="right">232Th(d,8n)→226Pa(α)→222Ac </td> <td>α </td> <td>5.0 s </td></tr> <tr> <td>223Ac </td> <td align="right">232Th(d,7n)→227Pa(α)→223Ac </td> <td>α </td> <td>2.1 min </td></tr> <tr> <td>224Ac </td> <td align="right">232Th(d,6n)→228Pa(α)→224Ac </td> <td>α </td> <td>2.78 hours </td></tr> <tr> <td>225Ac </td> <td align="right">232Th(n,γ)→233Th(β−)→233Pa(β−)→233U(α)→229Th(α)→225Ra(β−)→225Ac </td> <td>α </td> <td>10 days </td></tr> <tr> <td>226Ac </td> <td align="right">226Ra(d,2n)→226Ac </td> <td>α, β− electron capture </td> <td>29.37 hours </td></tr> <tr> <td>227Ac </td> <td align="right">235U(α)→231Th(β−)→231Pa(α)→227Ac </td> <td>α, β− </td> <td>21.77 years </td></tr> <tr> <td>228Ac </td> <td align="right">232Th(α)→228Ra(β−)→228Ac </td> <td>β− </td> <td>6.15 hours </td></tr> <tr> <td>229Ac </td> <td align="right">228Ra(n,γ)→229Ra(β−)→229Ac </td> <td>β− </td> <td>62.7 min </td></tr> <tr> <td>230Ac </td> <td align="right">232Th(d,α)→230Ac </td> <td>β− </td> <td>122 s </td></tr> <tr> <td>231Ac </td> <td align="right">232Th(γ,p)→231Ac </td> <td>β− </td> <td>7.5 min </td></tr> <tr> <td>232Ac </td> <td align="right">232Th(n,p)→232Ac </td> <td>β− </td> <td>119 s </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence_and_synthesis">Occurrence and synthesis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Occurrence and synthesis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uraninite-39029.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Uraninite-39029.jpg/150px-Uraninite-39029.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Uraninite-39029.jpg/225px-Uraninite-39029.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Uraninite-39029.jpg/300px-Uraninite-39029.jpg 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Uraninite" title="Uraninite">Uraninite</a> ores have elevated concentrations of actinium.</figcaption></figure> Actinium is found only in traces in <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> ores – one tonne of uranium in ore contains about 0.2 milligrams of 227Ac<a href="#cite_note-Hagemann1950-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-g946-41">[41]</a> – and in <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> ores, which contain about 5 nanograms of 228Ac per one tonne of thorium. The actinium <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> 227Ac is a transient member of the <a href="/wiki/Decay_chain#Actinium_series" title="Decay chain">uranium-actinium series</a> <a href="/wiki/Decay_chain" title="Decay chain">decay chain</a>, which begins with the parent isotope <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">235U</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-239" title="Plutonium-239">239Pu</a>) and ends with the stable lead isotope <a href="/wiki/Lead-207" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead-207">207Pb</a>. The isotope 228Ac is a transient member of the <a href="/wiki/Thorium_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium series">thorium series</a> decay chain, which begins with the parent isotope <a href="/wiki/Thorium-232" title="Thorium-232">232Th</a> and ends with the stable lead isotope <a href="/wiki/Lead-208" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead-208">208Pb</a>. Another actinium isotope (225Ac) is transiently present in the <a href="/wiki/Neptunium_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Neptunium series">neptunium series</a> <a href="/wiki/Decay_chain" title="Decay chain">decay chain</a>, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Neptunium-237" class="mw-redirect" title="Neptunium-237">237Np</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Uranium-233" title="Uranium-233">233U</a>) and ending with thallium (<a href="/wiki/Thallium-205" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium-205">205Tl</a>) and near-stable bismuth (<a href="/wiki/Bismuth-209" title="Bismuth-209">209Bi</a>); even though all <a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a> 237Np has decayed away, it is continuously produced by neutron knock-out reactions on natural 238U. The low natural concentration, and the close similarity of physical and chemical properties to those of lanthanum and other lanthanides, which are always abundant in actinium-bearing ores, render separation of actinium from the ore impractical. The most concentrated actinium sample prepared from raw material consisted of 7 micrograms of 227Ac in less than 0.1 milligrams of La2O3, and complete separation was never achieved.<a href="#cite_note-KirbyReview-42">[42]</a> Instead, actinium is prepared, in milligram amounts, by the neutron irradiation of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><a href="/wiki/Radium-226" title="Radium-226">226Ra</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-g946-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{226}_{88}Ra + ^{1}_{0}n -> ^{227}_{88}Ra ->[\beta^-][42.2 \ {\ce {min}}] ^{227}_{89}Ac}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Ra</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>88</mn> <mn>226</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mo>+</mo> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>n</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>0</mn> <mn>1</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Ra</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>88</mn> <mn>227</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <munderover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mn>42.2</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>min</mtext> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <msup> <mi>β</mi> <mo>−</mo> </msup> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Ac</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>89</mn> <mn>227</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^{226}_{88}Ra + ^{1}_{0}n -> ^{227}_{88}Ra ->[\beta^-][42.2 \ {\ce {min}}] ^{227}_{89}Ac}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0971e4ce21fbf7bb4673856bff635b1a64d11fb2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.762ex; margin-top: -0.415ex; margin-bottom: -0.576ex; width:35.525ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{226}_{88}Ra + ^{1}_{0}n -> ^{227}_{88}Ra ->[\beta^-][42.2 \ {\ce {min}}] ^{227}_{89}Ac}}}"></dd></dl> The reaction yield is about 2% of the radium weight. 227Ac can further capture neutrons resulting in small amounts of 228Ac. After the synthesis, actinium is separated from radium and from the products of decay and nuclear fusion, such as thorium, polonium, lead and bismuth. The extraction can be performed with <a href="/wiki/Thenoyltrifluoroacetone" title="Thenoyltrifluoroacetone">thenoyltrifluoroacetone</a>-<a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a> solution from an aqueous solution of the radiation products, and the selectivity to a certain element is achieved by adjusting the <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> (to about 6.0 for actinium).<a href="#cite_note-Hagemann1950-40">[40]</a> An alternative procedure is anion exchange with an appropriate <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>, which can result in a separation factor of 1,000,000 for radium and actinium vs. thorium in a two-stage process. Actinium can then be separated from radium, with a ratio of about 100, using a low cross-linking cation exchange resin and nitric acid as <a href="/wiki/Eluant" class="mw-redirect" title="Eluant">eluant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sep-44">[44]</a> 225Ac was first produced artificially at the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Transuranium_Elements" title="Institute for Transuranium Elements">Institute for Transuranium Elements</a> (ITU) in Germany using a <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a> and at <a href="/wiki/St_George_Hospital_(Sydney)" title="St George Hospital (Sydney)">St George Hospital</a> in Sydney using a <a href="/wiki/Linear_particle_accelerator" title="Linear particle accelerator">linac</a> in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> This rare isotope has potential applications in radiation therapy and is most efficiently produced by bombarding a radium-226 target with 20–30 MeV <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a> ions. This reaction also yields 226Ac which however decays with a half-life of 29 hours and thus does not contaminate 225Ac.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Actinium metal has been prepared by the reduction of actinium fluoride with <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> vapor in vacuum at a temperature between 1,100 and 1,300 °C (2,010 and 2,370 °F). Higher temperatures resulted in evaporation of the product and lower ones lead to an incomplete transformation. Lithium was chosen among other <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a> because its fluoride is most volatile.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-blueglow-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> Owing to its scarcity, high price and radioactivity, 227Ac currently has no significant industrial use, but 225Ac is currently being studied for use in cancer treatments such as targeted alpha therapies.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-AcNatureChem-29">[29]</a> 227Ac is highly radioactive and was therefore studied for use as an active element of <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">radioisotope thermoelectric generators</a>, for example in spacecraft. The oxide of 227Ac pressed with <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> is also an efficient <a href="/wiki/Neutron_source" title="Neutron source">neutron source</a> with the activity exceeding that of the standard americium-beryllium and radium-beryllium pairs.<a href="#cite_note-b1-47">[47]</a> In all those applications, 227Ac (a beta source) is merely a progenitor which generates alpha-emitting isotopes upon its decay. Beryllium captures alpha particles and emits neutrons owing to its large cross-section for the (α,n) nuclear reaction: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{9}_{4}Be + ^{4}_{2}He -> ^{12}_{6}C + ^{1}_{0}n + \gamma}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>Be</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>4</mn> <mn>9</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mo>+</mo> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>He</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>2</mn> <mn>4</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>C</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>6</mn> <mn>12</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mo>+</mo> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>n</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <mn>0</mn> <mn>1</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mo>+</mo> <mi>γ</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^{9}_{4}Be + ^{4}_{2}He -> ^{12}_{6}C + ^{1}_{0}n + \gamma}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/29ca39afdb6564a4688e675bcfd4ff1de9298c61" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:28.11ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^{9}_{4}Be + ^{4}_{2}He -> ^{12}_{6}C + ^{1}_{0}n + \gamma}}}"></dd></dl> The 227AcBe neutron sources can be applied in a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_probe" title="Neutron probe">neutron probe</a> – a standard device for measuring the quantity of water present in soil, as well as moisture/density for quality control in highway construction.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Such probes are also used in well logging applications, in <a href="/wiki/Neutron_radiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron radiography">neutron radiography</a>, tomography and other radiochemical investigations.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DOTA_polyaminocarboxylic_acid.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/DOTA_polyaminocarboxylic_acid.png/150px-DOTA_polyaminocarboxylic_acid.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/DOTA_polyaminocarboxylic_acid.png/225px-DOTA_polyaminocarboxylic_acid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/DOTA_polyaminocarboxylic_acid.png/300px-DOTA_polyaminocarboxylic_acid.png 2x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="132" /></a><figcaption>Chemical structure of the <a href="/wiki/DOTA_(chelator)" title="DOTA (chelator)">DOTA</a> carrier for 225Ac in radiation therapy</figcaption></figure> 225Ac is applied in medicine to produce <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth-213" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth-213">213Bi</a> in a reusable generator<a href="#cite_note-sep-44">[44]</a> or can be used alone as an agent for <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a>, in particular targeted alpha therapy (TAT). This isotope has a half-life of 10 days, making it much more suitable for radiation therapy than 213Bi (half-life 46 minutes).<a href="#cite_note-AcNatureChem-29">[29]</a> Additionally, 225Ac decays to nontoxic 209Bi rather than toxic <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, which is the final product in the decay chains of several other candidate isotopes, namely 227Th, 228Th, and 230U.<a href="#cite_note-AcNatureChem-29">[29]</a> Not only 225Ac itself, but also its daughters, emit alpha particles which kill cancer cells in the body. The major difficulty with application of 225Ac was that intravenous injection of simple actinium complexes resulted in their accumulation in the bones and liver for a period of tens of years. As a result, after the cancer cells were quickly killed by alpha particles from 225Ac, the radiation from the actinium and its daughters might induce new mutations. To solve this problem, 225Ac was bound to a <a href="/wiki/Chelation" title="Chelation">chelating</a> agent, such as <a href="/wiki/Citrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrate">citrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid" title="Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid">ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid</a> (EDTA) or <a href="/wiki/Pentetic_acid" title="Pentetic acid">diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid</a> (DTPA). This reduced actinium accumulation in the bones, but the excretion from the body remained slow. Much better results were obtained with such chelating agents as HEHA (1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaazacyclohexadecane-N,N′,N″,N‴,N‴′,N‴″-hexaacetic acid)<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> or <a href="/wiki/DOTA_(chelator)" title="DOTA (chelator)">DOTA</a> (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid) coupled to <a href="/wiki/Trastuzumab" title="Trastuzumab">trastuzumab</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody" title="Monoclonal antibody">monoclonal antibody</a> that interferes with the <a href="/wiki/HER2/neu" class="mw-redirect" title="HER2/neu">HER2/neu</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">receptor</a>. The latter delivery combination was tested on mice and proved to be effective against <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">lymphoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovarian_cancer" title="Ovarian cancer">ovarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuroblastoma" title="Neuroblastoma">neuroblastoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The medium half-life of 227Ac (21.77 years) makes it a very convenient radioactive isotope in modeling the slow vertical mixing of oceanic waters. The associated processes cannot be studied with the required accuracy by direct measurements of current velocities (of the order 50 meters per year). However, evaluation of the concentration depth-profiles for different isotopes allows estimating the mixing rates. The physics behind this method is as follows: oceanic waters contain homogeneously dispersed 235U. Its decay product, 231Pa, gradually precipitates to the bottom, so that its concentration first increases with depth and then stays nearly constant. 231Pa decays to 227Ac; however, the concentration of the latter isotope does not follow the 231Pa depth profile, but instead increases toward the sea bottom. This occurs because of the mixing processes which raise some additional 227Ac from the sea bottom. Thus analysis of both 231Pa and 227Ac depth profiles allows researchers to model the mixing behavior.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> There are theoretical predictions that AcHx hydrides (in this case with very high pressure) are a candidate for a near <a href="/wiki/Room-temperature_superconductor" title="Room-temperature superconductor">room-temperature superconductor</a> as they have Tc significantly higher than H3S, possibly near 250 K.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precautions">Precautions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Precautions">edit</a>]</div> 227Ac is highly radioactive and experiments with it are carried out in a specially designed laboratory equipped with a tight <a href="/wiki/Glove_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Glove box">glove box</a>. When actinium trichloride is administered intravenously to rats, about 33% of actinium is deposited into the bones and 50% into the liver. Its toxicity is comparable to, but slightly lower, than that of americium and plutonium.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> For trace quantities, fume hoods with good aeration suffice; for gram amounts, <a href="/wiki/Hot_cell" title="Hot cell">hot cells</a> with shielding from the intense gamma radiation emitted by 227Ac are necessary.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/28px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/42px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/56px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decay_chain#Actinium_series" title="Decay chain">Actinium series</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 198 (1–2): 147–165. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002E&PSL.198..147G">2002E&PSL.198..147G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0012-821X%2802%2900512-5">10.1016/S0012-821X(02)00512-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=Actinium-227+as+a+deep-sea+tracer%3A+sources%2C+distribution+and+applications&rft.volume=198&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=147-165&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0012-821X%2802%2900512-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002E%26PSL.198..147G&rft.aulast=Geibert&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Rutgers+Van+Der+Loeff%2C+M.+M.&rft.au=Hanfland%2C+C.&rft.au=Dauelsberg%2C+H.-J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.pangaea.de%2F10.1594%2FPANGAEA.90616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActinium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSemenokKvashninKruglovOganov2018" class="citation journal cs1">Semenok, Dmitrii V.; Kvashnin, Alexander G.; Kruglov, Ivan A.; Oganov, Artem R. 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The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 9 (8): 1920–1926. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.05676">1802.05676</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.jpclett.8b00615">10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00615</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1948-7185">1948-7185</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29589444">29589444</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4620593">4620593</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Physical+Chemistry+Letters&rft.atitle=Actinium+hydrides+AcH%3Csub%3E10%3C%2Fsub%3E%2C+AcH%3Csub%3E12%3C%2Fsub%3E%2C+AcH%3Csub%3E16%3C%2Fsub%3E+as+high-temperature+conventional+superconductors&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1920-1926&rft.date=2018-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4620593%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.jpclett.8b00615&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1802.05676&rft.issn=1948-7185&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29589444&rft.aulast=Semenok&rft.aufirst=Dmitrii+V.&rft.au=Kvashnin%2C+Alexander+G.&rft.au=Kruglov%2C+Ivan+A.&rft.au=Oganov%2C+Artem+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActinium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanghamStorer1952" class="citation journal cs1">Langham, W.; Storer, J. (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1024446/">"Toxicology of Actinium Equilibrium Mixture"</a>. Los Alamos Scientific Lab.: Technical Report. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2172%2F4406766">10.2172/4406766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Alamos+Scientific+Lab.%3A+Technical+Report&rft.atitle=Toxicology+of+Actinium+Equilibrium+Mixture&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2172%2F4406766&rft.aulast=Langham&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Storer%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc1024446%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActinium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellerWolfShani" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Keller, Cornelius; Wolf, Walter; Shani, Jashovam. "Radionuclides, 2. Radioactive Elements and Artificial Radionuclides". <a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.o22_o15">10.1002/14356007.o22_o15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732" title="Special:BookSources/978-3527306732"><bdi>978-3527306732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Radionuclides%2C+2.+Radioactive+Elements+and+Artificial+Radionuclides&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.o22_o15&rft.isbn=978-3527306732&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Cornelius&rft.au=Wolf%2C+Walter&rft.au=Shani%2C+Jashovam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActinium" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyerMorss1991" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Gerd; Morss, Lester R. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bnS5elHL2w8C&pg=PA87">Synthesis of lanthanide and actinide compounds</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7923-1018-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7923-1018-7"><bdi>0-7923-1018-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synthesis+of+lanthanide+and+actinide+compounds&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-7923-1018-7&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rft.au=Morss%2C+Lester+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbnS5elHL2w8C%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActinium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/089.htm">Actinium</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@na+@rel+actinium,+radioactive">NLM Hazardous Substances Databank – Actinium, Radioactive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110825123745/http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/actinium.pdf">Actinium</a> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirbyMorss2006" class="citation book cs1">Kirby, H. W.; Morss, L. R. (2006). Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3555-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3555-5"><bdi>978-1-4020-3555-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+the+Actinide+and+Transactinide+Elements&rft.place=Dordrecht%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-3555-5&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft.au=Morss%2C+L.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AActinium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 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data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/actinium" class="extiw" title="wikt:actinium">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Actinium" class="extiw" title="c:Actinium">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Actinium" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Actinium">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Actinium_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Actinium_compounds" title="Template:Actinium compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Actinium_compounds" title="Template talk:Actinium compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Actinium_compounds" 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nitrate">Ac(NO3)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinium(III)_phosphate" title="Actinium(III) phosphate">AcPO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinium_oxyfluoride" title="Actinium oxyfluoride">AcOF</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinium(III)_oxybromide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Actinium(III) oxybromide (page does not exist)">AcOBr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinium(III)_oxychloride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Actinium(III) oxychloride (page does not exist)">AcOCl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinium(III)_hydroxide" title="Actinium(III) hydroxide">Ac(OH)3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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