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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indigenous_societies_and_European_explorations_(pre-1604)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_societies_and_European_explorations_(pre-1604)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Indigenous societies and European explorations (pre-1604)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_societies_and_European_explorations_(pre-1604)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acadia_and_Nova_Scotia_(1604–1784)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acadia_and_Nova_Scotia_(1604–1784)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Acadia and Nova Scotia (1604–1784)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acadia_and_Nova_Scotia_(1604–1784)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_colony_of_New_Brunswick_(1784–1866)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_colony_of_New_Brunswick_(1784–1866)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>British colony of New Brunswick (1784–1866)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_colony_of_New_Brunswick_(1784–1866)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_province_(1867–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_province_(1867–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Canadian province (1867–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_province_(1867–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Topography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Primary sector</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judiciary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judiciary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Judiciary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judiciary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provincial_finances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provincial_finances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Provincial finances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provincial_finances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Health care</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regional_public_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_public_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Regional public transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_public_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ferry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ferry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Ferry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ferry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities,_towns,_villages,_counties_and_parishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities,_towns,_villages,_counties_and_parishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Cities, towns, villages, counties and parishes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities,_towns,_villages,_counties_and_parishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historic_places_and_museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_places_and_museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Historic places and museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_places_and_museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Music and theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Visual arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">New Brunswick</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 119 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-119" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">119 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieu-Brunswyk" title="Nieu-Brunswyk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nieu-Brunswyk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%8D_%E1%89%A5%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%9D%E1%8B%8D%E1%8A%AD" title="ኒው ብረንዝውክ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኒው ብረንዝውክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niw_Brunswic" title="Niw Brunswic – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Niw Brunswic" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83" title="نيو برونزويك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيو برونزويك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%98_%DC%92%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%A2%DC%99%DC%98%DC%9D%DC%A9" title="ܢܝܘ ܒܪܘܢܙܘܝܩ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܢܝܘ ܒܪܘܢܙܘܝܩ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Brunswick" title="Nueva Brunswick – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nueva Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="नया ब्रन्स्विक – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="नया ब्रन्स्विक" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyu-Bransuik" title="Nyu-Bransuik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nyu-Bransuik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="نیوبرانزویک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیوبرانزویک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95" title="নিউ ব্রান্সউইক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিউ ব্রান্সউইক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E-%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Нью-Брансуік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нью-Брансуік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E-%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%9E%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Нью-Брансўік – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нью-Брансўік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8E_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%BD%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ню Брънзуик – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ню Брънзуик" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Brunswick" title="Novi Brunswick – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Novi Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick-Nevez" title="Brunswick-Nevez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brunswick-Nevez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E-%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Нью-Брансвик – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Нью-Брансвик" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Brunswick" title="Nova Brunswick – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nova Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick_(lalawigan)" title="New Brunswick (lalawigan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="New Brunswick (lalawigan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%BD_Brun%C5%A1vik" title="Nový Brunšvik – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nový Brunšvik" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novu_Brunswick" title="Novu Brunswick – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Novu Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick_Newydd" title="Brunswick Newydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brunswick Newydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B9%CE%BA" title="Νιου Μπράνσγουικ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νιου Μπράνσγουικ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuevo_Brunswick" title="Nuevo Brunswick – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nuevo Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov-Brunsviko" title="Nov-Brunsviko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nov-Brunsviko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick_Berria" title="Brunswick Berria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Brunswick Berria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="نیوبرانزویک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیوبرانزویک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouveau-Brunswick" title="Nouveau-Brunswick – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nouveau-Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nij-Breunswyk" title="Nij-Breunswyk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nij-Breunswyk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick_Nuadh" title="Brunswick Nuadh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Brunswick Nuadh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novo_Brunswick" title="Novo Brunswick – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Novo Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%89%B4%EB%B8%8C%EB%9F%B0%EC%A6%88%EC%9C%85%EC%A3%BC" title="뉴브런즈윅주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뉴브런즈윅주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82_%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%AF" title="Նյու Բրանսուիկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նյու Բրանսուիկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="न्यू ब्रन्स्विक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="न्यू ब्रन्स्विक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Brunswick" title="Novi Brunswick – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Novi Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E-%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Нью-Брансуик – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Нью-Брансуик" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BDja-Br%C3%BAnsv%C3%ADk" title="Nýja-Brúnsvík – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nýja-Brúnsvík" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuovo_Brunswick" title="Nuovo Brunswick – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nuovo Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7" title="ניו ברנזוויק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניו ברנזוויק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3-%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ნიუ-ბრანსუიკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიუ-ბრანსუიკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E-%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Нью-Брансуик – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нью-Брансуик" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick_Nowydh" title="Brunswick Nowydh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Brunswick Nowydh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muevo_Brunswick" title="Muevo Brunswick – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Muevo Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novum_Brunsvicum" title="Novum Brunsvicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Novum Brunsvicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%85%C5%ABbransvika" title="Ņūbransvika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ņūbransvika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naujasis_Bransvikas" title="Naujasis Bransvikas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Naujasis Bransvikas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuvo_Brunswick" title="Neuvo Brunswick – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Neuvo Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Aj-Brunswick" title="Új-Brunswick – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Új-Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8A%D1%83_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Њу Бранзвик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Њу Бранзвик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ന്യൂ ബ്രൺസ്വിക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ന്യൂ ബ്രൺസ്വിക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="न्यू ब्रुन्सविक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="न्यू ब्रुन्सविक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3-%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ნიუ-ბრანსუიკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნიუ-ბრანსუიკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83" title="نيو برونزويك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيو برونزويك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="نیو برونزویک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نیو برونزویک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E-%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Нью-Брансвик – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нью-Брансвик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BA%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E5%B7%9E" title="ニューブランズウィック州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニューブランズウィック州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B2u_Brunswick" title="Nòu Brunswick – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nòu Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyu-Bransuyk" title="Nyu-Bransuyk – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nyu-Bransuyk" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95" title="ਨਿਊ ਬਰੰਸਵਿਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਿਊ ਬਰੰਸਵਿਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="نیو برانسویک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیو برانسویک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowy_Brunszwik" title="Nowy Brunszwik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nowy Brunszwik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novo_Brunswick" title="Novo Brunswick – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Novo Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noul_Brunswick" title="Noul Brunswick – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Noul Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick_pruwinsya" title="New Brunswick pruwinsya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="New Brunswick pruwinsya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E-%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Нью-Брансуик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нью-Брансуик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nou_Brunswick" title="Nou Brunswick – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Nou Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%88%DA%AA" title="نيو برنزوڪ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نيو برنزوڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Brunswick" title="Novi Brunswick – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Novi Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8E%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ھەرێمی نیو برانزویک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەرێمی نیو برانزویک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8A%D1%83_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Њу Брансвик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Њу Брансвик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Brunswick" title="Novi Brunswick – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Novi Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="நியூ பிரன்சுவிக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நியூ பிரன்சுவிக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E-%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Нью-Брансвик – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Нью-Брансвик" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="รัฐนิวบรันสวิก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐนิวบรันสวิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E-%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Нью-Брансвік – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нью-Брансвік" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="نیو برنزویک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیو برنزویک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A9ngi_Brunswik_%C3%96lkisi" title="Yéngi Brunswik Ölkisi – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Yéngi Brunswik Ölkisi" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%8D%E5%80%AB%E7%91%9E%E5%85%8B%E7%9C%81" title="新不倫瑞克省 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="新不倫瑞克省" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%8D%E4%BC%A6%E7%91%9E%E5%85%8B%E7%9C%81" title="新不伦瑞克省 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="新不伦瑞克省" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7" title="ניו בראנזוויק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ניו בראנזוויק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E8%B3%93%E5%A3%AB%E5%9F%9F" title="紐賓士域 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="紐賓士域" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="New Brunswick" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauj%C4%81sis_Bransv%C4%97ks" title="Naujāsis Bransvėks – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Naujāsis Bransvėks" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=New_Brunswick&params=46_30_N_66_00_W_type:adm1st_scale:30000000_region:CA-NB"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">66°00′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.500°N 66.000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.500; -66.000</span></span></span></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Province of Canada</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Canadian province. For the city, see <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick,_New_Jersey" title="New Brunswick, New Jersey">New Brunswick, New Jersey</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="New Brunswick (disambiguation)">New Brunswick (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"New Brunswicker" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswicker_(apple)" title="New Brunswicker (apple)">New Brunswicker (apple)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Province in Canada</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">New Brunswick</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Nouveau-Brunswick</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Province</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of New Brunswick"><img alt="Flag of New Brunswick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/125px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/188px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/250px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_New_Brunswick" title="Flag of New Brunswick">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_New_Brunswick,_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of New Brunswick"><img alt="Coat of arms of New Brunswick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Brunswick%2C_Canada.svg/66px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Brunswick%2C_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="66" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Brunswick%2C_Canada.svg/99px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Brunswick%2C_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Brunswick%2C_Canada.svg/131px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Brunswick%2C_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1584" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Brunswick" title="Coat of arms of New Brunswick">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Spem reduxit</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-spem_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spem-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />("Hope restored")<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"> <div class="" style="width:300px"><div style="position: relative; width:300px;"> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 7.9%; top: 59.4%; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">BC</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 18.4%; top: 62.2%; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">AB</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 27.8%; top: 67%; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">SK</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 37.6%; top: 68%; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">MB</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 50%; top: 71.9%; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">ON</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 68.6%; top: 68%; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">QC</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 79.6%; top: 76%; padding: 0;"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NB</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 83.9%; top: 70.8%; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">PE</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 86.8%; top: 77%; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">NS</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 90.4%; top: 62.7%; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">NL</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 8%; top: 32.5%; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">YT</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 21.4%; top: 40.2%; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">NT</a></b></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 39.3%; top: 42.9%; padding: 0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">NU</a></b></div> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Brunswick_in_Canada_2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Canadian Provinces and Territories"><img alt="Canadian Provinces and Territories" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/New_Brunswick_in_Canada_2.svg/300px-New_Brunswick_in_Canada_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/New_Brunswick_in_Canada_2.svg/450px-New_Brunswick_in_Canada_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/New_Brunswick_in_Canada_2.svg/600px-New_Brunswick_in_Canada_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="942" /></a></span></div></div> </div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=New_Brunswick&params=46_30_N_66_00_W_type:adm1st_scale:30000000_region:CA-NB"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">66°00′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.500°N 66.000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.500; -66.000</span></span></span></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1867 (1st, with <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fredericton" title="Fredericton">Fredericton</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moncton" title="Moncton">Moncton</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest metro</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Moncton" title="Greater Moncton">Greater Moncton</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span class="nowrap">Lieutenant Governor</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Murphy" title="Brenda Murphy">Brenda Murphy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Premier</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Holt" title="Susan Holt">Susan Holt</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_New_Brunswick" title="Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick">Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Federal representation</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House seats</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10 of 338 (3%)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate seats</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Brunswick_senators" title="List of New Brunswick senators">10 of 105</a> (9.5%)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">72,908 km<sup>2</sup> (28,150 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">71,450 km<sup>2</sup> (27,590 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">1,458 km<sup>2</sup> (563 sq mi)  2%</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">11th</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data">0.7% of Canada</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021</a>)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">775,610<sup id="cite_ref-StatCan2021_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatCan2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(Q3 2024)</div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">854,355<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">8th</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">10.86/km<sup>2</sup> (28.1/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">New Brunswicker <small><i><br /><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">FR</a>: Néo-Brunswickois(e)</i></small> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">9th</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total (2017)</th><td class="infobox-data">C$36.088 billion<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">C$42,606 (11th)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • HDI (2021)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.904<sup id="cite_ref-:10_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — <span style="color:#090">Very high</span> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Canadian provinces and territories by Human Development Index">12th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Canada" title="Time in Canada">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC-04:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC-04:00">UTC-04:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Time_Zone" title="Atlantic Time Zone">Atlantic</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC-03:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC-03:00">UTC-03:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Time_Zone" title="Atlantic Time Zone">Atlantic DST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_postal_abbreviations_for_provinces_and_territories" title="Canadian postal abbreviations for provinces and territories">Canadian postal abbr.</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">NB</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code prefix</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><a href="/wiki/List_of_E_postal_codes_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of E postal codes of Canada">E</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:CA" title="ISO 3166-2:CA">CA-NB</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Flower</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Viola_cucullata" title="Viola cucullata">Purple violet</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tree</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abies_balsamea" title="Abies balsamea">Balsam fir</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bird</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Black-capped_chickadee" title="Black-capped chickadee">Black-capped chickadee</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">Rankings include all <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">provinces and territories</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>New Brunswick</b><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one of the thirteen <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_Territories_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces and Territories of Canada">provinces and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. It is one of the three <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Canada">Maritime provinces</a> and one of the four <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic provinces</a>. It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> to the east, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Saint_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Saint Lawrence">Gulf of Saint Lawrence</a> to the northeast, the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a> to the southeast, and the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> to the west. New Brunswick is about 83% forested and its northern half is occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Appalachians" class="mw-redirect" title="Appalachians">Appalachians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The province's climate is <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental</a> with snowy winters and temperate summers. </p><p>New Brunswick has a surface area of 72,908 km<sup>2</sup> (28,150 sq mi) and 775,610 inhabitants (2021 census).<sup id="cite_ref-census_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atypically for Canada, only about half of the population lives in urban areas - predominantly in <a href="/wiki/Moncton" title="Moncton">Moncton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fredericton" title="Fredericton">Fredericton</a>. </p><p>In 1969, New Brunswick passed the <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick_Official_Languages_Act_(1969)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Brunswick Official Languages Act (1969)">Official Languages Act</a> which began recognizing French as an <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a>, along with English.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Brunswickers have the right to receive provincial government services in the official language of their choice.<sup id="cite_ref-HistOfficLang_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistOfficLang-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About two thirds of the population are <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English speaking</a> and one third is <a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">French speaking</a>. New Brunswick is home to most of the cultural region of <a href="/wiki/Acadia_(region)" title="Acadia (region)">Acadia</a> and most <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a>. New Brunswick's <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">variety</a> of French is called <a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian French</a>. There are seven regional accents.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New Brunswick was first inhabited by <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Mi%E2%80%99kmaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi’kmaq">Mi’kmaq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maliseet" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliseet">Maliseet</a>. In 1604, <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">colony</a>, was founded with the creation of <a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port-Royal</a>. For 150 years afterwards, Acadia changed hands multiple times due to numerous conflicts between France and the United Kingdom. From 1755 to 1764, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> deported <a href="/wiki/Acadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Acadian">Acadians</a> en masse, an event known as the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Great Upheaval</a>. This, along with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris</a>, solidified Acadia as <a href="/wiki/British_colonial_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British colonial empire">British property</a>. In 1784, following the arrival of many <a href="/wiki/Loyalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyalists">loyalists</a> fleeing the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolution</a>, the colony of New Brunswick was officially created, separating it from what is now <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1800s, New Brunswick prospered and the population grew rapidly. In 1867, New Brunswick decided to join with Nova Scotia and the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>) to form Canada. After <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a>, shipbuilding and lumbering declined, and <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a> disrupted trade with <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>. </p><p>From the mid-1900s onwards, New Brunswick was one of the poorest regions of Canada, a fact eventually mitigated by <a href="/wiki/Canadian_transfer_payments" title="Canadian transfer payments">transfer payments</a>. However, the province has seen the highest eastward migration in 45 years in both rural and urban areas, as people from Ontario and other parts of Canada migrate to the area.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2002,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the provincial GDP was derived as follows: services (about half being government services and public administration) 43%; construction, manufacturing, and utilities 24%; real estate rental 12%; wholesale and retail 11%; agriculture, forestry, fishing, hunting, mining, oil and gas extraction 5%; transportation and warehousing 5%.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A powerful <a href="/wiki/Market_concentration" title="Market concentration">corporate concentration</a> of large companies in New Brunswick is owned by the <a href="/wiki/Irving_Group_of_Companies" title="Irving Group of Companies">Irving Group of Companies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The province's 2019 output was CA$38.236 billion, which is 1.65% of Canada's <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories_by_gross_domestic_product" title="List of Canadian provinces and territories by gross domestic product">GDP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tourism accounts for 9% of the labour force either directly or indirectly. Popular destinations include the <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Rocks" title="Hopewell Rocks">Hopewell Rocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fundy_National_Park" title="Fundy National Park">Fundy National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_Hill_(Moncton)" title="Magnetic Hill (Moncton)">Magnetic Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kouchibouguac_National_Park" title="Kouchibouguac National Park">Kouchibouguac National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Campobello_International_Park" title="Roosevelt Campobello International Park">Roosevelt Campobello International Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 January 2023, local government of New Brunswick <a href="/wiki/2023_New_Brunswick_local_governance_reform" title="2023 New Brunswick local governance reform">restructured the entities</a> (admin level 4) throughout the province. The previous 340 entities were replaced by 77 local governments and 12 rural districts. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_of_the_province">Name of the province</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name of the province"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New Brunswick was named in 1784 in honour of <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">George III</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Great Britain">King of Great Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Ireland">King of Ireland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">prince-elector</a> of <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Brunswick-Lüneburg</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire_of_the_German_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation">Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation</a> (until 1806) in what is now Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon its split from <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, it was initially named New Ireland; it was not long until the name was then changed to New Brunswick.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original Brunswick is known as <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a>, but also Brunswiek (in <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a>), and also Bronswiek (in the local dialect). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">History of New Brunswick</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_New_Brunswick#History" title="Monarchy in New Brunswick">Monarchy in New Brunswick § History</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_societies_and_European_explorations_(pre-1604)"><span id="Indigenous_societies_and_European_explorations_.28pre-1604.29"></span>Indigenous societies and European explorations (pre-1604)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Indigenous societies and European explorations (pre-1604)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlement of the Americas">Settlement of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples in New Brunswick">Indigenous peoples in New Brunswick</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_North_America" title="Exploration of North America">Exploration of North America</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a> are believed to have been the first humans on the land of New Brunswick, settling there roughly 10,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because their descendants did not leave a written record, there is a lack of knowledge of the history of the area before the arrival of European explorers. At the time of European contact, inhabitants were the <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq" title="Mi'kmaq">Micmac</a> of New Brunswick's eastern coast, the <a href="/wiki/Maliseet" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliseet">Maliseet</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Wolastoq" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolastoq">Wolastoq</a> valley, and the <a href="/wiki/Passamaquoddy" title="Passamaquoddy">Passamaquoddy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/St._Croix_River_(Maine%E2%80%93New_Brunswick)" title="St. Croix River (Maine–New Brunswick)">St. Croix River</a> valley. Many tribal placenames originate from their <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Algonquian_languages" title="Eastern Algonquian languages">Eastern Algonquian languages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Aroostook,_New_Brunswick" title="Aroostook, New Brunswick">Aroostook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bouctouche" class="mw-redirect" title="Bouctouche">Bouctouche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memramcook" title="Memramcook">Memramcook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petitcodiac,_New_Brunswick" title="Petitcodiac, New Brunswick">Petitcodiac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quispamsis" title="Quispamsis">Quispamsis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richibucto" title="Richibucto">Richibucto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shediac" title="Shediac">Shediac</a>. </p><p>The first documented European exploration of New Brunswick was made by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cartier" title="Jacques Cartier">Jacques Cartier</a> in 1534, when his party set foot in <a href="/wiki/Miscou" class="mw-redirect" title="Miscou">Miscou</a> and explored the coasts of <a href="/wiki/Chaleur_Bay" title="Chaleur Bay">Chaleur Bay</a>. They made contact with aboriginals, who from this point on began to trade with Europeans. This also exposed them to <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acadia_and_Nova_Scotia_(1604–1784)"><span id="Acadia_and_Nova_Scotia_.281604.E2.80.931784.29"></span>Acadia and Nova Scotia (1604–1784)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Acadia and Nova Scotia (1604–1784)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a>, a colonial division of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> covering the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime provinces">Maritimes</a>, was founded in 1604 by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain">Samuel de Champlain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Dugua_de_Mons" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Dugua de Mons">Pierre Dugua de Mons</a> with a settlement on <a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix_Island,_Maine" title="Saint Croix Island, Maine">Saint Croix Island</a>. It was quickly abandoned due to difficult living conditions and moved to Acadia's capital, <a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port-Royal</a>. There, the Micmacs helped the French survive. In 1626, Port-Royal was destroyed by the British. The British conquered Acadia shortly after and held it until 1629. <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a>, King of Scotland, renamed it "Nova Scotia" in English. </p><p>The Micmacs helped all French survivors, including <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Saint-%C3%89tienne_de_la_Tour" title="Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour">Charles de Saint-Étienne de la Tour</a>. Together, they established a <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a> network along the <a href="/wiki/Saint_John_River_(Bay_of_Fundy)" title="Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)">Saint John River</a>. With the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1627%E2%80%931629)" title="Anglo-French War (1627–1629)">Anglo-French War (1627–1629)</a>, de la Tour was issued a charter to govern Acadia. In 1629, Acadia was officially returned to France. As such, a new wave of French settlers arrived in Port-Royal to revitalise the colony, including <a href="/wiki/Isaac_de_Razilly" title="Isaac de Razilly">Isaac de Razilly</a>, a new <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Acadia" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Acadia">governor of Acadia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Menou_d%27Aulnay" title="Charles de Menou d'Aulnay">Charles de Menou d'Aulnay</a>, his cousin. de Razilly and de la Tour's charters conflicted with each others', but the two maintained an amicable relationship. In 1635, de Razilly died, triggering tensions between de la Tour, who governed from the Saint John valley, and d'Aulnay, who governed from Port-Royal. In the 1630s, this erupted into the <a href="/wiki/Acadian_Civil_War" title="Acadian Civil War">Acadian Civil War</a>. d'Aulnay managed to expel de la Tour in 1644. But, following d'Aulnay's death in 1650, de la Tour married his widow in 1653, essentially overturning his success. </p><p>Over time, French settlement extended up the river to the site of present-day <a href="/wiki/Fredericton" title="Fredericton">Fredericton</a>. Other settlements in the southeast extended from <a href="/wiki/Beaubassin" title="Beaubassin">Beaubassin</a>, near the present-day border with Nova Scotia, to <a href="/wiki/Baie_Verte,_New_Brunswick" title="Baie Verte, New Brunswick">Baie Verte</a>, and up the <a href="/wiki/Petitcodiac,_New_Brunswick" title="Petitcodiac, New Brunswick">Petitcodiac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Memramcook,_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Memramcook, New Brunswick">Memramcook</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shepody,_New_Brunswick" title="Shepody, New Brunswick">Shepody</a> Rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The descendants of Acadia's French colonists became the <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a>. Acadians developed a unique society characterised by dyking technology, which allowed them to cultivate marshes left by the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a>'s tides, and by tightly knit independent communities, because they were often neglected by French authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1690s, in <a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a>, attacks were launched from the Saint John valley by <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="Military history of the Acadians">Acadian militias</a> onto New England colonists. This would create a deep English hostility against the French presence in the region. </p><p> From the 1600s to mid-1700s, Acadia was routinely a war zone between the French and the English and would often change hands. However, Acadia would definitively fall into British hands following <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a>, a conquest of most of the Acadian peninsula, formalized by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht_(1713)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht (1713)">Treaty of Utrecht of 1713</a>. After the war, Acadia was reduced to Île Saint-Jean (<a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>) and <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-Royale_(New_France)" title="Île-Royale (New France)">Île-Royale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a>), with the ownership of continental Acadia (New Brunswick) being disputed between France and Britain, with an informal border on the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Chignecto" title="Isthmus of Chignecto">Isthmus of Chignecto</a>. In an effort to limit British expansion into continental Acadia, the French built <a href="/wiki/Fort_Beaus%C3%A9jour" title="Fort Beauséjour">Fort Beauséjour</a> at the isthmus in 1751. </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FortBeausejour1750McCordMuseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/FortBeausejour1750McCordMuseum.jpg/220px-FortBeausejour1750McCordMuseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/FortBeausejour1750McCordMuseum.jpg/330px-FortBeausejour1750McCordMuseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/FortBeausejour1750McCordMuseum.jpg/440px-FortBeausejour1750McCordMuseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fort_Beaus%C3%A9jour" title="Fort Beauséjour">Fort Beauséjour</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Chignecto" title="Isthmus of Chignecto">Isthmus of Chignecto</a>. The French built the fort in 1751 in an effort to limit British expansion into continental Acadia.</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1749 to 1755, <a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Father Le Loutre's War</a> took place, where British soldiers fought against Acadians and Micmacs to consolidate their power over Acadia/Nova Scotia. In 1755, the British <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Beaus%C3%A9jour" title="Battle of Fort Beauséjour">captured Fort Beauséjour</a>, severing the Acadian supply lines to Nova Scotia, and Île-Royale. Continental Acadia thus came to be incorporated into the British colony of Nova Scotia with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris</a> in 1763. Following this, the British, unsatisfied with the Acadian's surrender because they refused to pledge allegiance, turned to capturing and exporting Acadians en masse, an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> event known as the <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Acadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Deportation of the Acadians">Deportation of the Acadians</a> which was ordered by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Monckton" title="Robert Monckton">Robert Monckton</a>. From 1755 to 1763, 12,000 Acadians out of 18,000 were forcefully deported to various locations around the world, though 8000 died before arrival. The remaining 6000 Acadians escaped the British by fleeing North to the present <i><a href="/wiki/Acadia_(region)" title="Acadia (region)">Acadia</a></i>, or to <a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1755 to 1757, most Acadians were deported to the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>. From 1758 to 1762, most were sent to France. Between 1763 and 1785, many deported Acadians relocated to join their compatriots in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a>. Their descendants became <a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a>. In the 1780s and 1790s, some Acadians returned to Acadia, and discovered several thousand English immigrants, mostly from New England, on their former lands.<sup id="cite_ref-hc_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hc-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1700s, the British began to make efforts to colonise the region, mostly by importing colonists from New England. Before the American Revolution, these colonists were called <a href="/wiki/New_England_Planters" title="New England Planters">planters</a>. After the revolution, the colonists were called <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">loyalists</a>, because only those loyal to the British crown settled in Nova Scotia. In 1766, planters from Pennsylvania founded <a href="/wiki/Moncton" title="Moncton">Moncton</a>, and English settlers from <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Sackville,_New_Brunswick" title="Sackville, New Brunswick">Sackville</a> area. In the 1770s, 10,000 loyalists settled along the north shore of the Bay of Fundy.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1783, both <a href="/wiki/Saint_Andrews,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint Andrews, New Brunswick">Saint Andrews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John</a> were founded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_colony_of_New_Brunswick_(1784–1866)"><span id="British_colony_of_New_Brunswick_.281784.E2.80.931866.29"></span>British colony of New Brunswick (1784–1866)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: British colony of New Brunswick (1784–1866)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Sandham_-_The_Coming_of_the_Loyalists.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Henry_Sandham_-_The_Coming_of_the_Loyalists.jpg/170px-Henry_Sandham_-_The_Coming_of_the_Loyalists.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Henry_Sandham_-_The_Coming_of_the_Loyalists.jpg/255px-Henry_Sandham_-_The_Coming_of_the_Loyalists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Henry_Sandham_-_The_Coming_of_the_Loyalists.jpg/340px-Henry_Sandham_-_The_Coming_of_the_Loyalists.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1987" /></a><figcaption>A romanticized depiction of the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalists" class="mw-redirect" title="United Empire Loyalists">Loyalists</a> in New Brunswick</figcaption></figure><p> Loyalists who received land allocations around the St. John River valley, the Bay of Fundy or the Northumberland Strait became dissatisfied with being governed from <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a> because it was so far away. Therefore, on 18 June 1784, the British government created a new province for them: New Brunswick. New Brunswick was formed from the partition of <a href="/wiki/Sunbury_County,_Nova_Scotia" title="Sunbury County, Nova Scotia">Sunbury County</a> from the remainder of Nova Scotia.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that same year, New Brunswick formed its first elected assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-responsible-government_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-responsible-government-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first governor was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carleton" title="Thomas Carleton">Thomas Carleton</a>, and, in 1785, he chose the <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(place)" title="Hamlet (place)">hamlet</a> of Sainte-Anne as the provincial capital. Sainte-Anne was later renamed Frederick's Town (and then later <a href="/wiki/Fredericton" title="Fredericton">Fredericton</a>) after the third son of <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In total, it is believed that around 14,000 loyalist refugees came to New Brunswick. However, 10% eventually returned to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1785, Saint John became New Brunswick's first incorporated city.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economically, New Brunswick was a poor environment for agriculture and mining. Its fishery was also far inferior to that of Nova Scotia's. New Brunswick's forests were rich in wood, but as wood is a bulky and low-value commodity, accessible markets were limited. Essentially, in the late 1700s, New Brunswick was a peripheral corner of the British Empire and North American world. Geopolitical events in Europe would change this situation. In 1806, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">continental blockade</a> forced the United Kingdom, which usually relied on the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> for supplies, to import timber from its North American colonies. This stimulated the lumber trade in New Brunswick, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1805 and 1812, New Brunswick annually exported 100,000 tons of squared timber. In 1819, the number exceeded 240,000 tons, and in 1825 exports reached their highest level at 417,000 tons.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also resulted in the emergence of a shipbuilding market. These industries were then bolstered by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian%E2%80%93American_Reciprocity_Treaty" title="Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty">Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty</a> of 1854, and demand from the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> of 1861 to 1865. <a href="/wiki/St._Martins,_New_Brunswick" title="St. Martins, New Brunswick">St. Martins</a> became the third most productive shipbuilding town in the Maritimes and produced over 500 vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1800 to 1851, New Brunswick's population grew from 25,000 to 200,000, and it saw large-scale immigration from Ireland and Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1848, responsible home government was granted.<sup id="cite_ref-responsible-government_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-responsible-government-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1850s saw the emergence of political parties largely organised along religious and ethnic lines.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the late 1700s to mid 1800s, <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a> became a minority, and they lived largely on the fringes of society, fearful of the English. They were mostly illiterate due to laws preventing them from opening schools.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were also not part of the economic boom, and had troubles asserting their land rights.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1860s, the notion of unifying the maritime colonies of British North America was being increasingly discussed. This was due to multiple factors. For example, some felt that the American Civil War was the result of a weak central government and wished to avoid the same fate.<sup id="cite_ref-confed_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-confed-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some also wanted to increase trade between the colonies, and be less economically tied to the US. In 1864, the <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown_Conference" title="Charlottetown Conference">Charlottetown Conference</a> was held to discuss a possible <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Union" title="Maritime Union">Maritime Union</a> between <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, New Brunswick and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a>, caught wind of the conference and decided to send representatives to attend. They asked that the agenda be expanded to discuss a union that would also include them. </p><p>In 1866, the United States cancelled the Reciprocity Treaty, leading to a loss of trade and a stronger desire to build up trade within British North America.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian raid</a> in 1866 also increased public support for a potential union.<sup id="cite_ref-nb-confed_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nb-confed-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian_province_(1867–present)"><span id="Canadian_province_.281867.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Canadian province (1867–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Canadian province (1867–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 1 July 1867, New Brunswick joined with Nova Scotia and the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province of Canada</a> (now Ontario and Quebec) to create the Dominion of Canada. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Henderson,_Intercolonial_Railway_bridge_at_Sackville,_NB,_1875.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Alexander_Henderson%2C_Intercolonial_Railway_bridge_at_Sackville%2C_NB%2C_1875.jpg/220px-Alexander_Henderson%2C_Intercolonial_Railway_bridge_at_Sackville%2C_NB%2C_1875.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Alexander_Henderson%2C_Intercolonial_Railway_bridge_at_Sackville%2C_NB%2C_1875.jpg/330px-Alexander_Henderson%2C_Intercolonial_Railway_bridge_at_Sackville%2C_NB%2C_1875.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Alexander_Henderson%2C_Intercolonial_Railway_bridge_at_Sackville%2C_NB%2C_1875.jpg/440px-Alexander_Henderson%2C_Intercolonial_Railway_bridge_at_Sackville%2C_NB%2C_1875.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Intercolonial_Railway" title="Intercolonial Railway">Intercolonial Railway</a> bridge, 1875. The railway was established as a result of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Though Confederation brought into existence the <a href="/wiki/Intercolonial_Railway" title="Intercolonial Railway">Intercolonial Railway</a> in 1872, new barriers undermined traditional trade relations. In 1879, <a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931942)" title="Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)">Conservatives</a> enacted the <a href="/wiki/National_Policy" title="National Policy">National Policy</a>, which called for high tariffs and opposed <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>, disrupting the trading relationship between the Maritimes and <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>. The economic situation was worsened by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Saint_John" title="Great Fire of Saint John">Great Fire of Saint John</a> of 1877, the decline of the shipbuilding industry, and the US <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">Panic of 1893</a>. Many experienced workers lost their jobs and had to move west or to the United States. </p><p>In 1871, the government introduced free education, banning <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">catechism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cassock" title="Cassock">cassock</a> and French in public schools in the process. Though contested by the Acadians and the Irish, the law was deemed constitutional. Following a riot in <a href="/wiki/Caraquet" title="Caraquet">Caraquet</a> in 1875, and political pressure, the bans were lifted in 1877.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Irving_Group_of_Companies" title="Irving Group of Companies">Irving Group of Companies</a>, founded by the <a href="/wiki/Irving_Family_(New_Brunswick)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irving Family (New Brunswick)">Irving family</a>, officially began in 1881 in <a href="/wiki/Grand-Bouctouche" title="Grand-Bouctouche">Bouctouche</a> when James Irving bought a sawmill.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, the family continued to acquire businesses and substantial wealth, eventually becoming the richest family in the province. Today, Irving is considered by many to exert a monopoly over New Brunswick.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Towards the early 20th century, the economy began to improve somewhat. The railways and tariffs fostered the growth of new industries in the province such as textile manufacturing, iron mills, <a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">pulp and paper mills</a>, and sugar refineries.<sup id="cite_ref-hc_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hc-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many of these eventually failed to compete with their competition in Central Canada. Unemployement was high for a long time and increased during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> of the 1930s. </p><p>By the end of the Great Depression, the New Brunswick standard of living was much lower than the Canadian average. In 1937, New Brunswick had the highest infant mortality and illiteracy rates in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1940, the <a href="/wiki/Rowell%E2%80%93Sirois_Commission" title="Rowell–Sirois Commission">Rowell–Sirois Commission</a> reported grave flaws in the Canadian constitution. While the federal government had most of the revenue gathering powers, the provinces had many expenditure responsibilities such as healthcare, education, and welfare, which were becoming increasingly expensive. The Commission recommended the creation of <a href="/wiki/Equalization_payments_in_Canada" title="Equalization payments in Canada">equalization payments</a>, which were eventually implemented in 1957. </p><p>After Canada joined <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, 14 NB army units were organized, in addition to <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_New_Brunswick_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal New Brunswick Regiment">The Royal New Brunswick Regiment</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and first deployed in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italian campaign</a> in 1943. After the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a> they redeployed to northwestern Europe, along with <a href="/wiki/The_North_Shore_(New_Brunswick)_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="The North Shore (New Brunswick) Regiment">The North Shore Regiment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Air_Training_Plan" title="British Commonwealth Air Training Plan">British Commonwealth Air Training Plan</a>, a training program for ally pilots, established bases in Moncton, <a href="/wiki/Chatham,_New_Brunswick" title="Chatham, New Brunswick">Chatham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pennfield_Ridge,_New_Brunswick" title="Pennfield Ridge, New Brunswick">Pennfield Ridge</a>, as well as a military typing school in Saint John. While relatively unindustrialized before the war, New Brunswick became home to 34 plants on military contracts from which the province received over $78 million.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King</a>, who had promised no conscription, asked the provinces if they would release the government of said promise. New Brunswick voted 69.1% yes. The policy was not implemented until 1944, too late for many of the conscripts to be deployed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were 1808 NB fatalities among the armed forces.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bienvenue_au_Nouveau-Brunswick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bienvenue_au_Nouveau-Brunswick.jpg/220px-Bienvenue_au_Nouveau-Brunswick.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bienvenue_au_Nouveau-Brunswick.jpg/330px-Bienvenue_au_Nouveau-Brunswick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bienvenue_au_Nouveau-Brunswick.jpg/440px-Bienvenue_au_Nouveau-Brunswick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>A provincial welcome sign in English and French, the two official languages of the province</figcaption></figure> <p>The Acadians in northern New Brunswick had long been geographically and linguistically isolated from the more numerous English speakers to the south. The population of French origin grew dramatically after Confederation, from about 16 per cent in 1871 to 34 per cent in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-cenb_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cenb-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government services were often not available in French, and the infrastructure in Francophone areas was less developed than elsewhere. In 1960 Premier <a href="/wiki/Louis_Robichaud" title="Louis Robichaud">Louis Robichaud</a> embarked on the <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick_Equal_Opportunity_program" title="New Brunswick Equal Opportunity program">New Brunswick Equal Opportunity program</a>, in which education, rural road maintenance, and healthcare fell under the sole jurisdiction of a provincial government that insisted on equal coverage throughout the province, rather than the former county-based system. In 1969 the Robichaud government adopted the Official Languages Act making the province officially bilingual and establishing the right of New Brunswickers to obtain provincial government services in the official language of their choice. In 1982 at the request of the government of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hatfield" title="Richard Hatfield">Richard Hatfield</a>, this right became part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a></i> and therefore part of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution of Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HistOfficLang_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistOfficLang-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_New_Brunswick" title="Flag of New Brunswick">flag of New Brunswick</a>, based on the coat of arms, was adopted in 1965. The conventional heraldic representations of a lion and a ship represent colonial ties with Europe, and the importance of shipping at the time the coat of arms was assigned.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, the Court of Queen's Bench <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_New_Brunswick" title="Same-sex marriage in New Brunswick">approved a ruling</a> allowing for the legalization of <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the beginning of 2023, the provincial government implemented a <a href="/wiki/2023_New_Brunswick_local_governance_reform" title="2023 New Brunswick local governance reform">local governance reform</a>, reducing the number of entities from 340 to 89.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_New_Brunswick" title="Geography of New Brunswick">Geography of New Brunswick</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Brunswick_topographic_map-fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/New_Brunswick_topographic_map-fr.svg/220px-New_Brunswick_topographic_map-fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/New_Brunswick_topographic_map-fr.svg/330px-New_Brunswick_topographic_map-fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/New_Brunswick_topographic_map-fr.svg/440px-New_Brunswick_topographic_map-fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2237" data-file-height="2199" /></a><figcaption>Topographic map of New Brunswick</figcaption></figure> <p>Roughly square, New Brunswick is bordered on the north by Quebec, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Bay of Fundy, and on the west by the US state of <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>. The southeast corner of the province is connected to Nova Scotia at the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">isthmus</a> of Chignecto. </p><p>Glaciation has left much of New Brunswick's uplands with only shallow, acidic soils which have discouraged settlement but which are home to enormous forests.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_New_Brunswick" title="Climate change in New Brunswick">Climate change in New Brunswick</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Brunswick_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/New_Brunswick_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/220px-New_Brunswick_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/New_Brunswick_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/330px-New_Brunswick_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/New_Brunswick_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/440px-New_Brunswick_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1170" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate types</a> of New Brunswick</figcaption></figure> <p>New Brunswick's climate is more severe than that of the other Maritime provinces, which are lower and have more shoreline along the moderating sea. New Brunswick has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a>, with slightly milder winters on the Gulf of St. Lawrence coastline. Elevated parts of the far north of the province have a <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic climate</a>. </p><p>Evidence of <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">climate change</a> in New Brunswick can be seen in its more intense precipitation events, more frequent winter <a href="/wiki/Thaw_(weather)" title="Thaw (weather)">thaws</a>, and one quarter to half the amount of <a href="/wiki/Snowpack" title="Snowpack">snowpack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-climate-change_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate-change-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the sea level is about 30 cm (1 ft) higher than it was 100 years ago, and it is expected to rise twice that much again by the year 2100.<sup id="cite_ref-climate-change_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate-change-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_New_Brunswick" title="List of birds of New Brunswick">List of birds of New Brunswick</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Furbish_lousewort_(37037460636).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Furbish_lousewort_%2837037460636%29.jpg/220px-Furbish_lousewort_%2837037460636%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Furbish_lousewort_%2837037460636%29.jpg/330px-Furbish_lousewort_%2837037460636%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Furbish_lousewort_%2837037460636%29.jpg/440px-Furbish_lousewort_%2837037460636%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pedicularis_furbishiae" title="Pedicularis furbishiae">Furbish's lousewort</a> is a herb <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to the shores of the upper <a href="/wiki/Saint_John_River_(Bay_of_Fundy)" title="Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)">Saint John River</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Most of New Brunswick<sup id="cite_ref-hydro_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hydro-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is forested with <a href="/wiki/Secondary_forest" title="Secondary forest">secondary forest</a> or tertiary forest. At the start of European settlement, the Maritimes were covered from coast to coast by a forest of mature trees, giants by today's standards. Today less than one per cent of old-growth <a href="/wiki/New_England/Acadian_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="New England/Acadian forests">Acadian forest</a> remains,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a> lists the Acadian Forest as endangered.<sup id="cite_ref-simpson_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simpson-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the frequent large scale disturbances caused by settlement and timber harvesting, the Acadian forest is not growing back as it was, but is subject to borealization. This means that exposure-resistant species that are well adapted to the frequent large-scale disturbances common in the boreal forest are increasingly abundant. These include <a href="/wiki/Jack_pine" title="Jack pine">jack pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abies_balsamea" title="Abies balsamea">balsam fir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picea_mariana" title="Picea mariana">black spruce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betula_papyrifera" title="Betula papyrifera">white birch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">poplar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-simpson_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simpson-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forest ecosystems support large carnivores such as the <a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">bobcat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada_lynx" title="Canada lynx">Canada lynx</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">black bear</a>, and the large herbivores <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a> and <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">white-tailed deer</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fiddlehead_fern" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiddlehead fern">Fiddlehead greens</a> are harvested from the <a href="/wiki/Matteuccia" title="Matteuccia">Ostrich fern</a> which grows on riverbanks. <a href="/wiki/Pedicularis_furbishiae" title="Pedicularis furbishiae">Furbish's lousewort</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennial</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">herb</a> <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to the shores of the upper Saint John River, is an <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a> threatened by habitat destruction, riverside development, forestry, littering and recreational use of the riverbank.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetlands">wetlands</a> are being disrupted by the highly invasive <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a> <a href="/wiki/Lythrum_salicaria" title="Lythrum salicaria">purple loosestrife</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a> population in the province has dropped by 70% since 1985. The widespread use of <a href="/wiki/Glyphosate" title="Glyphosate">glyphosate</a> may have contributed to this.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2014, the New Brunswick government has allowed forestry companies to harvest 20 percent more wood there than before.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandstone_in_Canada_-_IMG_0791_(11385934064).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sandstone_in_Canada_-_IMG_0791_%2811385934064%29.jpg/220px-Sandstone_in_Canada_-_IMG_0791_%2811385934064%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sandstone_in_Canada_-_IMG_0791_%2811385934064%29.jpg/330px-Sandstone_in_Canada_-_IMG_0791_%2811385934064%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Sandstone_in_Canada_-_IMG_0791_%2811385934064%29.jpg/440px-Sandstone_in_Canada_-_IMG_0791_%2811385934064%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Rocks" title="Hopewell Rocks">Hopewell Rocks</a> are rock formations located at the upper reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Cape,_New_Brunswick" title="Hopewell Cape, New Brunswick">Hopewell Cape</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bedrock types range from 1 billion to 200 million years old.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the bedrock in the west and north derives from ocean deposits in the <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> that were subject to <a href="/wiki/Fold_(geology)" title="Fold (geology)">folding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous</a> <a href="/wiki/Intrusive_rock" title="Intrusive rock">intrusion</a> and that were eventually covered with lava during the <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a>, peaking during the <a href="/wiki/Acadian_orogeny" title="Acadian orogeny">Acadian orogeny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hc_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hc-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> period, about 340 million years ago, New Brunswick was in the <a href="/wiki/Maritimes_Basin" title="Maritimes Basin">Maritimes Basin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basin" title="Sedimentary basin">sedimentary basin</a> near the equator. Sediments, brought by rivers from surrounding highlands, accumulated there; after being compressed, they produced the Albert <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shales</a> of southern New Brunswick. Eventually, sea water from the <a href="/wiki/Panthalassa" title="Panthalassa">Panthalassic Ocean</a> invaded the basin, forming the Windsor Sea. Once this receded, <a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">conglomerates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shales</a> accumulated. The <a href="/wiki/Rust" title="Rust">rust</a> colour of these was caused by the oxidation of iron in the beds between wet and dry periods.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such late Carboniferous rock formed the <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Rocks" title="Hopewell Rocks">Hopewell Rocks</a>, which have been shaped by the extreme <a href="/wiki/Tidal_range" title="Tidal range">tidal range</a> of the Bay of Fundy. </p><p>In the early <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Pangea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangea">Pangea</a> drifted north it was rent apart, forming the <a href="/wiki/Rift_valley" title="Rift valley">rift valley</a> that is the Bay of Fundy. <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">Magma</a> pushed up through the cracks, forming <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> columns on <a href="/wiki/Grand_Manan" title="Grand Manan">Grand Manan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fundygeo_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fundygeo-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Topography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:027_NB_BigNictauLake_DSC_1468.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/027_NB_BigNictauLake_DSC_1468.JPG/220px-027_NB_BigNictauLake_DSC_1468.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/027_NB_BigNictauLake_DSC_1468.JPG/330px-027_NB_BigNictauLake_DSC_1468.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/027_NB_BigNictauLake_DSC_1468.JPG/440px-027_NB_BigNictauLake_DSC_1468.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian mountains</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carleton_Provincial_Park" title="Mount Carleton Provincial Park">Mount Carleton Provincial Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>New Brunswick lies entirely within the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountain range</a>. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rivers of New Brunswick">rivers of New Brunswick</a> drain into either the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Saint_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Saint Lawrence">Gulf of Saint Lawrence</a> to the east or the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a> to the south. These watersheds include lands in Quebec and Maine.<sup id="cite_ref-hydro_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hydro-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highest point in New Brunswick is <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carleton" title="Mount Carleton">Mount Carleton</a>, 817 m (2,680 ft). </p><p>New Brunswick and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Peninsula" title="Maritime Peninsula">Maritime Peninsula</a> was covered by thick layers of ice during the last glacial period (the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsinian_glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisconsinian glaciation">Wisconsinian glaciation</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Sanger_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanger-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It cut <a href="/wiki/U-shaped_valley" title="U-shaped valley">U-shaped valleys</a> in the Saint John and <a href="/wiki/Nepisiguit_River" title="Nepisiguit River">Nepisiguit River</a> valleys and pushed <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> boulders from the Miramichi highlands south and east, leaving them as <a href="/wiki/Glacial_erratic" title="Glacial erratic">erratics</a> when the ice receded at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation" title="Wisconsin glaciation">Wisconsin glaciation</a>, along with deposits such as the <a href="/wiki/Eskers" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskers">eskers</a> between Woodstock and St George, which are today sources of sand and gravel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_Brunswick" title="Demographics of New Brunswick">Demographics of New Brunswick</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_New_Brunswick" title="List of people from New Brunswick">List of people from New Brunswick</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NB_Population_Density_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/NB_Population_Density_2021.svg/220px-NB_Population_Density_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/NB_Population_Density_2021.svg/330px-NB_Population_Density_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/NB_Population_Density_2021.svg/440px-NB_Population_Density_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="851" /></a><figcaption>Population density of New Brunswick</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Canadian census</a>, New Brunswick had a population of 775,610, a 3.8% increase since the <a href="/wiki/2016_Canadian_census" title="2016 Canadian census">2016 Canadian census</a>. As one of the four <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Provinces">Atlantic Provinces</a> which are Canada's least populated provinces, New Brunswick is the <a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada_by_province_and_territory" title="Population of Canada by province and territory">third-least populous</a> province. The census also recorded New Brunswick as being the fourth-most densely populated Canadian province, with 10.9 people per square kilometre, behind <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-census_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of September 2024, the population is estimated to be 854,355.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Atlantic provinces also have higher rural populations. New Brunswick was largely rural until 1951; since then, the rural-urban split has been roughly even.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Population density in the Maritimes is above average among Canadian provinces; this reflects their small size and the fact that they do not possess large, unpopulated hinterlands like the other seven provinces and three territories. </p><p>New Brunswick's 107 municipalities<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cover <span data-sort-value="7000858414412001146♠" style="display:none"></span>8.6% of the province's land mass but are home to <span data-sort-value="7001653353231155089♠" style="display:none"></span>65.3% of its population. The three major urban areas are in the south of the province and are <a href="/wiki/Greater_Moncton" title="Greater Moncton">Greater Moncton</a>, population 157,717, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Saint_John" title="Greater Saint John">Greater Saint John</a>, population 130,613, and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Fredericton" title="Greater Fredericton">Greater Fredericton</a>, population 108,610. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 2001 census, the most commonly reported ethnicities were British 40%, <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French Canadian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadian</a> 31%, Irish 18%, other European 7%, <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> 3%, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Canadian">Asian Canadian</a> 2%. Each person could choose more than one ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Brunswick_CSD_Languages,_2016.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/New_Brunswick_CSD_Languages%2C_2016.svg/220px-New_Brunswick_CSD_Languages%2C_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/New_Brunswick_CSD_Languages%2C_2016.svg/330px-New_Brunswick_CSD_Languages%2C_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/New_Brunswick_CSD_Languages%2C_2016.svg/440px-New_Brunswick_CSD_Languages%2C_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="807" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>The province's distribution of English and French is highly regional.</figcaption></figure> <p>As of the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Canadian Census</a>, the most spoken languages in the province included English (698,025 or 91.94%), French (317,825 or 41.86%), Spanish (7,580 or 1%), Arabic (6,090 or 0.8%), Tagalog (4,225 or 0.56%), and Hindi (3,745 or 0.49%).<sup id="cite_ref-language2021_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-language2021-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms#Language_rights" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a> in the Canadian Constitution, both English and French are the official languages of New Brunswick,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it the only officially bilingual province. Government and public services are available in both English and French.<sup id="cite_ref-langrights_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langrights-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For education, English-language and French-language systems serve the two linguistic communities at all levels.<sup id="cite_ref-langrights_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langrights-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anglophone New Brunswickers make up roughly two-thirds of the population, while about one-third are Francophone. Recently there has been growth in the numbers of people reporting themselves as bilingual, with 34% reporting that they speak both English and French. This reflects a trend across Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 census</a>, religious groups in New Brunswick included:<sup id="cite_ref-2021censusB_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021censusB-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Canada" title="Christianity in Canada">Christianity</a> (512,645 persons or 67.5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Canada" title="Irreligion in Canada">Irreligion</a> (225,125 persons or 29.7%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Canada" title="Islam in Canada">Islam</a> (9,190 persons or 1.2%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Canada" title="Hinduism in Canada">Hinduism</a> (3,340 persons or 0.4%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Sikhism</a> (1,780 persons or 0.2%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Buddhism</a> (1,120 persons or 0.1%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythologies_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous Spirituality</a> (1,005 persons or 0.1%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Canada">Judaism</a> (1,000 persons or 0.1%)</li> <li>Other (3,990 persons or 0.5%)</li></ul> <p>In the 2011 census, 84% of provincial residents reported themselves as Christian:<sup id="cite_ref-hc_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hc-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 52% were <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Canada">Roman Catholic</a>, 8% <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Atlantic_Baptist_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention of Atlantic Baptist Churches">Baptist</a>, 8% <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church of Canada</a>, 7% <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada" title="Anglican Church of Canada">Anglican</a> and 9% other <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>. 15% percent of residents reported no religion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cruise_003.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cruise_003.JPG/220px-Cruise_003.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cruise_003.JPG/330px-Cruise_003.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cruise_003.JPG/440px-Cruise_003.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Uptown Saint John is a commercial hub and seaport for the province.</figcaption></figure> <p>As of October 2017, seasonally adjusted employment is 73,400 for the goods-producing sector and 280,900 for the services-producing sector. Those in the goods-producing industries are mostly employed in manufacturing or construction, while those in services work in social assistance, trades, and health care.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large portion of the economy is controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Irving_Group_of_Companies" title="Irving Group of Companies">Irving Group of Companies</a>, which consists of the holdings of the family of <a href="/wiki/K._C._Irving" title="K. C. Irving">K. C. Irving</a>. The companies have significant holdings in agriculture, <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freight_transport" title="Freight transport">freight transport</a> (including railways and trucking), media, <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The influence of the Irving family on New Brunswick is such that the province is sometimes described as being subject to a form of economic <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>. In 2016, the 200 or so companies it controls gave it about $10 billion in capital.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group's activities are supported by the authorities through numerous tax exemptions and the payment of subsidies, notably through the Renewable Energy Purchase Program for Large Industry. The province has also progressively handed over the management of the public sector forestry assets to the Irving Group, regularly lowering standards. In 2014, the latter reduced the size of buffer zones between forests and human settlements, allowed more <a href="/wiki/Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">clear-cutting</a>, increased the planned production volume and reduced the proportion of protected areas from 31% to 22%.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through <a href="/wiki/Acadia_Broadcasting" title="Acadia Broadcasting">Acadia Broadcasting</a> the family owns several local radio stations. The family owned all the province's English-language newspapers through <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_News" title="Brunswick News">Brunswick News</a> until its sale to <a href="/wiki/Postmedia_Network" title="Postmedia Network">Postmedia</a> in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-IbrahimCBC_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IbrahimCBC-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For academic <a href="/wiki/Alain_Deneault" title="Alain Deneault">Alain Deneault</a>, "the conflicts of interest that arise from this situation seem caricatural: the group's media essentially echo the positions of the Irving family in all the fields of social and industrial life in which it is involved." The information transmitted by the group and disseminated by the press is sometimes questioned (notably in the fall of 2018, during an explosion at the Saint John refinery), but few public officials, professors and members of parliament carry denunciations, as the family's financial contributions to universities and political parties provide it with leverage.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States is the province's largest export market, accounting for 92% of a foreign trade valued in 2014 at almost $13 billion, with refined petroleum making up 63% of that, followed by seafood products, pulp, paper and sawmill products and non-metallic minerals (chiefly potash). The value of exports, mostly to the United States, was $1.6 billion in 2016. About half of that came from lobster. Other products include salmon, crab, and herring.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, spending on non-resident <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_New_Brunswick" title="Tourism in New Brunswick">tourism in New Brunswick</a> was $441 million, which provided $87 million in tax revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biologists, academics and <a href="/wiki/Eilish_Cleary" title="Eilish Cleary">Eilish Cleary</a>, the province's former head of public health, have reported being subjected to intense pressure (including dismissal in Cleary's case) while analyzing the impact of the company's pesticides and its opaque forest management. Since the 1970s, every premier in the province has been elected with the support of Irving. <a href="/wiki/Blaine_Higgs" title="Blaine Higgs">Blaine Higgs</a>, premier since November 2018, is a former executive of the group. According to journalist <a href="/wiki/Michel_Cormier_(journalist)" title="Michel Cormier (journalist)">Michel Cormier</a>: "We might be able to win an election without Irving's tacit support, but we could hardly aspire to power if he decided to openly oppose it."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_80-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_81-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sector">Primary sector</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Primary sector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A large number of residents from New Brunswick are employed in the <a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary sector of industry">primary sector of industry</a>. More than 13,000 New Brunswickers work in agriculture, shipping products worth over $1 billion, half of which is from crops, and half of that from potatoes, mostly in the Saint John River valley. <a href="/wiki/McCain_Foods" title="McCain Foods">McCain Foods</a> is one of the world's largest manufacturers of frozen potato products. Other products include apples, <a href="/wiki/Cranberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranberries">cranberries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">maple syrup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Brunswick was in 2015 the biggest producer of wild <a href="/wiki/Blueberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Blueberries">blueberries</a> in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The value of the livestock sector is about a quarter of a billion dollars, nearly half of which is dairy. Other sectors include poultry, fur, and goats, sheep, and pigs. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PulpAndPaperMill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PulpAndPaperMill.jpg/220px-PulpAndPaperMill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PulpAndPaperMill.jpg/330px-PulpAndPaperMill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PulpAndPaperMill.jpg/440px-PulpAndPaperMill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A New Brunswick <a href="/wiki/Pulp_mill" title="Pulp mill">pulp mill</a> owned by <a href="/wiki/J._D._Irving" title="J. D. Irving">J. D. Irving</a></figcaption></figure> <p>About 85 to 90% of New Brunswick is forested. Historically important, it accounted for more than 80% of exports in the mid-1800s. By the end of the 1800s the industry, and shipbuilding, were declining due to external economic factors. The 1920s saw the development of a pulp and paper industry. In the mid-1960s, forestry practices changed from the controlled harvests of a commodity to the cultivation of the forests.<sup id="cite_ref-cenb_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cenb-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The industry employs nearly 12,000, generating revenues around $437 million.<sup id="cite_ref-hc_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hc-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mining was historically unimportant in the province, but has grown since the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The province's GDP from the Mining and Quarrying industry in 2015 was $299.5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_mines_in_New_Brunswick" title="List of mines in New Brunswick">Mines in New Brunswick</a> produce lead, zinc, copper, and potash. </p><p>Forest management in the province is particularly opaque. Donald Bowser, an international expert on political corruption, says he is "shocked to discover that there is less transparency in New Brunswick than in <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, despite the huge public funds committed to natural resource development."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_81-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_New_Brunswick" title="Education in New Brunswick">Education in New Brunswick</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UNB_Old_Arts_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/UNB_Old_Arts_Building.jpg/220px-UNB_Old_Arts_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/UNB_Old_Arts_Building.jpg/330px-UNB_Old_Arts_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/UNB_Old_Arts_Building.jpg/440px-UNB_Old_Arts_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1201" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sir_Howard_Douglas_Hall" title="Sir Howard Douglas Hall">Sir Howard Douglas Hall</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Brunswick" title="University of New Brunswick">University of New Brunswick</a> is the oldest university building still in use in Canada.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">Public education</a> elementary and secondary education in the province is administered by the provincial <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_and_Early_Childhood_Development_(New_Brunswick)" title="Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (New Brunswick)">Department of Education and Early Childhood Development</a>. New Brunswick has a parallel system of Anglophone and Francophone <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">public schools</a>. In the anglophone system, approximately 27 per cent of the students are enrolled in a <a href="/wiki/French_immersion" title="French immersion">French immersion</a> programs.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The province also operates five public <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">post-secondary institutions</a>, including four public universities and one <a href="/wiki/College_(Canada)" title="College (Canada)">college</a>. Four public universities operate campuses in New Brunswick, including the oldest English-language university in the country, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Brunswick" title="University of New Brunswick">University of New Brunswick</a>. Other English-language public universities include <a href="/wiki/Mount_Allison_University" title="Mount Allison University">Mount Allison University</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_University_(New_Brunswick)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Thomas University (New Brunswick)">St. Thomas University</a>. <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Moncton" title="Université de Moncton">Université de Moncton</a> is the province's only French-language university. All four universities offer <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">undergraduate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">postgraduate education</a>. Additionally, the Université de Moncton and the University of New Brunswick also provide <a href="/wiki/Professional_development" title="Professional development">professional programs</a>. </p><p>Public colleges in the province are managed as a part of the <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick_Community_College" title="New Brunswick Community College">New Brunswick Community College</a> (NBCC) system, except for the <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick_College_of_Craft_and_Design" title="New Brunswick College of Craft and Design">New Brunswick College of Craft & Design</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has operated through the Department of Post-Secondary Education, Training and Labour since 1938. In addition to public institutions, the province is also home to several private <a href="/wiki/Vocational_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocational schools">vocational schools</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Moncton_Flight_College" title="Moncton Flight College">Moncton Flight College</a>; and universities, the largest being <a href="/wiki/Crandall_University" title="Crandall University">Crandall University</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Government and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_New_Brunswick" title="Government of New Brunswick">Government of New Brunswick</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Brunswick_Legislature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/New_Brunswick_Legislature.png/220px-New_Brunswick_Legislature.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/New_Brunswick_Legislature.png/330px-New_Brunswick_Legislature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/New_Brunswick_Legislature.png/440px-New_Brunswick_Legislature.png 2x" data-file-width="4770" data-file-height="3180" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick_Legislative_Building" title="New Brunswick Legislative Building">New Brunswick Legislative Building</a> serves as the meeting place for the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_New_Brunswick" title="Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick">provincial legislative assembly</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/Canadian_federalism" title="Canadian federalism">Canadian federalism</a>, power is divided between federal and provincial governments. Among areas under federal jurisdiction are citizenship, foreign affairs, national defence, fisheries, criminal law, Indigenous policies, and many others. Provincial jurisdiction covers public lands, health, education, and local government, among other things. Jurisdiction is shared for immigration, pensions, agriculture, and welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The parliamentary system of government is modelled on the British <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster system</a>. Forty-nine representatives, nearly always members of political parties, are elected to the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_New_Brunswick" title="Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick">Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_New_Brunswick" title="Premier of New Brunswick">Premier of New Brunswick</a>, normally the leader of the party or coalition with the most seats in the legislative assembly. Governance is handled by the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_(Commonwealth_countries)" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Council (Commonwealth countries)">executive council</a> (cabinet), with about 32 ministries.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ceremonial duties of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_New_Brunswick" title="Monarchy in New Brunswick">Monarchy in New Brunswick</a> are mostly carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_New_Brunswick" title="Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick">Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick</a>. </p><p>Under amendments to the province's Legislative Assembly Act in 2007, a provincial election is held every four years. The two largest political parties are the <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick_Liberal_Association" title="New Brunswick Liberal Association">New Brunswick Liberal Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_New_Brunswick" title="Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick">Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick</a>. Since the <a href="/wiki/2018_New_Brunswick_general_election" title="2018 New Brunswick general election">2018 election</a>, minor parties are the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_New_Brunswick" title="Green Party of New Brunswick">Green Party of New Brunswick</a> and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Alliance_of_New_Brunswick" title="People's Alliance of New Brunswick">People's Alliance of New Brunswick</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judiciary">Judiciary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Judiciary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Provincial_Court_of_New_Brunswick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Provincial_Court_of_New_Brunswick.jpg/220px-Provincial_Court_of_New_Brunswick.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Provincial_Court_of_New_Brunswick.jpg/330px-Provincial_Court_of_New_Brunswick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Provincial_Court_of_New_Brunswick.jpg/440px-Provincial_Court_of_New_Brunswick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Court_of_New_Brunswick" title="Provincial Court of New Brunswick">Provincial Court of New Brunswick</a> in Saint John</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Appellate_court" title="Appellate court">Court of Appeal</a> of New Brunswick is the highest provincial court. It hears appeals from: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_of_New_Brunswick" title="Court of King's Bench of New Brunswick">Court of King's Bench of New Brunswick</a>: has jurisdiction over family law and major criminal and civil cases and is divided accordingly into two divisions: Family and Trial. It also hears administrative tribunals.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Probate_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Probate Court">Probate Court</a> of New Brunswick: has jurisdiction over estates of deceased persons.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Court_of_New_Brunswick" title="Provincial Court of New Brunswick">Provincial Court of New Brunswick</a>: nearly all cases involving the <i><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_(Canada)" title="Criminal Code (Canada)">Criminal Code</a></i> start here.</li></ul> <p>The system consists of eight Judicial Districts, loosely based on the counties.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_New_Brunswick" title="Chief Justice of New Brunswick">Chief Justice of New Brunswick</a> serves at the apex of this court structure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Administrative_areas_of_New_Brunswick_with_First_Nations_lands_map-blank.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Administrative_areas_of_New_Brunswick_with_First_Nations_lands_map-blank.svg/220px-Administrative_areas_of_New_Brunswick_with_First_Nations_lands_map-blank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Administrative_areas_of_New_Brunswick_with_First_Nations_lands_map-blank.svg/330px-Administrative_areas_of_New_Brunswick_with_First_Nations_lands_map-blank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Administrative_areas_of_New_Brunswick_with_First_Nations_lands_map-blank.svg/440px-Administrative_areas_of_New_Brunswick_with_First_Nations_lands_map-blank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2237" data-file-height="2199" /></a><figcaption>Administrative areas of New Brunswick (historic county borders also shown): <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FEFEE4; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_local_service_districts_in_New_Brunswick" title="List of local service districts in New Brunswick">Local service district</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F6E1B9; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rural_communities_in_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rural communities in New Brunswick">Rural community</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F1C872; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_New_Brunswick" title="List of municipalities in New Brunswick">Municipality</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D75D00; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserve</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>The province has fifteen <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_of_New_Brunswick" title="List of counties of New Brunswick">counties</a>, which served as upper-tier municipalities until the municipal reforms of 1966. While county governments have been abolished in New Brunswick, counties continue to be used as <a href="/wiki/Census_division" title="Census division">census divisions</a> by <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>, and as an organizational unit, along with parishes, for registration of real-estate and its taxation. Counties continue to figure into the sense of identity of many New Brunwickers. Counties are further subdivided into <a href="/wiki/List_of_parishes_in_New_Brunswick" title="List of parishes in New Brunswick">152 parishes</a>, which also lost their political significance in 1966 but are still used as <a href="/wiki/Census_subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Census subdivision">census subdivisions</a> by <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>. </p><p>Ninety-two per cent of the land in the province, inhabited by about 35% of the population, is under provincial administration and has no local, elected representation. The 51% of the province that is <a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">Crown land</a> is administered by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Natural_Resources_and_Energy_Development_(New_Brunswick)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Natural Resources and Energy Development (New Brunswick) (page does not exist)">Department of Natural Resources and Energy Development</a>. </p><p>Most of the province is administrated as a <a href="/wiki/Local_service_district_(New_Brunswick)" title="Local service district (New Brunswick)">local service district (LSD)</a>, an unincorporated unit of local governance. As of 2017, there are 237 LSDs. Services, paid for by property taxes, include a variety of services such as fire protection, solid waste management, street lighting, and dog regulation. LSDs may elect advisory committees<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and work with the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Local_Government_(New_Brunswick)" title="Department of Local Government (New Brunswick)">Department of Local Government</a> to recommend how to spend locally collected taxes. </p><p>In 2006 there were three rural communities. This is a relatively new type of entity; to be created, it requires a population of 3,000 and a tax base of $200 million.<sup id="cite_ref-sorc_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sorc-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006 there were 101 municipalities. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Regional_Service_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional Service Commission">Regional Service Commissions</a>, which number 12, were introduced in 2013 to regulate regional planning and solid waste disposal, and provide a forum for discussion on a regional level of police and emergency services, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_adaptation" title="Climate change adaptation">climate change adaptation</a> planning, and regional sport, recreational and cultural facilities. The commissions' administrative councils are populated by the mayors of each municipality or rural community within a region.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Provincial_finances">Provincial finances</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Provincial finances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2015, New Brunswick had the most poorly-performing economy of any Canadian province, with a per capita income of $28,000.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government has historically run at a large deficit. With about half of the population being rural, it is expensive for the government to provide education and health services, which account for 60 per cent of government expenditure. Thirty-six per cent of the provincial budget is covered by federal cash transfers.<sup id="cite_ref-patriquin_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patriquin-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government has frequently attempted to create employment through subsidies, which has often failed to generate long-term economic prosperity and has resulted in bad debt,<sup id="cite_ref-patriquin_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patriquin-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> examples of which include <a href="/wiki/Bricklin_SV-1" title="Bricklin SV-1">Bricklin</a>, Atcon,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Marriott call centre in Fredericton.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2014 study by the Atlantic Institute for Market Studies, the large public debt is a very serious problem. Government revenues are shrinking because of a decline in federal transfer payments. Though expenditures are down (through government pension reform and a reduction in the number of public employees), they have increased relative to GDP,<sup id="cite_ref-aims_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aims-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> necessitating further measures to reduce debt in the future. </p><p>In the 2014–15 <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">fiscal year</a>, provincial debt reached $12.2 billion or 37.7 per cent of nominal GDP, an increase over the $10.1 billion recorded in 2011–12.<sup id="cite_ref-aims_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aims-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Debt-to-GDP_ratio" title="Debt-to-GDP ratio">debt-to-GDP ratio</a> is projected to fall to 36.7% in 2019–20.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_Brunswick" title="Politics of New Brunswick">Politics of New Brunswick</a></div> <p>Since the mid-20th century, New Brunswick has seen itself sway between being governed under either the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_New_Brunswick" title="Progressive Conservative Party of New Brunswick">Progressive Conservative Party</a> or the <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick_Liberal_Association" title="New Brunswick Liberal Association">Liberal Association</a>, with both having seen several terms in power.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes-JamesAbra-1_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-JamesAbra-1-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since this time period, New Brunswick had also generally elected <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_New_Brunswick" title="Premier of New Brunswick">Premiers</a> who were generally younger, with most Premiers being elected in their thirties;<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this trend changed significantly following the <a href="/wiki/2018_New_Brunswick_general_election" title="2018 New Brunswick general election">2018 provincial election</a>, which saw <a href="/wiki/Blaine_Higgs" title="Blaine Higgs">Blaine Higgs</a> take provincial office at age 64, the oldest in the province's history.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:MediumSeaGreen; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 184.63791930554px; border-left-color:Crimson"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Crimson"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Crimson"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 10.722223627389px; border-left-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:29.103616682827px 95.671205155883px 0 0; border-top-color:Gray"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gray"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Energy capacity by source in NB: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gray; color:black;"> </span> Fossil fuel (54.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black;"> </span> Hydro (22.0%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Crimson; color:white;"> </span> Nuclear (15.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:MediumSeaGreen; color:black;"> </span> Other renewables (7.9%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>Publicly owned <a href="/wiki/NB_Power" title="NB Power">NB Power</a> operates 13 of <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="List of power stations in New Brunswick">New Brunswick's generating stations</a>, deriving power from fuel oil and diesel (1497 MW), hydro (889 MW), nuclear (660 MW), and coal (467 MW). There were 30 active natural gas production sites in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-hc_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hc-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_care">Health care</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Health care"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New Brunswickers are entitled to the universal and government-funded healthcare operated by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_(New_Brunswick)" title="Department of Health (New Brunswick)">Department of Health</a>. They can use their Medicare card to get this care or receive care in another province. New Brunswick is divided into 2 health care regions: Vitalité Health Network and Horizon Health Network. There also exists 2 confidential health information lines: 911 (for emergencies) and 811 (for non-urgent health questions).<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finding a family doctor is important for all New Brunswickers, but it has become difficult over the last decade. Patient Connect NB is a provincially managed, bilingual patient registry that matches New Brunswickers with a family doctor or nurse practitioner on a first-come, first-serve basis.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2022, this registry lists at 74,000 people waiting to be matched.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Health care services not covered by the government include: dentists, optometrists, retirement homes, mental health services, private clinics, and health insurance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Transportation_and_Infrastructure_(New_Brunswick)" title="Department of Transportation and Infrastructure (New Brunswick)">Department of Transportation and Infrastructure (New Brunswick)</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Brunswick_provincial_highways" title="List of New Brunswick provincial highways">List of New Brunswick provincial highways</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_New_Brunswick" title="List of airports in New Brunswick">List of airports in New Brunswick</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Transportation_and_Infrastructure_(New_Brunswick)" title="Department of Transportation and Infrastructure (New Brunswick)">Department of Transportation and Infrastructure</a> maintains government facilities and the province's highway network and ferries. The <a href="/wiki/Trans-Canada_Highway" title="Trans-Canada Highway">Trans-Canada Highway</a> is not under federal jurisdiction, and traverses the province from <a href="/wiki/Edmundston" title="Edmundston">Edmundston</a> following the Saint John River Valley, through Fredericton, Moncton, and on to Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_public_transportation">Regional public transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Regional public transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Transit_agencies_in_New_Brunswick" title="Category:Transit agencies in New Brunswick">Category:Transit agencies in New Brunswick</a></div> <p>The provincial government operates <a href="/wiki/Public_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transportation">public transportation</a> by ferry.<sup id="cite_ref-ferry_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferry-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four cities in New Brunswick operate urban public transportation services: <a href="/wiki/Fredericton_Transit" title="Fredericton Transit">Fredericton Transit</a> (Fredericton), <a href="/wiki/Codiac_Transpo" title="Codiac Transpo">Codiac Transpo</a> (Moncton), <a href="/wiki/Saint_John_Transit" title="Saint John Transit">Saint John Transit</a> (Saint John), and <a href="/wiki/Miramichi_Transit" title="Miramichi Transit">Miramichi Transit</a> (Miramichi).<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parts of the province are also served by <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Bus" title="Maritime Bus">Maritime Bus</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Coach_(bus)" title="Coach (bus)">coach</a> operator.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ferry">Ferry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Ferry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Multiple areas along the <a href="/wiki/Saint_John_River_(Bay_of_Fundy)" title="Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)">Saint John River</a> contain ferries operated by the Department of Transportation and Infrastructure, with routes connecting <a href="/wiki/Greater_Saint_John" title="Greater Saint John">Greater Saint John</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Peninsula" title="Kingston Peninsula">Kingston Peninsula</a>, as well as some routes connecting mainland New Brunswick to various islands. The province is also serviced by <a href="/wiki/Coastal_Transport_Limited" title="Coastal Transport Limited">Coastal Transport Limited</a>, a ferry service which operates three ferries in the province, including a route between <a href="/wiki/Blacks_Harbour,_New_Brunswick" title="Blacks Harbour, New Brunswick">Blacks Harbour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Manan_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Manan Island">Grand Manan Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ferry_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ferry-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bay_Ferries" title="Bay Ferries">Bay Ferries</a> operates the <a href="/wiki/MV_Fundy_Rose" title="MV Fundy Rose">MV <i>Fundy Rose</i></a>, connecting Saint John to <a href="/wiki/Digby,_Nova_Scotia" title="Digby, Nova Scotia">Digby, Nova Scotia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249493202">.mw-parser-output .RMbox{box-shadow:0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.14),0 1px 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.12),0 3px 1px -2px rgba(0,0,0,.2)}.mw-parser-output .RMinline{float:none;width:100%;margin:0;border:none}.mw-parser-output table.routemap{padding:0;border:0;border-collapse:collapse;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;line-height:1.2;margin:auto}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMcollapse{margin:0;border-collapse:collapse;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMreplace{margin:0;border-collapse:collapse;vertical-align:middle;position:absolute;bottom:0}.mw-parser-output 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.RMbsw{width:280px;min-width:280px}.mw-parser-output .RMir .RM_bsw{width:300px;min-width:300px}.mw-parser-output .RMsplit{font-weight:inherit;color:black;background:transparent;margin-top:-3px;margin-bottom:-3px;width:initial!important;box-sizing:initial;display:inline-table;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMl>.RMsplit,.mw-parser-output table.routemap .RMr>.RMsplit{font-size:90%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMbox{background:inherit!important;color:white}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMbox img{filter:contrast(0.4)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets a abbr{color:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMbox th{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-bottom:solid 1px #be2d2c}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMbox small{color:white}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .RMsplit{color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox img{filter:contrast(0.4)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets a abbr{color:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox{background:inherit!important;color:white}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox th{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-bottom:solid 1px #be2d2c}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMbox small{color:white}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .RMsplit{color:white}}</style> <table class="collapsible collapsed RMbox" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="float:right;clear:right;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:1em;margin-left:1em;empty-cells:show;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);color:inherit;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="color:#FFF;background:#27404E;text-align:center;padding:5px"><div><div style="white-space:nowrap;margin-right:55px;margin-left:55px;font-size:113.63636363636%">New Brunswick<br />passenger rail</div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:normal;padding:4px 5px"><div class="selfreference noprint" style="text-align:right;font-size:97%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Railway_line_legend" title="Template:Railway line legend">Legend</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0px 6px 6px"> <table class="nogrid routemap" style="font-size:107.95454545455%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="CONTg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BSicon_CONTg.svg/20px-BSicon_CONTg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BSicon_CONTg.svg/30px-BSicon_CONTg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/BSicon_CONTg.svg/40px-BSicon_CONTg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249493202"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="RMsplit" style="text-align:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit"><a href="/wiki/Via_Rail" title="Via Rail">VIA</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_(train)" title="Ocean (train)">Ocean</a></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:inherit;padding:0;line-height:.9;font-size:inherit">to <a href="/wiki/Rimouski_station" title="Rimouski station">Rimouski</a> & <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Central_Station" title="Montreal Central Station">Montreal</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="BHF"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/20px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/30px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/40px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Campbellton_station" title="Campbellton station">Campbellton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Charlo_station" title="Charlo station">Charlo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jacquet_River_station" title="Jacquet River station">Jacquet River</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Petit_Rocher_station" title="Petit Rocher station">Petit Rocher</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="BHF"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/20px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/30px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/40px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bathurst_station_(New_Brunswick)" title="Bathurst station (New Brunswick)">Bathurst</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="BHF"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/20px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/30px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/40px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Miramichi_station" title="Miramichi station">Miramichi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="hKRZWae"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/BSicon_hKRZWae.svg/20px-BSicon_hKRZWae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/BSicon_hKRZWae.svg/30px-BSicon_hKRZWae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/BSicon_hKRZWae.svg/40px-BSicon_hKRZWae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Miramichi_River" title="Northwest Miramichi River">Northwest Miramichi River</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="hKRZWae"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/BSicon_hKRZWae.svg/20px-BSicon_hKRZWae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/BSicon_hKRZWae.svg/30px-BSicon_hKRZWae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/BSicon_hKRZWae.svg/40px-BSicon_hKRZWae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Miramichi_River" title="Southwest Miramichi River">Southwest Miramichi River</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="HST"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/20px-BSicon_HST.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/30px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/BSicon_HST.svg/40px-BSicon_HST.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rogersville_station" title="Rogersville station">Rogersville</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="BHF"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/20px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/30px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/40px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Moncton_station" title="Moncton station">Moncton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="BHF"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/20px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/30px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/BSicon_BHF.svg/40px-BSicon_BHF.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sackville_station" title="Sackville station">Sackville</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="RMl" colspan="2"> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td class="RMir"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="CONTf"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_CONTf.svg/20px-BSicon_CONTf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_CONTf.svg/30px-BSicon_CONTf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/BSicon_CONTf.svg/40px-BSicon_CONTf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td class="RMr" colspan="2"><div class="RMsi"><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Rail" title="Via Rail">VIA</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Ocean_(train)" title="Ocean (train)">Ocean</a> <i>to <a href="/wiki/Halifax_station_(Nova_Scotia)" title="Halifax station (Nova Scotia)">Halifax</a></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 3px 0 0;"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="RMl1"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="RMr1"> </td> <td> </td> <td style="padding:0 0 0 3px;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:normal;padding:0px 5px 3px;text-align:center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>This diagram: </span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Brunswick_rail_network" title="Template:New Brunswick rail network"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Brunswick_rail_network" title="Template talk:New Brunswick rail network"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Brunswick_rail_network" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Brunswick rail network"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Via_Ocean_14_Jacquet_River_NB_July_31_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Via_Ocean_14_Jacquet_River_NB_July_31_2006.jpg/220px-Via_Ocean_14_Jacquet_River_NB_July_31_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Via_Ocean_14_Jacquet_River_NB_July_31_2006.jpg/330px-Via_Ocean_14_Jacquet_River_NB_July_31_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Via_Ocean_14_Jacquet_River_NB_July_31_2006.jpg/440px-Via_Ocean_14_Jacquet_River_NB_July_31_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Via Ocean 14 Jacquet River NB 31 July 2006</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Via_Rail" title="Via Rail">Via Rail</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ocean_(train)" title="Ocean (train)">Ocean</a> service, which connects <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> to <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a>, is currently the oldest continuously operated passenger route in North America, with stops from west to east at <a href="/wiki/Campbellton_station" title="Campbellton station">Campbellton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlo_station" title="Charlo station">Charlo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacquet_River_station" title="Jacquet River station">Jacquet River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petit_Rocher_station" title="Petit Rocher station">Petit Rocher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bathurst_station_(New_Brunswick)" title="Bathurst station (New Brunswick)">Bathurst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miramichi_station" title="Miramichi station">Miramichi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rogersville_station" title="Rogersville station">Rogersville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moncton_station" title="Moncton station">Moncton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sackville_station" title="Sackville station">Sackville</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway" title="Canadian National Railway">Canadian National Railway</a> operates freight services along the same route, as well as a subdivision from Moncton to Saint John. The <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick_Southern_Railway" title="New Brunswick Southern Railway">New Brunswick Southern Railway</a>, a division of <a href="/wiki/J._D._Irving_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="J. D. Irving Limited">J. D. Irving Limited</a>, together with its sister company <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Maine_Railway_(1995)" title="Eastern Maine Railway (1995)">Eastern Maine Railway</a> form a continuous 305 km (190 mi) main line connecting Saint John and <a href="/wiki/Brownville_Junction,_Maine" title="Brownville Junction, Maine">Brownville Junction</a>, Maine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cities,_towns,_villages,_counties_and_parishes"><span id="Cities.2C_towns.2C_villages.2C_counties_and_parishes"></span>Cities, towns, villages, counties and parishes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Cities, towns, villages, counties and parishes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_New_Brunswick" title="List of municipalities in New Brunswick">8 cities, 30 towns, and 21 villages</a> in New Brunswick,<sup id="cite_ref-LocalGovsReg_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LocalGovsReg-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> grouped into <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_of_New_Brunswick" title="List of counties of New Brunswick">15 counties</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_parishes_in_New_Brunswick" title="List of parishes in New Brunswick">152 parishes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fifteen counties, alphabetically, are <a href="/wiki/Albert_County,_New_Brunswick" title="Albert County, New Brunswick">Albert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carleton_County,_New_Brunswick" title="Carleton County, New Brunswick">Carleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_County,_New_Brunswick" title="Charlotte County, New Brunswick">Charlotte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_County,_New_Brunswick" title="Gloucester County, New Brunswick">Gloucester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent_County,_New_Brunswick" title="Kent County, New Brunswick">Kent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kings_County,_New_Brunswick" title="Kings County, New Brunswick">Kings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madawaska_County,_New_Brunswick" title="Madawaska County, New Brunswick">Madawaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northumberland_County,_New_Brunswick" title="Northumberland County, New Brunswick">Northumberland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queens_County,_New_Brunswick" title="Queens County, New Brunswick">Queens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Restigouche_County,_New_Brunswick" title="Restigouche County, New Brunswick">Restigouche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_John_County,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John County, New Brunswick">Saint John</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunbury_County,_New_Brunswick" title="Sunbury County, New Brunswick">Sunbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_County,_New_Brunswick" title="Victoria County, New Brunswick">Victoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westmorland_County,_New_Brunswick" title="Westmorland County, New Brunswick">Westmorland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/York_County,_New_Brunswick" title="York County, New Brunswick">York</a>. </p><p>New Brunswick's provincial capital is <a href="/wiki/Fredericton" title="Fredericton">Fredericton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population of the city is 63,116 as of 2021. The largest city by population is <a href="/wiki/Moncton" title="Moncton">Moncton</a> with 79,400 residents, and the largest in land area is <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John</a> at 315.59 square kilometres (121.85 sq mi). New Brunswick's other cities are <a href="/wiki/Dieppe,_New_Brunswick" title="Dieppe, New Brunswick">Dieppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miramichi,_New_Brunswick" title="Miramichi, New Brunswick">Miramichi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmundston" title="Edmundston">Edmundston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bathurst,_New_Brunswick" title="Bathurst, New Brunswick">Bathurst</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Campbellton,_New_Brunswick" title="Campbellton, New Brunswick">Campbellton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2021_municipalities_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_municipalities-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_places_and_museums">Historic places and museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Historic places and museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are about 61 <a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_places_in_New_Brunswick" title="List of historic places in New Brunswick">historic places in New Brunswick</a>, including Fort Beauséjour, <a href="/wiki/Kings_Landing_Historical_Settlement" title="Kings Landing Historical Settlement">Kings Landing Historical Settlement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Village_Historique_Acadien" class="mw-redirect" title="Village Historique Acadien">Village Historique Acadien</a>. Established in 1842, the <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick_Museum" title="New Brunswick Museum">New Brunswick Museum</a> in Saint John was designated as the <a href="/wiki/Provincial_museums_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial museums of Canada">provincial museum</a> of New Brunswick. The province is also home to a <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_New_Brunswick" title="List of museums in New Brunswick">number of other museums</a> in addition to the provincial museum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_theatre">Music and theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Music and theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Theatre_2024_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Imperial_Theatre_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Imperial_Theatre_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Imperial_Theatre_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Imperial_Theatre_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Imperial_Theatre_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Imperial_Theatre_2024_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Theatre,_Saint_John" title="Imperial Theatre, Saint John">Imperial Theatre</a> in Saint John hosts the productions of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ballet_Theatre_of_Canada" title="Atlantic Ballet Theatre of Canada">Atlantic Ballet Theatre of Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theatre_New_Brunswick" title="Theatre New Brunswick">Theatre New Brunswick</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Brunswick" title="Music of New Brunswick">music of New Brunswick</a> includes artists such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Burr" title="Henry Burr">Henry Burr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roch_Voisine" title="Roch Voisine">Roch Voisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenny_Breau" title="Lenny Breau">Lenny Breau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89dith_Butler" title="Édith Butler">Édith Butler</a>. <a href="/wiki/Symphony_New_Brunswick" title="Symphony New Brunswick">Symphony New Brunswick</a>, based in Saint John, tours extensively in the province. <a href="/wiki/Symphony_New_Brunswick" title="Symphony New Brunswick">Symphony New Brunswick</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ballet_Theatre_of_Canada" title="Atlantic Ballet Theatre of Canada">Atlantic Ballet Theatre of Canada</a> tours nationally and internationally. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Theatre_New_Brunswick" title="Theatre New Brunswick">Theatre New Brunswick</a> tours plays around the province. Canadian playwright <a href="/wiki/Norm_Foster_(playwright)" title="Norm Foster (playwright)">Norm Foster</a> saw his early works premiere with Theatre New Brunswick. Other theatres of the province include the Théatre populaire d'Acadie in <a href="/wiki/Caraquet" title="Caraquet">Caraquet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Live_Bait_Theatre" title="Live Bait Theatre">Live Bait Theatre</a> in Sackville, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Theatre,_Saint_John" title="Imperial Theatre, Saint John">Imperial</a> in Saint John, the <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Theatre_(Moncton)" title="Capitol Theatre (Moncton)">Capitol</a> theatre in Moncton, and the <a href="/wiki/The_Playhouse_(Fredericton)" title="The Playhouse (Fredericton)">Playhouse</a> theatre in Fredericton. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Visual arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New Brunswick is home to many galleries across the province, including the <a href="/wiki/Beaverbrook_Art_Gallery" title="Beaverbrook Art Gallery">Beaverbrook Art Gallery</a>, which was designated as New Brunswick's provincial art gallery in 1994, and the Galerie d’art Louise-et-Reuben-Cohen at the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Moncton" title="Université de Moncton">Université de Moncton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Brunswick also has four <a href="/wiki/Canadian_artist-run_centres" title="Canadian artist-run centres">artist-run-centres</a>: Connexion ARC located in Fredericton, Galerie Sans Nom in Moncton, Struts Gallery in Sackville, and Third Space Gallery in Saint John, as well as one artist-run printshop, Atelier d'estampe Imago Inc., located in Moncton.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Owens_Art_Gallery,_Mount_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Owens_Art_Gallery%2C_Mount_A.jpg/220px-Owens_Art_Gallery%2C_Mount_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Owens_Art_Gallery%2C_Mount_A.jpg/330px-Owens_Art_Gallery%2C_Mount_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Owens_Art_Gallery%2C_Mount_A.jpg/440px-Owens_Art_Gallery%2C_Mount_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4136" data-file-height="1913" /></a><figcaption>The Owens Art Gallery at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Allison_University" title="Mount Allison University">Mount Allison University</a> is the oldest <a href="/wiki/University_museum" title="University museum">university-operated art gallery</a> in Canada.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mount_Allison_University" title="Mount Allison University">Mount Allison University</a> is known for its art program, which was created in 1854. The program came into its own under <a href="/wiki/John_A._Hammond" title="John A. Hammond">John A. Hammond</a>, from 1893 to 1916. Notable graduates include <a href="/wiki/Alex_Colville" title="Alex Colville">Alex Colville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Pratt" title="Christopher Pratt">Christopher Pratt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Pratt_(painter)" title="Mary Pratt (painter)">Mary Pratt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Herm%C3%A9n%C3%A9gilde_Chiasson" title="Herménégilde Chiasson">Herménégilde Chiasson</a>. The university also opened an art gallery in 1895 and is named for its patron, John Owens of Saint John. The Owens Art Gallery at Mount Allison University is presently the oldest <a href="/wiki/University_museum" title="University museum">university-operated art gallery</a> in Canada. </p><p>Modern New Brunswick artists include landscape painter <a href="/wiki/Jack_Humphrey" title="Jack Humphrey">Jack Humphrey</a>, sculptor <a href="/wiki/Claude_Roussel" title="Claude Roussel">Claude Roussel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Miller_Brittain" title="Miller Brittain">Miller Brittain</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Julia_Catherine_Beckwith" title="Julia Catherine Beckwith">Julia Catherine Beckwith</a>, born in Fredericton, was Canada's first published novelist. Poet <a href="/wiki/Bliss_Carman" title="Bliss Carman">Bliss Carman</a> and his cousin <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._D._Roberts" title="Charles G. D. Roberts">Charles G. D. Roberts</a> were some of the first Canadians to achieve international fame for letters. <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Maillet" title="Antonine Maillet">Antonine Maillet</a> was the first non-European winner of France's <a href="/wiki/Prix_Goncourt" title="Prix Goncourt">Prix Goncourt</a>. Other modern writers include <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bailey_(poet)" title="Alfred Bailey (poet)">Alfred Bailey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alden_Nowlan" title="Alden Nowlan">Alden Nowlan</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Thompson_(Canadian_poet)" title="John Thompson (Canadian poet)">John Thompson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Lochhead" title="Douglas Lochhead">Douglas Lochhead</a>, <a href="/wiki/K._V._Johansen" title="K. V. Johansen">K. V. Johansen</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Adams_Richards" title="David Adams Richards">David Adams Richards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/France_Daigle" title="France Daigle">France Daigle</a>. A recent New Brunswick Lieutenant-Governor, <a href="/wiki/Herm%C3%A9n%C3%A9gilde_Chiasson" title="Herménégilde Chiasson">Herménégilde Chiasson</a>, is a poet and playwright. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fiddlehead" title="The Fiddlehead">The Fiddlehead</a></i>, established in 1945 at University of New Brunswick, is Canada's oldest literary magazine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_New_Brunswick" title="List of television stations in New Brunswick">List of television stations in New Brunswick</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_New_Brunswick" title="List of radio stations in New Brunswick">List of radio stations in New Brunswick</a></div> <p>New Brunswick has four daily newspapers, three English and one French: the <i><a href="/wiki/Telegraph-Journal" title="Telegraph-Journal">Telegraph-Journal</a></i> in Saint John and distributed province-wide, the <i><a href="/wiki/Times_%26_Transcript" title="Times & Transcript">Times & Transcript</a></i> in Moncton, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Gleaner" title="The Daily Gleaner">The Daily Gleaner</a></i> in Fredericton and <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Acadie_Nouvelle" title="L'Acadie Nouvelle">L'Acadie Nouvelle</a></i> in Caraquet. The three English-language dailies and multiple other weeklies are operated by <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_News" title="Brunswick News">Brunswick News</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was previously privately owned by J.D. Irving until being sold to <a href="/wiki/Postmedia_Network" title="Postmedia Network">Postmedia Network</a> in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a> has anglophone television and radio operations in Fredericton. <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_de_Radio-Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Télévision de Radio-Canada">Télévision de Radio-Canada</a> is based in Moncton. <a href="/wiki/CTV_Television_Network" title="CTV Television Network">CTV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_Television_Network" title="Global Television Network">Global</a> also operate stations in New Brunswick, which operate largely as sub-feeds of their stations in Halifax as part of regional networks. </p><p>There are <a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_New_Brunswick" title="List of radio stations in New Brunswick">34 radio stations</a> licensed in New Brunswick, broadcasting in English or French.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_New_Brunswick" title="Outline of New Brunswick">Outline of New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_New_Brunswick" title="Symbols of New Brunswick">Symbols of New Brunswick</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">French: <i lang="fr">Nouveau-Brunswick</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[nuvo<span class="wrap"> </span>bʁœ̃swik]</a></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">locally</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-CA-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[nuvo<span class="wrap"> </span>bʁɔnzwɪk]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e6\/Qc-Nouveau-Brunswick.oga\/Qc-Nouveau-Brunswick.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Qc-Nouveau-Brunswick.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/Qc-Nouveau-Brunswick.oga/Qc-Nouveau-Brunswick.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Qc-Nouveau-Brunswick.oga" title="File:Qc-Nouveau-Brunswick.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Natural Resources Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/DBBWQ">"Place names – Nouveau-Brunswick"</a>. <i>www4.rncan.gc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191217103347/http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/DBBWQ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www4.rncan.gc.ca&rft.atitle=Place+names+%E2%80%93+Nouveau-Brunswick&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Natural+Resources+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww4.rncan.gc.ca%2Fsearch-place-names%2Funique%2FDBBWQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spem-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spem_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnn_Gorman_Condon" class="citation web cs1">Ann Gorman Condon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174929/http://www.lib.unb.ca/winslow/reduxit.html">"Winslow Papers >> Ann Gorman Condon >> The New Province: Spem Reduxit"</a>. University of New Brunswick. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.unb.ca/winslow/reduxit.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Winslow+Papers+%3E%3E+Ann+Gorman+Condon+%3E%3E+The+New+Province%3A+Spem+Reduxit&rft.pub=University+of+New+Brunswick&rft.au=Ann+Gorman+Condon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flib.unb.ca%2Fwinslow%2Freduxit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gg.ca/en/heraldry/public-register/project/1834#:~:text=SPEM%20REDUXIT.,phrase%20means%20%22Hope%20restored%22.">The Governor General of Canada: Public Register of Arms, Flags, and Badges of Canada > The Province of New Brunswick.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique?id=DBBWP">"New Brunswick"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GeoBase_(geospatial_data)#Geographical_Names_Data_Base" title="GeoBase (geospatial data)">Geographical Names Data Base</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada" title="Natural Resources Canada">Natural Resources Canada</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Brunswick&rft.btitle=Geographical+Names+Data+Base&rft.pub=Natural+Resources+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.nrcan.gc.ca%2Fsearch-place-names%2Funique%3Fid%3DDBBWP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StatCan2021-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StatCan2021_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000101">"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>. 9 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209134802/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000101">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+and+dwelling+counts%3A+Canada%2C+provinces+and+territories&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2022-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Ft1%2Ftbl1%2Fen%2Ftv.action%3Fpid%3D9810000101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901">"Population estimates, quarterly"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>. 27 September 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928010937/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+estimates%2C+quarterly&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2023-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Ft1%2Ftbl1%2Fen%2Ftv.action%3Fpid%3D1710000901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.officiallanguages.nb.ca/">"My Linguistic Rights"</a>. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages for New Brunswick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190226211930/http://www.officiallanguages.nb.ca/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=My+Linguistic+Rights&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Commissioner+of+Official+Languages+for+New+Brunswick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.officiallanguages.nb.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatistics_Canada2019" class="citation web cs1">Statistics Canada (11 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522163016/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610022201&pickMembers%5B0%5D=1.5&pickMembers%5B1%5D=2.2">"Table: 36-10-0222-01 Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, provincial and territorial, annual (x 1,000,000)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610022201&pickMembers%5b0%5d=1.5&pickMembers%5b1%5d=2.2">the original</a> on 22 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table%3A+36-10-0222-01+Gross+domestic+product%2C+expenditure-based%2C+provincial+and+territorial%2C+annual+%28x+1%2C000%2C000%29&rft.date=2019-09-11&rft.au=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Ft1%2Ftbl1%2Fen%2Ftv.action%3Fpid%3D3610022201%26pickMembers%5B0%5D%3D1.5%26pickMembers%5B1%5D%3D2.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:10_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/CAN/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0">"Sub-national HDI – Global Data Lab"</a>. <i>globaldatalab.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718222007/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/CAN/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=globaldatalab.org&rft.atitle=Sub-national+HDI+%E2%80%93+Global+Data+Lab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobaldatalab.org%2Fshdi%2Fshdi%2FCAN%2F%3Flevels%3D1%252B4%26interpolation%3D1%26extrapolation%3D0%26nearest_real%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/new-brunswick">"New-Brunswick"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413222441/https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/new-brunswick">Archived</a> 13 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (consulted March 2021)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000101">"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories"</a>. Statistics Canada. 9 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209134802/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000101">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+and+dwelling+counts%3A+Canada%2C+provinces+and+territories&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2022-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Ft1%2Ftbl1%2Fen%2Ftv.action%3Fpid%3D9810000101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://languesofficielles.nb.ca/contenu/histoire-des-langues-officielles/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Histoire des langues officielles" (consulted March 2021)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302133251/https://languesofficielles.nb.ca/contenu/histoire-des-langues-officielles/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Commissioner+of+Official+Languages+for+New+Brunswick&rft.atitle=History+of+Official+Languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fofficiallanguages.nb.ca%2Fcontent%2Fhistory-of-official-languages%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quebeccultureblog.com/2014/11/14/our-32-accents-series-post-3-88/">"Our 32 accents"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411205238/https://quebeccultureblog.com/2014/11/14/our-32-accents-series-post-3-88/">Archived</a> 11 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (consulted April 2021)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.gnb.ca/Exhibits/ArchivalPortfolio/TextViewer.aspx?culture=en-CA&myFile=Founding">"TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT: Founding of the Province of New Brunswick"</a>. <i>Provincial Archives of New Brunswick</i>. Government of New Brunswick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522163029/https://archives.gnb.ca/Exhibits/ArchivalPortfolio/TextViewer.aspx?culture=en-CA&myFile=Founding">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Provincial+Archives+of+New+Brunswick&rft.atitle=TERRITORIAL+DEVELOPMENT%3A+Founding+of+the+Province+of+New+Brunswick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.gnb.ca%2FExhibits%2FArchivalPortfolio%2FTextViewer.aspx%3Fculture%3Den-CA%26myFile%3DFounding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2021" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Robert (29 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/canadians-chasing-east-coast-lifestyle-1.6194247">"Canadians chasing an East Coast lifestyle fuel population jump in New Brunswick"</a>. <i>CBC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220119174553/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/canadians-chasing-east-coast-lifestyle-1.6194247">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=Canadians+chasing+an+East+Coast+lifestyle+fuel+population+jump+in+New+Brunswick&rft.date=2021-09-29&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnew-brunswick%2Fcanadians-chasing-east-coast-lifestyle-1.6194247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.gc.ca/Collection-R/Statcan/15-203-XIB/0000115-203-XIE.pdf">"Provincial Gross Domestic Product by Industry"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Statistics Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141205053036/http://publications.gc.ca/Collection-R/Statcan/15-203-XIB/0000115-203-XIE.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Provincial+Gross+Domestic+Product+by+Industry&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.gc.ca%2FCollection-R%2FStatcan%2F15-203-XIB%2F0000115-203-XIE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thestrand.ca/on-the-family-that-owns-new-brunswick/">"The family that owns New Brunswick"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210406171105/https://thestrand.ca/on-the-family-that-owns-new-brunswick">Archived</a> 6 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (consulted March 2021)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610022201">Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics. "Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, provincial and territorial, annual".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220423203300/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610022201">Archived</a> 23 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Retrieved 26 December 2020).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329005825/http://www2.gnb.ca/content/dam/gnb/Departments/thc-tpc/pdf/RSP/NBTourismIndicatorsSummaryReport2013.pdf">"New Brunswick Tourism Indicators Summary Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Government of New Brunswick. September 2014. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Brunswick%27s+provincial+symbols&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2017-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.ca%2Fen%2Fcanadian-heritage%2Fservices%2Fprovincial-territorial-symbols-canada%2Fnew-brunswick.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804075421/https://web.lib.unb.ca/winslow/partition.html">"Winslow Papers: The Partition of Nova Scotia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Brunswick" title="University of New Brunswick">University of New Brunswick</a></i>. 2005. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.heritage.nf.ca&rft.atitle=First+Arrivals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.nf.ca%2Farticles%2Findigenous%2Ffirst-arrivals.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museedelhistoire.ca/musee-virtuel-de-la-nouvelle-france/les-explorateurs/jacques-cartier-1534-1542/">"Jacques Cartier 1534-1542 | Musée virtuel de la Nouvelle France"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222031324/https://www.museedelhistoire.ca/musee-virtuel-de-la-nouvelle-france/les-explorateurs/jacques-cartier-1534-1542/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jacques+Cartier+1534-1542+%7C+Mus%C3%A9e+virtuel+de+la+Nouvelle+France&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.museedelhistoire.ca%2Fmusee-virtuel-de-la-nouvelle-france%2Fles-explorateurs%2Fjacques-cartier-1534-1542%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArsenaultAlain2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Arsenault, Bona; Alain, Pascal (1 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w9vN1chq0i0C"><i>Histoire des Acadiens</i></a> (in French). Les Editions Fides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782762126136" title="Special:BookSources/9782762126136"><bdi>9782762126136</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180328002830/https://books.google.com/books?id=w9vN1chq0i0C">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+Acadiens&rft.pub=Les+Editions+Fides&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.isbn=9782762126136&rft.aulast=Arsenault&rft.aufirst=Bona&rft.au=Alain%2C+Pascal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw9vN1chq0i0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/new-brunswick">"New Brunswick | The Canadian Encyclopedia"</a>. <i>www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211201202141/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/new-brunswick">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=New+Brunswick+%7C+The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fnew-brunswick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/the-deportation-of-the-acadians-feature">"Acadian Expulsion (the Great Upheaval) | The Canadian Encyclopedia"</a>. <i>www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190809191748/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/the-deportation-of-the-acadians-feature">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=Acadian+Expulsion+%28the+Great+Upheaval%29+%7C+The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fthe-deportation-of-the-acadians-feature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hc-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hc_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hc_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hc_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hc_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hc_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hc_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/new-brunswick/">"New Brunswick"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Historica_Canada" title="Historica Canada">Historica Canada</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213134748/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/new-brunswick/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historica+Canada&rft.atitle=New+Brunswick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fnew-brunswick%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://umaine.edu/canam/publications/st-croix/la-deportation-la-migration-et-le-retablissement-des-acadiens/">"La déportation, la migration et le rétablissement des Acadiens - Canadian-American Center - University of Maine"</a>. <i>Canadian-American Center</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230219150521/https://umaine.edu/canam/publications/st-croix/la-deportation-la-migration-et-le-retablissement-des-acadiens/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian-American+Center&rft.atitle=La+d%C3%A9portation%2C+la+migration+et+le+r%C3%A9tablissement+des+Acadiens+-+Canadian-American+Center+-+University+of+Maine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fumaine.edu%2Fcanam%2Fpublications%2Fst-croix%2Fla-deportation-la-migration-et-le-retablissement-des-acadiens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2015" class="citation book cs1">Bell, David (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MPlvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7"><i>American Loyalists to New Brunswick: The ship passenger lists</i></a>. Formac Publishing Company. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781459503991" title="Special:BookSources/9781459503991"><bdi>9781459503991</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161231140835/https://books.google.com/books?id=MPlvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Loyalists+to+New+Brunswick%3A+The+ship+passenger+lists&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Formac+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781459503991&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMPlvCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlumkoski2005" class="citation web cs1">Slumkoski, Corey (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.lib.unb.ca/winslow/partition.html">"The Partition of Nova Scotia"</a>. <i>The Winslow Papers</i>. Electronic text centre (UNB Libraries). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804075421/https://web.lib.unb.ca/winslow/partition.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2020</span>. <q>On 18 June 1784 ... the province of New Brunswick formally came into existence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Winslow+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Partition+of+Nova+Scotia&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Slumkoski&rft.aufirst=Corey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.lib.unb.ca%2Fwinslow%2Fpartition.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-responsible-government-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-responsible-government_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-responsible-government_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/responsible-government/">"Responsible Government"</a>. <i>Historica Canada</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171212171105/http://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/responsible-government/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historica+Canada&rft.atitle=Responsible+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fresponsible-government%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fredericton.ca/en/about-fredericton/about-fredericton-history">"About Fredericton (History)"</a>. <i>City of Fredericton</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231126180449/https://www.fredericton.ca/en/about-fredericton/about-fredericton-history">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+of+Fredericton&rft.atitle=About+Fredericton+%28History%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fredericton.ca%2Fen%2Fabout-fredericton%2Fabout-fredericton-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Moore, The Loyalists, Revolution, Exile, Settlement, 1984, pp. 244-252 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7710--6093-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7710--6093-9">0-7710--6093-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brit-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brit_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/New-Brunswick-province">"New Brunswick"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171114041700/https://www.britannica.com/place/New-Brunswick-province">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=New+Brunswick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FNew-Brunswick-province&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyes1982" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Keyes, John (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/haf/1982-v36-n1-haf2326/304041ar/">"WYNN, Graeme, Timber Colony. A historical geography of early nineteenth century New Brunswick. Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1981, xiv-224 p. $10.00"</a>. <i>Revue d'histoire de l'Amérique française</i> (in French). <b>36</b> (1): 126–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F304041ar">10.7202/304041ar</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-2357">0035-2357</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231126180447/https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/haf/1982-v36-n1-haf2326/304041ar/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27histoire+de+l%27Am%C3%A9rique+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.atitle=WYNN%2C+Graeme%2C+Timber+Colony.+A+historical+geography+of+early+nineteenth+century+New+Brunswick.+Toronto%2C+University+of+Toronto+Press%2C+1981%2C+xiv-224+p.+%2410.00.&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=126-128&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7202%2F304041ar&rft.issn=0035-2357&rft.aulast=Keyes&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.erudit.org%2Ffr%2Frevues%2Fhaf%2F1982-v36-n1-haf2326%2F304041ar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170804125041/http://stmartinscanada.com/about-area/living-history/">"Living History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stmartinscanada.com/about-area/living-history/">the original</a> on 4 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Living+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stmartinscanada.com%2Fabout-area%2Fliving-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newirelandnb.ca/culture/irish-trail/early-settlement/irish-migration-within-new-brunswick">"Irish Migration Within New Brunswick"</a>. <i>www.newirelandnb.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231126180448/https://www.newirelandnb.ca/culture/irish-trail/early-settlement/irish-migration-within-new-brunswick">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newirelandnb.ca&rft.atitle=Irish+Migration+Within+New+Brunswick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newirelandnb.ca%2Fculture%2Firish-trail%2Fearly-settlement%2Firish-migration-within-new-brunswick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anacadie.ca/lacadie/lhistoire/">"L'histoire"</a>. <i>Assemblée nationale de l'Acadie</i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231126180448/https://anacadie.ca/lacadie/lhistoire/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2023</span>. <q>En 1800, les Acadiens sont pour la plupart illettrés en raison de l'application de lois les empêchant d'ouvrir des écoles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Assembl%C3%A9e+nationale+de+l%27Acadie&rft.atitle=L%27histoire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanacadie.ca%2Flacadie%2Flhistoire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cyberacadie.com/cyberacadie.com/index7248.html?/enracinement_histoire/Economie-et-societe-au-debut-du-19e-siecle.html">"Histoire des Acadiens et de l'Acadie - Économie et société au début du 19e siècle"</a>. <i>cyberacadie.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231126180448/http://cyberacadie.com/cyberacadie.com/index7248.html?/enracinement_histoire/Economie-et-societe-au-debut-du-19e-siecle.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Fredericton, New Brunswick: Province of New Brunswick. 2021. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4605-2957-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4605-2957-7"><bdi>978-1-4605-2957-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Working+together+for+vibrant+and+sustainable+communities%3A+White+Paper&rft.place=Fredericton%2C+New+Brunswick&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Province+of+New+Brunswick&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-4605-2957-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.gnb.ca%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fgnb%2FCorporate%2FPromo%2Flocalgovreform%2Fdocs%2FWhitePaper-EN-Web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170803210602/http://ecozones.ca/english/zone/AtlanticMaritime/land.html">"Landforms and Climate"</a>. <i>Ecological Framework of Canada</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecozones.ca/english/zone/AtlanticMaritime/land.html">the original</a> on 3 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Framework+of+Canada&rft.atitle=Landforms+and+Climate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecozones.ca%2Fenglish%2Fzone%2FAtlanticMaritime%2Fland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-climate-change-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-climate-change_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-climate-change_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/elg/environment/content/climate_change/content/climate_change_affectingnb.html">"How is Climate Change Affecting New Brunswick?"</a>. Government of New Brunswick. 14 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034456/http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/elg/environment/content/climate_change/content/climate_change_affectingnb.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+is+Climate+Change+Affecting+New+Brunswick%3F&rft.pub=Government+of+New+Brunswick&rft.date=2010-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.gnb.ca%2Fcontent%2Fgnb%2Fen%2Fdepartments%2Felg%2Fenvironment%2Fcontent%2Fclimate_change%2Fcontent%2Fclimate_change_affectingnb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hydro-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hydro_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hydro_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrelAnderson1991" class="citation journal cs1">Burrel, Brian C; Anderson, James E (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4296%2Fcwrj1604317">"Regional Hydrology of New Brunswick"</a>. <i>Adian Water Resources Journal /</i>. <b>16</b> (4): 317–330. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991CaWRJ..16..317B">1991CaWRJ..16..317B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4296%2Fcwrj1604317">10.4296/cwrj1604317</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Adian+Water+Resources+Journal+%2F&rft.atitle=Regional+Hydrology+of+New+Brunswick&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=317-330&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4296%2Fcwrj1604317&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991CaWRJ..16..317B&rft.aulast=Burrel&rft.aufirst=Brian+C&rft.au=Anderson%2C+James+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4296%252Fcwrj1604317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoseworthy" class="citation web cs1">Noseworthy, Josh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://specialfeature.natureconservancy.ca/content/a-walk-in-the-woods-acadian-old-growth-forest">"A walk in the woods: Acadian old-growth forest"</a>. Nature Conservancy Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180727181123/http://specialfeature.natureconservancy.ca/content/a-walk-in-the-woods-acadian-old-growth-forest">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+walk+in+the+woods%3A+Acadian+old-growth+forest&rft.pub=Nature+Conservancy+Canada&rft.aulast=Noseworthy&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspecialfeature.natureconservancy.ca%2Fcontent%2Fa-walk-in-the-woods-acadian-old-growth-forest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-simpson-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-simpson_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simpson_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson" class="citation web cs1">Simpson, Jamie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bondrup.com/uploads/6/7/6/5/6765532/1-30.pdf">"Restoring the Acadian Forest"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180727181129/http://www.bondrup.com/uploads/6/7/6/5/6765532/1-30.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Restoring+the+Acadian+Forest&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bondrup.com%2Fuploads%2F6%2F7%2F6%2F5%2F6765532%2F1-30.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171013061742/http://registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca/species/speciesDetails_e.cfm?sid=179">"Furbish's Lousewort"</a>. <i>Species at Risk Public Registry</i>. Government of Canada. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Species+at+Risk+Public+Registry&rft.atitle=Furbish%27s+Lousewort&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.registrelep-sararegistry.gc.ca%2Fspecies%2FspeciesDetails_e.cfm%3Fsid%3D179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbala.ca/purple-loosestrife/">"Purple loosestrife"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Purple+loosestrife&rft.pub=New+Brunswick+Alliance+of+Lake+Associations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbala.ca%2Fpurple-loosestrife%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumberland" class="citation web cs1">Cumberland, Rod. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220821221324/https://voxinteractif.ca/~forestnb/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Rod-Cumberland-english.pdf">"Herbicide Impacts on Deer, and the New Forestry Strategy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voxinteractif.ca/~forestnb/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Rod-Cumberland-english.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Herbicide+Impacts+on+Deer%2C+and+the+New+Forestry+Strategy&rft.aulast=Cumberland&rft.aufirst=Rod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvoxinteractif.ca%2F~forestnb%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F04%2FRod-Cumberland-english.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/erd/energy/content/minerals/content/bedrock_mapping.html">"Bedrock Mapping"</a>. Government of New Brunswick. 29 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171114202444/http://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/erd/energy/content/minerals/content/bedrock_mapping.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bedrock+Mapping&rft.pub=Government+of+New+Brunswick&rft.date=2013-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.gnb.ca%2Fcontent%2Fgnb%2Fen%2Fdepartments%2Ferd%2Fenergy%2Fcontent%2Fminerals%2Fcontent%2Fbedrock_mapping.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="billion" class="citation book cs1">Atlantic Geoscience Society (2001). Williams, Graham; Fensome, Robert (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastbillionyears0000unse"><i>The last billion years : a geological history of the Maritime Provinces of Canada</i></a></span>. Halifax, NS: Nimbus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55109-351-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55109-351-0"><bdi>1-55109-351-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+last+billion+years+%3A+a+geological+history+of+the+Maritime+Provinces+of+Canada&rft.place=Halifax%2C+NS&rft.pub=Nimbus+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-55109-351-0&rft.au=Atlantic+Geoscience+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastbillionyears0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fundygeo-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fundygeo_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bayoffundy.com/about/geology/">"Geology"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116075259/https://www.bayoffundy.com/about/geology/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bayoffundy.com%2Fabout%2Fgeology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanger-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sanger_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanger2005" class="citation book cs1">Sanger, David (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aIxmyWo6o94C&q=">"ice+sheets"+"covered+the+maritime+peninsula" "Pre-European Dawnland: Archaeology of the Maritime Peninsula"</a>. In Hornsby, S.J.; Reid, J.G. (eds.). <i>New England and the Maritime Provinces: Connections and Comparisons</i>. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-77-352865-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-77-352865-2"><bdi>0-77-352865-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816225755/https://books.google.com/books?id=aIxmyWo6o94C&q=%22ice+sheets%22+%22covered+the+maritime+peninsula%22">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pre-European+Dawnland%3A+Archaeology+of+the+Maritime+Peninsula&rft.btitle=New+England+and+the+Maritime+Provinces%3A+Connections+and+Comparisons&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-77-352865-2&rft.aulast=Sanger&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaIxmyWo6o94C%26q%3D%22ice%2Bsheets%22%2B%22covered%2Bthe%2Bmaritime%2Bpeninsula%22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901">"Population estimates, quarterly"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a>. 19 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Statistics Canada. 15 January 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010203113/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/demo62e-eng.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population%2C+urban+and+rural%2C+by+province+and+territory+%28New+Brunswick%29&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2001-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statcan.gc.ca%2Ftables-tableaux%2Fsum-som%2Fl01%2Fcst01%2Fdemo62e-eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amanb-aamnb.ca/">"Welcome to the Association of Municipal Administrators of New Brunswick"</a>. The Association of Municipal Administrators of New Brunswick. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150801012020/http://amanb-aamnb.ca/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+the+Association+of+Municipal+Administrators+of+New+Brunswick&rft.pub=The+Association+of+Municipal+Administrators+of+New+Brunswick&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amanb-aamnb.ca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2001&PID=62911&APATH=3&METH=1&PTYPE=55440&THEME=44&FOCUS=0&AID=0&PLACENAME=0&PROVINCE=0&SEARCH=0&GC=99&GK=NA&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&FL=0&RL=0&FREE=0&GID=431531">"Ethnic Origin (232), Sex (3) and Single and Multiple Responses (3) (2001 Census)"</a>. 2.statcan.ca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170101073454/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2001&PID=62911&APATH=3&METH=1&PTYPE=55440&THEME=44&FOCUS=0&AID=0&PLACENAME=0&PROVINCE=0&SEARCH=0&GC=99&GK=NA&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&FL=0&RL=0&FREE=0&GID=431531">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Origin+%28232%29%2C+Sex+%283%29+and+Single+and+Multiple+Responses+%283%29+%282001+Census%29&rft.pub=2.statcan.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.ca%2Fenglish%2Fcensus01%2Fproducts%2Fstandard%2Fthemes%2FRetrieveProductTable.cfm%3FTemporal%3D2001%26PID%3D62911%26APATH%3D3%26METH%3D1%26PTYPE%3D55440%26THEME%3D44%26FOCUS%3D0%26AID%3D0%26PLACENAME%3D0%26PROVINCE%3D0%26SEARCH%3D0%26GC%3D99%26GK%3DNA%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D%26FL%3D0%26RL%3D0%26FREE%3D0%26GID%3D431531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-language2021-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-language2021_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2022" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada (17 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000213&HEADERlist=,15,13,18,12,16,14,17&SearchText=New%20Brunswick">"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table New Brunswick [Province]"</a>. <i>Statistics Canada</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220817234814/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000213&HEADERlist=,15,13,18,12,16,14,17&SearchText=New%20Brunswick">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Canada&rft.atitle=Census+Profile%2C+2021+Census+of+Population+Profile+table+New+Brunswick+%5BProvince%5D&rft.date=2022-08-17&rft.au=Government+of+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26GENDERlist%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTIClist%3D1%2C4%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A000213%26HEADERlist%3D%2C15%2C13%2C18%2C12%2C16%2C14%2C17%26SearchText%3DNew%2520Brunswick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnb.ca/legis/bill/editform-e.asp?ID=134&legi=54&num=4">"Official Languages Act"</a>. Government of New Brunswick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041348/https://www.gnb.ca/legis/bill/editform-e.asp?ID=134&legi=54&num=4">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Languages+Act&rft.pub=Government+of+New+Brunswick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnb.ca%2Flegis%2Fbill%2Feditform-e.asp%3FID%3D134%26legi%3D54%26num%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-langrights-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-langrights_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-langrights_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://officiallanguages.nb.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/your_language_rights_-_1_the_government_and_public_services.pdf">"FACTSHEET 1 - Government and public services"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Your language rights in New Brunswick</i>. Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages for New Brunswick. March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522163018/https://officiallanguages.nb.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/your_language_rights_-_1_the_government_and_public_services.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Your+language+rights+in+New+Brunswick&rft.atitle=FACTSHEET+1+-+Government+and+public+services&rft.date=2017-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fofficiallanguages.nb.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F02%2Fyour_language_rights_-_1_the_government_and_public_services.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/new-brunswick-bilingual-language-census-2016-1.4231814">"New Brunswick bilingualism rate rises to 34%"</a>. CBC. 2 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171106195412/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/new-brunswick-bilingual-language-census-2016-1.4231814">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+Brunswick+bilingualism+rate+rises+to+34%25&rft.date=2017-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnew-brunswick%2Fnew-brunswick-bilingual-language-census-2016-1.4231814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021censusB-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2021censusB_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2022" class="citation web cs1">Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (26 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=New%20Brunswick&DGUIDlist=2021A000213&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0">"Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population"</a>. <i>Statistics Canada</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221101211600/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=New%20Brunswick&DGUIDlist=2021A000213&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Canada&rft.atitle=Census+Profile%2C+2021+Census+of+Population&rft.date=2022-10-26&rft.aulast=Government+of+Canada&rft.aufirst=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2021%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26SearchText%3DNew%2520Brunswick%26DGUIDlist%3D2021A000213%26GENDERlist%3D1%2C2%2C3%26STATISTIClist%3D1%26HEADERlist%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/labr67e-eng.htm">"Employment by major industry group, seasonally adjusted, by province (monthly) (New Brunswick)"</a>. <i>Statistics Canada</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171116080501/https://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/labr67e-eng.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistics+Canada&rft.atitle=Employment+by+major+industry+group%2C+seasonally+adjusted%2C+by+province+%28monthly%29+%28New+Brunswick%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statcan.gc.ca%2Ftables-tableaux%2Fsum-som%2Fl01%2Fcst01%2Flabr67e-eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivesey2016" class="citation web cs1">Livesey, Bruce (6 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalobserver.com/2016/06/06/news/what-have-irvings-done-new-brunswick">"What have the Irvings done to New Brunswick?"</a>. <i>National Observer</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630163020/https://www.nationalobserver.com/2016/06/06/news/what-have-irvings-done-new-brunswick">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Observer&rft.atitle=What+have+the+Irvings+done+to+New+Brunswick%3F&rft.date=2016-06-06&rft.aulast=Livesey&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalobserver.com%2F2016%2F06%2F06%2Fnews%2Fwhat-have-irvings-done-new-brunswick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_80-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nbmediacoop.org/2019/04/15/it-is-new-brunswick-that-enriches-the-irvings-not-the-irvings-that-enrich-new-brunswick-an-interview-with-alain-deneault/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"It is New Brunswick that enriches the Irvings, not the Irvings that enrich New Brunswick:" An interview with Alain Deneault – NB Media Co-op"</a>. Nbmediacoop.org. 15 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220819204913/https://nbmediacoop.org/2019/04/15/it-is-new-brunswick-that-enriches-the-irvings-not-the-irvings-that-enrich-new-brunswick-an-interview-with-alain-deneault/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22It+is+New+Brunswick+that+enriches+the+Irvings%2C+not+the+Irvings+that+enrich+New+Brunswick%3A%22+An+interview+with+Alain+Deneault+%E2%80%93+NB+Media+Co-op&rft.pub=Nbmediacoop.org&rft.date=2019-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnbmediacoop.org%2F2019%2F04%2F15%2Fit-is-new-brunswick-that-enriches-the-irvings-not-the-irvings-that-enrich-new-brunswick-an-interview-with-alain-deneault%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_81-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_81-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mondediplo.com/2019/04/13canada">"The Irvings, Canada's robber barons, by Alain Deneault (Le Monde diplomatique - English edition, April 2019)"</a>. Mondediplo.com. April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002063653/https://mondediplo.com/2019/04/13canada">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Irvings%2C+Canada%27s+robber+barons%2C+by+Alain+Deneault+%28Le+Monde+diplomatique+-+English+edition%2C+April+2019%29&rft.pub=Mondediplo.com&rft.date=2019-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmondediplo.com%2F2019%2F04%2F13canada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IbrahimCBC-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IbrahimCBC_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahim2022" class="citation news cs1">Ibrahim, Hadeel (18 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/brunswick-news-sold-postmedia-1.6356427">"Telegraph-Journal, other Irving-owned N.B. newspapers to be sold to Postmedia"</a>. CBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220218121841/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/brunswick-news-sold-postmedia-1.6356427">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2020</span>. <q>19,064 students are enrolled in French immersion (2015-16)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Commissioner+of+Official+Languages+%28New+Brunswick%29&rft.atitle=Infographic%3A+The+French+Presence+in+New+Brunswick&rft.date=2016-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clo-ocol.gc.ca%2Fen%2Fstatistics%2Finfographics%2Ffrench-presence-new-brunswick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nbccd.ca/about/our-history/">"Our History"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509110320/https://nbccd.ca/about/our-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=R%C3%A9seau+Art+Actuel&rft.atitle=Galerie+d%27art+Louise-et-Reuben-Cohen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freseauartactuel.org%2Fmembres%2Fgalerie-dart-louise-et-reuben-cohen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aarcatlantis.art/work">"Centres"</a>. <i>Atlantis</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220210130419/https://www.aarcatlantis.art/work">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlantis&rft.atitle=Centres&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aarcatlantis.art%2Fwork&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoitras2023" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Poitras" title="Jacques Poitras">Poitras, Jacques</a> (7 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/brunswick-news-reduces-print-editions-1.6740032">"English-language dailies in N.B. will print only 3 days a week"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=English-language+dailies+in+N.B.+will+print+only+3+days+a+week&rft.date=2023-02-07&rft.aulast=Poitras&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnew-brunswick%2Fbrunswick-news-reduces-print-editions-1.6740032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahim2022" class="citation news cs1">Ibrahim, Hadeel (18 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/brunswick-news-sold-postmedia-1.6356427">"Irving-owned New Brunswick newspapers to be sold to Postmedia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBC_News" title="CBC News">CBC News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Irving-owned+New+Brunswick+newspapers+to+be+sold+to+Postmedia&rft.date=2022-02-18&rft.aulast=Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=Hadeel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnew-brunswick%2Fbrunswick-news-sold-postmedia-1.6356427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/news/media_list/radio_stations.html">"Radio Stations"</a>. <i>Government of New Brunswick</i>. 17 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211127021703/https://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/news/media_list/radio_stations.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+New+Brunswick&rft.atitle=Radio+Stations&rft.date=2012-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.gnb.ca%2Fcontent%2Fgnb%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fmedia_list%2Fradio_stations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Brunswick&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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Vol. 19 (11th ed.). pp. 464–466.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Brunswick&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=464-466&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=William+Lawson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Brunswick" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1212846/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39QbtfRxPr9R6TF8DQMm3JFfY">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4101158-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81038865">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb116650432">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb116650432">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35381287">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Nový Brunšvik"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge427613&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5382140">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/tr5763qc3w4rmlr">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557213105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614940606706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/0f05e521-4a8a-40ce-b6a1-80e0f3d5ea6d">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05553641?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/932588">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/180465732">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044761">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Subdivisions_of_New_Brunswick" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Subdivisions_of_New_Brunswick" title="Template:Subdivisions of New Brunswick"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Subdivisions_of_New_Brunswick" title="Template talk:Subdivisions of New Brunswick"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Subdivisions_of_New_Brunswick" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Subdivisions of New Brunswick"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Subdivisions_of_New_Brunswick" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Subdivisions of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Brunswick</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_New_Brunswick" title="List of cities in New Brunswick">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathurst,_New_Brunswick" title="Bathurst, New Brunswick">Bathurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbellton,_New_Brunswick" title="Campbellton, New Brunswick">Campbellton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe,_New_Brunswick" title="Dieppe, New Brunswick">Dieppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmundston" title="Edmundston">Edmundston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredericton" title="Fredericton">Fredericton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miramichi,_New_Brunswick" title="Miramichi, New Brunswick">Miramichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moncton" title="Moncton">Moncton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="List of towns in New Brunswick">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaurivage" title="Beaurivage">Beaurivage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle-Baie" title="Belle-Baie">Belle-Baie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap-Acadie" title="Cap-Acadie">Cap-Acadie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caraquet" title="Caraquet">Caraquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleton_North,_New_Brunswick" title="Carleton North, New Brunswick">Carleton North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champdor%C3%A9" title="Champdoré">Champdoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Bay%E2%80%93Westfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Bay–Westfield">Grand Bay–Westfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Falls,_New_Brunswick" title="Grand Falls, New Brunswick">Grand Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand-Bouctouche" title="Grand-Bouctouche">Grand-Bouctouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton,_New_Brunswick" title="Hampton, New Brunswick">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartland,_New_Brunswick" title="Hartland, New Brunswick">Hartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hautes-Terres" title="Hautes-Terres">Hautes-Terres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heron_Bay,_New_Brunswick" title="Heron Bay, New Brunswick">Heron Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-Lam%C3%A8que" title="Île-de-Lamèque">Île-de-Lamèque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromocto" title="Oromocto">Oromocto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quispamsis" title="Quispamsis">Quispamsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverview,_New_Brunswick" title="Riverview, New Brunswick">Riverview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re-du-Nord,_New_Brunswick" title="Rivière-du-Nord, New Brunswick">Rivière-du-Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothesay,_New_Brunswick" title="Rothesay, New Brunswick">Rothesay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Quentin,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint-Quentin, New Brunswick">Saint-Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury,_New_Brunswick" title="Salisbury, New Brunswick">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shediac" title="Shediac">Shediac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shippagan" title="Shippagan">Shippagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Andrews,_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Andrews, New Brunswick">St. Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Stephen,_New_Brunswick" title="St. Stephen, New Brunswick">St. Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sussex,_New_Brunswick" title="Sussex, New Brunswick">Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantramar,_New_Brunswick" title="Tantramar, New Brunswick">Tantramar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vall%C3%A9e-des-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Vallée-des-Rivières">Vallée-des-Rivières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodstock,_New_Brunswick" title="Woodstock, New Brunswick">Woodstock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="List of villages in New Brunswick">Villages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia,_New_Brunswick" title="Arcadia, New Brunswick">Arcadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belledune" title="Belledune">Belledune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bois-Joli" title="Bois-Joli">Bois-Joli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doaktown,_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Doaktown, New Brunswick">Doaktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Rivers,_New_Brunswick" title="Five Rivers, New Brunswick">Five Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredericton_Junction" title="Fredericton Junction">Fredericton Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundy_Albert" title="Fundy Albert">Fundy Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundy-St._Martins" title="Fundy-St. Martins">Fundy-St. Martins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lake,_New_Brunswick" title="Grand Lake, New Brunswick">Grand Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Manan" title="Grand Manan">Grand Manan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakeland_Ridges" title="Lakeland Ridges">Lakeland Ridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McAdam,_New_Brunswick" title="McAdam, New Brunswick">McAdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memramcook" title="Memramcook">Memramcook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neguac,_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Neguac, New Brunswick">Neguac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Maryland,_New_Brunswick" title="New Maryland, New Brunswick">New Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle-Arcadie" title="Nouvelle-Arcadie">Nouvelle-Arcadie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Victoria" title="Southern Victoria">Southern Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers,_New_Brunswick" title="Three Rivers, New Brunswick">Three Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobique_Valley" title="Tobique Valley">Tobique Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracy,_New_Brunswick" title="Tracy, New Brunswick">Tracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Waters" title="Valley Waters">Valley Waters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regional_municipality" title="Regional municipality">Regional municipality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Municipality_of_Tracadie" title="Regional Municipality of Tracadie">Tracadie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rural_communities_in_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rural communities in New Brunswick">Rural communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alnwick,_New_Brunswick" title="Alnwick, New Brunswick">Alnwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butternut_Valley,_New_Brunswick" title="Butternut Valley, New Brunswick">Butternut Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campobello_Island" title="Campobello Island">Campobello Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_York" title="Central York">Central York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Charlotte" title="Eastern Charlotte">Eastern Charlotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundy_Shores" title="Fundy Shores">Fundy Shores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanwell,_New_Brunswick" title="Hanwell, New Brunswick">Hanwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey,_New_Brunswick" title="Harvey, New Brunswick">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haut-Madawaska" title="Haut-Madawaska">Haut-Madawaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedgwick,_New_Brunswick" title="Kedgwick, New Brunswick">Kedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_Hills,_New_Brunswick" title="Maple Hills, New Brunswick">Maple Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miramichi_River_Valley" title="Miramichi River Valley">Miramichi River Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nackawic-Millville" title="Nackawic-Millville">Nackawic-Millville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashwaak,_New_Brunswick" title="Nashwaak, New Brunswick">Nashwaak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait_Shores" title="Strait Shores">Strait Shores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbury-York_South" title="Sunbury-York South">Sunbury-York South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Miramichi,_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Miramichi, New Brunswick">Upper Miramichi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rural districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Acadian Peninsula</li> <li>Capital Region</li> <li>Chaleur</li> <li>Fundy</li> <li>Greater Miramichi</li> <li>Kent</li> <li>Kings</li> <li>Northwest</li> <li>Restigouche</li> <li>Southeast</li> <li>Southwest</li> <li>Western Valley</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regional_service_commission" title="Regional service commission">Regional service commissions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_service_commission#Acadian_Peninsula_Regional_Service_Commission" title="Regional service commission">Acadian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_service_commission#Capital_Region_Regional_Service_Commission" title="Regional service commission">Capital Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_service_commission#Chaleur_Regional_Service_Commission" title="Regional service commission">Chaleur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_service_commission#Fundy_Regional_Service_Commission" title="Regional service commission">Fundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_service_commission#Greater_Miramichi_Regional_Service_Commission" title="Regional service commission">Greater Miramichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_service_commission#Kent_Regional_Service_Commission" title="Regional service commission">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_service_commission#Kings_Regional_Service_Commission" title="Regional service commission">Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_service_commission#Northwest_Regional_Service_Commission" title="Regional service commission">Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_service_commission#Restigouche_Regional_Service_Commission" title="Regional service commission">Restigouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_service_commission#Southeast_Regional_Service_Commission" title="Regional service commission">Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_service_commission#Southwest_New_Brunswick_Service_Commission" title="Regional service commission">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_service_commission#Western_Valley_Regional_Service_Commission" title="Regional service commission">Western Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_school_districts_in_New_Brunswick" title="List of school districts in New Brunswick">School districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglophone_North_School_District" title="Anglophone North School District"> Anglophone North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglophone_South_School_District" title="Anglophone South School District">Anglophone South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglophone_East_School_District" title="Anglophone East School District">Anglophone East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglophone_West_School_District" title="Anglophone West School District">Anglophone West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_Nord-Est_School_District" title="Francophone Nord-Est School District">Nord-Est</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_Nord-Ouest_School_District" title="Francophone Nord-Ouest School District">Nord-Ouest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_Sud_School_District" title="Francophone Sud School District">Sud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_New_Brunswick#List_of_Indian_reserves" title="First Nations in New Brunswick">Indian reserves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Big Hole Tract 8 (North Half)</li> <li>Big Hole Tract 8 (South Half)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buctouche_16" title="Buctouche 16">Buctouche 16</a></li> <li>Buctouche Micmac Band Extension</li> <li>Devon 30</li> <li>Eel Ground 2</li> <li>Eel River 3</li> <li>Esgenoôpetitj</li> <li>Fort Folly 1</li> <li>Indian Island 28</li> <li>Indian Point 1</li> <li>Indian Ranch</li> <li>Kingsclear 6</li> <li>Metepenagiag Urban Reserve 3</li> <li>Metepenagiag Urban Reserve 8</li> <li>Metepenagiag Uta'nk</li> <li>Moose Meadows 4</li> <li>Oinpegitjoig</li> <li>Oromocto 26</li> <li>Pabineau 11</li> <li>Pokemouche 13</li> <li>Red Bank 4</li> <li>Red Bank 7</li> <li>Renous 12</li> <li>Richibucto 15</li> <li>Soegao No. 35</li> <li>St Basile 10</li> <li>St. Mary's 24</li> <li>Tabusintac 9</li> <li>The Brothers 18</li> <li>Tobique 20</li> <li>Woodstock 23</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-administrative divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_of_New_Brunswick" title="List of counties of New Brunswick">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parishes_in_New_Brunswick" title="List of parishes in New Brunswick">Civil parishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_local_service_districts_in_New_Brunswick" title="List of local service districts in New Brunswick">Local service districts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:New_Brunswick" title="Category:New Brunswick">Category:New Brunswick</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Portal:Canada</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_New_Brunswick" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject New Brunswick">WikiProject:New Brunswick</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Template:Provinces and territories of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Provinces and territories of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Provinces and territories of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces and territories of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution of Canada</a> after 1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="List of proposed provinces and territories of Canada">Proposed provinces and territories of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian provinces and territories by area">Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories" title="Bibliography of Canadian provinces and territories">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Canadian_provinces" title="Extreme points of Canadian provinces">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_Canada_by_annual_expenditures" title="List of governments in Canada by annual expenditures">Spending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories_by_gross_domestic_product" title="List of Canadian provinces and territories by gross domestic product">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_policies_of_Canada%27s_provinces_and_territories" title="Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories">Language policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_Canada" title="Mountain peaks of Canada">Peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_and_territorial_museums_of_Canada" title="Provincial and territorial museums of Canada">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_name_etymologies" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial name etymologies">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada_by_province_and_territory" title="Population of Canada by province and territory">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of provinces and territories of Canada">Flags</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canada-related_topics_by_provinces_and_territories" title="List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories">Topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provinces_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of Canadian provinces by unemployment rate">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Category:Provinces and territories of Canada">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Acadia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Acadia" title="Template:Acadia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Acadia" title="Template talk:Acadia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Acadia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Acadia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Acadia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia (New France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangeline" title="Evangeline">Evangeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Acadians" title="Expulsion of the Acadians">Expulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Acadia" title="List of governors of Acadia">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand-Pr%C3%A9_National_Historic_Site" title="Grand-Pré National Historic Site">Grand-Pré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Acadians" title="History of the Acadians">General history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Acadians" title="Military history of the Acadians">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port-Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Monckton" title="Robert Monckton">Robert Monckton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_2003" title="Royal Proclamation of 2003">Royal Proclamation of 2003</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadia_(region)" title="Acadia (region)">Acadia (region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_World_Congress" title="Acadian World Congress">Acadian World Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Acadians" title="List of Acadians">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_cuisine" title="Acadian cuisine">Acadian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Acadia" title="Flag of Acadia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Acadian_Day" title="National Acadian Day">National Acadian Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintamarre" title="Tintamarre">Tintamarre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_communautaire_du_Nouveau-Brunswick" title="Collège communautaire du Nouveau-Brunswick">Collège communautaire du Nouveau-Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_l%27%C3%8Ele" title="Collège de l'Île">Collège de l'Île</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Acadie_Nouvelle" title="L'Acadie Nouvelle">L'Acadie Nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_College_of_Forest_Technology" title="Maritime College of Forest Technology">Collège de Technologie forestière des Maritimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNI_Financial_Cooperation" title="UNI Financial Cooperation">UNI Financial Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Moncton" title="Université de Moncton">Université de Moncton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Sainte-Anne" title="Université Sainte-Anne">Université Sainte-Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_Peninsula" title="Acadian Peninsula">Acadian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French Canadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_diaspora" title="French diaspora">French diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Acadia" title="Category:Acadia">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a 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