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mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Māori_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pre-history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_Māori_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_Māori_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Classical Māori period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_Māori_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_contact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_contact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>European contact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_contact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>European settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Political parties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Culture and identity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urbanisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urbanisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Urbanisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urbanisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stock_exchanges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stock_exchanges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Stock exchanges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stock_exchanges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_unions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_unions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Trade unions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_unions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tourism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ski_areas_and_resorts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ski_areas_and_resorts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Ski areas and resorts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ski_areas_and_resorts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Road transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Rail transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Water transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ports_and_harbours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ports_and_harbours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.1</span> <span>Ports and harbours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ports_and_harbours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Air transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.1</span> <span>Airports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_geographic_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_geographic_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Natural geographic features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_geographic_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fiords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.1</span> <span>Fiords</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glaciers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glaciers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.2</span> <span>Glaciers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glaciers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.3</span> <span>Lakes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volcanoes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volcanoes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.4</span> <span>Volcanoes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volcanoes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Te_Wāhipounamu_World_Heritage_Site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Te_Wāhipounamu_World_Heritage_Site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.5</span> <span>Te Wāhipounamu World Heritage Site</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Te_Wāhipounamu_World_Heritage_Site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protected_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protected_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Protected areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protected_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forest_parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forest_parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4.1</span> <span>Forest parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forest_parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4.2</span> <span>National parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Natural history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Natural_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Natural history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Natural_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tertiary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tertiary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Tertiary education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tertiary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Healthcare</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Healthcare subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emergency_medical_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergency_medical_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Emergency medical services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergency_medical_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3.1</span> <span>Newspapers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3.2</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_stations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_stations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3.3</span> <span>Radio stations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.6</span> <span>Law enforcement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Police" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Police"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.6.1</span> <span>Police</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Police-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Correctional_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Correctional_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.6.2</span> <span>Correctional facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Correctional_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Customs_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Customs_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.6.3</span> <span>Customs service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Customs_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.7</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">South Island</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 88 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">88 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suideiland" title="Suideiland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Suideiland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%AB%C3%BE%C4%ABeg" title="Sūþīeg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sūþīeg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الجزيرة الجنوبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجزيرة الجنوبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_d%27o_Sud" title="Isla d'o Sud – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Isla d'o Sud" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islla_Sur" title="Islla Sur – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Islla Sur" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%99nub_adas%C4%B1_(Yeni_Zelandiya)" title="Cənub adası (Yeni Zelandiya) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cənub adası (Yeni Zelandiya)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusa_Kelod" title="Nusa Kelod – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Nusa Kelod" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AA" title="দক্ষিণ দ্বীপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দক্ষিণ দ্বীপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2m-t%C3%B3_(New_Zealand)" title="Lâm-tó (New Zealand) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lâm-tó (New Zealand)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D2%A1_%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83_(%D0%AF%D2%A3%D1%8B_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Көньяҡ утрау (Яңы Зеландия) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Көньяҡ утрау (Яңы Зеландия)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Паўднёвы востраў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўднёвы востраў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E_(%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%97%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F)" title="Паўднёвы востраў (Новая Зэляндыя) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паўднёвы востраў (Новая Зэляндыя)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="साउथ आइलैंड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="साउथ आइलैंड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_(%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Южен остров (Нова Зеландия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Южен остров (Нова Зеландия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enez_ar_Su" title="Enez ar Su – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Enez ar Su" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illa_del_Sud" title="Illa del Sud – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Illa del Sud" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Island_(pulo_sa_Nuzeland,_lat_-43,00,_long_171,00)" title="South Island (pulo sa Nuzeland, lat -43,00, long 171,00) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="South Island (pulo sa Nuzeland, lat -43,00, long 171,00)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%BEn%C3%AD_ostrov_(Nov%C3%BD_Z%C3%A9land)" title="Jižní ostrov (Nový Zéland) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jižní ostrov (Nový Zéland)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynys_y_De" title="Ynys y De – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ynys y De" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syd%C3%B8en" title="Sydøen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sydøen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DD%A3%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8" title="لݣزيرة دلجانوب – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لݣزيرة دلجانوب" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdinsel_(Neuseeland)" title="Südinsel (Neuseeland) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Südinsel (Neuseeland)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3dpo%C5%82dnjowa_kupa_(Nowoseelandska)" title="Pódpołdnjowa kupa (Nowoseelandska) – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pódpołdnjowa kupa (Nowoseelandska)" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B5unasaar" title="Lõunasaar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lõunasaar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%9D%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF_(%CE%9D%CE%AD%CE%B1_%CE%96%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Νότιο Νησί (Νέα Ζηλανδία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νότιο Νησί (Νέα Ζηλανδία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Sur" title="Isla Sur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Isla Sur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suda_Insulo_(Nov-Zelando)" title="Suda Insulo (Nov-Zelando) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Suda Insulo (Nov-Zelando)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hego_uhartea" title="Hego uhartea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hego uhartea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="جزیره جنوبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جزیره جنوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_du_Sud" title="Île du Sud – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Île du Sud" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oile%C3%A1n_Theas_na_Nua-Sh%C3%A9alainne" title="Oileán Theas na Nua-Shéalainne – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Oileán Theas na Nua-Shéalainne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilean_a_Deas,_Sealainn_Nuadh" title="Eilean a Deas, Sealainn Nuadh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eilean a Deas, Sealainn Nuadh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illa_Sur,_Nova_Zelandia" title="Illa Sur, Nova Zelandia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Illa Sur, Nova Zelandia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EC%84%AC" title="남섬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="남섬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B2%D5%A6%D5%AB_(%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%80_%D4%B6%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1)" title="Հարավային կղզի (Նոր Զելանդիա) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարավային կղզի (Նոր Զելանդիա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA" title="दक्षिण द्वीप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दक्षिण द्वीप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_kupa_(Nowoseelandska)" title="Južna kupa (Nowoseelandska) – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Južna kupa (Nowoseelandska)" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEni_otok" title="Južni otok – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Južni otok" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Selatan" title="Pulau Selatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pulau Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Хуссар сакъадах – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хуссар сакъадах" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%B0urey_(N%C3%BDja-Sj%C3%A1land)" title="Suðurey (Nýja-Sjáland) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Suðurey (Nýja-Sjáland)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isola_del_Sud" title="Isola del Sud – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Isola del Sud" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99" title="האי הדרומי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האי הדרומי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სამხრეთი კუნძული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამხრეთი კუნძული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D2%A3%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_(%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB,_%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Оңтүстік (арал, Жаңа Зеландия) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оңтүстік (арал, Жаңа Зеландия)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisiwa_cha_Kusini_(New_Zealand)" title="Kisiwa cha Kusini (New Zealand) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kisiwa cha Kusini (New Zealand)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D3%B9%D0%B2%D3%93%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D3%B9%D1%88_(%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B,_%D0%A3_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8)" title="Кечӹвӓлвелнӹш (ошмаоты, У Зеланди) – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кечӹвӓлвелнӹш (ошмаоты, У Зеланди)" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula_Australis_(Nova_Zelandia)" title="Insula Australis (Nova Zelandia) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Insula Australis (Nova Zelandia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dienvidsala" title="Dienvidsala – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dienvidsala" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet%C5%B3_sala" title="Pietų sala – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pietų sala" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isola_del_Sud" title="Isola del Sud – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Isola del Sud" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9li-sziget" title="Déli-sziget – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Déli-sziget" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Јужен Остров – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јужен Остров" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Wai-pounamu" title="Te Wai-pounamu – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Te Wai-pounamu" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F,_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="दक्षिण बेट, न्यू झीलंड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दक्षिण बेट, न्यू झीलंड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ობჟათე კოკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ობჟათე კოკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الجزيره الجنوبيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الجزيره الجنوبيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Selatan" title="Pulau Selatan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pulau Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuidereiland" title="Zuidereiland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zuidereiland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%B3%B6_(%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89)" title="南島 (ニュージーランド) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="南島 (ニュージーランド)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauth_Ailen" title="Sauth Ailen – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Sauth Ailen" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r%C3%B8ya_(New_Zealand)" title="Sørøya (New Zealand) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sørøya (New Zealand)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r%C3%B8ya_p%C3%A5_New_Zealand" title="Sørøya på New Zealand – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sørøya på New Zealand" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janubiy_orol" title="Janubiy orol – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Janubiy orol" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saut_Ailan" title="Saut Ailan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Saut Ailan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyspa_Po%C5%82udniowa_(Nowa_Zelandia)" title="Wyspa Południowa (Nowa Zelandia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wyspa Południowa (Nowa Zelandia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilha_Sul" title="Ilha Sul – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ilha Sul" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula_de_Sud_(Noua_Zeeland%C4%83)" title="Insula de Sud (Noua Zeelandă) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Insula de Sud (Noua Zeelandă)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urin_Wat%27a" title="Urin Wat'a – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Urin Wat'a" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Южный (остров, Новая Зеландия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Южный (остров, Новая Зеландия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nan-daw_Niw-si-lan" title="Nan-daw Niw-si-lan – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Nan-daw Niw-si-lan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="South Island" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEn%C3%BD_ostrov_(Nov%C3%BD_Z%C3%A9land)" title="Južný ostrov (Nový Zéland) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Južný ostrov (Nový Zéland)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEni_otok" title="Južni otok – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Južni otok" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Јужно острво – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јужно острво" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEni_otok" title="Južni otok – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Južni otok" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etel%C3%A4saari" title="Eteläsaari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eteläsaari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syd%C3%B6n" title="Sydön – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sydön" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="தெற்குத் தீவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தெற்குத் தீவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89" title="เกาะใต้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกาะใต้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCney_Adas%C4%B1" title="Güney Adası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Güney Adası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2_(%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Південний острів (Нова Зеландія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Південний острів (Нова Зеландія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81" title="جنوبی جزیرہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنوبی جزیرہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3o_Nam_(New_Zealand)" title="Đảo Nam (New Zealand) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đảo Nam (New Zealand)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pur%C3%B4_Salatan" title="Purô Salatan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Purô Salatan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%B2%9B%EF%BC%88%E6%96%B0%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%B0%EF%BC%89" title="南岛（新西兰） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="南岛（新西兰）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%B3%B6_(%E7%B4%90%E8%A5%BF%E8%98%AD)" title="南島 (紐西蘭) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="南島 (紐西蘭)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_Island&params=43_59_S_170_27_E_region:NZ_type:isle_scale:5000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°59′S</span> <span class="longitude">170°27′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.983°S 170.450°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-43.983; 170.450</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">One of the two main New Zealand islands</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the island in New Zealand. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/South_Island_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="South Island (disambiguation)">South Island (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129712854">.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-title-embed{background-color:#efefef;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native>div{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-header{background-color:#efefef}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country{border-top:1px solid black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country2{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-below{text-align:left;border-top:#aaa 1px solid}</style><table class="infobox ib-islands vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">South Island</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="nickname"><span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">Te Waipounamu</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Turbid_Waters_Surround_New_Zealand_-_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Turbid_Waters_Surround_New_Zealand_-_crop.jpg/260px-Turbid_Waters_Surround_New_Zealand_-_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Turbid_Waters_Surround_New_Zealand_-_crop.jpg/390px-Turbid_Waters_Surround_New_Zealand_-_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Turbid_Waters_Surround_New_Zealand_-_crop.jpg/520px-Turbid_Waters_Surround_New_Zealand_-_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2640" data-file-height="2992" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:260px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:260px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:260px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oceania_laea_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="South Island is located in Oceania"><img alt="South Island is located in Oceania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Oceania_laea_location_map.svg/260px-Oceania_laea_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Oceania_laea_location_map.svg/390px-Oceania_laea_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Oceania_laea_location_map.svg/520px-Oceania_laea_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1013" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:82.737%;left:50.305%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="South Island"><img alt="South Island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>South Island</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_Island&params=43_59_S_170_27_E_region:NZ_type:isle_scale:5000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°59′S</span> <span class="longitude">170°27′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.983°S 170.450°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-43.983; 170.450</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archipelago</th><td class="infobox-data note">New Zealand</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">150,437 km<sup>2</sup> (58,084 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">Area rank</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12th</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">840 km (522 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coastline</th><td class="infobox-data">5,842 km (3630.1 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">3,724 m (12218 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aoraki_/_Mount_Cook" title="Aoraki / Mount Cook">Aoraki / Mount Cook</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Administration</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div><b>New Zealand</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:NZ" title="ISO 3166-2:NZ">ISO 3166-2:NZ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">NZ-S</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">Regions</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_authorities_of_New_Zealand" title="Territorial authorities of New Zealand">Territorial authorities</a></th><td class="infobox-data">23</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest settlement</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a> (pop. 403,300)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Demonym</th><td class="infobox-data">Kiwi, South Islander</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">1,260,000 (June 2024)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pop. density</th><td class="infobox-data">8.3/km<sup>2</sup> (21.5/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnic groups</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_European" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand European">European</a> (82.8%), <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> (11.3%), <a href="/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders" title="Asian New Zealanders">Asian</a> (10.3%), <a href="/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders" title="Pasifika New Zealanders">Pacific peoples</a> (3.4%)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>South Island</b> (<a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>: <i lang="mi">Te Waipounamu</i>, <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'the waters of <a href="/wiki/Pounamu" title="Pounamu">Greenstone</a>', officially <b>South Island</b> or <b>Te Waipounamu</b> or archaically <b><a href="/wiki/New_Munster_Province" title="New Munster Province">New Munster</a></b>) is the largest of the three major <a href="/wiki/Islands_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Islands of New Zealand">islands of New Zealand</a> in surface area, the other being the smaller but more populous <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a> and sparsely populated <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Island" title="Stewart Island">Stewart Island</a>. It is bordered to the north by <a href="/wiki/Cook_Strait" title="Cook Strait">Cook Strait</a>, to the west by the <a href="/wiki/Tasman_Sea" title="Tasman Sea">Tasman Sea</a>, to the south by the <a href="/wiki/Foveaux_Strait" title="Foveaux Strait">Foveaux Strait</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a>, and to the east by the Pacific Ocean. The South Island covers 150,437 square kilometres (58,084 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">world's 12th-largest island</a>, constituting 56% of New Zealand's land area. At low altitudes, it has an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a>. The major centres are <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>, with a metropolitan population of 521,881, and the smaller <a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a> (population 134,600). The economy relies on agriculture, fishing, tourism, and general manufacturing and services. </p><p>Prior to European settlement, Te Waipounamu was sparsely populated by three major <a href="/wiki/Iwi" title="Iwi">iwi</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81i_Tahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāi Tahu">Kāi Tahu</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ti_M%C4%81moe" title="Kāti Māmoe">Kāti Māmoe</a>, and the historical <a href="/wiki/Waitaha_(South_Island_iwi)" title="Waitaha (South Island iwi)">Waitaha</a>, with major settlements including in <a href="/wiki/Kaiapoi_P%C4%81" title="Kaiapoi Pā">Kaiapoi Pā</a> near modern-day <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Musket_Wars" title="Musket Wars">Musket Wars</a> expanding iwi colonised <a href="/wiki/Te_Tau_Ihu_M%C4%81ori" title="Te Tau Ihu Māori">Te Tau Ihu</a>, a region comprising parts of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Tasman_District" title="Tasman District">Tasman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand" title="Nelson, New Zealand">Nelson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marlborough_District" title="Marlborough District">Malborough</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Kuia" title="Ngāti Kuia">Ngāti Kuia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rangit%C4%81ne" title="Rangitāne">Rangitāne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Tama" title="Ngāti Tama">Ngāti Tama</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Toa" title="Ngāti Toa">Ngāti Toarangatira</a> after <a href="/wiki/Te_Rauparaha" title="Te Rauparaha">Te Rauparaha's</a> wars of conquest. British settlement began with expansive and cheap land purchases early on, and settlers quickly outnumbered Māori. As a result the <a href="/wiki/Wairau_Affray" title="Wairau Affray">Wairau Affray</a> was the only conflict of the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a> to occur in the South Island. The island became rich and prosperous and Dunedin boomed during the 1860s <a href="/wiki/Otago_gold_rush" title="Otago gold rush">Otago gold rush</a>, which was shaped by extensive <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Zealanders" title="Chinese New Zealanders">Chinese immigration</a>. After the gold rush the "<a href="/wiki/Drift_to_the_north" title="Drift to the north">drift to the north</a>" meant the North Island displaced the South as the most populous. </p><p>The South Island is shaped by the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Alps" title="Southern Alps">Southern Alps</a>, which run along the island from north to south. They include New Zealand's highest peak, <a href="/wiki/Aoraki_/_Mount_Cook" title="Aoraki / Mount Cook">Aoraki / Mount Cook</a>, at 3,724 metres (12,218 feet). The high <a href="/wiki/Kaik%C5%8Dura_Ranges" title="Kaikōura Ranges">Kaikōura Ranges</a> lie to the northeast. The east side of the island is home to the <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Plains" title="Canterbury Plains">Canterbury Plains</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="West Coast, New Zealand">West Coast</a> is renowned for its rough coastlines, such as <a href="/wiki/Fiordland" title="Fiordland">Fiordland</a>, a very high proportion of native <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">bush</a> and <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Protected_areas">national parks</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Fox_Glacier" title="Fox Glacier">Fox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Glacier" title="Franz Josef Glacier">Franz Josef Glaciers</a>. </p><p>With a population of 1,260,000 as of June 2024,<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_population_data_2018_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_population_data_2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the South Island is home to 24% of New Zealand's 5.3 million inhabitants. After the 1860s <a href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">gold rushes</a> in the early stages of <a href="/wiki/European_settlers_in_New_Zealand" title="European settlers in New Zealand">European settlement</a> of the country, the South Island had the majority of the European population and wealth. The North Island's population overtook the South Island's in the early 20th century, with 56% of the New Zealand population living in the North Island in 1911. The drift north of people and businesses continued throughout the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming_and_usage">Naming and usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Naming and usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Munster_in_New_Zealand_(1846).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/New_Munster_in_New_Zealand_%281846%29.svg/170px-New_Munster_in_New_Zealand_%281846%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/New_Munster_in_New_Zealand_%281846%29.svg/255px-New_Munster_in_New_Zealand_%281846%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/New_Munster_in_New_Zealand_%281846%29.svg/340px-New_Munster_in_New_Zealand_%281846%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The South Island (political geography including <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Island" title="Stewart Island">Stewart Island</a> and smaller surrounding islands), in relation to the <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The island has been known internationally as the <b>South Island</b> for many years. The <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Te Reo Māori</a> name for it <b><span title="Māori-language text"><i lang="mi">Te Waipounamu</i></span></b> now also has official recognition but it remains seldom used by most residents.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Māori language.<sup id="cite_ref-officially_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officially-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Said to mean "the Water(s) of <a href="/wiki/Pounamu" title="Pounamu">Greenstone</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Te Waipounamu</i> possibly evolved from <i>Te Wāhi Pounamu</i> ("the Place of Greenstone"). </p><p>When Captain James Cook <a href="/wiki/First_voyage_of_James_Cook#New_Zealand" title="First voyage of James Cook">visited</a> in 1769, he recorded the island's name phonetically as "Toai poonamoo". </p><p>In the 19th century, some maps identified the South Island as <i>Middle Island</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/New_Munster_Province" title="New Munster Province">New Munster</a></i> (named after <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a> province in Southern Ireland) with the name <i>South Island</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/New_Leinster" title="New Leinster">New Leinster</a></i> was used for today's <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Island_/_Rakiura" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewart Island / Rakiura">Stewart Island / Rakiura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TeAra_Provinces_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TeAra_Provinces-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1907, the Minister for Lands gave instructions to the Land and Survey Department that the name Middle Island was not to be used in the future. "South Island will be adhered to in all cases".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the island had been known as the South Island for many years, in 2009 the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Geographic_Board" title="New Zealand Geographic Board">New Zealand Geographic Board</a> found that along with the North Island, the South Island had no official name.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a public consultation, the board officially named the island South Island or Te Waipounamu in October 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-officially_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-officially-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In prose, the two main islands of New Zealand are called <i>the North Island</i> and <i>the South Island</i>, with the <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite article</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also normal to use the <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">preposition</a> <i>in</i> rather than <i>on</i>, for example "Christchurch is in the South Island", "my mother lives in the South Island".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maps, headings, tables, and adjectival expressions use <i>South Island</i> without "the".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As it is 32% larger than the North Island but contains less than a quarter of the country's population, the South Island is sometimes humorously nicknamed the "mainland" of New Zealand by its residents.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Māori_mythology"><span id="M.C4.81ori_mythology"></span>Māori mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Māori mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The island is also known as <i><a href="/wiki/Te_Waka_a_M%C4%81ui" title="Te Waka a Māui">Te Waka a Māui</a></i> which means "<a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ui_(M%C4%81ori_mythology)" title="Māui (Māori mythology)">Māui</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Waka_(canoe)" title="Waka (canoe)">Canoe</a>". In some modern alliterations of Māori legends, the South Island existed first, as the boat of Māui, while the North Island was <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ui_(M%C4%81ori_mythology)#Māui_fishes_up_the_North_Island" title="Māui (Māori mythology)">the fish that he caught</a>. </p><p>Various Māori <a href="/wiki/Iwi" title="Iwi">iwi</a> sometimes use different names, with some preferring to call the South Island <i>Te Waka o Aoraki</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referring to another Māori legend called the story of Aoraki, as after the world was created, Aoraki and his three brothers came down in a waka to visit their mother, <a href="/wiki/Papat%C5%AB%C4%81nuku" class="mw-redirect" title="Papatūānuku">Papatūānuku</a> the earth mother, only to crash after failing to perform a <a href="/wiki/Karakia" title="Karakia">karakia</a> on their way back home to their father, <a href="/wiki/Ranginui" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranginui">Ranginui</a> (also known as Raki) the sky father, in turn causing the waka to transform into an island and the four brothers into the mountain ranges on top of it.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/South_Island" title="Special:EditPage/South Island">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand" title="History of New Zealand">History of New Zealand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opihi_rock_drawing2.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Opihi_rock_drawing2.jpeg/220px-Opihi_rock_drawing2.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Opihi_rock_drawing2.jpeg/330px-Opihi_rock_drawing2.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Opihi_rock_drawing2.jpeg/440px-Opihi_rock_drawing2.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>Charcoal rock drawing at Carters rockpool on the <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cpihi_River" title="Ōpihi River">Ōpihi River</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilsemans_1642.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gilsemans_1642.jpg/220px-Gilsemans_1642.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gilsemans_1642.jpg/330px-Gilsemans_1642.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gilsemans_1642.jpg/440px-Gilsemans_1642.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="1924" /></a><figcaption>First European impression of Māori, at <a href="/wiki/Golden_Bay_/_Mohua" title="Golden Bay / Mohua">Murderers' Bay</a>, 1642</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akaroa_Harbour_Ships_And_Whare.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Akaroa_Harbour_Ships_And_Whare.jpg/220px-Akaroa_Harbour_Ships_And_Whare.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Akaroa_Harbour_Ships_And_Whare.jpg/330px-Akaroa_Harbour_Ships_And_Whare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Akaroa_Harbour_Ships_And_Whare.jpg/440px-Akaroa_Harbour_Ships_And_Whare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Ships in what is likely to be <a href="/wiki/Akaroa_Harbour" title="Akaroa Harbour">Akaroa Harbour</a> some time in the early 19th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gabriels_Gully_In_Otago_Gold_Rush.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Gabriels_Gully_In_Otago_Gold_Rush.jpg/220px-Gabriels_Gully_In_Otago_Gold_Rush.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Gabriels_Gully_In_Otago_Gold_Rush.jpg/330px-Gabriels_Gully_In_Otago_Gold_Rush.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Gabriels_Gully_In_Otago_Gold_Rush.jpg/440px-Gabriels_Gully_In_Otago_Gold_Rush.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gabriel%27s_Gully" title="Gabriel's Gully">Gabriel's Gully</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Otago_gold_rush" title="Otago gold rush">Otago gold rush</a>, 1862</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benmore_Power_Stn_NZ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Benmore_Power_Stn_NZ.jpg/220px-Benmore_Power_Stn_NZ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Benmore_Power_Stn_NZ.jpg/330px-Benmore_Power_Stn_NZ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Benmore_Power_Stn_NZ.jpg/440px-Benmore_Power_Stn_NZ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benmore_Dam" title="Benmore Dam">Benmore Dam</a> is the largest of eight dams within the <a href="/wiki/Waitaki_River" title="Waitaki River">Waitaki</a> power scheme and was commissioned in 1965.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-history">Pre-history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pre-history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charcoal drawings can be found on limestone rock shelters in the centre of the South Island, with over 550 sites<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stretching from <a href="/wiki/Kaik%C5%8Dura" title="Kaikōura">Kaikōura</a> to <a href="/wiki/North_Otago" title="North Otago">North Otago</a>. The drawings are estimated to be between 500 and 800 years old and portray animals, people and fantastic creatures, possibly stylised reptiles. Some of the birds pictured are long extinct, including <a href="/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">moa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haast%27s_eagle" title="Haast's eagle">Haast's eagles</a>. They were drawn by early <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a>, but by the time Europeans arrived, local Māori did not know the origins of the drawings.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_Māori_period"><span id="Classical_M.C4.81ori_period"></span>Classical Māori period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Classical Māori period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early inhabitants of the South Island were the <a href="/wiki/Waitaha_(South_Island_iwi)" title="Waitaha (South Island iwi)">Waitaha</a>. They were largely absorbed via marriage and conquest by the <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ti_M%C4%81moe" title="Kāti Māmoe">Kāti Māmoe</a> in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kāti Māmoe were in turn largely absorbed via marriage and conquest by the <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81i_Tahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāi Tahu">Kāi Tahu</a> who migrated south in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While today there is no distinct Kāti Māmoe organisation, many Kāi Tahu have Kāti Māmoe links in their <a href="/wiki/Whakapapa" title="Whakapapa">whakapapa</a> and especially in the far south of the island. </p><p>Around the same time, a group of Māori <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">migrated</a> to <i>Rēkohu</i> (the <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a>), where, in adapting to the local climate and the availability of resources, they <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">eventually evolved into a separate people</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Moriori" title="Moriori">Moriori</a> with <a href="/wiki/Moriori_language" title="Moriori language">its own distinct language</a> – closely related to the parent culture and language in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainland New Zealand">mainland New Zealand</a>. One notable feature of the Moriori culture, an emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a>, proved disadvantageous when Māori <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">warriors</a> arrived in the 1830s aboard a chartered European ship.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 18th century, <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81i_Tahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāi Tahu">Kāi Tahu</a>, a <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> <a href="/wiki/Iwi" title="Iwi">tribe</a> who originated on the east coast of the <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a>, began migrating to the northern part of the South Island. There they and <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ti_M%C4%81moe" title="Kāti Māmoe">Kāti Māmoe</a> fought Ngāi Tara and <a href="/wiki/Rangit%C4%81ne" title="Rangitāne">Rangitāne</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Wairau_River" title="Wairau River">Wairau Valley</a>. Ngāti Māmoe then ceded the east coast regions north of the <a href="/wiki/Waiau_Toa_/_Clarence_River" title="Waiau Toa / Clarence River">Waiau Toa / Clarence River</a> to Kāi Tahu. Kāi Tahu continued to push south, conquering <a href="/wiki/Kaik%C5%8Dura" title="Kaikōura">Kaikōura</a>. By the 1730s, Kāi Tahu had settled in <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Banks_Peninsula" title="Banks Peninsula">Banks Peninsula</a>. From there they spread further south and into the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="West Coast, New Zealand">West Coast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-teara-ngaitahu_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teara-ngaitahu-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1827–28, <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Toa" title="Ngāti Toa">Ngāti Toa</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Te_Rauparaha" title="Te Rauparaha">Te Rauparaha</a> successfully attacked Kāi Tahu at Kaikōura. Ngāti Toa then visited <a href="/wiki/Kaiapoi_P%C4%81" title="Kaiapoi Pā">Kaiapoi Pā</a>, ostensibly to trade. When they attacked their hosts, the well-prepared Kāi Tahu killed all the leading Ngāti Toa chiefs except Te Rauparaha. Te Rauparaha returned to his <a href="/wiki/Kapiti_Island" title="Kapiti Island">Kapiti Island</a> stronghold. In November 1830, Te Rauparaha persuaded Captain John Stewart of the brig <i>Elizabeth</i> to carry him and his warriors in secret to <a href="/wiki/Akaroa" title="Akaroa">Akaroa</a>, whereby in subterfuge they captured the leading Kāi Tahu chief, <a href="/wiki/Tama-i-hara-nui" title="Tama-i-hara-nui">Tama-i-hara-nui</a>, and his wife and daughter. After destroying Tama-i-hara-nui's village, they took their captives to Kapiti and killed them. John Stewart, though arrested and sent to trial in Sydney as an accomplice to murder, nevertheless escaped conviction.<sup id="cite_ref-teara-ngaitahu_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teara-ngaitahu-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the summer of 1831–32 Te Rauparaha attacked the Kaiapoi <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81_(M%C4%81ori)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pā (Māori)">pā</a> (fortified village). Kaiapoi was engaged in a three-month siege by Te Rauparaha, during which his men successfully <a href="/wiki/Sapping" title="Sapping">sapped</a> the pā. They then attacked Kāi Tahu on <a href="/wiki/Banks_Peninsula" title="Banks Peninsula">Banks Peninsula</a> and took the pā at <a href="/wiki/Onawe" class="mw-redirect" title="Onawe">Onawe</a>. In 1832–33 Kāi Tahu retaliated under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/T%C5%ABhawaiki" title="Tūhawaiki">Tūhawaiki</a> and others, attacking Ngāti Toa at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Grassmere" title="Lake Grassmere">Lake Grassmere</a>. Kāi Tahu prevailed, and killed many Ngāti Toa, although Te Rauparaha again escaped. Fighting continued for a year or so, with Kāi Tahu maintaining the upper hand. Ngāti Toa never again made a major incursion into Kāi Tahu territory.<sup id="cite_ref-teara-ngaitahu_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-teara-ngaitahu-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1836, the <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Tama" title="Ngāti Tama">Ngāti Tama</a> chief <a href="/wiki/Te_P%C5%ABoho" title="Te Pūoho">Te Pūoho</a> led a 100-person war party, armed with <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">muskets</a>, down the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="West Coast, New Zealand">West Coast</a> and over the <a href="/wiki/Haast_Pass" title="Haast Pass">Haast Pass</a>. They fell on the Ngāi Tahu encampment between Lake Wānaka and <a href="/wiki/Lake_H%C4%81wea" title="Lake Hāwea">Lake Hāwea</a>, capturing ten people and killing and eating two children.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1910_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1910-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Te Puoho took his captives over the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Range" title="Crown Range">Crown Range</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Wakatipu" title="Lake Wakatipu">Lake Wakatipu</a> and thence to Southland, where he was killed, and his war party destroyed by the southern Ngāi Tahu leader <a href="/wiki/T%C5%ABhawaiki" title="Tūhawaiki">Tūhawaiki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AthollAnderson_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AthollAnderson-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kāi Tahu and Ngāti Toa established peace by 1839, with Te Rauparaha releasing the Kāi Tahu captives he held. Formal marriages between the leading families in the two tribes sealed the peace. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_contact">European contact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: European contact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Europeans known to reach the South Island were the crew of <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Abel_Tasman" title="Abel Tasman">Abel Tasman</a> who arrived in his ships <i>Heemskerck</i> and <i>Zeehaen</i>. In December 1642, Tasman anchored at the northern end of the island in <a href="/wiki/Golden_Bay_/_Mohua" title="Golden Bay / Mohua">Golden Bay / Mohua</a> which he named Moordenaar's Bay (Murderers Bay) before sailing northward to <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> following a clash with Māori. Tasman sketched sections of the two main islands' west coasts. Tasman called them <i>Staten Landt</i>, after the <i><a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General of the Netherlands</a></i>, and that name appeared on his first maps of the country. Dutch cartographers changed the name to <i>Nova Zeelandia</i> in Latin, from <i>Nieuw Zeeland</i>, after the <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Dutch province</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a></i>. It was subsequently Anglicised as <i>New Zealand</i> by British naval captain <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> of <a href="/wiki/HM_Bark_Endeavour" class="mw-redirect" title="HM Bark Endeavour">HM Bark <i>Endeavour</i></a> who <a href="/wiki/First_voyage_of_James_Cook" title="First voyage of James Cook">visited</a> the islands more than 100 years after Tasman during (1769–70). </p><p>The first European settlement in the South Island was founded at <a href="/wiki/Bluff,_New_Zealand" title="Bluff, New Zealand">Bluff</a> in 1823 by James Spencer, a veteran of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HIST_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HIST-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1827, the French explorer <a href="/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville" title="Jules Dumont d'Urville">Jules Dumont d'Urville</a> arrived in <a href="/wiki/Tasman_Bay" title="Tasman Bay">Tasman Bay</a> on the corvette <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Astrolabe_(1811)" title="French ship Astrolabe (1811)">Astrolabe</a>. A number of landmarks around Tasman Bay were named by d'Urville and his crew, including <a href="/wiki/D%27Urville_Island,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="D'Urville Island, New Zealand">d'Urville Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Te_Aumiti_/_French_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Te Aumiti / French Pass">French Pass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torrent_Bay" title="Torrent Bay">Torrent Bay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_settlement">European settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: European settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a> in February 1840, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-Governor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-Governor">Lieutenant-Governor</a> Captain <a href="/wiki/William_Hobson" title="William Hobson">William Hobson</a> declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in May 1840 and the South Island, along with the rest of New Zealand, briefly became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">Colony of New South Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This declaration was in response to France's attempts to colonise the South Island at <a href="/wiki/Akaroa" title="Akaroa">Akaroa</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Company" title="New Zealand Company">New Zealand Company</a> attempts to establish a separate colony in <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>, and so Hobson declared British sovereignty over all of New Zealand on 21 May 1840 (the North Island by treaty and the South by discovery).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seven days after the declaration, the Treaty was signed at Akaroa on 28 May.<sup id="cite_ref-Journey_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Journey-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 June 1843, Māori and British settlers clashed at <a href="/wiki/Wairau_Valley" title="Wairau Valley">Wairau</a> in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Wairau_Affray" title="Wairau Affray">Wairau Affray</a>. Also known as the Wairau Massacre in most older texts, it was the first serious clash of arms between the two parties after the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi and the only one to take place in the South Island. Four Māori died and three were wounded in the incident, while among the Europeans the toll was 22 dead and five wounded. Twelve of the Europeans were shot dead or clubbed to death after surrendering to Māori who were pursuing them.<sup id="cite_ref-King_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Otago Settlement, sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843-1900)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Church of Scotland (1843-1900)">Free Church of Scotland</a>, took concrete form in Otago in March 1848 with the arrival of the first two immigrant ships from <a href="/wiki/Greenock" title="Greenock">Greenock</a> (on the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Clyde" title="Firth of Clyde">Firth of Clyde</a>) – the <i>John Wickliffe</i> and the <i>Philip Laing</i>. Captain <a href="/wiki/William_Cargill_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="William Cargill (New Zealand politician)">William Cargill</a>, a veteran of the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>, served as the colony's first <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leader</a>: Otago citizens subsequently elected him to the office of Superintendent of the <a href="/wiki/Otago_Province" title="Otago Province">Province of Otago</a>. </p><p>While the <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a> was convulsed by the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a> of the 1860s and 1870s, the South Island, with its low Māori population, was generally peaceful. In 1861, gold was discovered at <a href="/wiki/Gabriel%27s_Gully" title="Gabriel's Gully">Gabriel's Gully</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Otago" title="Central Otago">Central Otago</a>, sparking a <a href="/wiki/Otago_gold_rush" title="Otago gold rush">gold rush</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a> became the wealthiest city in the country, and many in the South Island resented financing the North Island's wars. </p><p>In the 1860s, several thousand <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> men, mostly from the <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> province, migrated to New Zealand to work on the South Island goldfields. Although the first Chinese migrants had been invited by the <a href="/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a> Provincial government, they quickly became the target of hostility from white settlers and laws were enacted specifically to discourage them from coming to New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Government and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/South_Island" title="Special:EditPage/South Island">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CanterburyProvincialCouncilBuildings1_gobeirne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/CanterburyProvincialCouncilBuildings1_gobeirne.jpg/220px-CanterburyProvincialCouncilBuildings1_gobeirne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/CanterburyProvincialCouncilBuildings1_gobeirne.jpg/330px-CanterburyProvincialCouncilBuildings1_gobeirne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/CanterburyProvincialCouncilBuildings1_gobeirne.jpg/440px-CanterburyProvincialCouncilBuildings1_gobeirne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Provincial_Council_Buildings" title="Canterbury Provincial Council Buildings">Canterbury Provincial Council Buildings</a> in Christchurch, designed by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mountfort" title="Benjamin Mountfort">Benjamin Mountfort</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_John_Eyre_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Edward_John_Eyre_01.jpg/220px-Edward_John_Eyre_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Edward_John_Eyre_01.jpg/330px-Edward_John_Eyre_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Edward_John_Eyre_01.jpg/440px-Edward_John_Eyre_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3489" data-file-height="4403" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edward_John_Eyre" title="Edward John Eyre">Edward John Eyre</a>, the Lieutenant-Governor of <a href="/wiki/New_Munster_Province" title="New Munster Province">New Munster</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The South Island has no separately represented <a href="/wiki/Country_subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Country subdivision">country subdivision</a>, but is guaranteed 16 of the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_electorates" title="New Zealand electorates">electorates</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="New Zealand House of Representatives">New Zealand House of Representatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A two-tier structure constituted under the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_2002_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Government Act 2002 (New Zealand)">Local Government Act 2002</a> gives the South Island (and its adjacent islands) seven <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">regional councils</a> for the administration of regional environmental and transport matters and 25 <a href="/wiki/Territorial_authorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial authorities">territorial authorities</a> that administer roads, sewerage, building consents, and other local matters. Four of the territorial councils (one city and three districts) also perform the functions of a regional council and are known as <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authority#New_Zealand" title="Unitary authority">unitary authorities</a> under the New Zealand government. </p><p>When New Zealand was separated from the colony of New South Wales in 1841 and established as a <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colony</a> in its own right, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Charter">Royal Charter</a> effecting this provided that "the principal Islands, heretofore known as, or commonly called, the 'Northern Island', the Middle Island', and 'Stewart's Island', shall henceforward be designated and known respectively as '<a href="/wiki/New_Ulster" class="mw-redirect" title="New Ulster">New Ulster</a>', '<a href="/wiki/New_Munster_Province" title="New Munster Province">New Munster</a>', and '<a href="/wiki/New_Leinster" title="New Leinster">New Leinster</a>'".<sup id="cite_ref-TeAra_Provinces_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TeAra_Provinces-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These divisions were of geographical significance only, not used as a basis for the government of the colony, which was centralised in <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>. New Munster consisted of the South Island. The name New Munster was given by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">Governor of New Zealand</a>, Captain <a href="/wiki/William_Hobson" title="William Hobson">William Hobson</a>, in honour of <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a>, the Irish province in which he was born. </p><p>The situation was altered in 1846 when the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Constitution_Act_1846" title="New Zealand Constitution Act 1846">New Zealand Constitution Act 1846</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> divided the colony into two <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_New_Zealand" title="Provinces of New Zealand">provinces</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Ulster_Province" title="New Ulster Province">New Ulster Province</a> (the North Island north of the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Patea_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Patea River">Patea River</a>), and <a href="/wiki/New_Munster_Province" title="New Munster Province">New Munster Province</a> (and the southern portion of the <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a>, up to the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Patea_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Patea River">Patea River</a>, the South Island and Stewart Island). Each province had a Governor and Legislative and Executive Council, in addition to the Governor-in-Chief and Legislative and Executive Council for the whole colony. The 1846 Constitution Act was later suspended, and only the provincial government provisions were implemented. Early in 1848 <a href="/wiki/Edward_John_Eyre" title="Edward John Eyre">Edward John Eyre</a> was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of New Munster. </p><p>The Provincial Council of New Munster had only one legislative session, in 1849, before it succumbed to the virulent attacks of settlers from <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>. Governor Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Grey" title="George Grey">George Grey</a>, sensible to the pressures, inspired an ordinance of the General Legislative Council under which new Legislative Councils would be established in each province with two-thirds of their members elected on a generous franchise. Grey implemented the ordinance with such deliberation that neither Council met before advice was received that the United Kingdom Parliament had passed the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Constitution_Act_1852" title="New Zealand Constitution Act 1852">New Zealand Constitution Act 1852</a>. </p><p>This act dissolved these provinces in 1853, after only seven years' existence, and New Munster was divided into the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Province" title="Wellington Province">Wellington Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Province" title="Canterbury Province">Canterbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Province" title="Nelson Province">Nelson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Otago_Province" title="Otago Province">Otago</a>. Each province had its own legislature known as a Provincial Council that elected its own Speaker and Superintendent. </p><p>Secession movements have surfaced several times in the South Island. A <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Premier of New Zealand</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/Julius_Vogel" title="Julius Vogel">Julius Vogel</a>, was amongst the first people to make this call, which was voted on by the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">New Zealand Parliament</a> as early as 1865. The desire for the South Island to form a separate colony was one of the main factors in moving the capital of New Zealand from <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a> that year. </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/South_Island_nationalism" title="South Island nationalism">South Island nationalist</a> groups emerged at the end of the 20th century and beginning of the 21st. The <a href="/wiki/NZ_South_Island_Party" title="NZ South Island Party">South Island Party</a> fielded candidates in the <a href="/wiki/1999_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1999 New Zealand general election">1999 general election</a> but cancelled its registration in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several internet-based groups advocate their support for greater <a href="/wiki/Self_determination" class="mw-redirect" title="Self determination">self-determination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 October 2010, South Island Mayors led by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Parker_(mayor)" title="Bob Parker (mayor)">Bob Parker</a> of Christchurch displayed united support for a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Mayoral_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Mayoral Council (page does not exist)">Southern Mayoral Council</a>. Supported by <a href="/wiki/Waitaki_District" title="Waitaki District">Waitaki</a> Mayor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alex_Familton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alex Familton (page does not exist)">Alex Familton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Invercargill,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Invercargill, New Zealand">Invercargill</a> Mayor <a href="/wiki/Tim_Shadbolt" title="Tim Shadbolt">Tim Shadbolt</a>, Bob Parker said that increased cooperation and the forming of a new South Island-wide mayoral forum were essential to representing the island's interests in Wellington and countering the new <a href="/wiki/Auckland_Council" title="Auckland Council">Auckland Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NZ_Territorial_Authorities_South_Island.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/NZ_Territorial_Authorities_South_Island.png/220px-NZ_Territorial_Authorities_South_Island.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/NZ_Territorial_Authorities_South_Island.png/330px-NZ_Territorial_Authorities_South_Island.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/NZ_Territorial_Authorities_South_Island.png/440px-NZ_Territorial_Authorities_South_Island.png 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>Territorial authorities of the South Island</figcaption></figure> <p>There are 23 territorial authorities within the South Island: 4 <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_New_Zealand" title="List of cities in New Zealand">city</a> councils and 19 <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_New_Zealand" title="Districts of New Zealand">district</a> councils. Three territorial authorities (<a href="/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand" title="Nelson, New Zealand">Nelson City Council</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tasman_(district),_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasman (district), New Zealand">Tasman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marlborough_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Marlborough Region">Marlborough</a> District Councils) also perform the functions of a regional council and thus are known as unitary authorities. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Seat </th> <th>Area (km<sup>2</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-density_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-density-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Population<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_pop"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Island#endnote_pop">[2]</a></sup> </th> <th>Density (per km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">Region(s)</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ashburton_District,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashburton District, New Zealand">Ashburton District</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ashburton,_New_Zealand" title="Ashburton, New Zealand">Ashburton</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003620800000000000♠">6,208</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004384000000000000♠">38,400</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000619000000000000♠">6.19</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buller_District" title="Buller District">Buller District</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Westport,_New_Zealand" title="Westport, New Zealand">Westport</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003795000000000000♠">7,950</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004105000000000000♠">10,500</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000132000000000000♠">1.32</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Coast,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="West Coast, New Zealand">West Coast</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_Otago_District" title="Central Otago District">Central Otago District</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexandra,_New_Zealand" title="Alexandra, New Zealand">Alexandra</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003996600000000000♠">9,966</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004265000000000000♠">26,500</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000266000000000000♠">2.66</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christchurch_City_Council" title="Christchurch City Council">Christchurch City</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003161000000000000♠">1,610</span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_banks"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Island#endnote_banks">[3]</a></sup> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005415100000000000♠">415,100</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7002257829999999999♠">257.83</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clutha_District" title="Clutha District">Clutha District</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Balclutha,_New_Zealand" title="Balclutha, New Zealand">Balclutha</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003640600000000000♠">6,406</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004193000000000000♠">19,300</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000301000000000000♠">3.01</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin City</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003334000000000000♠">3,340</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005136000000000000♠">136,000</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001407200000000000♠">40.72</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gore_District,_New_Zealand" title="Gore District, New Zealand">Gore District</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gore,_New_Zealand" title="Gore, New Zealand">Gore</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003125100000000000♠">1,251</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004132000000000000♠">13,200</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001105500000000000♠">10.55</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southland,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Southland, New Zealand">Southland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grey_District" title="Grey District">Grey District</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greymouth,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Greymouth, New Zealand">Greymouth</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003351600000000000♠">3,516</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004148000000000000♠">14,800</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000421000000000000♠">4.21</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Coast,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="West Coast, New Zealand">West Coast</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hurunui_District" title="Hurunui District">Hurunui District</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amberley,_New_Zealand" title="Amberley, New Zealand">Amberley</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003866100000000000♠">8,661</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004144000000000000♠">14,400</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000166000000000000♠">1.66</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Invercargill_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Invercargill City">Invercargill City</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Invercargill" title="Invercargill">Invercargill</a> </td> <td align="right">491 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004586000000000000♠">58,600</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7002119350000000000♠">119.35</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southland,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Southland, New Zealand">Southland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaik%C5%8Dura_District" title="Kaikōura District">Kaikōura District</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaik%C5%8Dura" title="Kaikōura">Kaikōura</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003205000000000000♠">2,050</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003441000000000000♠">4,410</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000215000000000000♠">2.15</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_District" title="Mackenzie District">Mackenzie District</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fairlie,_New_Zealand" title="Fairlie, New Zealand">Fairlie</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003744200000000000♠">7,442</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003580000000000000♠">5,800</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="6999780000000000000♠">0.78</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marlborough_District,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Marlborough District, New Zealand">Marlborough District</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blenheim,_New_Zealand" title="Blenheim, New Zealand">Blenheim</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004124840000000000♠">12,484</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004523000000000000♠">52,300</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000419000000000000♠">4.19</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unitary_authority" title="Unitary authority">unitary authority</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand" title="Nelson, New Zealand">Nelson City</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand" title="Nelson, New Zealand">Nelson</a> </td> <td align="right">445 </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004552000000000000♠">55,200</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7002124040000000000♠">124.04</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unitary_authority" title="Unitary authority">unitary authority</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Queenstown-Lakes_District,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Queenstown-Lakes District, New Zealand">Queenstown-Lakes District</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Queenstown,_New_Zealand" title="Queenstown, New Zealand">Queenstown</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003936800000000000♠">9,368</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004524000000000000♠">52,400</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000559000000000000♠">5.59</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_District" title="Selwyn District">Selwyn District</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rolleston,_New_Zealand" title="Rolleston, New Zealand">Rolleston</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003655700000000000♠">6,557</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004856000000000000♠">85,600</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001130500000000000♠">13.05</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southland_District" title="Southland District">Southland District</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Invercargill" title="Invercargill">Invercargill</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004326050000000000♠">32,605</span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_stewart1"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Island#endnote_stewart1">[4]</a></sup> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004343000000000000♠">34,300</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000105000000000000♠">1.05</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Southland,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Southland, New Zealand">Southland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tasman_District_Council" title="Tasman District Council">Tasman District</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Richmond, New Zealand">Richmond</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003978600000000000♠">9,786</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004600000000000000♠">60,000</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000613000000000000♠">6.13</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unitary_authority" title="Unitary authority">unitary authority</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Timaru_District" title="Timaru District">Timaru District</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Timaru" title="Timaru">Timaru</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003272600000000000♠">2,726</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004501000000000000♠">50,100</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001183800000000000♠">18.38</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Waimakariri_District" title="Waimakariri District">Waimakariri District</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rangiora" title="Rangiora">Rangiora</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003221600000000000♠">2,216</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004696000000000000♠">69,600</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7001314100000000000♠">31.41</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Waimate_District" title="Waimate District">Waimate District</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Waimate" title="Waimate">Waimate</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003357700000000000♠">3,577</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003885000000000000♠">8,850</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000247000000000000♠">2.47</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Waitaki_District" title="Waitaki District">Waitaki District</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oamaru" title="Oamaru">Oamaru</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003721200000000000♠">7,212</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004251000000000000♠">25,100</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7000348000000000000♠">3.48</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a> (59.61%) <br /><a href="/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a> (40.39%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Westland_District" title="Westland District">Westland District</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hokitika" title="Hokitika">Hokitika</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7004118700000000000♠">11,870</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7003943000000000000♠">9,430</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="6999790000000000000♠">0.79</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Coast,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="West Coast, New Zealand">West Coast</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_pop"><b><a href="#ref_pop">^</a></b></span> Population as of June 2024.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_banks"><b><a href="#ref_banks">^</a></b></span> Total of Christchurch City and Banks Peninsula areas.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_stewart1"><b><a href="#ref_stewart1">^</a></b></span> Includes <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Island" title="Stewart Island">Stewart Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solander_Islands" title="Solander Islands">Solander Islands</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_parties">Political parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Political parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is a list of political parties, past and present, who have their headquarters in the South Island. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aotearoa_Legalise_Cannabis_Party" title="Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party">Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_British_Conservative_Party" title="Imperial British Conservative Party">Imperial British Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Munster_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="New Munster Party">New Munster Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Democratic Party">New Zealand Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Progressive_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Progressive Party">New Zealand Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NZ_South_Island_Party" title="NZ South Island Party">South Island Party</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_the_South_Island" title="List of cities and towns in the South Island">List of cities and towns in the South Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_of_the_South_Island_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities and towns of the South Island by population">Cities and towns of the South Island by population</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">852,843</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1996</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">899,382</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.07%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">906,759</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.16%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2006</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,022,313</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.43%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2013</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,058,058</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.49%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2018</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,149,564</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.67%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2023</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,185,282</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.61%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Census_2018_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_2018-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Compared to the more populated and multi-ethnic North Island, the South Island has a smaller, more homogeneous resident population of 1,260,000 (June 2024).<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_population_data_2018_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_population_data_2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The South Island had a population of 1,185,282 at the <a href="/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_census" title="2023 New Zealand census">2023 New Zealand census</a>, an increase of 80,745 people (7.3%) since the <a href="/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_census" title="2018 New Zealand census">2018 census</a>, and an increase of 180,882 people (18.0%) since the <a href="/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census" title="2013 New Zealand census">2013 census</a>. Of the total population, 202,311 people (17.1%) were aged under 15 years, 225,048 (19.0%) were 15 to 29, 538,965 (45.5%) were 30 to 64, and 218,958 (18.5%) were 65 or older.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the 2018 census, there were 571,656 males and 577,914 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.99 males per female.<sup id="cite_ref-Census_2018_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_2018-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early years of European settlement in New Zealand, the South Island's overall percentage of the New Zealand population was far higher, equalling or even exceeding the population of the North Island. This was exacerbated by the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Otago_gold_rush" title="Otago gold rush">Otago gold rush</a> of the 1860s. Since that time, the South Island's population as a percentage of the country's total population has steadily decreased, with the population of the South island now being less than that of the North Island's largest city, Auckland. This growing disparity has stabilised in recent years, with both the <a href="/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census" title="2013 New Zealand census">2013</a> and <a href="/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_census" title="2018 New Zealand census">2018 censuses</a> showing the South Island to have a very similar percentage of the national population (around 23%–24%). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture_and_identity">Culture and identity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Culture and identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunedin_City_Centre_from_Roslyn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Dunedin_City_Centre_from_Roslyn.jpg/220px-Dunedin_City_Centre_from_Roslyn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Dunedin_City_Centre_from_Roslyn.jpg/330px-Dunedin_City_Centre_from_Roslyn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Dunedin_City_Centre_from_Roslyn.jpg/440px-Dunedin_City_Centre_from_Roslyn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Dunedin city centre</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nelson,_New_Zealand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Nelson%2C_New_Zealand.jpg/220px-Nelson%2C_New_Zealand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Nelson%2C_New_Zealand.jpg/330px-Nelson%2C_New_Zealand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Nelson%2C_New_Zealand.jpg/440px-Nelson%2C_New_Zealand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3728" data-file-height="2796" /></a><figcaption>Trafalgar Street in central Nelson</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Market_Street,_Blenheim,_New_Zealand_2022-06-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Market_Street%2C_Blenheim%2C_New_Zealand_2022-06-05.jpg/220px-Market_Street%2C_Blenheim%2C_New_Zealand_2022-06-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Market_Street%2C_Blenheim%2C_New_Zealand_2022-06-05.jpg/330px-Market_Street%2C_Blenheim%2C_New_Zealand_2022-06-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Market_Street%2C_Blenheim%2C_New_Zealand_2022-06-05.jpg/440px-Market_Street%2C_Blenheim%2C_New_Zealand_2022-06-05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Market Street, Blenheim</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timaru-Stafford.St.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Timaru-Stafford.St.jpg/220px-Timaru-Stafford.St.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Timaru-Stafford.St.jpg/330px-Timaru-Stafford.St.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Timaru-Stafford.St.jpg/440px-Timaru-Stafford.St.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption>Stafford Street, the heart of Timaru's <a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">CBD</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historic_Precinct,_Harbour_Street,_Oamaru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Historic_Precinct%2C_Harbour_Street%2C_Oamaru.jpg/220px-Historic_Precinct%2C_Harbour_Street%2C_Oamaru.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Historic_Precinct%2C_Harbour_Street%2C_Oamaru.jpg/330px-Historic_Precinct%2C_Harbour_Street%2C_Oamaru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Historic_Precinct%2C_Harbour_Street%2C_Oamaru.jpg/440px-Historic_Precinct%2C_Harbour_Street%2C_Oamaru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3623" data-file-height="2513" /></a><figcaption>Oamaru's historic precinct</figcaption></figure> <p>At the 2023 census, 82.8% of South Islanders identified as <a href="/wiki/European_New_Zealanders" title="European New Zealanders">European</a> (<a href="/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81" title="Pākehā">Pākehā</a>), 11.3% as <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a>, 3.4% as <a href="/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders" title="Pasifika New Zealanders">Pacific peoples</a>, 10.5% as <a href="/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders" title="Asian New Zealanders">Asian</a>, 1.6% as Middle Eastern/Latin American/African, 1.4% as other ethnicities. Percentages add to more than 100% as people can identify with more than one ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Europeans form the majority in all districts of the South Island, ranging from 75.9% in Christchurch City to 92.1% in the <a href="/wiki/Waimakariri_District" title="Waimakariri District">Waimakariri district</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The proportion of South Islanders born overseas at the 2018 census was 21.4%. The most common foreign countries of birth are England (22.0% of overseas-born residents), Australia (8.8%), the Philippines (7.9%), Mainland China (6.5%) and India (5.4%).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 48.6 percent of South Islanders affiliate with Christianity and 3.1 percent affiliate with non-Christian religions, while 45.8 percent are irreligious. <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> is the largest Christian denomination in the South Island with 12.7 percent affiliating, closely followed by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> at 12.1 percent and <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a> at 11.7 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-quickstats_culture_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quickstats_culture-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These figures are somewhat skewed between the regions of the south, due largely to the original settlement of southern cities (Dunedin, for example, was founded by Scottish Presbyterians, whereas Christchurch was founded by English Anglicans). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urbanisation">Urbanisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Urbanisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The South Island is sparsely populated and still predominantly rural areas or nature reserves. However, there are 15 urban areas in the South Island with a population of 10,000 or more: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Population<br /><small>(June 2024)<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_population_data_2018_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_population_data_2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </th> <th>% of island </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a> </td> <td>403,300 </td> <td>32.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a> </td> <td>106,700 </td> <td>8.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand" title="Nelson, New Zealand">Nelson</a> </td> <td>51,300 </td> <td>4.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Invercargill" title="Invercargill">Invercargill</a> </td> <td>51,700 </td> <td>4.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Blenheim,_New_Zealand" title="Blenheim, New Zealand">Blenheim</a> </td> <td>30,600 </td> <td>2.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rolleston,_New_Zealand" title="Rolleston, New Zealand">Rolleston</a> </td> <td>31,600 </td> <td>2.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Queenstown,_New_Zealand" title="Queenstown, New Zealand">Queenstown</a> </td> <td>27,700 </td> <td>2.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timaru" title="Timaru">Timaru</a> </td> <td>29,600 </td> <td>2.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ashburton,_New_Zealand" title="Ashburton, New Zealand">Ashburton</a> </td> <td>21,700 </td> <td>1.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rangiora" title="Rangiora">Rangiora</a> </td> <td>19,400 </td> <td>1.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Richmond, New Zealand">Richmond</a> </td> <td>19,750 </td> <td>1.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mosgiel" title="Mosgiel">Mosgiel</a> </td> <td>15,150 </td> <td>1.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oamaru" title="Oamaru">Oamaru</a> </td> <td>14,350 </td> <td>1.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kaiapoi" title="Kaiapoi">Kaiapoi</a> </td> <td>13,700 </td> <td>1.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81naka" title="Wānaka">Wānaka</a> </td> <td>13,600 </td> <td>1.1% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/South_Island" title="Special:EditPage/South Island">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiwai_Point_Aluminium_Smelter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tiwai_Point_Aluminium_Smelter.jpg/220px-Tiwai_Point_Aluminium_Smelter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tiwai_Point_Aluminium_Smelter.jpg/330px-Tiwai_Point_Aluminium_Smelter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tiwai_Point_Aluminium_Smelter.jpg/440px-Tiwai_Point_Aluminium_Smelter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tiwai_Point_Aluminium_Smelter" title="Tiwai Point Aluminium Smelter">Tiwai Point Aluminium Smelter</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bluff,_New_Zealand" title="Bluff, New Zealand">Bluff</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_South_Island_companies" title="List of South Island companies">List of South Island companies</a></div> <p>The South Island economy is strongly focused on tourism and <a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_economic_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary sector of economic activity">primary industries</a> like agriculture. The other main industry groups are manufacturing, mining, construction, energy supply, education, health and community services. </p><p>The subnational gross domestic product (GDP) of the South Island was estimated at NZ$78.94 billion in the year to March 2022, 21.9% of New Zealand's national GDP. The subnational GDP per capita was estimated at $65,875 in the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aviemore_Dam_From_Canterbury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Aviemore_Dam_From_Canterbury.jpg/220px-Aviemore_Dam_From_Canterbury.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Aviemore_Dam_From_Canterbury.jpg/330px-Aviemore_Dam_From_Canterbury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Aviemore_Dam_From_Canterbury.jpg/440px-Aviemore_Dam_From_Canterbury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Aviemore_Dam" title="Aviemore Dam">Aviemore Dam</a>, the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Penultimate" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Penultimate">penultimate</a> hydro station on the <a href="/wiki/Waitaki_River" title="Waitaki River">Waitaki River</a> hydro scheme</figcaption></figure> <p>The South Island is a major centre for electricity generation, especially in the southern half of the island, and especially from hydroelectricity. In 2010, the island generated <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7016648360000000000♠"></span>18.01 <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt-hour" title="Kilowatt-hour">TWh</a></span> of electricity, 41.5% of New Zealand's total electricity generation. Nearly all (98.7%) of the island's electricity is generated by hydroelectricity, primarily from the <a href="/wiki/Waitaki_River" title="Waitaki River">Waitaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clutha_River" title="Clutha River">Clutha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manapouri_Power_Station" title="Manapouri Power Station">Manapouri</a> schemes, with most of the remainder coming from wind generation.<sup id="cite_ref-EDF2011_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDF2011-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the majority of electricity is consumed within the island, a significant percentage is exported to the North Island via the <a href="/wiki/HVDC_Inter-Island" title="HVDC Inter-Island">HVDC Inter-Island</a> link. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Offshore_drilling" title="Offshore drilling">Offshore oil and gas</a> is likely to become an increasingly important part of the South Island economy into the future. <a href="/wiki/Origin_Energy" title="Origin Energy">Origin Energy</a> has formed a joint venture with <a href="/wiki/Anadarko_Petroleum" title="Anadarko Petroleum">Anadarko Petroleum</a>, the second-largest independent U.S. natural gas producer, to begin drilling for oil in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canterbury_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canterbury Basin (page does not exist)">Canterbury Basin</a> off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a>. The 390 km<sup>2</sup>, Carrack/Caravel prospect has the potential to deliver more than the equivalent of 500,000,000 barrels (79,000,000 m<sup>3</sup>) of oil and gas. Market analyst, Greg Easton from Craigs Investment Partners commented that such a substantial find it could well turn <a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> of the south to the <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a> of the south.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GreatSouthBasinNZ.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/GreatSouthBasinNZ.PNG/220px-GreatSouthBasinNZ.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/GreatSouthBasinNZ.PNG/330px-GreatSouthBasinNZ.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/GreatSouthBasinNZ.PNG/440px-GreatSouthBasinNZ.PNG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>Approximate location of the Great South Basin with approximate location of allocated oil exploration blocks</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_South_Basin" title="Great South Basin">Great South Basin</a> off the coast of Otago and <a href="/wiki/Southland,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Southland, New Zealand">Southland</a> at over 500,000 square kilometres (190,000 sq mi) (covering an area 1.5 times New Zealand's landmass) is one of New Zealand's largest undeveloped offshore petroleum basins with prospects for both oil and gas. In July 2007, the New Zealand Government awarded oil and gas exploration permits for four areas of the Great South Basin, situated in the volatile waters off the Southern Coast of New Zealand. The three successful permit holders are:<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>a consortium led by <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a> New Zealand (Exploration) Limited (United States) which includes local company <a href="/wiki/Todd_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Todd Energy">Todd Exploration Limited</a> (New Zealand);</li> <li>a consortium led by <a href="/wiki/OMV" title="OMV">OMV</a> New Zealand Limited (Austria) which includes <a href="/wiki/PTT_Public_Company_Limited" title="PTT Public Company Limited">PTTEP Offshore Investment Company Ltd</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mitsui" title="Mitsui">Mitsui</a> Exploration and Production Australia Pty Ltd (Japan); and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greymouth_Petroleum" title="Greymouth Petroleum">Greymouth Petroleum</a> Limited (New Zealand)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stock_exchanges">Stock exchanges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Stock exchanges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the <a href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">gold rushes</a> of the 1860s, the South Island had regional stock exchanges in <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Invercargill" title="Invercargill">Invercargill</a> – all of which were affiliated to the Stock Exchange Association of New Zealand. However, in 1974 these regional exchanges were amalgamated to form one national stock exchange, the New Zealand Stock Exchange (NZSE). Separate trading floors operated in both Christchurch and Dunedin until the late 1980s. On 30 May 2003, New Zealand Stock Exchange Limited formally changed its name to <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Exchange">New Zealand Exchange</a> Limited, trading as NZX. </p><p>Today, the <a href="/wiki/Deloitte" title="Deloitte">Deloitte</a> South Island Index<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is compiled quarterly from publicly available information provided by NZX, Unlisted and Bloomberg. It is a summary of the movements in market capitalisation of each South Island-based listed company. A company is included in the Index where either its registered office and/or a substantial portion of its operations are focused on the South Island. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_unions">Trade unions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Trade unions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several South Island-based trade union organisations. They are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furniture,_Manufacturing_%26_Associated_Workers_Union" title="Furniture, Manufacturing & Associated Workers Union">Furniture, Manufacturing & Associated Workers Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Building_Trades_Union" title="New Zealand Building Trades Union">New Zealand Building Trades Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Meat_%26_Related_Trades_Workers_Union" title="New Zealand Meat & Related Trades Workers Union">New Zealand Meat & Related Trades Workers Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Amalgamated_Workers%27_Union" title="Southern Amalgamated Workers' Union">Southern Amalgamated Workers' Union</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NZ280315_Kaikoura_Whale_Watching_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/NZ280315_Kaikoura_Whale_Watching_06.jpg/220px-NZ280315_Kaikoura_Whale_Watching_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/NZ280315_Kaikoura_Whale_Watching_06.jpg/330px-NZ280315_Kaikoura_Whale_Watching_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/NZ280315_Kaikoura_Whale_Watching_06.jpg/440px-NZ280315_Kaikoura_Whale_Watching_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whale</a> watching in <a href="/wiki/Kaik%C5%8Dura" title="Kaikōura">Kaikōura</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Tourism is a huge earner for the South Island. Popular tourist activities include sightseeing, <a href="/wiki/Adventure_travel" title="Adventure travel">adventure tourism</a>, such as glacier climbing and Bungee jumping, <a href="/wiki/Tramping_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Tramping in New Zealand">tramping</a> (hiking), kayaking, and <a href="/wiki/Camping" title="Camping">camping</a>. Numerous walking and hiking paths, including six of the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Great_Walks" title="New Zealand Great Walks">New Zealand Great Walks</a>, are located in the South Island and are renowned internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An increase in direct international flights to <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queenstown,_New_Zealand" title="Queenstown, New Zealand">Queenstown</a> has boosted the number of overseas tourists.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fiordland_National_Park" title="Fiordland National Park">Fiordland National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abel_Tasman_National_Park" title="Abel Tasman National Park">Abel Tasman National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westland_Tai_Poutini_National_Park" title="Westland Tai Poutini National Park">Westland Tai Poutini National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aoraki_/_Mount_Cook_National_Park" title="Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park">Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queenstown,_New_Zealand" title="Queenstown, New Zealand">Queenstown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaik%C5%8Dura" title="Kaikōura">Kaikōura</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Marlborough_Sounds" title="Marlborough Sounds">Marlborough Sounds</a> are regarded as the main tourism destinations in the South Island and amongst the Top 10 destinations in New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ski_areas_and_resorts">Ski areas and resorts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ski areas and resorts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ledge_Bungy,_Queenstown,_New_Zealand_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Ledge_Bungy%2C_Queenstown%2C_New_Zealand_01.jpg/220px-Ledge_Bungy%2C_Queenstown%2C_New_Zealand_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Ledge_Bungy%2C_Queenstown%2C_New_Zealand_01.jpg/330px-Ledge_Bungy%2C_Queenstown%2C_New_Zealand_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Ledge_Bungy%2C_Queenstown%2C_New_Zealand_01.jpg/440px-Ledge_Bungy%2C_Queenstown%2C_New_Zealand_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bungy_jumping" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungy jumping">Bungy jumping</a> in <a href="/wiki/Queenstown,_New_Zealand" title="Queenstown, New Zealand">Queenstown</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Captains_Basin_view_at_Cadrona_Skifield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Captains_Basin_view_at_Cadrona_Skifield.jpg/220px-Captains_Basin_view_at_Cadrona_Skifield.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Captains_Basin_view_at_Cadrona_Skifield.jpg/330px-Captains_Basin_view_at_Cadrona_Skifield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Captains_Basin_view_at_Cadrona_Skifield.jpg/440px-Captains_Basin_view_at_Cadrona_Skifield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3842" data-file-height="1460" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cardrona_Alpine_Resort" title="Cardrona Alpine Resort">Cardrona Alpine Resort</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Cook_4_(31291336881).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mount_Cook_4_%2831291336881%29.jpg/220px-Mount_Cook_4_%2831291336881%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mount_Cook_4_%2831291336881%29.jpg/330px-Mount_Cook_4_%2831291336881%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Mount_Cook_4_%2831291336881%29.jpg/440px-Mount_Cook_4_%2831291336881%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4948" data-file-height="3221" /></a><figcaption>Lake Pukaki, with Aoraki / Mount Cook in the background</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ArthurPass-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/ArthurPass-4.jpg/220px-ArthurPass-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/ArthurPass-4.jpg/330px-ArthurPass-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/ArthurPass-4.jpg/440px-ArthurPass-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arthur%27s_Pass" title="Arthur's Pass">Arthur's Pass</a></figcaption></figure> <p>This is a list of <a href="/wiki/Ski_resort" title="Ski resort">ski areas and resorts</a> in the South Island. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Awakino_ski_area" title="Awakino ski area">Awakino ski area</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a> </td> <td>Club Skifield </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Broken_River,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken River, New Zealand">Broken River</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a> </td> <td>Club Skifield </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cardrona_Alpine_Resort" title="Cardrona Alpine Resort">Cardrona Alpine Resort</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coronet_Peak" title="Coronet Peak">Coronet Peak</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Craigieburn_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Craigieburn Valley">Craigieburn Valley</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a> </td> <td>Club Skifield </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fox_Peak" title="Fox Peak">Fox Peak</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a> </td> <td>Club Skifield </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hanmer_Springs_Ski_Area" title="Hanmer Springs Ski Area">Hanmer Springs Ski Area</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a> </td> <td>Club Skifield </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Invincible_Snowfields" title="Invincible Snowfields">Invincible Snowfields</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a> </td> <td>Helicopter access only </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Cheeseman" title="Mount Cheeseman">Mount Cheeseman</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a> </td> <td>Club Skifield </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Dobson,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Dobson, New Zealand">Mount Dobson</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hutt,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Hutt, New Zealand">Mount Hutt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Olympus, New Zealand">Mount Olympus</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a> </td> <td>Club Skifield </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Potts" title="Mount Potts">Mount Potts</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heliskiing" title="Heliskiing">Heliskiing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snow_mobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow mobile">snowcatting</a> only </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Robert" title="Mount Robert">Mount Robert</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tasman_District" title="Tasman District">Tasman</a> </td> <td>Club Skifield </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Chau_(skifield)" title="Ōhau (skifield)">Ōhau</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Porter_Heights,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Porter Heights, New Zealand">Porter Ski Area</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rainbow,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow, New Zealand">Rainbow</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tasman_District" title="Tasman District">Tasman</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Remarkables,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="The Remarkables, New Zealand">The Remarkables</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Round_Hill,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Round Hill, New Zealand">Round Hill</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Snow_Farm,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow Farm, New Zealand">Snow Farm</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing" title="Cross-country skiing">cross-country skiing</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Snow_Park,_New_Zealand" title="Snow Park, New Zealand">Snow Park</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Haupapa_/_Tasman_Glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Haupapa / Tasman Glacier">Haupapa / Tasman Glacier</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heliskiing" title="Heliskiing">Heliskiing</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Temple_Basin,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple Basin, New Zealand">Temple Basin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a> </td> <td>Club Skifield </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Treble_Cone" title="Treble Cone">Treble Cone</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/South_Island" title="Special:EditPage/South Island">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_New_Zealand" title="Transport in New Zealand">Transport in New Zealand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NZ-SH6_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/NZ-SH6_map.png/220px-NZ-SH6_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/NZ-SH6_map.png/330px-NZ-SH6_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/NZ-SH6_map.png/440px-NZ-SH6_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1234" data-file-height="1395" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the route of <a href="/wiki/State_Highway_6_(New_Zealand)" title="State Highway 6 (New Zealand)">State Highway 6</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road_transport">Road transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Road transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_state_highways#South_Island" title="List of New Zealand state highways">List of New Zealand state highways § South Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/State_Highway_1_(New_Zealand)#South_Island_(SH_1S)" title="State Highway 1 (New Zealand)">State Highway 1 (New Zealand) § South Island (SH 1S)</a></div> <p>The South Island has a State Highway network of 4,921 kilometres (3,058 mi). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail_transport">Rail transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Rail transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_railway_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of New Zealand railway lines">List of New Zealand railway lines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_New_Zealand" title="Rail transport in New Zealand">Rail transport in New Zealand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SouthIsland_rrMap_v02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/SouthIsland_rrMap_v02.svg/220px-SouthIsland_rrMap_v02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/SouthIsland_rrMap_v02.svg/330px-SouthIsland_rrMap_v02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/SouthIsland_rrMap_v02.svg/440px-SouthIsland_rrMap_v02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>South Island Rail Network map</figcaption></figure> <p>The South Island's railway network has two main lines, two secondary lines, and a few <a href="/wiki/Branch_line" title="Branch line">branch lines</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Main_North_Line,_New_Zealand" title="Main North Line, New Zealand">Main North Line</a> from Picton to Christchurch and the <a href="/wiki/Main_South_Line" title="Main South Line">Main South Line</a> from Lyttelton to Invercargill via Dunedin together constitute the <a href="/wiki/South_Island_Main_Trunk_Railway" title="South Island Main Trunk Railway">South Island Main Trunk Railway</a>. The secondary <a href="/wiki/Midland_Line,_New_Zealand" title="Midland Line, New Zealand">Midland Line</a> branches from the Main South Line in <a href="/wiki/Rolleston,_New_Zealand" title="Rolleston, New Zealand">Rolleston</a> and passes through the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Alps" title="Southern Alps">Southern Alps</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Otira_Tunnel" title="Otira Tunnel">Otira Tunnel</a> to the West Coast and its terminus in <a href="/wiki/Greymouth" title="Greymouth">Greymouth</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Stillwater,_West_Coast" title="Stillwater, West Coast">Stillwater</a>, it meets the other secondary route, the <a href="/wiki/Stillwater_-_Westport_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Stillwater - Westport Line">Stillwater - Westport Line</a>, which now includes the <a href="/wiki/Seddonville_Branch" title="Seddonville Branch">Ngakawau Branch</a>. </p><p>A number of other secondary routes are now closed, including the <a href="/wiki/Otago_Central_Railway" title="Otago Central Railway">Otago Central Railway</a>, the isolated <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Section" title="Nelson Section">Nelson Section</a>, and the interdependent <a href="/wiki/Waimea_Plains_Railway" title="Waimea Plains Railway">Waimea Plains Railway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Branch_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingston Branch (New Zealand)">Kingston Branch</a>. An expansive network of branch lines once existed, especially in Canterbury, Otago, and Southland, but these are now almost completely closed. The branch lines that remain in operation serve ports (<a href="/wiki/Bluff_Branch" title="Bluff Branch">Bluff Branch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_Chalmers_Branch" title="Port Chalmers Branch">Port Chalmers Branch</a>), coal mines (<a href="/wiki/Wairio_Branch" title="Wairio Branch">Ohai Branch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rapahoe_Branch" title="Rapahoe Branch">Rapahoe Branch</a>), and a dairy factory (<a href="/wiki/Ross_Branch_(railway_line)" title="Ross Branch (railway line)">Hokitika Branch</a>). The first 64 km of the Otago Central Railway remain in operation for tourist trains run by <a href="/wiki/Dunedin_Railways" title="Dunedin Railways">Dunedin Railways</a> (formerly Taieri Gorge Railway). The most significant freight is coal from West Coast mines to the port of Lyttelton for export. </p><p>Passenger services were once extensive. Commuter trains operated multiple routes around Christchurch and Dunedin, plus a service between Invercargill and Bluff. Due to substantial losses, these were cancelled between the late 1960s and early 1980s. The final services to operate ran between Dunedin's City Centre and the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Mosgiel" title="Mosgiel">Mosgiel</a>, and they ceased in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regional passenger trains were once extensive, but are now limited to the <a href="/wiki/Coastal_Pacific" title="Coastal Pacific">Coastal Pacific</a> from Christchurch to Picton and the <a href="/wiki/TranzAlpine" title="TranzAlpine">TranzAlpine</a> from Christchurch to Greymouth. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Southerner_(New_Zealand_train)" title="Southerner (New Zealand train)">Southerner</a> between Christchurch and Invercargill, once the flagship of the network, was cancelled on 10 February 2002. Subsequently, the architecturally significant <a href="/wiki/Dunedin_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunedin Railway Station">Dunedin Railway Station</a> has been used solely by the TGR's tourist trains, the Taieri Gorge Limited along the Otago Central Railway and the <a href="/wiki/Seasider_(train)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasider (train)">Seasider</a> to <a href="/wiki/Palmerston,_New_Zealand" title="Palmerston, New Zealand">Palmerston</a>. Rural passenger services on branch lines were provided by <a href="/wiki/Mixed_train" title="Mixed train">mixed trains</a> and <a href="/wiki/NZR_RM_class_(Vulcan)" title="NZR RM class (Vulcan)">Vulcan</a>/<a href="/wiki/NZR_RM_class_(88_seater)" title="NZR RM class (88 seater)">88 seater</a> <a href="/wiki/Railcar" title="Railcar">railcars</a> but the mixeds had largely ceased to exist by the 1950s and the railcars were withdrawn in the mid-1970s. </p><p>The South Island saw the final use of <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotives</a> in New Zealand. Locomotives belonging to classes long withdrawn elsewhere continued to operate on West Coast branches until the very late 1960s, when they were displaced by <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_DJ_class_locomotive" title="New Zealand DJ class locomotive">DJ class</a> diesels. In comparison to most countries, where steam locomotives were last used on insubstantial rural and industrial operations, the last services run by steam locomotives were the premier expresses between Christchurch and Invercargill: the <a href="/wiki/South_Island_Limited" title="South Island Limited">South Island Limited</a> until 1970 and the Friday and Sunday night services until 1971. This was due to the carriages being steam-heated. The final steam-hauled service in New Zealand, headed by a member of the <a href="/wiki/NZR_Ja_class" class="mw-redirect" title="NZR Ja class">J<sup>A</sup> class</a>, ran on 26 October 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_transport">Water transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Water transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_New_Zealand#Ferry_services" title="Transport in New Zealand">Transport in New Zealand § Ferry services</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cookstraitferry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cookstraitferry.jpg/220px-Cookstraitferry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cookstraitferry.jpg/330px-Cookstraitferry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cookstraitferry.jpg/440px-Cookstraitferry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Interislander" title="Interislander">Interislander</a> <a href="/wiki/DEV_Arahura" title="DEV Arahura">DEV <i>Arahura</i></a> in the <a href="/wiki/Marlborough_Sounds" title="Marlborough Sounds">Marlborough Sounds</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The South Island is separated from the North Island by Cook Strait, which is 24 kilometres (15 miles) wide at its narrowest point, and requires a 70 kilometres (43 miles) ferry trip to cross. </p><p>Dunedin was the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Company" title="Union Company">Union Steam Ship Company</a>, once the largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_shipping_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of shipping companies">shipping company</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ports_and_harbours">Ports and harbours</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ports and harbours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Container ports: <a href="/wiki/Lyttelton,_New_Zealand" title="Lyttelton, New Zealand">Lyttelton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>), <a href="/wiki/Port_Chalmers" title="Port Chalmers">Port Chalmers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a>)</li> <li>Other ports: <a href="/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand" title="Nelson, New Zealand">Nelson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picton,_New_Zealand" title="Picton, New Zealand">Picton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westport,_New_Zealand" title="Westport, New Zealand">Westport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greymouth" title="Greymouth">Greymouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timaru" title="Timaru">Timaru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bluff,_New_Zealand" title="Bluff, New Zealand">Bluff</a>.</li> <li>Harbours: <a href="/wiki/Akaroa_Harbour" title="Akaroa Harbour">Akaroa Harbour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otago_Harbour" title="Otago Harbour">Otago Harbour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halfmoon_Bay,_Stewart_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Halfmoon Bay, Stewart Island">Halfmoon Bay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stewart_Island_/_Rakiura" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewart Island / Rakiura">Stewart Island / Rakiura</a>), <a href="/wiki/Milford_Sound_/_Piopiotahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Milford Sound / Piopiotahi">Milford Sound / Piopiotahi</a>.</li> <li>Freshwater: <a href="/wiki/Queenstown,_New_Zealand" title="Queenstown, New Zealand">Queenstown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_New_Zealand" title="Kingston, New Zealand">Kingston</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lake_Wakatipu" title="Lake Wakatipu">Lake Wakatipu</a>), <a href="/wiki/Te_Anau" title="Te Anau">Te Anau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manapouri" title="Manapouri">Manapouri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lake_Manapouri" title="Lake Manapouri">Lake Manapouri</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_transport">Air transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Air transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Airports">Airports</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Airports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C-17_Globemaster_III_in_Christchurch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/C-17_Globemaster_III_in_Christchurch.jpg/220px-C-17_Globemaster_III_in_Christchurch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/C-17_Globemaster_III_in_Christchurch.jpg/330px-C-17_Globemaster_III_in_Christchurch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/C-17_Globemaster_III_in_Christchurch.jpg/440px-C-17_Globemaster_III_in_Christchurch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2994" data-file-height="1989" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">USAF</a> <a href="/wiki/C-17_Globemaster_III" class="mw-redirect" title="C-17 Globemaster III">C-17 Globemaster III</a> on the tarmac at <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Christchurch International Airport">Christchurch International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunedin_International_Airport2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Dunedin_International_Airport2.jpg/220px-Dunedin_International_Airport2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Dunedin_International_Airport2.jpg/330px-Dunedin_International_Airport2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Dunedin_International_Airport2.jpg/440px-Dunedin_International_Airport2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1988" data-file-height="1288" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dunedin_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunedin International Airport">Dunedin International Airport</a> control tower and terminal building in 2009 with an <a href="/wiki/Air_New_Zealand" title="Air New Zealand">Air New Zealand</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737-300" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 737-300">Boeing 737-300</a> on the tarmac</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queenstown_Airport_from_the_air.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Queenstown_Airport_from_the_air.jpg/220px-Queenstown_Airport_from_the_air.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Queenstown_Airport_from_the_air.jpg/330px-Queenstown_Airport_from_the_air.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Queenstown_Airport_from_the_air.jpg/440px-Queenstown_Airport_from_the_air.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Queenstown_Airport" title="Queenstown Airport">Queenstown Airport</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Glenorchy_Air" title="Glenorchy Air">Glenorchy Air</a> aircraft</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Location </th> <th><a href="/wiki/ICAO_airport_code" title="ICAO airport code">ICAO</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/IATA_airport_code" title="IATA airport code">IATA</a> </th> <th>Airport name </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexandra,_New_Zealand" title="Alexandra, New Zealand">Alexandra</a> </td> <td>NZLX </td> <td>ALR </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Aerodrome" title="Alexandra Aerodrome">Alexandra Aerodrome</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ashburton,_New_Zealand" title="Ashburton, New Zealand">Ashburton</a> </td> <td>NZAS </td> <td>ASG </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ashburton_Aerodrome" title="Ashburton Aerodrome">Ashburton Aerodrome</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Balclutha,_New_Zealand" title="Balclutha, New Zealand">Balclutha</a> </td> <td>NZBA </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Balclutha_Aerodrome" title="Balclutha Aerodrome">Balclutha Aerodrome</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Blenheim,_New_Zealand" title="Blenheim, New Zealand">Blenheim</a> </td> <td>NZWB </td> <td>BHE </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Woodbourne_Airport" title="Woodbourne Airport">Blenheim Airport (Woodbourne)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a> </td> <td>NZCH </td> <td>CHC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christchurch_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Christchurch International Airport">Christchurch International Airport</a> <i>(long-distance)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cromwell,_New_Zealand" title="Cromwell, New Zealand">Cromwell</a> </td> <td>NZCS </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cromwell_Racecourse_Aerodrome" title="Cromwell Racecourse Aerodrome">Cromwell Racecourse Aerodrome</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a> </td> <td>NZDN </td> <td>DUD </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dunedin_Airport" title="Dunedin Airport">Dunedin Airport</a> <i>(limited)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gore,_New_Zealand" title="Gore, New Zealand">Gore</a> </td> <td>NZGC </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gore_Aerodrome" title="Gore Aerodrome">Gore Aerodrome</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greymouth" title="Greymouth">Greymouth</a> </td> <td>NZGM </td> <td>GMN </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greymouth_Aerodrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Greymouth Aerodrome">Greymouth Aerodrome</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Haast,_New_Zealand" title="Haast, New Zealand">Haast</a> </td> <td>NZHT </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haast_Aerodrome" title="Haast Aerodrome">Haast Aerodrome</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hokitika" title="Hokitika">Hokitika</a> </td> <td>NZHK </td> <td>HKK </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hokitika_Airport" title="Hokitika Airport">Hokitika Airport</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Invercargill" title="Invercargill">Invercargill</a> </td> <td>NZNV </td> <td>IVC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Invercargill_Airport" title="Invercargill Airport">Invercargill Airport</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaik%C5%8Dura" title="Kaikōura">Kaikōura</a> </td> <td>NZKI </td> <td>KBZ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaikoura_Aerodrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaikoura Aerodrome">Kaikoura Aerodrome</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lake_Pukaki" title="Lake Pukaki">Lake Pukaki</a> </td> <td>NZGT </td> <td>GTN </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glentanner_Aerodrome" title="Glentanner Aerodrome">Glentanner Aerodrome</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Milford_Sound_(village)" title="Milford Sound (village)">Milford Sound</a> </td> <td>NZMF </td> <td>MFN </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Milford_Sound_Airport" title="Milford Sound Airport">Milford Sound Airport</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Cook_Village" title="Mount Cook Village">Aoraki / Mount Cook</a> </td> <td>NZMC </td> <td>MON </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Cook_Aerodrome" title="Mount Cook Aerodrome">Mount Cook Aerodrome</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Motueka" title="Motueka">Motueka</a> </td> <td>NZMK </td> <td>MZP </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Motueka_Aerodrome" title="Motueka Aerodrome">Motueka Aerodrome</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand" title="Nelson, New Zealand">Nelson</a> </td> <td>NZNS </td> <td>NSN </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Airport_(New_Zealand)" title="Nelson Airport (New Zealand)">Nelson Airport</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oamaru" title="Oamaru">Oamaru</a> </td> <td>NZOU </td> <td>OAM </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oamaru_Aerodrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Oamaru Aerodrome">Oamaru Aerodrome</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Picton,_New_Zealand" title="Picton, New Zealand">Picton</a> </td> <td>NZPN </td> <td>PCN </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Picton_Aerodrome" title="Picton Aerodrome">Picton Aerodrome</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Queenstown,_New_Zealand" title="Queenstown, New Zealand">Queenstown</a> </td> <td>NZQN </td> <td>ZQN </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Queenstown_Airport" title="Queenstown Airport">Queenstown Airport</a> <i>(limited)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rangiora" title="Rangiora">Rangiora</a> </td> <td>NZRT </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rangiora_Aerodrome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rangiora Aerodrome (page does not exist)">Rangiora Aerodrome</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forest_Field&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forest Field (page does not exist)">Forest Field</a> </td> <td>NZFF </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Forest_Field_Aerodrome" title="Forest Field Aerodrome">Forest Field Aerodrome</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81kaka" title="Tākaka">Tākaka</a> </td> <td>NZTK </td> <td>KTF </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Takaka_Aerodrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Takaka Aerodrome">Takaka Aerodrome</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Te_Anau" title="Te Anau">Te Anau</a> / <a href="/wiki/Manapouri" title="Manapouri">Manapouri</a> </td> <td>NZMO </td> <td>TEU </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manapouri_Aerodrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Manapouri Aerodrome">Manapouri Aerodrome</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Timaru" title="Timaru">Timaru</a> </td> <td>NZTU </td> <td>TIU </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pearse_Airport" title="Richard Pearse Airport">Richard Pearse Airport</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Twizel" title="Twizel">Twizel</a> </td> <td>NZUK </td> <td>TWZ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pukaki_Aerodrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Pukaki Aerodrome">Pukaki Aerodrome</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81naka" title="Wānaka">Wānaka</a> </td> <td>NZWF </td> <td>WKA </td> <td><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81naka_Airport" title="Wānaka Airport">Wānaka Airport</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Westport,_New_Zealand" title="Westport, New Zealand">Westport</a> </td> <td>NZWS </td> <td>WSZ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Westport_Airport_(New_Zealand)" title="Westport Airport (New Zealand)">Westport Airport</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_South_Island" title="Geography of the South Island">Geography of the South Island</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_image_of_South_Island_New_Zealand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Satellite_image_of_South_Island_New_Zealand.jpg/220px-Satellite_image_of_South_Island_New_Zealand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Satellite_image_of_South_Island_New_Zealand.jpg/330px-Satellite_image_of_South_Island_New_Zealand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Satellite_image_of_South_Island_New_Zealand.jpg/440px-Satellite_image_of_South_Island_New_Zealand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>A true-colour image of the South Island, after a powerful winter storm swept across New Zealand on 12 June 2006</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Ohau_Lodge_lupin_field,_NZ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Lake_Ohau_Lodge_lupin_field%2C_NZ.jpg/220px-Lake_Ohau_Lodge_lupin_field%2C_NZ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Lake_Ohau_Lodge_lupin_field%2C_NZ.jpg/330px-Lake_Ohau_Lodge_lupin_field%2C_NZ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Lake_Ohau_Lodge_lupin_field%2C_NZ.jpg/440px-Lake_Ohau_Lodge_lupin_field%2C_NZ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Lake Ōhau</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aoraki-Mount_Cook_from_Hooker_Valley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Aoraki-Mount_Cook_from_Hooker_Valley.jpg/220px-Aoraki-Mount_Cook_from_Hooker_Valley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Aoraki-Mount_Cook_from_Hooker_Valley.jpg/330px-Aoraki-Mount_Cook_from_Hooker_Valley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Aoraki-Mount_Cook_from_Hooker_Valley.jpg/440px-Aoraki-Mount_Cook_from_Hooker_Valley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aoraki_/_Mount_Cook" title="Aoraki / Mount Cook">Aoraki / Mount Cook</a> is the tallest mountain in New Zealand.</figcaption></figure> <p>The South Island, with an area of 150,437 km<sup>2</sup> (58,084 sq mi), is the largest landmass of New Zealand; it contains about one-quarter of the New Zealand population and is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">world's 12th-largest island</a>. It is divided along its length by the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Alps" title="Southern Alps">Southern Alps</a>, the highest peak of which is <a href="/wiki/Aoraki_/_Mount_Cook" title="Aoraki / Mount Cook">Aoraki / Mount Cook</a> at 3,724 metres (12,218 ft), making it <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_highest_point" title="List of islands by highest point">9th-highest island</a>, with the high <a href="/wiki/Kaik%C5%8Dura_Ranges" title="Kaikōura Ranges">Kaikōura Ranges</a> to the northeast. There are eighteen peaks of more than 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) in the South Island. The east side of the island is home to the <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Plains" title="Canterbury Plains">Canterbury Plains</a> while the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="West Coast, New Zealand">West Coast</a> is renowned for its rough coastlines such as <a href="/wiki/Fiordland" title="Fiordland">Fiordland</a>, a very high proportion of native <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">bush</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fox_Glacier" title="Fox Glacier">Fox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Glacier" title="Franz Josef Glacier">Franz Josef Glaciers</a>. The dramatic landscape of the South Island has made it a popular location for the production of several <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">films</a>, including <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)"><i>The Lord of the Rings</i> trilogy</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia:_The_Lion,_the_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe" title="The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe">The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe</a></i>. It lies at similar latitudes to <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> (an island south of the Australian mainland), and parts of <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a> in South America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2010_Canterbury_earthquake" title="2010 Canterbury earthquake">2010 Canterbury earthquake</a> and <a href="/wiki/2011_Christchurch_earthquake" title="2011 Christchurch earthquake">2011 Christchurch earthquake</a></div> <p>On 4 September 2010, the South Island was struck by a 7.1 <a href="/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale" title="Moment magnitude scale">magnitude</a> earthquake, which caused extensive damage, several power outages, and many reports of aftershocks. Five and a half months later, 22 February <a href="/wiki/February_2011_Christchurch_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="February 2011 Christchurch earthquake">Christchurch earthquake</a> of 6.3 magnitude caused far more additional damage in Christchurch, resulting in 181 deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-listdeceased_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-listdeceased-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This quake struck at about lunchtime and was centred closer at <a href="/wiki/Lyttelton,_New_Zealand" title="Lyttelton, New Zealand">Lyttelton</a>, and shallower than the prior quake, consequently causing extensive damage.<sup id="cite_ref-current_death_toll_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-current_death_toll-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> in the South Island is mostly <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate</a>. The mean temperature for the South Island is 8 °C (46 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> January and February are the warmest months, while July is the coldest. Historical <a href="/wiki/Maxima_and_minima" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxima and minima">maxima and minima</a> are 42.4 °C (108.3 °F) in <a href="/wiki/Rangiora" title="Rangiora">Rangiora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a> and −25.6 °C (−14.1 °F) in <a href="/wiki/Ranfurly,_New_Zealand" title="Ranfurly, New Zealand">Ranfurly, Otago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conditions vary sharply across the regions, from extremely wet on the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="West Coast, New Zealand">West Coast</a> to <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-arid">semi-arid</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Basin" title="Mackenzie Basin">Mackenzie Basin</a> of inland <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a>. Most areas have between 600 and 1,600 mm (24–63 in) of <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">rainfall</a> with the most rain along the West Coast and the least rain on the East Coast, predominantly on the <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Plains" title="Canterbury Plains">Canterbury Plains</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a> is the driest city, receiving about 640 millimetres (25 in) of rain per year, while <a href="/wiki/Invercargill" title="Invercargill">Invercargill</a> is the wettest, receiving about 1,150 millimetres (45 in). The southern and south-western parts of South Island have a cooler and cloudier climate, with around 1,400–1,600 hours of <a href="/wiki/Sunshine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunshine">sunshine</a> annually; the northern and north-eastern parts of the South Island are the sunniest areas and receive about 2,400–2,500 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1088px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_Alps_from_Hamilton_Peak.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of some of the Southern Alps in winter from the summit of Hamilton Peak in the Craigieburn Range"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Southern_Alps_from_Hamilton_Peak.jpg/1080px-Southern_Alps_from_Hamilton_Peak.jpg" decoding="async" width="1080" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Southern_Alps_from_Hamilton_Peak.jpg/1620px-Southern_Alps_from_Hamilton_Peak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Southern_Alps_from_Hamilton_Peak.jpg/2160px-Southern_Alps_from_Hamilton_Peak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14742" data-file-height="1710" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_Alps_from_Hamilton_Peak.jpg" title="File:Southern Alps from Hamilton Peak.jpg"> </a></div>Panoramic view of some of the Southern Alps in winter from the summit of Hamilton Peak in the <a href="/wiki/Craigieburn_Range" title="Craigieburn Range">Craigieburn Range</a></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_geographic_features">Natural geographic features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Natural geographic features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fiords">Fiords</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Fiords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fiords_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiords of New Zealand">Fiords of New Zealand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:00_1371_New_Zealand_-_Milford_Sound.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/00_1371_New_Zealand_-_Milford_Sound.jpg/220px-00_1371_New_Zealand_-_Milford_Sound.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/00_1371_New_Zealand_-_Milford_Sound.jpg/330px-00_1371_New_Zealand_-_Milford_Sound.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/00_1371_New_Zealand_-_Milford_Sound.jpg/440px-00_1371_New_Zealand_-_Milford_Sound.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Typical view of <a href="/wiki/Milford_Sound_/_Piopiotahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Milford Sound / Piopiotahi">Milford Sound / Piopiotahi</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_View_from_the_Top_(Unsplash).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/A_View_from_the_Top_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/220px-A_View_from_the_Top_%28Unsplash%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/A_View_from_the_Top_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/330px-A_View_from_the_Top_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/A_View_from_the_Top_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/440px-A_View_from_the_Top_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3794" data-file-height="2042" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fiordland_National_Park" title="Fiordland National Park">Fiordland National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The South Island has 15 named maritime <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fiords</a> which are all located in the southwest of the island in a mountainous area known as <a href="/wiki/Fiordland" title="Fiordland">Fiordland</a>. The spelling 'fiord' is used in New Zealand rather than 'fjord', although all the maritime fiords use the word <a href="/wiki/Sound_(geography)" title="Sound (geography)">Sound</a> in their name instead. </p><p>A number of lakes in the Fiordland and <a href="/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a> regions also fill <a href="/wiki/Glacial_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial valley">glacial valleys</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Te_Anau" title="Lake Te Anau">Lake Te Anau</a> has three western arms, which are fiords (and are named so). <a href="/wiki/Lake_McKerrow_/_Whakatipu_Waitai" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake McKerrow / Whakatipu Waitai">Lake McKerrow / Whakatipu Waitai</a> to the north of <a href="/wiki/Milford_Sound_/_Piopiotahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Milford Sound / Piopiotahi">Milford Sound / Piopiotahi</a> is a fiord with a silted-up mouth. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Wakatipu" title="Lake Wakatipu">Lake Wakatipu</a> fills a large glacial valley, as do lakes <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Hakapoua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Hakapoua (page does not exist)">Hakapoua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Poteriteri" title="Lake Poteriteri">Poteriteri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Monowai" title="Lake Monowai">Monowai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Hauroko" title="Lake Hauroko">Hauroko</a> in the far south of Fiordland. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Manapouri" title="Lake Manapouri">Lake Manapouri</a> has fiords as its west, north and south arms. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Marlborough_Sounds" title="Marlborough Sounds">Marlborough Sounds</a>, a series of deep indentations in the coastline at the northern tip of the South Island, are in fact <a href="/wiki/Ria" title="Ria">rias</a>, drowned river valleys. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Glaciers">Glaciers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Glaciers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glaciers_of_New_Zealand" title="Glaciers of New Zealand">Glaciers of New Zealand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_Josef_glacier.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Franz_Josef_glacier.JPG/220px-Franz_Josef_glacier.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Franz_Josef_glacier.JPG/330px-Franz_Josef_glacier.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Franz_Josef_glacier.JPG/440px-Franz_Josef_glacier.JPG 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Glacier" title="Franz Josef Glacier">Franz Josef Glacier</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most of New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> are in the South Island. They are generally found in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Alps" title="Southern Alps">Southern Alps</a> near the Main Divide. </p><p>An inventory of South Island glaciers during the 1980s indicated there were about 3,155 glaciers with an area of at least one hectare (2.5 acres).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About a sixth of these glaciers covered more than 10 hectares. These include the <a href="/wiki/Fox_Glacier" title="Fox Glacier">Fox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Glacier" title="Franz Josef Glacier">Franz Josef</a> glaciers on the West Coast, and the <a href="/wiki/Tasman_Glacier" title="Tasman Glacier">Haupapa / Tasman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hooker_Glacier_(New_Zealand)" title="Hooker Glacier (New Zealand)">Hooker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mueller_Glacier" title="Mueller Glacier">Mueller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murchison_Glacier" title="Murchison Glacier">Murchison</a> glaciers in the east. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lakes">Lakes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Lakes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lakes_of_New_Zealand" title="Lakes of New Zealand">Lakes of New Zealand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_hauroko.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Lake_hauroko.jpg/220px-Lake_hauroko.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Lake_hauroko.jpg/330px-Lake_hauroko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Lake_hauroko.jpg/440px-Lake_hauroko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1820" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Hauroko" title="Lake Hauroko">Lake Hauroko</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are some 3,820 <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a> in New Zealand with a <a href="/wiki/Surface_area" title="Surface area">surface area</a> larger than one <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectare</a>. Much of the higher country in the South Island was covered by ice during the <a href="/wiki/Glacial_period" title="Glacial period">glacial periods</a> of the last two million years. Advancing glaciers eroded large steep-sided valleys, and often carried piles of <a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">moraine</a> (rocks and soil) that acted as natural dams. When the glaciers retreated, they left basins that are now filled by lakes. The level of most glacial lakes in the upper parts of the <a href="/wiki/Waitaki_River" title="Waitaki River">Waitaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clutha_River_/_Mata-Au" class="mw-redirect" title="Clutha River / Mata-Au">Clutha / Mata-Au</a> rivers are controlled for electricity generation. Hydroelectric reservoirs are common in <a href="/wiki/South_Canterbury" title="South Canterbury">South Canterbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Otago" title="Central Otago">Central Otago</a>, the largest of which is <a href="/wiki/Lake_Benmore" title="Lake Benmore">Lake Benmore</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Waitaki_River" title="Waitaki River">Waitaki River</a>. </p><p>The South Island has 8 of New Zealand's 10 biggest lakes. They were formed by <a href="/wiki/Glaciers" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciers">glaciers</a> and include <a href="/wiki/Lake_Wakatipu" title="Lake Wakatipu">Lake Wakatipu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tekapo" title="Lake Tekapo">Lake Tekapo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Manapouri" title="Lake Manapouri">Lake Manapouri</a>. The deepest (462 m) is <a href="/wiki/Lake_Hauroko" title="Lake Hauroko">Lake Hauroko</a>, in western <a href="/wiki/Southland,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Southland, New Zealand">Southland</a>. It is the 16th deepest lake in the world. Millions of years ago, <a href="/wiki/Central_Otago" title="Central Otago">Central Otago</a> had a huge lake – <a href="/wiki/Lake_Manuherikia" title="Lake Manuherikia">Lake Manuherikia</a>. It was slowly filled in with mud, and <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a> of fish and <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodiles</a> have been found there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Volcanoes">Volcanoes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Volcanoes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Volcanoes_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanoes in New Zealand">Volcanoes in New Zealand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banks_Peninsula_from_space.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Banks_Peninsula_from_space.jpg/220px-Banks_Peninsula_from_space.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Banks_Peninsula_from_space.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Banks_Peninsula" title="Banks Peninsula">Banks Peninsula</a> is roughly circular, with many bays and two deep harbours</figcaption></figure> <p>There are four <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a> volcanoes in the South Island, all located on the east coast. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Banks_Peninsula" title="Banks Peninsula">Banks Peninsula</a> forms the most prominent of these volcanic features. Geologically, the peninsula comprises the eroded remnants of two large <a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">shield volcanoes</a> (Lyttelton formed first, then Akaroa). These formed due to intraplate volcanism between about eleven and eight million years ago (<a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>) on a continental crust. The peninsula formed as offshore islands, with the volcanoes reaching to about 1,500 m above sea level. Two dominant craters formed <a href="/wiki/Lyttelton_Harbour_/_Whakaraup%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyttelton Harbour / Whakaraupō">Lyttelton / Whakaraupō</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akaroa_Harbour" title="Akaroa Harbour">Akaroa</a> Harbours. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Plains" title="Canterbury Plains">Canterbury Plains</a> formed from the erosion of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Alps" title="Southern Alps">Southern Alps</a> (an extensive and high mountain range caused by the meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Australian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Australian Plate">Indo-Australian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Plate">Pacific tectonic plates</a>) and from the <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_fan" title="Alluvial fan">alluvial fans</a> created by large <a href="/wiki/Braided_river" title="Braided river">braided rivers</a>. These plains reach their widest point where they meet the hilly sub-region of Banks Peninsula. A layer of <a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">loess</a>, a rather unstable fine silt deposited by the <a href="/wiki/Foehn_wind" title="Foehn wind">foehn winds</a> which bluster across the plains, covers the northern and western flanks of the peninsula. The portion of the crater rim lying between Lyttelton Harbour / Whakaraupō and Christchurch city forms the <a href="/wiki/Port_Hills" title="Port Hills">Port Hills</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Otago_Harbour" title="Otago Harbour">Otago Harbour</a> was formed from the drowned remnants of a giant <a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">shield volcano</a>, centred close to what is now the town of <a href="/wiki/Port_Chalmers" title="Port Chalmers">Port Chalmers</a>. The remains of this violent origin can be seen in the <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> of the surrounding hills. The last eruptive phase ended some ten million years ago, leaving the prominent peak of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Cargill" title="Mount Cargill">Mount Cargill</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Timaru" title="Timaru">Timaru</a> was constructed on rolling hills created from the lava flows of the extinct Mount Horrible, which last erupted many thousands of years ago. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Te_Wāhipounamu_World_Heritage_Site"><span id="Te_W.C4.81hipounamu_World_Heritage_Site"></span>Te Wāhipounamu World Heritage Site</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Te Wāhipounamu World Heritage Site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Te_Wahipounamu" title="Te Wahipounamu">Te Wāhipounamu</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> for "the place of <a href="/wiki/Pounamu" title="Pounamu">greenstone</a>") is a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in the south-west corner of the South Island.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1990, it covers 26,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi) and incorporates the <a href="/wiki/Aoraki_/_Mount_Cook_National_Park" title="Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park">Aoraki / Mount Cook</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fiordland_National_Park" title="Fiordland National Park">Fiordland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Aspiring_National_Park" title="Mount Aspiring National Park">Mount Aspiring</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Westland_Tai_Poutini_National_Park" title="Westland Tai Poutini National Park">Westland Tai Poutini</a> National Parks. </p><p>It is thought to contain some of the best modern representations of the original <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> present in <a href="/wiki/Gondwanaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gondwanaland">Gondwanaland</a>, one of the reasons for listing as a World Heritage Site. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protected_areas">Protected areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Protected areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Forest_parks">Forest parks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Forest parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Broken_River_down_main_tow_Stevage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Broken_River_down_main_tow_Stevage.jpg/220px-Broken_River_down_main_tow_Stevage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Broken_River_down_main_tow_Stevage.jpg/330px-Broken_River_down_main_tow_Stevage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Broken_River_down_main_tow_Stevage.jpg/440px-Broken_River_down_main_tow_Stevage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Broken_River_Ski_Area" title="Broken River Ski Area">Broken River Ski Area</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Craigieburn_Forest_Park" title="Craigieburn Forest Park">Craigieburn Forest Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are six forest parks in the South Island that are on public land administered by the Department of Conservation. </p> <dl><dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catlins_Forest_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catlins Forest Park (page does not exist)">Catlins Forest Park</a></dt> <dd>Situated in the <a href="/wiki/Southland,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Southland, New Zealand">Southland</a> region.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Craigieburn_Forest_Park" title="Craigieburn Forest Park">Craigieburn Forest Park</a></dt> <dd>Situated in the <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury Region</a>, its boundaries lie in part alongside <a href="/wiki/State_Highway_73_(New_Zealand)" title="State Highway 73 (New Zealand)">State Highway 73</a> and is adjacent to the eastern flanks of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Alps" title="Southern Alps">Southern Alps</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Broken_River_Ski_Area" title="Broken River Ski Area">Broken River Ski Area</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Craigieburn_Valley_Ski_Area" title="Craigieburn Valley Ski Area">Craigieburn Valley Ski Area</a> lie within its borders. The <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Forest_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Forest Service">New Zealand Forest Service</a> had used the area as an experimental forestry area and there is now an <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues" title="Environmental issues">environmental issue</a> with the spread of <a href="/wiki/Wilding_conifer" title="Wilding conifer">wilding conifers</a>.</dd> <dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanmer_Forest_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanmer Forest Park (page does not exist)">Hanmer Forest Park</a></dt> <dd>Situated in the <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury Region</a>.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Lake_Sumner_Forest_Park" title="Lake Sumner Forest Park">Lake Sumner Forest Park</a></dt> <dd>Situated in the <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury Region</a>.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Mount_Richmond_Forest_Park" title="Mount Richmond Forest Park">Mount Richmond Forest Park</a></dt> <dd>Situated in the <a href="/wiki/Marlborough_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Marlborough Region">Marlborough region</a>.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Forest_Park" title="Victoria Forest Park">Victoria Forest Park</a></dt> <dd>Situated in the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="West Coast, New Zealand">West Coast</a> region.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_parks">National parks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: National parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AbelTasmanNP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/AbelTasmanNP.jpg/220px-AbelTasmanNP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/AbelTasmanNP.jpg/330px-AbelTasmanNP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/AbelTasmanNP.jpg/440px-AbelTasmanNP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abel_Tasman_National_Park" title="Abel Tasman National Park">Abel Tasman National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pancake_Rocks_Paparoa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pancake_Rocks_Paparoa.jpg/220px-Pancake_Rocks_Paparoa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pancake_Rocks_Paparoa.jpg/330px-Pancake_Rocks_Paparoa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pancake_Rocks_Paparoa.jpg/440px-Pancake_Rocks_Paparoa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="993" /></a><figcaption>The famous "Pancake Rocks" at Paparoa National Park</figcaption></figure> <p>The South Island has ten <a href="/wiki/National_parks" class="mw-redirect" title="National parks">national parks</a> established under the <a href="/wiki/National_Parks_Act_1980_(New_Zealand)" title="National Parks Act 1980 (New Zealand)">National Parks Act 1980</a> and which are administered by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Conservation_(New_Zealand)" title="Department of Conservation (New Zealand)">Department of Conservation</a>. </p><p>From north to south, the National Parks are: </p> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Kahurangi_National_Park" title="Kahurangi National Park">Kahurangi National Park</a></dt> <dd>(4,520 km<sup>2</sup>, established 1996) Situated in the north-west of the South Island, Kahurangi comprises spectacular and remote country and includes the Heaphy Track. It has ancient landforms and unique flora and fauna. It is New Zealand's second-largest national park.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Abel_Tasman_National_Park" title="Abel Tasman National Park">Abel Tasman National Park</a></dt> <dd>(225 km<sup>2</sup>, established 1942) Has numerous tidal inlets and beaches of golden sand along the shores of <a href="/wiki/Tasman_Bay" title="Tasman Bay">Tasman Bay</a>. It is New Zealand's smallest national park.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Lakes_National_Park" title="Nelson Lakes National Park">Nelson Lakes National Park</a></dt> <dd>(1,018 km<sup>2</sup>, established 1956) A rugged, mountainous area in Nelson Region. It extends southwards from the forested shores of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Rotoiti,_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Rotoiti, Nelson">Lake Rotoiti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Rotoroa,_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Rotoroa, Nelson">Rotoroa</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Pass_National_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Pass National Reserve">Lewis Pass National Reserve</a>.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Paparoa_National_Park" title="Paparoa National Park">Paparoa National Park</a></dt> <dd>(306 km<sup>2</sup>, established 1987) On the West Coast of the South Island between <a href="/wiki/Westport,_New_Zealand" title="Westport, New Zealand">Westport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greymouth" title="Greymouth">Greymouth</a>. It includes the celebrated Pancake Rocks at <a href="/wiki/Punakaiki" title="Punakaiki">Punakaiki</a>.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Arthur%27s_Pass_National_Park" title="Arthur's Pass National Park">Arthur's Pass National Park</a></dt> <dd>(1,144 km<sup>2</sup>, established 1929) A rugged and mountainous area straddling the main divide of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Alps" title="Southern Alps">Southern Alps</a>.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Westland_Tai_Poutini_National_Park" title="Westland Tai Poutini National Park">Westland Tai Poutini National Park</a></dt> <dd>(1,175 km<sup>2</sup>, established 1960) Extends from the highest peaks of the Southern Alps to a wild, remote coastline. Included in the park are <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>, scenic lakes and dense <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a>, plus remains of old <a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">gold mining</a> towns along the coast.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Aoraki_/_Mount_Cook_National_Park" title="Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park">Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park</a></dt> <dd>(707 km<sup>2</sup>, established 1953) An <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Alpine" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Alpine">alpine</a> park, containing New Zealand's highest mountain, <a href="/wiki/Aoraki_/_Mount_Cook" title="Aoraki / Mount Cook">Aoraki / Mount Cook</a> (3,754 m) and its longest glacier, <a href="/wiki/Haupapa_/_Tasman_Glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Haupapa / Tasman Glacier">Haupapa / Tasman Glacier</a> (29 km). A focus for <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">mountaineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ski_touring" title="Ski touring">ski touring</a> and scenic flights, the park is an area of outstanding natural beauty. Together, the Aoraki / Mount Cook and Westland Tai Poutini National Parks have been declared a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Mount_Aspiring_National_Park" title="Mount Aspiring National Park">Mount Aspiring National Park</a></dt> <dd>(3,555 km<sup>2</sup>, established 1964) A complex of impressively glaciated mountain scenery centred on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Aspiring_/_Tititea" title="Mount Aspiring / Tititea">Mount Aspiring / Tititea</a> (3,036 m), New Zealand's highest peak outside of the main divide.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Fiordland_National_Park" title="Fiordland National Park">Fiordland National Park</a></dt> <dd>(12,519 km<sup>2</sup>, established 1952) The largest national park in New Zealand and one of the largest in the world. The grandeur of its scenery, with its deep <a href="/wiki/Fiord" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiord">fiords</a>, its lakes of glacial origin, its mountains and <a href="/wiki/Waterfall" title="Waterfall">waterfalls</a>, has earned it international recognition as a world heritage area.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Rakiura_National_Park" title="Rakiura National Park">Rakiura National Park</a></dt> <dd>(1,500 km<sup>2</sup>, established 2002) On <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Island_/_Rakiura" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewart Island / Rakiura">Stewart Island / Rakiura</a>.</dd></dl> <p>Other native reserves and parks </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakatere_Conservation_Park" title="Hakatere Conservation Park">Hakatere Conservation Park</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1088px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hooker_Valley_in_Aoraki-Mount_Cook_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hooker Valley at Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park, with Aoraki / Mount Cook, the highest mountain in New Zealand at 3,724 metres (12,218 feet), and Hooker Lake in the background"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Hooker_Valley_in_Aoraki-Mount_Cook_National_Park.jpg/1080px-Hooker_Valley_in_Aoraki-Mount_Cook_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="1080" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Hooker_Valley_in_Aoraki-Mount_Cook_National_Park.jpg/1620px-Hooker_Valley_in_Aoraki-Mount_Cook_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Hooker_Valley_in_Aoraki-Mount_Cook_National_Park.jpg/2160px-Hooker_Valley_in_Aoraki-Mount_Cook_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12416" data-file-height="1856" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Hooker_Valley_in_Aoraki-Mount_Cook_National_Park.jpg" title="File:Hooker Valley in Aoraki-Mount Cook National Park.jpg"> </a></div>Hooker Valley at <a href="/wiki/Aoraki_/_Mount_Cook_National_Park" title="Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park">Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Aoraki_/_Mount_Cook" title="Aoraki / Mount Cook">Aoraki / Mount Cook</a>, the highest mountain in New Zealand at 3,724 metres (12,218 feet), and <a href="/wiki/Hooker_Lake" title="Hooker Lake">Hooker Lake</a> in the background</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_history">Natural history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Natural history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a> when sea levels were over 100 metres lower than present day levels, the North and South Islands were connected by a vast coastal plain which formed at the <a href="/wiki/South_Taranaki_Bight" title="South Taranaki Bight">South Taranaki Bight</a>. Similarly, the South Island and <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Island_/_Rakiura" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewart Island / Rakiura">Stewart Island / Rakiura</a> were connected by coastal plains which covered modern-day <a href="/wiki/Foveaux_Strait" title="Foveaux Strait">Foveaux Strait</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Niwa_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niwa-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, most of the South Island was covered in grassland and glaciers, compared to the woodlands and rainforest which grew in the more temperate North Island.<sup id="cite_ref-Ray_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sea levels began to rise 7,000 years ago, eventually separating the islands and linking the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Strait" title="Cook Strait">Cook Strait</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Tasman_Sea" title="Tasman Sea">Tasman Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Niwa_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Niwa-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birds">Birds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Birds_of_New_Zealand" title="Birds of New Zealand">Birds of New Zealand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kea.jpg/170px-Kea.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kea.jpg/255px-Kea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Kea.jpg/340px-Kea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>The South Island <a href="/wiki/Kea" title="Kea">kea</a>, a species of mountain <a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">parrot</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_takahe_walking_on_grass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Male_takahe_walking_on_grass.jpg/220px-Male_takahe_walking_on_grass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Male_takahe_walking_on_grass.jpg/330px-Male_takahe_walking_on_grass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Male_takahe_walking_on_grass.jpg/440px-Male_takahe_walking_on_grass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>The South Island <a href="/wiki/Takah%C4%93" title="Takahē">takahē</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are several bird species which are <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to the South Island. They include the <a href="/wiki/Kea" title="Kea">kea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_spotted_kiwi" title="Great spotted kiwi">great spotted kiwi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okarito_brown_kiwi" class="mw-redirect" title="Okarito brown kiwi">Okarito brown kiwi</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Island_k%C5%8Dkako" title="South Island kōkako">South Island kōkako</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Island_pied_oystercatcher" class="mw-redirect" title="South Island pied oystercatcher">South Island pied oystercatcher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malherbe%27s_parakeet" class="mw-redirect" title="Malherbe's parakeet">Malherbe's parakeet</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_shag" class="mw-redirect" title="King shag">king shag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takah%C4%93" title="Takahē">takahē</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black-fronted_tern" title="Black-fronted tern">black-fronted tern</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Island_robin" title="South Island robin">South Island robin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_wren_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock wren (New Zealand)">rock wren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrybill" title="Wrybill">wrybill</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yellowhead_(bird)" title="Yellowhead (bird)">yellowhead</a>. </p><p>Many South Island bird species are now <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a>, mainly due to hunting by humans and predation by <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a> introduced by humans. Extinct species include the <a href="/wiki/Cnemiornis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnemiornis">South Island goose</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Island_giant_moa" title="South Island giant moa">South Island giant moa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haast%27s_eagle" title="Haast's eagle">Haast's eagle</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Island_piopio" title="South Island piopio">South Island piopio</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tertiary_education">Tertiary education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Tertiary education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_Institute_of_Technology_main_campus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Southern_Institute_of_Technology_main_campus.jpg/220px-Southern_Institute_of_Technology_main_campus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Southern_Institute_of_Technology_main_campus.jpg/330px-Southern_Institute_of_Technology_main_campus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Southern_Institute_of_Technology_main_campus.jpg/440px-Southern_Institute_of_Technology_main_campus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Southern_Institute_of_Technology" title="Southern Institute of Technology">Southern Institute of Technology</a> main campus</figcaption></figure> <p>The South Island has three universities, and five polytechnic schools. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ara_Institute_of_Canterbury" title="Ara Institute of Canterbury">Ara Institute of Canterbury</a> (the result of a merger between <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_Polytechnic_Institute_of_Technology" title="Christchurch Polytechnic Institute of Technology">Christchurch Polytechnic Institute of Technology</a> (CPIT) and <a href="/wiki/Aoraki_Polytechnic" title="Aoraki Polytechnic">Aoraki Polytechnic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Marlborough_Institute_of_Technology" title="Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology">Nelson Marlborough Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otago_Polytechnic" title="Otago Polytechnic">Otago Polytechnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Institute_of_Technology" title="Southern Institute of Technology">Southern Institute of Technology</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Telford_Rural_Polytechnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Telford Rural Polytechnic">Telford Rural Polytechnic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Poutini_Polytechnic" title="Tai Poutini Polytechnic">Tai Poutini Polytechnic</a></li></ul> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Canterbury" title="University of Canterbury">University of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_University_(New_Zealand)" title="Lincoln University (New Zealand)">Lincoln University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Otago" title="University of Otago">University of Otago</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Since 2020, the polytechnics are branches of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_Institute_of_Skills_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Zealand Institute of Skills and Technology (page does not exist)">New Zealand Institute of Skills and Technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Healthcare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Princess_Margaret_Hospital,_Christchurch,_New_Zealand_14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Princess_Margaret_Hospital%2C_Christchurch%2C_New_Zealand_14.jpg/220px-Princess_Margaret_Hospital%2C_Christchurch%2C_New_Zealand_14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Princess_Margaret_Hospital%2C_Christchurch%2C_New_Zealand_14.jpg/330px-Princess_Margaret_Hospital%2C_Christchurch%2C_New_Zealand_14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Princess_Margaret_Hospital%2C_Christchurch%2C_New_Zealand_14.jpg/440px-Princess_Margaret_Hospital%2C_Christchurch%2C_New_Zealand_14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4659" data-file-height="2213" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Hospital,_Christchurch" title="Princess Margaret Hospital, Christchurch">Princess Margaret Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Otago_Rescue_Helicopter_takeoff_Dunedin_Public_Hospital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Otago_Rescue_Helicopter_takeoff_Dunedin_Public_Hospital.jpg/220px-Otago_Rescue_Helicopter_takeoff_Dunedin_Public_Hospital.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Otago_Rescue_Helicopter_takeoff_Dunedin_Public_Hospital.jpg/330px-Otago_Rescue_Helicopter_takeoff_Dunedin_Public_Hospital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Otago_Rescue_Helicopter_takeoff_Dunedin_Public_Hospital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="321" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Otago_Regional_Rescue_Helicopter" class="mw-redirect" title="Otago Regional Rescue Helicopter">Otago Regional Rescue Helicopter</a> taking off from the <a href="/wiki/Dunedin_Hospital" title="Dunedin Hospital">Dunedin Hospital</a> helipad</figcaption></figure> <p>Healthcare in the South Island is provided by five <a href="/wiki/District_Health_Board_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="District Health Board (New Zealand)">District Health Boards (DHBs)</a>. Organised around geographical areas of varying population sizes, they are not coterminous with the <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">Local Government Regions</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Area covered </th> <th>Population<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_District_Health_Board" title="Canterbury District Health Board">Canterbury District Health Board</a> (CDHB) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ashburton,_New_Zealand" title="Ashburton, New Zealand">Ashburton District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurunui_District" title="Hurunui District">Hurunui District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaik%C5%8Dura_District" title="Kaikōura District">Kaikōura District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selwyn_District" title="Selwyn District">Selwyn District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waimakariri_District" title="Waimakariri District">Waimakariri District</a> </td> <td>491,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_District_Health_Board" title="Southern District Health Board">Southern District Health Board</a> (Southern DHB) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Invercargill_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Invercargill City">Invercargill City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gore,_New_Zealand" title="Gore, New Zealand">Gore District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southland_District" title="Southland District">Southland District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunedin_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunedin City">Dunedin City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waitaki_District" title="Waitaki District">Waitaki District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Otago_District" title="Central Otago District">Central Otago District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queenstown_Lakes_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Queenstown Lakes District">Queenstown Lakes District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clutha_District" title="Clutha District">Clutha District</a> </td> <td>300,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Marlborough_District_Health_Board" title="Nelson Marlborough District Health Board">Nelson Marlborough District Health Board</a> (NMDHB) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marlborough_District" title="Marlborough District">Marlborough District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand" title="Nelson, New Zealand">Nelson City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasman_District" title="Tasman District">Tasman District</a> </td> <td>135,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Canterbury_District_Health_Board" title="South Canterbury District Health Board">South Canterbury District Health Board</a> (SCDHB) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_District" title="Mackenzie District">Mackenzie District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timaru,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Timaru, New Zealand">Timaru District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waimate" title="Waimate">Waimate District</a> </td> <td>55,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_District_Health_Board" title="West Coast District Health Board">West Coast District Health Board</a> (WCDHB) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buller_District" title="Buller District">Buller District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grey_District" title="Grey District">Grey District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westland_District" title="Westland District">Westland District</a> </td> <td>32,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are six major hospitals in the South Island: <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_Hospital" title="Christchurch Hospital">Christchurch Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunedin_Hospital" title="Dunedin Hospital">Dunedin Hospital</a>, Grey Base Hospital (Greymouth), Nelson Hospital, Southland Hospital (Invercargill), and Timaru Hospital. Christchurch Hospital, Dunedin Hospital and <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Hospital,_New_Zealand" title="Wellington Hospital, New Zealand">Wellington Hospital</a> (in the North Island) are the main tertiary hospitals serving the South Island.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergency_medical_services">Emergency medical services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Emergency medical services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several <a href="/wiki/Air_ambulance" class="mw-redirect" title="Air ambulance">air ambulance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">rescue helicopter</a> services operating throughout the South Island.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lake_Districts_Air_Rescue_Trust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lake Districts Air Rescue Trust (page does not exist)">Lake Districts Air Rescue Trust</a> operates two <a href="/wiki/AS350" class="mw-redirect" title="AS350">AS350BA Squirrels</a> and an <a href="/wiki/AS355" class="mw-redirect" title="AS355">AS355 Squirrel</a> from <a href="/wiki/Queenstown_Airport" title="Queenstown Airport">Queenstown Airport</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_Flying_Doctor_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Zealand Flying Doctor Service (page does not exist)">New Zealand Flying Doctor Service</a> operates a <a href="/wiki/Cessna_421" class="mw-redirect" title="Cessna 421">Cessna 421 Golden Eagle</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Cessna_Conquest" class="mw-redirect" title="Cessna Conquest">Cessna Conquest C441</a> from <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Christchurch International Airport">Christchurch International Airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Otago_Regional_Rescue_Helicopter" class="mw-redirect" title="Otago Regional Rescue Helicopter">Otago Rescue Helicopter Trust</a> operates a <a href="/wiki/MBB/Kawasaki_BK_117" title="MBB/Kawasaki BK 117">MBB/Kawasaki BK 117</a> from <a href="/wiki/Taieri_Aerodrome" title="Taieri Aerodrome">Taieri Aerodrome</a> near <a href="/wiki/Mosgiel" title="Mosgiel">Mosgiel</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid_Energy_Rescue_Helicopter_Trust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solid Energy Rescue Helicopter Trust (page does not exist)">Solid Energy Rescue Helicopter Trust</a> operates an <a href="/wiki/AS350" class="mw-redirect" title="AS350">AS350BA Squirrel</a> from <a href="/wiki/Greymouth" title="Greymouth">Greymouth</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Summit_Rescue_Helicopter_Trust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Summit Rescue Helicopter Trust (page does not exist)">Summit Rescue Helicopter Trust</a> operates an <a href="/wiki/AS350" class="mw-redirect" title="AS350">AS350BA Squirrel</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Airport_(New_Zealand)" title="Nelson Airport (New Zealand)">Nelson Airport</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Westpac_Rescue_Helicopter_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Westpac Rescue Helicopter (New Zealand)">Westpac Rescue Helicopter Trust</a> operates a <a href="/wiki/MBB/Kawasaki_BK_117" title="MBB/Kawasaki BK 117">MBB/Kawasaki BK 117</a> and an <a href="/wiki/AS350" class="mw-redirect" title="AS350">AS350BA Squirrel</a> from <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Christchurch International Airport">Christchurch International Airport</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CoCAgallery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e4/CoCAgallery.jpg/220px-CoCAgallery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e4/CoCAgallery.jpg/330px-CoCAgallery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e4/CoCAgallery.jpg/440px-CoCAgallery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Centre_of_Contemporary_Art" title="Centre of Contemporary Art">Centre of Contemporary Art</a> gallery in <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CanterburyCollegeChemistry_gobeirne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/CanterburyCollegeChemistry_gobeirne.jpg/220px-CanterburyCollegeChemistry_gobeirne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/CanterburyCollegeChemistry_gobeirne.jpg/330px-CanterburyCollegeChemistry_gobeirne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/CanterburyCollegeChemistry_gobeirne.jpg/440px-CanterburyCollegeChemistry_gobeirne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4388" data-file-height="2164" /></a><figcaption>Old Chemistry Building, Christchurch Arts Centre</figcaption></figure> <p>The South Island has contributed to the Arts in New Zealand and internationally through highly regarded artists such as <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Brown" title="Nigel Brown">Nigel Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frances_Hodgkins" title="Frances Hodgkins">Frances Hodgkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colin_McCahon" title="Colin McCahon">Colin McCahon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shona_McFarlane" title="Shona McFarlane">Shona McFarlane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_McIntyre_(artist)" title="Peter McIntyre (artist)">Peter McIntyre</a> <a href="/wiki/Grahame_Sydney" title="Grahame Sydney">Grahame Sydney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geoff_Williams_(painter)" title="Geoff Williams (painter)">Geoff Williams</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Canterbury" title="University of Canterbury">University of Canterbury</a> School of Fine Arts was founded in 1950. </p><p>South Island Art Galleries include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_of_Contemporary_Art" title="Centre of Contemporary Art">Centre of Contemporary Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christchurch_Arts_Centre" title="Christchurch Arts Centre">Christchurch Arts Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunedin_Public_Art_Gallery" title="Dunedin Public Art Gallery">Dunedin Public Art Gallery</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parts of the South Island, principally <a href="/wiki/Southland,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Southland, New Zealand">Southland</a> and the very southernmost areas of <a href="/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a> near the border with Southland, are renowned for its people speaking what is often referred to as the "Southland burr", a <a href="/wiki/Rhotic_and_non-rhotic_accents" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhotic and non-rhotic accents">semi-rhotic</a>, Scottish-influenced <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> of the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlliedPressBldg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/AlliedPressBldg.jpg/220px-AlliedPressBldg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/AlliedPressBldg.jpg/330px-AlliedPressBldg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/AlliedPressBldg.jpg/440px-AlliedPressBldg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Allied_Press" title="Allied Press">Allied Press</a> building in <a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a>, home of Allied Press's flagship newspaper, the <i><a href="/wiki/Otago_Daily_Times" title="Otago Daily Times">Otago Daily Times</a></i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The South Island has ten daily newspapers and many weekly community newspapers. Major daily newspapers include the <i><a href="/wiki/Ashburton_Guardian" title="Ashburton Guardian">Ashburton Guardian</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Greymouth_Star" title="Greymouth Star">Greymouth Star</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Marlborough_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="The Marlborough Express">The Marlborough Express</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nelson_Mail" title="The Nelson Mail">The Nelson Mail</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Oamaru_Mail" class="mw-redirect" title="Oamaru Mail">Oamaru Mail</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Otago_Daily_Times" title="Otago Daily Times">Otago Daily Times</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Press" title="The Press">The Press</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Southland_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Southland Times">Southland Times</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Timaru_Herald" title="The Timaru Herald">The Timaru Herald</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Coast_Times&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West Coast Times (page does not exist)">West Coast Times</a></i>. <i>The Press</i> and the <i>Otago Daily Times</i>, serving mainly Christchurch and Dunedin respectively, are the South Island's major newspapers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Television">Television</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The South Island has seven regional stations (either non-commercial public service or privately owned) that broadcast only in one region or city: <a href="/w/index.php?title=45_South_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="45 South TV (page does not exist)">45 South TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Channel_39_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel 39 (New Zealand)">Channel 39</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Television" title="Canterbury Television">Canterbury Television</a>, <a href="/wiki/CUE_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="CUE TV">CUE</a>, Mainland Television, <a href="/wiki/Rhema_Media#Shine_TV" title="Rhema Media">Shine TV</a>, and Visitor TV. These stations mainly broadcast free to air on <a href="/wiki/UHF" class="mw-redirect" title="UHF">UHF</a> frequencies; however, some are carried on subscription TV. Content ranges from local news, access broadcasts, satellite sourced news, tourist information and Christian programming to music videos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radio_stations">Radio stations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Radio stations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A large number of radio stations serve communities throughout the South Island; these include independent stations, but many are owned by organisations such as <a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand" title="Radio New Zealand">Radio New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Media_and_Entertainment" title="New Zealand Media and Entertainment">New Zealand Media and Entertainment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MediaWorks_New_Zealand" title="MediaWorks New Zealand">MediaWorks New Zealand</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluff_Maritime_Museum" title="Bluff Maritime Museum">Bluff Maritime Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Museum,_Christchurch" title="Canterbury Museum, Christchurch">Canterbury Museum</a> (Temporarily closed for renovations<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrymead_Heritage_Park" title="Ferrymead Heritage Park">Ferrymead Heritage Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Provincial_Museum" title="Nelson Provincial Museum">Nelson Provincial Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olveston_(house)" title="Olveston (house)">Olveston House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otago_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Otago Museum">Otago Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otago_Settlers_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Otago Settlers Museum"> Otago Settlers Museum: Toitū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal New Zealand Air Force Museum">Royal New Zealand Air Force Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southland_Museum_and_Art_Gallery" title="Southland Museum and Art Gallery">Southland Museum and Art Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Wearable_Art" title="World of Wearable Art">World of Wearable Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaldhurst_Museum" title="Yaldhurst Museum">Yaldhurst Museum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">Religion in New Zealand</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> is strongest in <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a> (the city of <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a> having been founded as an Anglican settlement). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> still has a noticeably strong presence on the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="West Coast, New Zealand">West Coast</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Kaik%C5%8Dura" title="Kaikōura">Kaikōura</a>. The territorial authorities with the highest proportion of Catholics are Kaikōura (where they are 18.4% of the total population), <a href="/wiki/Westland_District" title="Westland District">Westland</a> (18.3%), and <a href="/wiki/Grey_District" title="Grey District">Grey</a> (17.8%). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a> is strong in the lower South Island – the city of <a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a> was founded as a Presbyterian settlement, and many of the early settlers in the region were Scottish Presbyterians. The territorial authorities with the highest proportion of Presbyterians are <a href="/wiki/Gore,_New_Zealand" title="Gore, New Zealand">Gore</a> (where they are 30.9% of the total population), <a href="/wiki/Clutha_District" title="Clutha District">Clutha District</a> (30.7%), and <a href="/wiki/Southland_District" title="Southland District">Southland</a> (29.8%). </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> in New Zealand were Chinese gold diggers working in the Dunstan gold fields of <a href="/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a> in the 1860s. Dunedin's Al-Huda mosque is the world's southernmost,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the farthest from <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement">Law enforcement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Law enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Police">Police</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Police"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunedin_Central_Police_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Dunedin_Central_Police_station.jpg/220px-Dunedin_Central_Police_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Dunedin_Central_Police_station.jpg/330px-Dunedin_Central_Police_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Dunedin_Central_Police_station.jpg/440px-Dunedin_Central_Police_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1912" data-file-height="1356" /></a><figcaption>Dunedin Central Police station</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NZ_Police_Mitsubishi_Diamante_in_Dunedin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/NZ_Police_Mitsubishi_Diamante_in_Dunedin.jpg/220px-NZ_Police_Mitsubishi_Diamante_in_Dunedin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/NZ_Police_Mitsubishi_Diamante_in_Dunedin.jpg/330px-NZ_Police_Mitsubishi_Diamante_in_Dunedin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/NZ_Police_Mitsubishi_Diamante_in_Dunedin.jpg/440px-NZ_Police_Mitsubishi_Diamante_in_Dunedin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>NZ Police <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Diamante" title="Mitsubishi Diamante">Mitsubishi Diamante</a> in Dunedin</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Police" title="New Zealand Police">New Zealand Police</a> is the primary <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency" title="Law enforcement agency">law enforcement agency</a> of New Zealand, including the South Island. Three <a href="/wiki/Decentralised" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralised">decentralised</a> Police Districts cover the entire South Island, with each being commanded by a <a href="/wiki/Superintendent_(police)" title="Superintendent (police)">Superintendent</a> and having a central station from which subsidiary and suburban stations are managed.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Christchurch Police Communications Centre handles all emergency and general calls within the South Island. </p><p>The Tasman Police District covers 70,000 kilometres<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Why is this units of length? Should it be units of area? (August 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of territory, encompassing the northern and most of the western portion of the South Island. The West Coast alone spans the distance between <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>. There are 22 police stations in the Tasman District, with 6 being sole-charge – or one-person – stations. The Tasman Police District has a total of 302 sworn police officers and 57 civilian or nonsworn staff. Organisationally, the district has its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand" title="Nelson, New Zealand">Nelson</a> and has three distinct Areas, each headed by an <a href="/wiki/Inspector" title="Inspector">Inspector</a> as its commander. The areas are <a href="/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand" title="Nelson, New Zealand">Nelson Bays</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Coast,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="West Coast, New Zealand">West Coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marlborough_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Marlborough Region">Marlborough</a>. </p><p>The Canterbury Police District is based in <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a> the largest city in the South Island and covers an area extending from the <a href="/wiki/Conway_River,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Conway River, New Zealand">Conway River</a>, (just south of <a href="/wiki/Kaik%C5%8Dura" title="Kaikōura">Kaikōura</a>), to the <a href="/wiki/Waitaki_River" title="Waitaki River">Waitaki River</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/Timaru" title="Timaru">Timaru</a>. </p><p>The Southern Police District with its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a> spans from <a href="/wiki/Oamaru" title="Oamaru">Oamaru</a> in the North through to <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Island" title="Stewart Island">Stewart Island</a> in the far South covers the largest geographical area of any of the 12 police districts in New Zealand. The Southern District has three distinct Areas headed by Inspectors; Otago Rural, Southland and Dunedin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Correctional_facilities">Correctional facilities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Correctional facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Correctional facilities in the South Island are operated by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Corrections_(New_Zealand)" title="Department of Corrections (New Zealand)">Department of Corrections</a> as part of the South Island Prison Region. <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Christchurch Prison">Christchurch Prison</a>, also known as Paparua, is located in <a href="/wiki/Templeton,_New_Zealand" title="Templeton, New Zealand">Templeton</a> a satellite town of <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>. It accommodates up to 780 minimum, medium, and high-security male prisoners. It was built in 1925, and also includes a youth unit, a self-care unit and the <i>Paparua Remand Centre</i> (PRC), built in 1999 to replace the old <i>Addington Prison</i>. Christchurch Women's Prison, also located in <a href="/wiki/Templeton,_New_Zealand" title="Templeton, New Zealand">Templeton</a>, is a facility for women of all security classifications. It has the only maximum/medium security accommodation for women prisoners in New Zealand. It can accommodate up to 98 prisoners. </p><p>Rolleston prison is located in <a href="/wiki/Rolleston,_New_Zealand" title="Rolleston, New Zealand">Rolleston</a>, another satellite town of <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>. It accommodates around 320 male prisoners of minimum to low-medium security classifications and includes <i>Kia Marama</i> a sixty-bed unit that provides an intensive 9-month treatment programme for male child sex offenders. Invercargill Prison, in <a href="/wiki/Invercargill" title="Invercargill">Invercargill</a>, accommodates up to 172 minimum to low-medium security prisoners. Otago Corrections Facility is located near <a href="/wiki/Milton,_New_Zealand" title="Milton, New Zealand">Milton</a> and houses up to 335 minimum to high-medium security male prisoners. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Customs_service">Customs service</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Customs service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Customs_Service" title="New Zealand Customs Service">New Zealand Customs Service</a> whose role is to provide <a href="/wiki/Border_control" title="Border control">border control</a> and protect the community from potential risks arising from <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Travel" title="Travel">travel</a>, as well as collecting <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">duties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxes</a> on imports to the country, has offices at <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Christchurch International Airport">Christchurch International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Invercargill" title="Invercargill">Invercargill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyttelton,_New_Zealand" title="Lyttelton, New Zealand">Lyttelton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand" title="Nelson, New Zealand">Nelson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_New_Zealand" title="Sport in New Zealand">Sport in New Zealand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lineout.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Lineout.JPG/220px-Lineout.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Lineout.JPG/330px-Lineout.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Lineout.JPG/440px-Lineout.JPG 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a> based <a href="/wiki/Crusaders_(rugby_union)" title="Crusaders (rugby union)">Crusaders</a> rugby team playing the Bulls from <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Super_Rugby" title="Super Rugby">Super Rugby</a> competition</figcaption></figure> <p>Of the professional sports teams based in the South Island, the major spectator sports of <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_New_Zealand" title="Rugby union in New Zealand">rugby union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_New_Zealand" title="Cricket in New Zealand">cricket</a> are particularly well represented. The <a href="/wiki/Crusaders_(rugby_union)" title="Crusaders (rugby union)">Crusaders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Highlanders_(rugby_union)" title="Highlanders (rugby union)">Highlanders</a> represent the upper and lower South Island respectively in rugby union's <a href="/wiki/Super_Rugby" title="Super Rugby">Super Rugby</a> competition; and <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_representative_rugby_union_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Canterbury representative rugby union team">Canterbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otago_Rugby_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Otago Rugby Union">Otago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southland_Rugby" class="mw-redirect" title="Southland Rugby">Southland Stags</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasman_Rugby_Union" title="Tasman Rugby Union">Tasman Makos</a> all participate in provincial rugby's <a href="/wiki/ITM_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="ITM Cup">ITM Cup</a>. At cricket, the South Island is represented by the <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Wizards" class="mw-redirect" title="Canterbury Wizards">Canterbury Wizards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Stags" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Stags">Central Stags</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Otago_Volts" class="mw-redirect" title="Otago Volts">Otago Volts</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_first-class_cricket_championship" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand first-class cricket championship">Plunket Shield</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_limited-overs_cricket_trophy" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand limited-overs cricket trophy">one day domestic series</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Super_Smash_(men%27s_cricket)" title="Super Smash (men's cricket)">Super Smash</a>. </p><p>As well as rugby union and cricket, the South Island also boasts representative teams in the domestic <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_League_(New_Zealand)" title="National Basketball League (New Zealand)">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Football_Championship" title="New Zealand Football Championship">soccer</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Ice_Hockey_League" title="New Zealand Ice Hockey League">ice hockey</a>, <a href="/wiki/ANZ_Championship" title="ANZ Championship">netball</a>, and <a href="/wiki/NZRL_Men%27s_National_Competition" class="mw-redirect" title="NZRL Men's National Competition">rugby league</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/North_vs_South_rugby_union_match" title="North vs South rugby union match">North vs South match</a>, sometimes known as the Interisland match, is a longstanding rugby union fixture in New Zealand. The first game was played in 1897, the most recent one in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christchurch hosted the <a href="/wiki/1974_Commonwealth_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1974 Commonwealth Games">1974 Commonwealth Games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" 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portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_of_the_South_Island_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities and towns of the South Island by population">Cities and towns of the South Island by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_the_South_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in the South Island">List of twin towns and sister cities in the South Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_South_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the South Island">Military of the South Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Munster_Province" title="New Munster Province">New Munster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nor%27west_arch" title="Nor'west arch">Nor'west arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Island_nationalism" title="South Island nationalism">South Island nationalism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stuff.co.nz&rft.atitle=South+Island+the+true+Mainland%3A+Cecile+Meier&rft.date=2015-09-10&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=Cecile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Ftravel%2F71913355%2Fsouth-island-the-true-mainland-cecile-meier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMein_Smith2005" class="citation book cs1">Mein Smith, Philippa (2005). <i>A Concise History of New Zealand</i>. Australia: Cambridge University Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-54228-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-54228-6"><bdi>0-521-54228-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+New+Zealand&rft.place=Australia&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-54228-6&rft.aulast=Mein+Smith&rft.aufirst=Philippa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ngaitahu.iwi.nz/our_stories/understanding-aoraki-aoraki-bound-alumni-reach-new-heights/">"Understanding Aoraki"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+Aoraki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fngaitahu.iwi.nz%2Four_stories%2Funderstanding-aoraki-aoraki-bound-alumni-reach-new-heights%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224214113/http://nhc.net.nz/index/museum-new-zealand/maori-cave-art/maori-cave-art.htm">"Very Old Maori Rock Drawings"</a>. Natural Heritage Collection. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhc.net.nz/index/museum-new-zealand/maori-cave-art/maori-cave-art.htm">the original</a> on 24 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Very+Old+Maori+Rock+Drawings&rft.pub=Natural+Heritage+Collection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhc.net.nz%2Findex%2Fmuseum-new-zealand%2Fmaori-cave-art%2Fmaori-cave-art.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith2007" class="citation book cs1">Keith, Hamish (2007). <i>The Big Picture: A history of New Zealand art from. 1642</i>. pp. 11–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86962-132-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86962-132-2"><bdi>978-1-86962-132-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Picture%3A+A+history+of+New+Zealand+art+from.+1642&rft.pages=11-16&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-86962-132-2&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=Hamish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927201123/http://www.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz/reports/viewchapter.asp?reportID=df5193bc-b315-4a9c-a9bb-2a2f88a3557a&chapter=1">"The Ngāi Tahu Claim: Supplementary Report on Ngāi Tahu Legal Personality"</a>. Waitangi Tribunal. section 2.2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz/reports/viewchapter.asp?reportID=df5193bc-b315-4a9c-a9bb-2a2f88a3557a&chapter=1">the original</a> on 27 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ng%C4%81i+Tahu+Claim%3A+Supplementary+Report+on+Ng%C4%81i+Tahu+Legal+Personality&rft.pages=section+2.2&rft.pub=Waitangi+Tribunal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz%2Freports%2Fviewchapter.asp%3FreportID%3Ddf5193bc-b315-4a9c-a9bb-2a2f88a3557a%26chapter%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_King2003" class="citation book cs1">Michael King (2003). <i>The Penguin History of New Zealand</i>. Penguin Books. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-301867-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-301867-4"><bdi>978-0-14-301867-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+History+of+New+Zealand&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-14-301867-4&rft.au=Michael+King&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/MaoriNewZealanders/Moriori/4/en">"Moriori – The impact of new arrivals"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moriori+%E2%80%93+The+impact+of+new+arrivals&rft.pub=Teara.govt.nz&rft.date=2009-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teara.govt.nz%2FNewZealanders%2FMaoriNewZealanders%2FMoriori%2F4%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-teara-ngaitahu-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-teara-ngaitahu_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-teara-ngaitahu_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-teara-ngaitahu_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTau2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tau, Te Maire (8 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/ngai-tahu">"Ngāi Tahu"</a>. <i>Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ng%C4%81i+Tahu&rft.btitle=Te+Ara+%E2%80%93+the+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=2005-02-08&rft.aulast=Tau&rft.aufirst=Te+Maire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fngai-tahu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith1910-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith1910_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS_Percy_Smith1910" class="citation book cs1">S Percy Smith (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-SmiHist-t1-body1-d21-d7.html"><i>History and Traditions of the Maoris of the West Coast North Island of New Zealand Prior to 1840</i></a>. New Plymouth: Polynesian Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+Traditions+of+the+Maoris+of+the+West+Coast+North+Island+of+New+Zealand+Prior+to+1840&rft.place=New+Plymouth&rft.pub=Polynesian+Society&rft.date=1910&rft.au=S+Percy+Smith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-SmiHist-t1-body1-d21-d7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AthollAnderson-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AthollAnderson_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtholl_Anderson1990" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Atholl Anderson (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/biographies/1t59/te-puoho-o-te-rangi">"Te Puoho-o-te-rangi"</a>. <i>Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i>. 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Retrieved 14 December 2008.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theprow.org.nz/d-urville-s-tasman-bay-odyssey/#.UPmE0B2R-So">"D'Urville's Tasman Bay Odyssey"</a>. <i>theprow.org.nz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theprow.org.nz&rft.atitle=D%27Urville%27s+Tasman+Bay+Odyssey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theprow.org.nz%2Fd-urville-s-tasman-bay-odyssey%2F%23.UPmE0B2R-So&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. H. McLintock (ed), <i>An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand</i>, 3 vols, Wellington, NZ:R.E. Owen, Government Printer, 1966, vol 3 p. 526.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbie_Whitmore" class="citation web cs1">Robbie Whitmore. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-nz.org/colonisation4.html">"French colonists – New Zealand in History"</a>. <i>history-nz.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history-nz.org&rft.atitle=French+colonists+%E2%80%93+New+Zealand+in+History&rft.au=Robbie+Whitmore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history-nz.org%2Fcolonisation4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100301191845/http://www.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz/reports/viewchapter.asp?reportID=D5D84302-EB22-4A52-BE78-16AF39F71D91&chapter=30">"The Ngāi Tahu Report 1991"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz/reports/viewchapter.asp?reportID=D5D84302-EB22-4A52-BE78-16AF39F71D91&chapter=30">the original</a> on 1 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ng%C4%81i+Tahu+Report+1991&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz%2Freports%2Fviewchapter.asp%3FreportID%3DD5D84302-EB22-4A52-BE78-16AF39F71D91%26chapter%3D30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Journey-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Journey_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzhistory.govt.nz/files/documents/Journey.pdf"><i>The Journey of the Treaty</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. State Services Commission. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170414152742/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/files/documents/Journey.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journey+of+the+Treaty&rft.pub=State+Services+Commission&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzhistory.govt.nz%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2FJourney.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-King-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-King_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_King2003" class="citation book cs1">Michael King (2003). <i>The Penguin History of New Zealand</i>. 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Retrieved 25 January 2009. Areas are based on 2001 boundaries. Water bodies greater than 15 hectares are excluded.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.stats.govt.nz/Census/2001-census-data/2001-census-regional-summary.aspx">"2001 Census: Regional summary"</a>. <i>archive.stats.govt.nz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.govt.nz/~/media/Statistics/Census/2013%20Census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-culture-identity/tables.xls">the original</a> on 24 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2013+Census+QuickStats+about+culture+and+identity+%E2%80%93+data+tables&rft.pub=Statistics+New+Zealand&rft.date=2014-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.govt.nz%2F~%2Fmedia%2FStatistics%2FCensus%2F2013%2520Census%2Fprofile-and-summary-reports%2Fquickstats-culture-identity%2Ftables.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Island" class="Z3988"></span> Note some percentages (e.g. ethnicity, language) may add to more than 100 percent as people could give multiple responses.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/regional-gross-domestic-product-year-ended-march-2022/">"Regional gross domestic product: Year ended March 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand" title="Statistics New Zealand">Statistics New Zealand</a>. 24 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New Zealand Police. 7 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+deceased+%E2%80%93+Christchurch+earthquake&rft.pub=New+Zealand+Police&rft.date=2011-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.police.govt.nz%2Flist-deceased&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-current_death_toll-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-current_death_toll_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/christchurch-earthquake/4721042/Christchurch-earthquake-Latest-news-Wednesday">"Christchurch earthquake: Latest news – Wednesday"</a>. <i>stuff.co.nz</i>. 2 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stuff.co.nz&rft.atitle=Christchurch+earthquake%3A+Latest+news+%E2%80%93+Wednesday&rft.date=2011-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fnational%2Fchristchurch-earthquake%2F4721042%2FChristchurch-earthquake-Latest-news-Wednesday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From NIWA Science <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niwascience.co.nz/edu/resources/climate/overview/">climate overview</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://niwa.co.nz/news/new-zealands-coldest-recorded-temperature">"New Zealand's coldest recorded temperature"</a>. <i>NIWA</i>. 6 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NIWA&rft.atitle=New+Zealand%27s+coldest+recorded+temperature&rft.date=2017-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fniwa.co.nz%2Fnews%2Fnew-zealands-coldest-recorded-temperature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/nzs-temperature-record-hits-new-low-minus-256degc/QLZUFM4XQ45CRGHSHGNVH7ZQWE/">"NZ's temperature record hits new low – minus 25.6degC"</a>. <i>NZ Herald</i>. 15 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NZ+Herald&rft.atitle=NZ%27s+temperature+record+hits+new+low+%E2%80%93+minus+25.6degC&rft.date=2024-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fnz%2Fnzs-temperature-record-hits-new-low-minus-256degc%2FQLZUFM4XQ45CRGHSHGNVH7ZQWE%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015102420/http://www.niwascience.co.nz/__data/assets/file/0006/44655/sunshine.xls">"Mean monthly sunshine hours"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Water_and_Atmospheric_Research" title="National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research">National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niwascience.co.nz/__data/assets/file/0006/44655/sunshine.xls">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XLS)</span> on 15 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mean+monthly+sunshine+hours&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Water+and+Atmospheric+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.niwascience.co.nz%2F__data%2Fassets%2Ffile%2F0006%2F44655%2Fsunshine.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chinn, Trevor J.H., (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/prof/p1386h/nzealand/nzealand.html">Glaciers of New Zealand</a>, in <i>Satellite image atlas of glaciers of the world</i>, U.S. Geological Survey professional paper; 1386, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-607-71457-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-607-71457-9">978-0-607-71457-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/551">"UNESCO World Heritage official website listing"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+official+website+listing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doc.govt.nz/templates/PlaceProfile.aspx?id=45070">Hakatere Conservation Park</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081014012512/http://doc.govt.nz/templates/PlaceProfile.aspx?id=45070">Archived</a> 14 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Department of Conservation website. Retrieved 21 January 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Niwa-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Niwa_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niwa_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://niwa.co.nz/te-kuwaha/tools-and-resources/ng%C4%81-waihotanga-iho-the-estuary-monitoring-toolkit-for-iwi/estuary-origins">"Estuary origins"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Water_and_Atmospheric_Research" title="National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research">National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estuary+origins&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Water+and+Atmospheric+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fniwa.co.nz%2Fte-kuwaha%2Ftools-and-resources%2Fng%25C4%2581-waihotanga-iho-the-estuary-monitoring-toolkit-for-iwi%2Festuary-origins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ray-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ray_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayAdams2001" class="citation journal cs1">Ray, N.; Adams, J.M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue11/2/toc.html">"A GIS-based Vegetation Map of the World at the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000–15,000 BP)"</a>. <i>Internet Archaeology</i>. <b>11</b> (11). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11141%2Fia.11.2">10.11141/ia.11.2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archaeology&rft.atitle=A+GIS-based+Vegetation+Map+of+the+World+at+the+Last+Glacial+Maximum+%2825%2C000%E2%80%9315%2C000+BP%29&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11141%2Fia.11.2&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Adams%2C+J.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fintarch.ac.uk%2Fjournal%2Fissue11%2F2%2Ftoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzqa.govt.nz/audience-pages/nzist/">"New Zealand Institute of Skills and Technology (NZIST) and NZIST subsidiaries"</a>. <i>NZQA</i>. New Zealand Qualifications Authority<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NZQA&rft.atitle=New+Zealand+Institute+of+Skills+and+Technology+%28NZIST%29+and+NZIST+subsidiaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzqa.govt.nz%2Faudience-pages%2Fnzist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/indexmh/dhb-faq#7">"What are the populations served by DHBs? – FAQs about DHBs – Ministry of Health"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+are+the+populations+served+by+DHBs%3F+%E2%80%93+FAQs+about+DHBs+%E2%80%93+Ministry+of+Health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moh.govt.nz%2Fmoh.nsf%2Findexmh%2Fdhb-faq%237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Island" class="Z3988"></span>. Population based on Statistics New Zealand population projections in September 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.majortrauma.nz/assets/Publication-Resources/Out-of-hospital-triage/3.-Major-trauma-destination-policy-South-Island-Feb-2017.pdf">"New Zealand Out-of-Hospital Major Trauma Destination Policy – South Island Area"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Trauma Network/Te Hononga Whētuki ā-Motu</i>. February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Trauma+Network%2FTe+Hononga+Wh%C4%93tuki+%C4%81-Motu&rft.atitle=New+Zealand+Out-of-Hospital+Major+Trauma+Destination+Policy+%E2%80%93+South+Island+Area&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.majortrauma.nz%2Fassets%2FPublication-Resources%2FOut-of-hospital-triage%2F3.-Major-trauma-destination-policy-South-Island-Feb-2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.111emergency.co.nz/RescueHelicopters.htm">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090123032255/http://www.111emergency.co.nz/RescueHelicopters.htm">Archived</a> 23 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100605030915/http://www.airrescue.co.nz/K/medical-transfer-service-hospital-transfers-medical-emergency/_I.117">"New Zealand Flying Doctor Service"</a>. Airrescue.co.nz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airrescue.co.nz/K/medical-transfer-service-hospital-transfers-medical-emergency/_I.117">the original</a> on 5 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+Flying+Doctor+Service&rft.pub=Airrescue.co.nz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airrescue.co.nz%2FK%2Fmedical-transfer-service-hospital-transfers-medical-emergency%2F_I.117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.odt.co.nz/star-news/star-south-today/say-goodbye-your-favourite-exhibits-museum-closes-upgrade">"Say goodbye to your favourite exhibits before museum closes for upgrade"</a>. <i>Star News</i>. 12 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Star+News&rft.atitle=Say+goodbye+to+your+favourite+exhibits+before+museum+closes+for+upgrade&rft.date=2022-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.odt.co.nz%2Fstar-news%2Fstar-south-today%2Fsay-goodbye-your-favourite-exhibits-museum-closes-upgrade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110101091154/http://otagomusa.wordpress.com/download/">"Muslim University Students' Association website"</a>. Otagomusa.wordpress.com. 28 May 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://otagomusa.wordpress.com/download/">the original</a> on 1 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muslim+University+Students%27+Association+website&rft.pub=Otagomusa.wordpress.com&rft.date=2010-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fotagomusa.wordpress.com%2Fdownload%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Distance between Mecca and Dunedin is 14,811.44 kilometers according to <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.geodatasource.com/distancecalculator.aspx">http://www.geodatasource.com/distancecalculator.aspx</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101018120647/http://www.geodatasource.com/distancecalculator.aspx">Archived</a> 18 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.police.govt.nz/district/index.html">"New Zealand Police Districts"</a>. Police.govt.nz<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+Police+Districts&rft.pub=Police.govt.nz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.police.govt.nz%2Fdistrict%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100604223355/http://www.customs.govt.nz/contactUs.htm#paraTitle02">"Customs Service Offices – New Zealand"</a>. Customs.govt.nz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.customs.govt.nz/contactUs.htm#paraTitle02">the original</a> on 4 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Customs+Service+Offices+%E2%80%93+New+Zealand&rft.pub=Customs.govt.nz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.customs.govt.nz%2FcontactUs.htm%23paraTitle02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeenty2020" class="citation web cs1">Geenty, Mark (5 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/all-blacks/122677469/north-v-south-thriller-goes-souths-way-after-absorbing-battle-of-the-playmakers?rm=a">"North v South: Thriller goes South's way after absorbing battle of the playmakers"</a>. <i>Stuff.co.nz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stuff.co.nz&rft.atitle=North+v+South%3A+Thriller+goes+South%27s+way+after+absorbing+battle+of+the+playmakers&rft.date=2020-09-05&rft.aulast=Geenty&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fsport%2Frugby%2Fall-blacks%2F122677469%2Fnorth-v-south-thriller-goes-souths-way-after-absorbing-battle-of-the-playmakers%3Frm%3Da&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://my.christchurchcitylibraries.com/xth-commonwealth-games-1974/">"Xth British Commonwealth Games 1974"</a>. Christchurch City Libraries<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Xth+British+Commonwealth+Games+1974&rft.pub=Christchurch+City+Libraries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmy.christchurchcitylibraries.com%2Fxth-commonwealth-games-1974%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Atkinson, Brett, et al. <i>New Zealand's South Island</i> (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EWYaU5OL-BgC">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBull,_Mary_P.2004" class="citation book cs1">Bull, Mary P. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rO42LMY1vsUC&pg=PA15"><i>New Zealand Tales and Tours: South Island Adventures</i></a>. Trafford Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412008631" title="Special:BookSources/9781412008631"><bdi>9781412008631</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+Tales+and+Tours%3A+South+Island+Adventures&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781412008631&rft.au=Bull%2C+Mary+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrO42LMY1vsUC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Island" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Island&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:South_Island,_New_Zealand" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:South Island, New Zealand">South Island, New Zealand</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/South_Island#Q120755" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:South Island">South Island</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tourism.net.nz/new-zealand/about-new-zealand/regions/--south-island/regional-information.html">South Island</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">Regions of New Zealand</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northland_Region" title="Northland Region">Northland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Region" title="Auckland Region">Auckland</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waikato" title="Waikato">Waikato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty_Region" title="Bay of Plenty Region">Bay of Plenty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gisborne_District" title="Gisborne District">Gisborne</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawke%27s_Bay" title="Hawke's Bay">Hawke's Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranaki" title="Taranaki">Taranaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manawat%C5%AB-Whanganui" title="Manawatū-Whanganui">Manawatū-Whanganui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington_Region" title="Wellington Region">Wellington</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/80px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/120px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/160px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Island</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tasman_District" title="Tasman District">Tasman</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand" title="Nelson, New Zealand">Nelson</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlborough_District" title="Marlborough District">Marlborough</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Region" title="West Coast Region">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southland_Region" title="Southland Region">Southland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>* Governed by a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authority#New_Zealand" title="Unitary authority">unitary authority</a> rather than a regional council</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239009302"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World&#039;s_largest_islands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World%27s_largest_islands" title="Template:World's largest islands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World%27s_largest_islands" title="Template talk:World's largest islands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World%27s_largest_islands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World's largest islands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World&#039;s_largest_islands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">World's largest islands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000 km<sup>2</sup><br />(38,610 sq mi) and greater</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greenland" title="Geography of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Madagascar" title="Geography of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Island" title="Victoria Island">Victoria Island</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Island" title="Ellesmere Island">Ellesmere Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cuba" title="Geography of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iceland" title="Geography of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/28px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/42px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/56px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20,000–99,999 km<sup>2</sup><br />(7,722–38,610 sq mi)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banks_Island" title="Banks Island">Banks Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Geography of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tasmania" title="Geography of Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_Island" title="Devon Island">Devon Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Island" title="Alexander Island">Alexander Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severny_Island" title="Severny Island">Severny Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_Grande_de_Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego">Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axel_Heiberg_Island" title="Axel Heiberg Island">Axel Heiberg Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Island_(Northwest_Territories_and_Nunavut)" title="Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)">Melville Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton_Island" title="Southampton Island">Southampton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraj%C3%B3" title="Marajó">Marajó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitsbergen" title="Spitsbergen">Spitsbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Island_(Nunavut)" title="Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)">Prince of Wales Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzhny_Island" title="Yuzhny Island">Yuzhny Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan#Geography" title="Hainan">Hainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicily#Geography" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_Island_(Nunavut)" title="Somerset Island (Nunavut)">Somerset Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotelny_Island" title="Kotelny Island">Kotelny Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Geography" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bananal_Island" title="Bananal Island">Bananal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/248142231">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1303091/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4210770-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2003011232">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Jižní ostrov (Nový Zéland)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge501376&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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