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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Medieval period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformation_period_and_Polish_and_Swedish_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformation_period_and_Polish_and_Swedish_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Reformation period and Polish and Swedish rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformation_period_and_Polish_and_Swedish_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Livonia_&_Courland_in_the_Russian_Empire_(1795–1917)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livonia_&_Courland_in_the_Russian_Empire_(1795–1917)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Livonia & Courland in the Russian Empire (1795–1917) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livonia_&_Courland_in_the_Russian_Empire_(1795–1917)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_awakening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_awakening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 National awakening </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_awakening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declaration_of_independence_and_interwar_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declaration_of_independence_and_interwar_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Declaration of independence and interwar period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declaration_of_independence_and_interwar_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latvia_in_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latvia_in_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Latvia in World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latvia_in_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_era_(1940–1941,_1944–1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_era_(1940–1941,_1944–1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Soviet era (1940–1941, 1944–1991) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_era_(1940–1941,_1944–1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration_of_independence_in_1991" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration_of_independence_in_1991"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Restoration of independence in 1991 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration_of_independence_in_1991-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_joining_the_EU_in_2004" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_joining_the_EU_in_2004"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Since joining the EU in 2004 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_joining_the_EU_in_2004-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Political culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Infrastructure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Education and science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latvia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latvia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Latvia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latvia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baltic_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baltic_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Baltic states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baltic_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia_connection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia_connection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Russia connection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia_connection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Latvia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 271 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-271" aria-hidden="true" > 271 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8D" title="Латвиэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Латвиэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Латвие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Латвие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letland" title="Letland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Letland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettland" title="Lettland – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Lettland" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%8B%E1%89%B5%E1%89%AA%E1%8B%AB" title="ላትቪያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ላትቪያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="लाट्विया – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="लाट्विया" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettland" title="Lettland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Lettland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Латвиа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Латвиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="لاتفيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لاتفيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letonia" title="Letonia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Letonia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%90%DC%9B%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܐܛܒܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܐܛܒܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Լաթվիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լաթվիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letonia" title="Letonia – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Letonia" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8tonia" title="Lètonia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Lètonia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letonia" title="Letonia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Letonia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="लातविया – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="लातविया" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%B3%C3%B1a" title="Letóña – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Letóña" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Латвия – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Латвия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latviya" title="Latviya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Latviya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="لتونی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لتونی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="লাতভিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লাতভিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Латвия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Латвия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Латвія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Латвія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Латвія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Латвія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="लैटविया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लैटविया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latbya" title="Latbya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Latbya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Латвия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Латвия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettland" title="Lettland – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Lettland" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="ལ་ཊ་ཝིཡ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལ་ཊ་ཝིཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvija" title="Latvija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Latvija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Латви – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Латви" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%B2nia" title="Letònia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Letònia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Латви – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Латви" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latwiya" title="Latwiya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Latwiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loty%C5%A1sko" title="Lotyšsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lotyšsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letonia" title="Letonia – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Letonia" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letonia" title="Letonia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Letonia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rativhiya" title="Rativhiya – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rativhiya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettonia" title="Lettonia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lettonia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latfia" title="Latfia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Latfia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letland" title="Letland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Letland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="لاتڤيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لاتڤيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1tvia" title="Látvia – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Látvia" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettlond" title="Lettlond – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Lettlond" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettland" title="Lettland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lettland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8D%DE%AC%DE%93%DE%AA%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A7" title="ލެޓުވިއާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ލެޓުވިއާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dah%C5%84dz%C3%ADlgai%CA%BCnii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Dahńdzílgaiʼnii Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dahńdzílgaiʼnii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letiska" title="Letiska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Letiska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="लात्भिया – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="लात्भिया" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1" title="ལེཊི་བི་ཡ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ལེཊི་བི་ཡ" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4ti" title="Läti – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Läti" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Λετονία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λετονία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Латвия Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Латвия Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letonia" title="Letonia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Letonia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvio" title="Latvio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Latvio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leto%C3%B1a" title="Letoña – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Letoña" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letonia" title="Letonia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Letonia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="لتونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لتونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettland" title="Lettland – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Lettland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettonie" title="Lettonie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lettonie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letl%C3%A2n" title="Letlân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Letlân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letonie" title="Letonie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Letonie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Laitvia" title="An Laitvia – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Laitvia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Latvey" title="Yn Latvey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Latvey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latviya" title="Latviya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Latviya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Laitbhe" title="An Laitbhe – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Laitbhe" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letonia" title="Letonia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Letonia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="લાટવિયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="લાટવિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="लाटविया – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="लाटविया" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84" title="라트비아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라트비아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laitfiya" title="Laitfiya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Laitfiya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakawia" title="Lakawia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Lakawia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Լատվիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լատվիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="लातविया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लातविया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letiska" title="Letiska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Letiska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvija" title="Latvija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Latvija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letonia" title="Letonia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Letonia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="লাতভিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="লাতভিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettonia" title="Lettonia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lettonia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Латви – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Латви" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILatviya" title="ILatviya – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ILatviya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettland" title="Lettland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lettland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettonia" title="Lettonia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lettonia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94" title="לטביה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לטביה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8tlan" title="Lètlan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lètlan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C9%9Btonii" title="Lɛtonii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Lɛtonii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಲಾಟ್ವಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲಾಟ್ವಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letonia" title="Letonia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Letonia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Латвия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Латвия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ლატვია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლატვია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81otwa" title="Łotwa – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Łotwa" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Латвия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Латвия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvi" title="Latvi – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Latvi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lativiya" title="Lativiya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Lativiya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Латвия – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Латвия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letoni" title="Letoni – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Letoni" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9toni" title="Létoni – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Létoni" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letonya" title="Letonya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Letonya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Латвия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Латвия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Латви – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Латви" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letonia" title="Letonia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Letonia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letonia" title="Letonia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Letonia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%8D" title="ປະເທດລັດເວຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດລັດເວຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latveja" title="Latveja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Latveja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettonia" title="Lettonia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lettonia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvija" title="Latvija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Latvija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettland" title="Lettland – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Lettland" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Латвия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Латвия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvija" title="Latvija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Latvija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%B2nia" title="Letònia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Letònia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letland" title="Letland – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Letland" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letoni" title="Letoni – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Letoni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvii" title="Latvii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Latvii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letonia" title="Letonia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Letonia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettorsz%C3%A1g" title="Lettország – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lettország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="लैटविया – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="लैटविया" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Латвија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Латвија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%B4nia" title="Letônia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Letônia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ലാത്വിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലാത്വിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvja" title="Latvja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Latvja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81whia" title="Rāwhia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rāwhia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="लात्व्हिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लात्व्हिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ლატვია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლატვია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="لاتفيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لاتفيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="لاتویا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لاتویا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%A0%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯂꯦꯠꯚꯤꯌꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯦꯠꯚꯤꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhet%C3%B3nia" title="Lhetónia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lhetónia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Латвия – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Латвия" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Латви – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Латви" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="လတ်ဗီယာနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လတ်ဗီယာနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letland" title="Letland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Letland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letlaand" title="Letlaand – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Letlaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="लात्भिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लात्भिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="लात्भिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लात्भिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%88%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2" title="ラトビア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラトビア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Латви – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Латви" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letlun" title="Letlun – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Letlun" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latwya" title="Latwya – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Latwya" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettonnie" title="Lettonnie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Lettonnie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%B2nia" title="Letònia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Letònia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Латвий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Латвий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laativiyaa" title="Laativiyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Laativiyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latviya" title="Latviya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Latviya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਲਾਤਵੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਾਤਵੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="लाट्विया – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="लाट्विया" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettlond" title="Lettlond – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Lettlond" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latbia" title="Latbia – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Latbia" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="لیٹویا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لیٹویا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="လတ်ဗီယာခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="လတ်ဗီယာခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letonia" title="Letonia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Letonia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="لاتويا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لاتويا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Латвия – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Латвия" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9tonie" title="Létonie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Létonie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%B2nia" title="Letònia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Letònia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettland" title="Lettland – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Lettland" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81otwa" title="Łotwa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Łotwa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Λεττονία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Λεττονία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%B3nia" title="Letónia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Letónia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latviya" title="Latviya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Latviya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latviya" title="Latviya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Latviya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letonia" title="Letonia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Letonia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latviya" title="Latviya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Latviya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettonia" title="Lettonia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Lettonia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litunya" title="Litunya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Litunya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Латвія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Латвія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Латвия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Латвия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Латвия – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Латвия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lativia" title="Lativia – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Lativia" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="लाट्विया – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="लाट्विया" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱞᱟᱛᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱞᱟᱛᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%B2nia" title="Letònia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Letònia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvie" title="Latvie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Latvie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4tlound" title="Lätlound – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Lätlound" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letonia" title="Letonia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Letonia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettunia" title="Lettunia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lettunia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ලැට්වියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලැට්වියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%BD%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ليٽويا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ليٽويا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILathiviya" title="ILathiviya – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="ILathiviya" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loty%C5%A1sko" title="Lotyšsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lotyšsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvija" title="Latvija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Latvija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Латвїꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Латвїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81otwa" title="Łotwa – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Łotwa" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latfiya" title="Latfiya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Latfiya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="لاتڤیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لاتڤیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letlenikondre" title="Letlenikondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Letlenikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Летонија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Летонија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvija" title="Latvija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Latvija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettland" title="Lettland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lettland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letonya" title="Letonya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Letonya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="லாத்வியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லாத்வியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvya" title="Latvya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Latvya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettonie" title="Lettonie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Lettonie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Латвия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Латвия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%81%A2%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းလၢတ်ႈဝီႇယႃႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းလၢတ်ႈဝီႇယႃႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="లాట్వియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లాట్వియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%B3nia" title="Letónia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Letónia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศลัตเวีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศลัตเวีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Латвия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Латвия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lativia" title="Lativia – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Lativia" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%B3%E1%8F%98%E1%8F%AB%E1%8E%A0" title="ᎳᏘᏫᎠ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎳᏘᏫᎠ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letonya" title="Letonya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Letonya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latwi%C3%BDa" title="Latwiýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Latwiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Латвия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Латвия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Латвія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Латвія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%B9%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="لٹویا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لٹویا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8B%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="لاتۋىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="لاتۋىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81et%C3%B2nia" title="Łetònia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łetònia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvii" title="Latvii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Latvii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latviy%C3%A4n" title="Latviyän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Latviyän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4ti" title="Läti – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Läti" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letoneye" title="Letoneye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Letoneye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%84%AB%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E" title="拉脫維亞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="拉脫維亞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letland" title="Letland – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Letland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letonia" title="Letonia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Letonia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%C3%B3oni" title="Letóoni – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Letóoni" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%84%B1%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A" title="拉脱维亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="拉脱维亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Latvia" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a 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.geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Latvia&params=57_N_25_E_">57°N 25°E / 57°N 25°E / 57; 25</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected."><img alt="Page extended-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Northern Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the modern state. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Latvia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Latvia (disambiguation)">Latvia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Lettonia" redirects here. For the Latvian student corporation, see <a href="/wiki/Lettonia_(corporation)" title="Lettonia (corporation)">Lettonia (corporation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Latvia</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Latvijas Republika (<a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>)</li><li>Latvejas Republika (<a href="/wiki/Latgalian_language" title="Latgalian language">Latgalian</a>)</li><li>Lețmō Vabāmō (<a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a>)</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Latvia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Latvia"><img alt="Flag of Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/125px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/188px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/250px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Latvia" title="Flag of Latvia">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Latvia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="620" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia" title="Coat of arms of Latvia"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: <a href="/wiki/Dievs,_sv%C4%93t%C4%AB_Latviju!" title="Dievs, svētī Latviju!">Dievs, svētī Latviju!</a> (Latvian) ("God Bless Latvia!")<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="106" data-mwtitle="Latvian_National_Anthem.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/55/Latvian_National_Anthem.ogg/Latvian_National_Anthem.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Latvian_National_Anthem.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALatvian_National_Anthem.ogg&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALatvian_National_Anthem.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALatvian_National_Anthem.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALatvian_National_Anthem.ogg&lang=lv&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="lv" label="latviešu ‪(lv)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALatvian_National_Anthem.ogg&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALatvian_National_Anthem.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:EU-Latvia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Latvia (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) – in the European Union (green)  –  [Legend]"><img alt="Location of Latvia (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) – in the European Union (green)  –  [Legend]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/EU-Latvia.svg/250px-EU-Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/EU-Latvia.svg/375px-EU-Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/EU-Latvia.svg/500px-EU-Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Latvia (dark green)– in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (green & dark grey) – in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (green)  –  [<a href="/wiki/File:EU-Latvia.svg" title="File:EU-Latvia.svg">Legend</a>]</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Latvia&params=56_57_N_24_6_E_type:city">56°57′N 24°6′E / 56.950°N 24.100°E / 56.950; 24.100</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>a</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognized languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Latgalian_language" title="Latgalian language">Latgalian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2022<a href="#cite_note-nat-1">[1]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>63.0% <a href="/wiki/Latvians" title="Latvians">Latvians</a></li><li>24.2% <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Latvia" title="Russians in Latvia">Russians</a></li><li>3.1% <a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Latvia" title="Belarusians in Latvia">Belarusians</a></li><li>2.2% <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a></li><li>1.9% <a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Latvia" title="Poles in Latvia">Poles</a></li><li>1.1% <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</a></li><li>0.3% <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Latvia" title="Romani people in Latvia">Roma</a></li><li>0.2% <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Jews</a></li><li>4% <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Latvia" title="Demographics of Latvia">others / unspecified</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2018)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>64% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li>36% <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Latvia" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia">Lutheranism</a></li> <li>17% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Latvia" title="Catholic Church in Latvia">Catholicism</a></li> <li>9% <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Orthodox_Church" title="Latvian Orthodox Church">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li>2% other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">35% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">others</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latvians" title="Latvians">Latvian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Latvia" title="Politics of Latvia">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_parliamentary_republic" title="Unitary parliamentary republic">Unitary parliamentary republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Latvia" title="President of Latvia">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edgars_Rink%C4%93vi%C4%8Ds" title="Edgars Rinkēvičs">Edgars Rinkēvičs</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Latvia" title="Prime Minister of Latvia">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Evika_Sili%C5%86a" title="Evika Siliņa">Evika Siliņa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Saeima" title="Speaker of the Saeima">Speaker of the Saeima</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Daiga_Mieri%C5%86a" title="Daiga Mieriņa">Daiga Mieriņa</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saeima" title="Saeima">Saeima</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">Independence</a> <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/On_the_Restoration_of_Independence_of_the_Republic_of_Latvia#Historical_and_juridical_background" title="On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia">Declared</a><a href="#cite_note-Germanis-3">[3]</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 November 1918</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Recognised </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 January 1921</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Latvia" title="Constitution of Latvia">Constitution adopted</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 November 1922</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic#Collapse,_1990–1991" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Restored</a><a href="#cite_note-FINemb-4">[4]</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">21 August 1991</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Latvia" title="Geography of Latvia">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">64,589 km2 (24,938 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">122nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2.09 (2015)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Latvia" title="Demographics of Latvia">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2022 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,842,226<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">146th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">29.6/km2 (76.7/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">147th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $78.421 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.LV-7">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">104th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $41,730<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.LV-7">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">51st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $45.466 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.LV-7">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">96th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $24,193<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.LV-7">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">42nd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2021)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 35.7<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.879<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">37th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Euro_sign" title="Euro sign">€</a>) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">EUR</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+3 (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Summer_Time" title="Eastern European Summer Time">EEST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Latvia" title="Telephone numbers in Latvia">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Latvia" title="Telephone numbers in Latvia">+371</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:LV" title="ISO 3166-2:LV">LV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.lv" title=".lv">.lv</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> is the sole official language.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a> is considered an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">indigenous language</a> and has special legal status.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Latgalian_language" title="Latgalian language">Latgalian</a> written language and <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Sign_Language" title="Latvian Sign Language">Latvian Sign Language</a> also have special legal status.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li><li value="2">Latvia is <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> continuous with its declaration of 18 November 1918.</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Latvia (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈlætviə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/9e\/En-us-Latvia.ogg\/En-us-Latvia.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Latvia.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9e/En-us-Latvia.ogg/En-us-Latvia.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Latvia.ogg" title="File:En-us-Latvia.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">LAT-vee-ə</a>, sometimes <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈlɑːtviə/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">LAHT-vee-ə</a>; <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: Latvija <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Latvian pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latvian" title="Help:IPA/Latvian">[ˈlatvija]</a>),<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> officially the Republic of Latvia,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> is a country in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>. It is one of the three <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> to the north and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> to the south. It borders <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> to the east and <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> to the southeast, and shares a <a href="/wiki/Maritime_boundary" title="Maritime boundary">maritime border</a> with Sweden to the west. Latvia covers an area of 64,589 km2 (24,938 sq mi), with a population of 1.9 million. The country has a <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate seasonal climate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Its capital and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Latvia" title="List of cities and towns in Latvia">largest city</a> is <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>. <a href="/wiki/Latvians" title="Latvians">Latvians</a> belong to the <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">ethnolinguistic group</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a> and speak <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>. <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Latvia" title="Russians in Latvia">Russians</a> are the most prominent minority in the country, at almost a quarter of the population; 37.7% of the population speak <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> as their native tongue.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> After centuries of <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">Teutonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Livonia" title="Swedish Livonia">Swedish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inflanty_Voivodeship" title="Inflanty Voivodeship">Polish-Lithuanian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> rule, the independent Republic of Latvia was established on 18 November 1918 after breaking away from the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Germanis-3">[3]</a> The country became increasingly <a href="/wiki/Autocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocratic">autocratic</a> after the <a href="/wiki/1934_Latvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1934 Latvian coup d'état">coup in 1934</a> established the dictatorship of <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81rlis_Ulmanis" title="Kārlis Ulmanis">Kārlis Ulmanis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Latvia's de facto independence was interrupted at the outset of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, beginning with Latvia's <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940">forcible incorporation</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Latvia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Latvia during World War II">invasion and occupation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in 1941 and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_Latvia_in_1944" title="Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944">re-occupation by the Soviets</a> in 1944, which formed the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvian SSR</a> for the next 45 years. As a result of extensive immigration during the Soviet occupation, ethnic <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Latvia" title="Russians in Latvia">Russians</a> became the most prominent minority in the country. The peaceful <a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a> started in 1987 among the Baltic Soviet republics and ended with the restoration of both de facto and official <a href="/wiki/State_continuity_of_the_Baltic_states" title="State continuity of the Baltic states">independence</a> on 21 August 1991.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Latvia has since been a democratic <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a>. Latvia is a <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a> with a <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy" title="World Bank high-income economy">high-income</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Latvia" title="Economy of Latvia">advanced economy</a> ranking 39th in the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>. It is a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a>, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States" title="Council of the Baltic Sea States">Council of the Baltic Sea States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nordic-Baltic_Eight" title="Nordic-Baltic Eight">Nordic-Baltic Eight</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Investment_Bank" title="Nordic Investment Bank">Nordic Investment Bank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The name Latvija is derived from the name of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Latgalians" title="Latgalians">Latgalians</a>, one of four <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Baltic tribes</a> (along with <a href="/wiki/Curonians" title="Curonians">Curonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selonians" title="Selonians">Selonians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semigallians" title="Semigallians">Semigallians</a>), which formed the ethnic core of modern <a href="/wiki/Latvian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian people">Latvians</a> together with the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finns" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic Finns">Finnic</a> <a href="/wiki/Livonian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Livonian people">Livonians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Latvia" title="Henry of Latvia">Henry of Latvia</a> coined the <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">latinisations</a> of the country's name, "Lettigallia" and "Lethia", both derived from the Latgalians. The terms inspired the variations on the country's name in <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> from "Letonia" and in several <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> from "Lettland".<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">History of Latvia</a></div> Around 3000 BC, the Proto-Baltic ancestors of the Latvian people settled on the eastern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a> established trade routes to Rome and <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>, trading local <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a> for precious metals.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> By 900 AD, four distinct Baltic tribes inhabited Latvia: <a href="/wiki/Curonians" title="Curonians">Curonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latgalians" title="Latgalians">Latgalians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selonians" title="Selonians">Selonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semigallians" title="Semigallians">Semigallians</a> (in Latvian: kurši, latgaļi, sēļi and zemgaļi), as well as the Finnic tribe of <a href="/wiki/Livonian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Livonian people">Livonians</a> (lībieši) speaking a Finnic language.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In the 12th century in the territory of Latvia, there were lands with their rulers: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanema (page does not exist)">Vanema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ventava" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventava">Ventava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandava" title="Bandava">Bandava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piemare" title="Piemare">Piemare</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duvzare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duvzare (page does not exist)">Duvzare</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C4%93lija" class="mw-redirect" title="Sēlija">Sēlija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Koknese" title="Principality of Koknese">Koknese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jersika" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersika">Jersika</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C4%81lava" title="Tālava">Tālava</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adzele&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adzele (page does not exist)">Adzele</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</h3></div> Although the local people had contact with the outside world for centuries, they became more fully integrated into the European socio-political system in the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The first missionaries, sent by the Pope, sailed up the <a href="/wiki/Daugava_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Daugava River">Daugava River</a> in the late 12th century, seeking converts.<a href="#cite_note-Lonely-28">[28]</a> The local people, however, did not convert to Christianity as readily as the Church had hoped.<a href="#cite_note-Lonely-28">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burg_Turaida04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Burg_Turaida04.jpg/220px-Burg_Turaida04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Burg_Turaida04.jpg/330px-Burg_Turaida04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Burg_Turaida04.jpg/440px-Burg_Turaida04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3570" data-file-height="2665" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Turaida_Castle" title="Turaida Castle">Turaida Castle</a> near <a href="/wiki/Sigulda" title="Sigulda">Sigulda</a>, built in 1214 under <a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Riga" title="Albert of Riga">Albert of Riga</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">German crusaders</a> were sent, or more likely decided to go of their own accord as they were known to do. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Meinhard" title="Saint Meinhard">Saint Meinhard</a> of Segeberg arrived in <a href="/wiki/Ik%C5%A1%C4%B7ile" title="Ikšķile">Ikšķile</a>, in 1184, traveling with merchants to <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a>, on a Catholic mission to convert the population from their original <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> beliefs. Pope Celestine III had called for <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade#Wars_against_Estonians_(1208–27)" title="Livonian Crusade">a crusade against pagans in Northern Europe</a> in 1193. When peaceful means of conversion failed to produce results, Meinhard plotted to convert Livonians by force of arms.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> At the beginning of the 13th century, Germans ruled large parts of what is currently Latvia.<a href="#cite_note-Lonely-28">[28]</a> The influx of German crusaders in the present-day Latvian territory especially increased in the second half of the 13th century following the <a href="/wiki/Crusades#Crusades_and_the_Holy_Land,_1095–1291" title="Crusades">decline and fall of the Crusader States</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Together with southern Estonia, these conquered areas formed the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusader state">crusader state</a> that became known as <a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> for "Land of <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Mary</a>") or Livonia.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In 1282, Riga, and later the cities of <a href="/wiki/C%C4%93sis" title="Cēsis">Cēsis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limba%C5%BEi" title="Limbaži">Limbaži</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koknese" title="Koknese">Koknese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valmiera" title="Valmiera">Valmiera</a>, became part of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lonely-28">[28]</a> Riga became an important point of east–west trading<a href="#cite_note-Lonely-28">[28]</a> and formed close cultural links with <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The first German settlers were knights from northern Germany and citizens of northern German towns who brought their <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> language to the region, which shaped many loanwords in the Latvian language.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformation_period_and_Polish_and_Swedish_rule">Reformation period and Polish and Swedish rule</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Podzia%C5%82_administracyjny_I_RP.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Podzia%C5%82_administracyjny_I_RP.svg/220px-Podzia%C5%82_administracyjny_I_RP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Podzia%C5%82_administracyjny_I_RP.svg/330px-Podzia%C5%82_administracyjny_I_RP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Podzia%C5%82_administracyjny_I_RP.svg/440px-Podzia%C5%82_administracyjny_I_RP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="931" /></a><figcaption>The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Livonia" title="Swedish Livonia">Swedish Livonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Livonia" title="Duchy of Livonia">Duchy of Livonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swedish_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Swedish_Empire.svg/220px-Swedish_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Swedish_Empire.svg/330px-Swedish_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Swedish_Empire.svg/440px-Swedish_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a> (1560–1815). Riga became the capital of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Livonia" title="Swedish Livonia">Swedish Livonia</a> and the largest city in the Swedish Empire.</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a> (1558–1583), Livonia (Northern Latvia & Southern Estonia) fell under <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish and Lithuanian</a> rule.<a href="#cite_note-Lonely-28">[28]</a> The southern part of Estonia and the northern part of Latvia were ceded to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> and formed into the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Livonia" title="Duchy of Livonia">Duchy of Livonia</a> (Ducatus Livoniae Ultradunensis). <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Kettler" title="Gotthard Kettler">Gotthard Kettler</a>, the last Master of the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Order of Livonia</a>, formed the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Though the duchy was a vassal state to the Lithuanian Grand Duchy and later of the Polish and Lithuanian commonwealth, it retained a considerable degree of autonomy and experienced a golden age in the 16th century. <a href="/wiki/Latgalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Latgalia">Latgalia</a>, the easternmost region of Latvia, became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Inflanty_Voivodeship" title="Inflanty Voivodeship">Inflanty Voivodeship</a> of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In the 17th and early 18th centuries, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> struggled for supremacy in the eastern Baltic. After the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1600%E2%80%931611)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611)">Polish–Swedish War</a>, northern Livonia (including Vidzeme) came under Swedish rule. Riga became the capital of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Livonia" title="Swedish Livonia">Swedish Livonia</a> and the largest city in the entire Swedish Empire.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Fighting continued sporadically between Sweden and Poland until the <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Altmark" title="Truce of Altmark">Truce of Altmark</a> in 1629.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In Latvia, the Swedish period is generally remembered as positive; <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a> was eased, a network of schools was established for the peasantry, and the power of the regional <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">barons</a> was diminished.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Several important cultural changes occurred during this time. Under Swedish and largely German rule, western Latvia adopted <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> as its main religion.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The ancient tribes of the Couronians, Semigallians, Selonians, Livs, and northern Latgallians assimilated to form the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian people">Latvian people</a>, speaking one <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Throughout all the centuries, however, an actual Latvian state had not been established, so the borders and definitions of who exactly fell within that group are largely subjective. Meanwhile, largely isolated from the rest of Latvia, southern Latgallians adopted <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> under Polish/<a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> influence. The native dialect remained distinct, although it acquired many Polish and Russian loanwords.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livonia_&_Courland_in_the_Russian_Empire_(1795–1917)">Livonia & Courland in the Russian Empire (1795–1917)</h3></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> (1700–1721), up to 40 percent of Latvians died from famine and plague.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Half the residents of Riga were killed by <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War_plague_outbreak" title="Great Northern War plague outbreak">plague in 1710–1711</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Estonia_and_Livonia" title="Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia">capitulation of Estonia and Livonia</a> in 1710 and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nystad" title="Treaty of Nystad">Treaty of Nystad</a>, ending the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a> in 1721, gave Vidzeme to Russia (it became part of the <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Livonia" title="Governorate of Livonia">Riga Governorate</a>). The Latgale region remained part of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> as <a href="/wiki/Inflanty_Voivodeship" title="Inflanty Voivodeship">Inflanty Voivodeship</a> until 1772, when it was incorporated into Russia. The <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</a>, a vassal state of the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, was annexed by Russia in 1795 in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland" title="Third Partition of Poland">Third Partition of Poland</a>, bringing all of what is now Latvia into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. All three Baltic provinces preserved local laws, German as the local <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> and their own parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Landtag" title="Landtag">Landtag</a>. The emancipation of the serfs took place in Courland in 1817 and in Vidzeme in 1819.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In practice, however, the emancipation was actually advantageous to the landowners and nobility, as it dispossessed peasants of their land without compensation, forcing them to return to work at the estates "of their own free will". During these two centuries Latvia experienced economic and construction boom – ports were expanded (Riga became the largest port in the Russian Empire), railways built; new factories, banks, and a university were established; many residential, public (theatres and museums), and school buildings were erected; new parks formed; and so on. Riga's boulevards and some streets outside the Old Town date from this period. <a href="/wiki/Numeracy" title="Numeracy">Numeracy</a> was also higher in the Livonian and Courlandian parts of the Russian Empire, which may have been influenced by the Protestant religion of the inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_awakening">National awakening</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latvians_national_rally_in_Dundaga_in_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Latvians_national_rally_in_Dundaga_in_1905.jpg/220px-Latvians_national_rally_in_Dundaga_in_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Latvians_national_rally_in_Dundaga_in_1905.jpg/330px-Latvians_national_rally_in_Dundaga_in_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Latvians_national_rally_in_Dundaga_in_1905.jpg/440px-Latvians_national_rally_in_Dundaga_in_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1097" /></a><figcaption>Latvians national rally in <a href="/wiki/Dundaga" title="Dundaga">Dundaga</a> in 1905</figcaption></figure> During the 19th century, the social structure changed dramatically.<a href="#cite_note-LNA-49">[49]</a> A class of independent farmers established itself after reforms allowed the peasants to repurchase their land, but many landless peasants remained, quite a lot <a href="/wiki/Latvians" title="Latvians">Latvians</a> left for the cities and sought for education, industrial jobs.<a href="#cite_note-LNA-49">[49]</a> There also developed a growing urban <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> and an increasingly influential Latvian <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LNA-49">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Young_Latvians" title="Young Latvians">Young Latvian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: Jaunlatvieši) movement laid the groundwork for nationalism from the middle of the century, many of its leaders looking to the <a href="/wiki/Slavophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavophile">Slavophiles</a> for support against the prevailing German-dominated social order.<a href="#cite_note-YoungLatvians-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The rise in use of the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian language</a> in literature and society became known as the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_National_Awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian National Awakening">First National Awakening</a>.<a href="#cite_note-YoungLatvians-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> began in Latgale after the Polish led the <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a> in 1863: this spread to the rest of what is now Latvia by the 1880s. The Young Latvians were largely eclipsed by the <a href="/wiki/New_Current" title="New Current">New Current</a>, a broad leftist social and political movement, in the 1890s.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Popular discontent exploded in the <a href="/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Russian Revolution">1905 Russian Revolution</a>, which took a nationalist character in the <a href="/wiki/Baltics" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltics">Baltic provinces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declaration_of_independence_and_interwar_period">Declaration of independence and interwar period</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Janis_Cakste.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Janis_Cakste.jpg/170px-Janis_Cakste.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Janis_Cakste.jpg/255px-Janis_Cakste.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Janis_Cakste.jpg/340px-Janis_Cakste.jpg 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81nis_%C4%8Cakste" title="Jānis Čakste">Jānis Čakste</a> (1859–1927), the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Latvia" title="President of Latvia">president of Latvia</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> devastated the territory of what became the state of Latvia, and other western parts of the Russian Empire. Demands for <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> were initially confined to <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>, until a power vacuum was created by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> in 1917, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Russia%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Russia–Central Powers)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> between Russia and Germany in March 1918, then the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied</a> armistice with Germany on 11 November 1918. On 18 November 1918, in Riga, the <a href="/wiki/Tautas_padome" class="mw-redirect" title="Tautas padome">People's Council of Latvia</a> proclaimed the independence of the new country and <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81rlis_Ulmanis" title="Kārlis Ulmanis">Kārlis Ulmanis</a> was entrusted to set up a government and he took the position of prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The General representative of Germany <a href="/wiki/August_Winnig" title="August Winnig">August Winnig</a> formally handed over political power to the Latvian Provisional Government on 26 November. On 18 November, the Latvian People's Council entrusted him to set up the government. He took the office of Minister of Agriculture from 18 November to 19 December. He took a position of prime minister from 19 November 1918 to 13 July 1919. The <a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">war of independence</a> that followed was part of a general chaotic period of civil and new border wars in Eastern Europe. By the spring of 1919, there were actually three governments: the Provisional government headed by <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81rlis_Ulmanis" title="Kārlis Ulmanis">Kārlis Ulmanis</a>, supported by the <a href="/wiki/Tautas_padome" class="mw-redirect" title="Tautas padome">Tautas padome</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Military_Inter-Allied_Commission_of_Control" title="Military Inter-Allied Commission of Control">Inter-Allied Commission of Control</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic">Latvian Soviet government</a> led by <a href="/wiki/P%C4%93teris_Stu%C4%8Dka" title="Pēteris Stučka">Pēteris Stučka</a>, supported by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>; and the Provisional government headed by <a href="/wiki/Andrievs_Niedra" title="Andrievs Niedra">Andrievs Niedra</a>, supported by <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic-German</a> <a href="/wiki/Freikorps_in_the_Baltic" title="Freikorps in the Baltic">forces</a> composed of the <a href="/wiki/Baltische_Landeswehr" title="Baltische Landeswehr">Baltische Landeswehr</a> ("Baltic Defence Force") and the <a href="/wiki/Freikorps" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a> formation <a href="/wiki/Eiserne_Division" title="Eiserne Division">Eiserne Division</a> ("Iron Division"). Estonian and Latvian forces defeated the Germans at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_C%C4%93sis_(1919)" title="Battle of Cēsis (1919)">Battle of Wenden</a> in June 1919,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> and a massive attack by a predominantly German force—the <a href="/wiki/West_Russian_Volunteer_Army" title="West Russian Volunteer Army">West Russian Volunteer Army</a>—under <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Bermondt-Avalov" title="Pavel Bermondt-Avalov">Pavel Bermondt-Avalov</a> was repelled in November. Eastern Latvia was cleared of Red Army forces by Latvian and Polish troops in early 1920 (from the Polish perspective the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Daugavpils" title="Battle of Daugavpils">Battle of Daugavpils</a> was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a>). A freely elected <a href="/wiki/Constituent_assembly" title="Constituent assembly">Constituent assembly</a> convened on 1 May 1920, and adopted a liberal constitution, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Latvia" title="Constitution of Latvia">Satversme</a>, in February 1922.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The constitution was partly suspended by Kārlis Ulmanis after <a href="/wiki/1934_Latvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1934 Latvian coup d'état">his coup in 1934</a> but reaffirmed in 1990. Since then, it has been amended and is still in effect in Latvia today. With most of Latvia's industrial base evacuated to the interior of Russia in 1915, radical <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a> was the central political question for the young state. In 1897, 61.2% of the rural population had been landless; by 1936, that percentage had been reduced to 18%.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> By 1923, the extent of cultivated land surpassed the pre-war level. Innovation and rising productivity led to rapid growth of the economy, but it soon suffered from the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. Latvia showed signs of economic recovery, and the electorate had steadily moved toward the centre during the parliamentary period.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On 15 May 1934, <a href="/wiki/1934_Latvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1934 Latvian coup d'état">Ulmanis staged a bloodless coup</a>, establishing a nationalist dictatorship that lasted until 1940.<a href="#cite_note-Country_profile-58">[58]</a> After 1934, Ulmanis established <a href="/wiki/Government_corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Government corporation">government corporations</a> to buy up private firms with the aim of "Latvianising" the economy.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latvia_in_World_War_II">Latvia in World War II</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940">Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Latvia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Latvia during World War II">German occupation of Latvia during World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">The Holocaust in Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_partisans" title="Latvian partisans">Latvian partisans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%9345" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–45">Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–45</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riga_1940_Soviet_Army.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Riga_1940_Soviet_Army.jpg/220px-Riga_1940_Soviet_Army.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Riga_1940_Soviet_Army.jpg/330px-Riga_1940_Soviet_Army.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Riga_1940_Soviet_Army.jpg/440px-Riga_1940_Soviet_Army.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> troops enter <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> (1940).</figcaption></figure> Early in the morning of 24 August 1939, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> signed a 10-year non-aggression pact, called the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The pact contained a secret protocol, revealed only after Germany's defeat in 1945, according to which the states of Northern and Eastern Europe were divided into German and Soviet "<a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">spheres of influence</a>".<a href="#cite_note-mrtext-61">[61]</a> In the north, Latvia, Finland and Estonia were assigned to the Soviet sphere.<a href="#cite_note-mrtext-61">[61]</a> A week later, on 1 September 1939, Germany <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invaded Poland</a>; on 17 September, the Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">invaded Poland as well</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PBBG-62">[62]</a>: 32  After the conclusion of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, most of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic Germans</a> left Latvia by agreement between Ulmanis's government and Nazi Germany under the <a href="/wiki/Heim_ins_Reich" title="Heim ins Reich">Heim ins Reich</a> programme.<a href="#cite_note-Latvia_in_WWII-63">[63]</a> In total 50,000 Baltic Germans left by the deadline of December 1939, with 1,600 remaining to conclude business and 13,000 choosing to remain in Latvia.<a href="#cite_note-Latvia_in_WWII-63">[63]</a> Most of those who remained left for Germany in summer 1940, when a second resettlement scheme was agreed.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The racially approved being resettled mainly in Poland, being given land and businesses in exchange for the money they had received from the sale of their previous assets.<a href="#cite_note-PBBG-62">[62]</a>: 46  On 5 October 1939, Latvia was forced to accept a "mutual assistance" pact with the Soviet Union, granting the Soviets the right to station between 25,000 and 30,000 troops on Latvian territory.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> State administrators were murdered and replaced by Soviet cadres.<a href="#cite_note-wettig20-66">[66]</a> Elections were held with single pro-Soviet candidates listed for many positions. The resulting people's assembly immediately requested admission into the USSR, which the Soviet Union granted.<a href="#cite_note-wettig20-66">[66]</a> Latvia, then a puppet government, was headed by <a href="/wiki/Augusts_Kirhen%C5%A1teins" title="Augusts Kirhenšteins">Augusts Kirhenšteins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The Soviet Union incorporated Latvia on 5 August 1940, as the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L19397,_Lettland,_Riga,_Begr%C3%BC%C3%9Fung_der_deutschen_Soldaten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L19397%2C_Lettland%2C_Riga%2C_Begr%C3%BC%C3%9Fung_der_deutschen_Soldaten.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L19397%2C_Lettland%2C_Riga%2C_Begr%C3%BC%C3%9Fung_der_deutschen_Soldaten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L19397%2C_Lettland%2C_Riga%2C_Begr%C3%BC%C3%9Fung_der_deutschen_Soldaten.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L19397%2C_Lettland%2C_Riga%2C_Begr%C3%BC%C3%9Fung_der_deutschen_Soldaten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L19397%2C_Lettland%2C_Riga%2C_Begr%C3%BC%C3%9Fung_der_deutschen_Soldaten.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L19397%2C_Lettland%2C_Riga%2C_Begr%C3%BC%C3%9Fung_der_deutschen_Soldaten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>German soldiers enter Riga, July 1941.</figcaption></figure> The Soviets dealt harshly with their <a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">opponents</a> – prior to <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, in less than a year, at least 34,250 Latvians were deported or killed.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Most were deported to Siberia where deaths were estimated at 40 percent.<a href="#cite_note-PBBG-62">[62]</a>: 48  On 22 June 1941, German troops attacked Soviet forces in Operation Barbarossa.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> There were some spontaneous uprisings by Latvians against the Red Army which helped the Germans. By 29 June <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> was reached and with Soviet troops killed, captured or retreating, Latvia was left under the control of German forces by early July.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-PBBG-62">[62]</a>: 78–96  The occupation was followed immediately by SS <a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a> troops, who were to act in accordance with the Nazi <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a> that required the population of Latvia to be cut by 50 percent.<a href="#cite_note-PBBG-62">[62]</a>: 64 <a href="#cite_note-PBBG-62">[62]</a>: 56  Under German occupation, Latvia was administered as part of <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Reichskommissariat Ostland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Latvian paramilitary and <a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Auxiliary Police</a> units established by the occupation authority participated in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> and other atrocities.<a href="#cite_note-Country_profile-58">[58]</a> 30,000 Jews were shot in Latvia in the autumn of 1941.<a href="#cite_note-PBBG-62">[62]</a>: 127  Another 30,000 Jews from the Riga ghetto were killed in the Rumbula Forest in November and December 1941, to reduce overpopulation in the ghetto and make room for more Jews being brought in from Germany and the West.<a href="#cite_note-PBBG-62">[62]</a>: 128  There was a pause in fighting, apart from partisan activity, until after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Leningrad">siege of Leningrad</a> ended in January 1944, and the Soviet troops advanced, entering Latvia in July and eventually capturing Riga on 13 October 1944.<a href="#cite_note-PBBG-62">[62]</a>: 271  More than 200,000 Latvian citizens died during World War II, including approximately 75,000 Latvian <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> murdered during the Nazi occupation.<a href="#cite_note-Country_profile-58">[58]</a> Latvian soldiers fought on both sides of the conflict, mainly on the German side, with 140,000 men in the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Legion" title="Latvian Legion">Latvian Legion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a>,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The <a href="/wiki/308th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="308th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">308th Latvian Rifle Division</a> was formed by the Red Army in 1944. On occasions, especially in 1944, opposing Latvian troops faced each other in battle.<a href="#cite_note-PBBG-62">[62]</a>: 299  In the 23rd block of the Vorverker cemetery, a monument was erected after the Second World War for the people of Latvia who had died in <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a> from 1945 to 1950. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_era_(1940–1941,_1944–1991)">Soviet era (1940–1941, 1944–1991)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Latvia_by_Soviet_Union_1944%E2%80%931945" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Latvia by Soviet Union 1944–1945">Occupation of Latvia by Soviet Union 1944–1945</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Army_soldiers_in_Riga._October_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Red_Army_soldiers_in_Riga._October_1944.jpg/220px-Red_Army_soldiers_in_Riga._October_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Red_Army_soldiers_in_Riga._October_1944.jpg/330px-Red_Army_soldiers_in_Riga._October_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Red_Army_soldiers_in_Riga._October_1944.jpg/440px-Red_Army_soldiers_in_Riga._October_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="2817" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> soldiers in front of the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Monument" title="Freedom Monument">Freedom Monument</a> in Riga in 1944</figcaption></figure> In 1944, when Soviet military advances reached Latvia, heavy fighting took place in Latvia between German and Soviet troops, which ended in another German defeat. In the course of the war, both occupying forces conscripted Latvians into their armies, in this way increasing the loss of the nation's "live resources". In 1944, part of the Latvian territory once more came under Soviet control. The Soviets immediately began to reinstate the Soviet system. After the German surrender, it became clear that Soviet forces were there to stay, and <a href="/wiki/Latvian_national_partisans" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian national partisans">Latvian national partisans</a>, soon joined by some who had collaborated with the Germans, began to fight against the new occupier.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Anywhere from 120,000 to as many as 300,000 Latvians took refuge from the Soviet army by fleeing to Germany and Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Most sources count 200,000 to 250,000 refugees leaving Latvia, with perhaps as many as 80,000 to 100,000 of them recaptured by the Soviets or, during few months immediately after the end of war,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> returned by the West.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The Soviets reoccupied the country in 1944–1945, and further deportations followed as the country was <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">collectivised</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sovietisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovietisation">Sovietised</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Country_profile-58">[58]</a> On 25 March 1949, 43,000 rural residents ("<a href="/wiki/Kulak" title="Kulak">kulaks</a>") and Latvian nationalists were deported to Siberia in a sweeping <a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation Priboi</a> in all three <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>, which was carefully planned and approved in Moscow already on 29 January 1949.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> This operation had the desired effect of reducing the anti-Soviet partisan activity.<a href="#cite_note-PBBG-62">[62]</a>: 326  Between 136,000 and 190,000 Latvians, depending on the sources, were imprisoned or deported to Soviet concentration camps (the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a>) in the post-war years from 1945 to 1952.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shack_from_Gulag_-_Museum_of_the_Occupation_of_Latvia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Shack_from_Gulag_-_Museum_of_the_Occupation_of_Latvia.JPG/220px-Shack_from_Gulag_-_Museum_of_the_Occupation_of_Latvia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Shack_from_Gulag_-_Museum_of_the_Occupation_of_Latvia.JPG/330px-Shack_from_Gulag_-_Museum_of_the_Occupation_of_Latvia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Shack_from_Gulag_-_Museum_of_the_Occupation_of_Latvia.JPG/440px-Shack_from_Gulag_-_Museum_of_the_Occupation_of_Latvia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of a <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> shack in the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Occupation_of_Latvia" title="Museum of the Occupation of Latvia">Museum of the Occupation of Latvia</a>, Riga</figcaption></figure> In the post-war period, Latvia was made to adopt Soviet farming methods. Rural areas were forced into <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">collectivization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> An extensive program to impose <a href="/wiki/Bilingualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingualism">bilingualism</a> was initiated in Latvia, limiting the use of Latvian language in official uses in favor of using Russian as the main language. All of the minority schools (Jewish, Polish, Belarusian, Estonian, Lithuanian) were closed down leaving only two media of instructions in the schools: Latvian and Russian.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> An influx of new colonists, including laborers, administrators, military personnel and their dependents from Russia and other Soviet republics started. By 1959 about 400,000 Russian settlers arrived and the ethnic Latvian population had fallen to 62%.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Since Latvia had maintained a well-developed infrastructure and educated specialists, Moscow decided to base some of the Soviet Union's most advanced manufacturing in Latvia. New industry was created in Latvia, including a major <a href="/wiki/Riga_Autobus_Factory" title="Riga Autobus Factory">machinery factory RAF</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jelgava" title="Jelgava">Jelgava</a>, electrotechnical factories in <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, chemical factories in <a href="/wiki/Daugavpils" title="Daugavpils">Daugavpils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valmiera" title="Valmiera">Valmiera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olaine" title="Olaine">Olaine</a>—and some food and oil processing plants.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Latvia manufactured trains, ships, minibuses, mopeds, telephones, radios and hi-fi systems, electrical and diesel engines, textiles, furniture, clothing, bags and luggage, shoes, musical instruments, home appliances, watches, tools and equipment, aviation and agricultural equipment and long list of other goods. Latvia had its own film industry and musical records factory (LPs). However, there were not enough people to operate the newly built factories.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] To maintain and expand industrial production, skilled workers were migrating from all over the Soviet Union, decreasing the proportion of ethnic Latvians in the republic.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The population of Latvia reached its peak in 1990 at just under 2.7 million people. In late 2018 the National Archives of Latvia released a full alphabetical index of some 10,000 people recruited as agents or informants by the Soviet KGB. 'The publication, which followed two decades of public debate and the passage of a special law, revealed the names, code names, birthplaces and other data on active and former KGB agents as of 1991, the year Latvia regained its independence from the Soviet Union.'<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restoration_of_independence_in_1991">Restoration of independence in 1991</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Way" title="Baltic Way">Baltic Way</a>, and <a href="/wiki/On_the_Restoration_of_Independence_of_the_Republic_of_Latvia" title="On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia">On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riga_barricade_1991.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Riga_barricade_1991.jpg/220px-Riga_barricade_1991.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Riga_barricade_1991.jpg/330px-Riga_barricade_1991.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Riga_barricade_1991.jpg/440px-Riga_barricade_1991.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2838" data-file-height="1991" /></a><figcaption>Barricade in Riga to prevent the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a> from reaching the <a href="/wiki/Saeima" title="Saeima">Latvian Parliament</a> in July 1991</figcaption></figure> In the second half of the 1980s, Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> started to introduce political and economic reforms in the Soviet Union that were called <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a>. In the summer of 1987, the first large demonstrations were held in Riga at the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Monument" title="Freedom Monument">Freedom Monument</a>—a symbol of independence. In the summer of 1988, a national movement, coalescing in the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Latvia" title="Popular Front of Latvia">Popular Front of Latvia</a>, was opposed by the <a href="/wiki/International_Front_of_the_Working_People_of_Latvia" title="International Front of the Working People of Latvia">Interfront</a>. The Latvian SSR, along with the other <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic Republics</a> was allowed greater autonomy, and in 1988, the old pre-war <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Latvia" title="Flag of Latvia">Flag of Latvia</a> flew again, replacing the Soviet Latvian flag as the official flag in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In 1989, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Soviet of the USSR">Supreme Soviet of the USSR</a> adopted a resolution on the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a>, in which it declared the occupation "not in accordance with law", and not the "will of the Soviet people". Pro-independence Popular Front of Latvia candidates gained a two-thirds majority in the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_the_Republic_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Council of the Republic of Latvia">Supreme Council</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1990_Latvian_Supreme_Soviet_election" title="1990 Latvian Supreme Soviet election">March 1990 democratic elections</a>. On 4 May 1990, the Supreme Council adopted the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Restoration_of_Independence_of_the_Republic_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration on the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia">Declaration on the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia</a>, and the Latvian SSR was renamed Republic of Latvia.<a href="#cite_note-Imagining-87">[87]</a> However, the central power in Moscow continued to regard Latvia as a Soviet republic in 1990 and 1991. In January 1991, Soviet political and military forces unsuccessfully tried to overthrow the Republic of Latvia authorities by occupying the central publishing house in Riga and establishing a Committee of National Salvation to usurp governmental functions. During the transitional period, Moscow maintained many central Soviet state authorities in Latvia.<a href="#cite_note-Imagining-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Latvia" title="Popular Front of Latvia">The Popular Front of Latvia</a> advocated that all permanent residents be eligible for Latvian citizenship, however, universal citizenship for all permanent residents was not adopted. Instead, citizenship was granted to persons who had been citizens of Latvia on the day of loss of independence in 1940 as well as their descendants. As a consequence, the majority of ethnic non-Latvians did not receive Latvian citizenship since neither they nor their parents had ever been citizens of Latvia, becoming <a href="/wiki/Non-citizens_(Latvia)" title="Non-citizens (Latvia)">non-citizens</a> or citizens of other former Soviet republics. By 2011, more than half of non-citizens had taken <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalization</a> exams and received Latvian citizenship, but in 2015 there were still 290,660 non-citizens in Latvia, which represented 14.1% of the population. They have <a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">no citizenship of any country</a>, and cannot participate in the parliamentary elections.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Children born to non-nationals after the re-establishment of independence are automatically entitled to citizenship. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_(081).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg/220px-Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg/330px-Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg/440px-Tratado_de_Lisboa_13_12_2007_%28081%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="521" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>Latvia became a member of the European Union in 2004 and signed the <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisbon Treaty">Lisbon Treaty</a> in 2007.</figcaption></figure> The Republic of Latvia declared the end of the transitional period and restored full independence on 21 August 1991, in the aftermath of the failed <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">Soviet coup attempt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FINemb-4">[4]</a> Latvia resumed diplomatic relations with Western states, including Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Saeima" title="Saeima">Saeima</a>, Latvia's parliament, was again elected in 1993. Russia ended its military presence by completing its troop withdrawal in 1994 and shutting down the <a href="/wiki/Skrunda-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Skrunda-1">Skrunda-1</a> radar station in 1998. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_joining_the_EU_in_2004">Since joining the EU in 2004</h3></div> The major goals of Latvia in the 1990s, to join <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, were achieved in 2004. The <a href="/wiki/NATO_Summit_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO Summit 2006">NATO Summit 2006</a> was held in Riga.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaira_V%C4%AB%C4%B7e-Freiberga" title="Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga">Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga</a> was <a href="/wiki/President_of_Latvia" title="President of Latvia">President of Latvia</a> from 1999 until 2007. She was the first female head of state in the former Soviet block state and was active in Latvia joining both NATO and the European Union in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Latvia signed the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement">Schengen agreement</a> on 16 April 2003 and started its implementation on 21 December 2007.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Approximately 72% of Latvian citizens are Latvian, while 20% are Russian.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The government denationalized private property confiscated by the Soviets, returning it or compensating the owners for it, and <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatized</a> most state-owned industries, reintroducing the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_lats" title="Latvian lats">prewar currency</a>. Albeit having experienced a difficult transition to a liberal economy and its re-orientation toward Western Europe, Latvia is one of the fastest growing economies in the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In November 2013, <a href="/wiki/Zolit%C5%ABde_shopping_centre_roof_collapse" title="Zolitūde shopping centre roof collapse">the roof collapsed</a> at a shopping center in Riga, causing Latvia’s worst post-independence disaster with the deaths of 54 rush hour shoppers and rescue personnel.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> was the <a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capital of Culture</a>,<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Latvia joined the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">eurozone</a> and adopted the EU single currency <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> as the currency of the country<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> and Latvian <a href="/wiki/Valdis_Dombrovskis" title="Valdis Dombrovskis">Valdis Dombrovskis</a> was named vice-president of the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In 2015 Latvia held the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Council of the European Union">Council of the European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Big European events have been celebrated in Riga such as the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2003" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2003">Eurovision Song Contest 2003</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/27th_European_Film_Awards" title="27th European Film Awards">European Film Awards 2014</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> On 1 July 2016, Latvia became a member of the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In May 2023, the parliament elected <a href="/wiki/Edgars_Rink%C4%93vi%C4%8Ds" title="Edgars Rinkēvičs">Edgars Rinkēvičs</a> as new <a href="/wiki/President_of_Latvia" title="President of Latvia">President of Latvia</a>, making him the European Union’s first openly gay head of state.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> After years of debates, Latvia ratified the EU Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence Against Women and Domestic Violence, otherwise known as the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Convention" title="Istanbul Convention">Istanbul Convention</a> in November 2023.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Latvia" title="Geography of Latvia">Geography of Latvia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BalticSea_March2000_NASA-S2000084115409.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BalticSea_March2000_NASA-S2000084115409.png/220px-BalticSea_March2000_NASA-S2000084115409.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BalticSea_March2000_NASA-S2000084115409.png/330px-BalticSea_March2000_NASA-S2000084115409.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BalticSea_March2000_NASA-S2000084115409.png/440px-BalticSea_March2000_NASA-S2000084115409.png 2x" data-file-width="1118" data-file-height="1548" /></a><figcaption>Latvia lies in Northern Europe, on the eastern shores of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>.</figcaption></figure> Latvia lies in Northern Europe, on the eastern shores of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> and northwestern part of the <a href="/wiki/East_European_craton" class="mw-redirect" title="East European craton">East European Craton</a> (EEC), between latitudes <a href="/wiki/55th_parallel_north" title="55th parallel north">55°</a> and <a href="/wiki/58th_parallel_north" title="58th parallel north">58° N</a> (a small area is north of 58°), and longitudes <a href="/wiki/21st_meridian_east" title="21st meridian east">21°</a> and <a href="/wiki/29th_meridian_east" title="29th meridian east">29° E</a> (a small area is west of 21°). Latvia has a total area of 64,559 km2 (24,926 sq mi) of which 62,157 km2 (23,999 sq mi) land, 18,159 km2 (7,011 sq mi) agricultural land,<a href="#cite_note-Agriculture_–_Key_Indicators-105">[105]</a> 34,964 km2 (13,500 sq mi) forest land<a href="#cite_note-Forestry_–_Key_Indicators-106">[106]</a> and 2,402 km2 (927 sq mi) inland water.<a href="#cite_note-Geographical_Data_–_Key_Indicators-107">[107]</a> The total length of Latvia's boundary is 1,866 km (1,159 mi). The total length of its land boundary is 1,368 km (850 mi), of which 343 km (213 mi) is shared with <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> to the north, 276 km (171 mi) with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> to the east, 161 km (100 mi) with <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> to the southeast and 588 km (365 mi) with <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> to the south. The total length of its <a href="/wiki/Maritime_boundary" title="Maritime boundary">maritime boundary</a> is 498 km (309 mi), which is shared with Estonia, Sweden and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>. Extension from north to south is 210 km (130 mi) and from west to east 450 km (280 mi).<a href="#cite_note-Geographical_Data_–_Key_Indicators-107">[107]</a> Most of Latvia's territory is less than 100 m (330 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>. Its largest lake, <a href="/wiki/Lub%C4%81ns" class="mw-redirect" title="Lubāns">Lubāns</a>, has an area of 80.7 km2 (31.2 sq mi), its deepest lake, <a href="/wiki/Dr%C4%ABdzis" class="mw-redirect" title="Drīdzis">Drīdzis</a>, is 65.1 m (214 ft) deep. The longest river on Latvian territory is the <a href="/wiki/Gauja" title="Gauja">Gauja</a>, at 452 km (281 mi) in length. The longest river flowing through Latvian territory is the <a href="/wiki/Daugava_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Daugava River">Daugava</a>, which has a total length of 1,005 km (624 mi), of which 352 km (219 mi) is on Latvian territory. Latvia's highest point is <a href="/wiki/Gaizi%C5%86kalns" title="Gaiziņkalns">Gaiziņkalns</a>, 311.6 m (1,022 ft). The length of Latvia's <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> coastline is 494 km (307 mi). An inlet of the Baltic Sea, the shallow <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Riga" title="Gulf of Riga">Gulf of Riga</a> is situated in the northwest of the country.<a href="#cite_note-Latvia_in_brief-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen_World_Map_Dfb_Dwb_Dsb.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Koppen_World_Map_Dfb_Dwb_Dsb.png/220px-Koppen_World_Map_Dfb_Dwb_Dsb.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Koppen_World_Map_Dfb_Dwb_Dsb.png/330px-Koppen_World_Map_Dfb_Dwb_Dsb.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Koppen_World_Map_Dfb_Dwb_Dsb.png/440px-Koppen_World_Map_Dfb_Dwb_Dsb.png 2x" data-file-width="4231" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Humid continental climate warm summer subtype</div></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen_classification_worldmap_CfbCfc.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Koppen_classification_worldmap_CfbCfc.png/220px-Koppen_classification_worldmap_CfbCfc.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Koppen_classification_worldmap_CfbCfc.png/330px-Koppen_classification_worldmap_CfbCfc.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Koppen_classification_worldmap_CfbCfc.png/440px-Koppen_classification_worldmap_CfbCfc.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1280" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Oceanic climate</div></div></div></div></div></div> Latvia has a <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> climate that has been described in various sources as either <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental" class="mw-redirect" title="Humid continental">humid continental</a> (<a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate#Dfb/Dwb/Dsb:_Warm_summer_subtype" title="Humid continental climate">Köppen Dfb</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic/maritime</a> (Köppen Cfb).<a href="#cite_note-liepu-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Coastal regions, especially the western coast of the <a href="/wiki/Courland_Peninsula" title="Courland Peninsula">Courland Peninsula</a>, possess a more maritime climate with cooler summers and milder winters, while eastern parts exhibit a more continental climate with warmer summers and harsher winters.<a href="#cite_note-liepu-109">[109]</a> Nevertheless, the temperature variations are little as the territory of Latvia is relatively small.<a href="#cite_note-LatviaClimate-112">[112]</a> Moreover, Latvia's terrain is particularly flat (no more than 350 meters high), thus the Latvian climate is not differentiated by altitude.<a href="#cite_note-LatviaClimate-112">[112]</a> Latvia has four pronounced seasons of near-equal length. Winter starts in mid-December and lasts until mid-March. Winters have average temperatures of −6 °C (21 °F) and are characterized by stable snow cover, bright sunshine, and short days. Severe spells of winter weather with cold winds, extreme temperatures of around −30 °C (−22 °F) and heavy snowfalls are common. Summer starts in June and lasts until August. Summers are usually warm and sunny, with cool evenings and nights. Summers have average temperatures of around 19 °C (66 °F), with extremes of 35 °C (95 °F). Spring and autumn bring fairly mild weather.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Weather records in Latvia<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Weather record</th> <th>Value</th> <th>Location</th> <th>Date </th></tr> <tr> <td>Highest temperature</td> <td>37.8 °C (100 °F)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ventspils" title="Ventspils">Ventspils</a></td> <td>4 August 2014 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lowest temperature</td> <td>−43.2 °C (−46 °F)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Daugavpils" title="Daugavpils">Daugavpils</a></td> <td>8 February 1956 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Last spring <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">frost</a></td> <td>–</td> <td>Large parts of territory</td> <td>24 June 1982 </td></tr> <tr> <td>First autumn frost</td> <td>–</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ozolnieki_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozolnieki municipality">Cenas parish</a></td> <td>15 August 1975 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Highest yearly <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a></td> <td>1,007 mm (39.6 in)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prieku%C4%BCi_parish" class="mw-redirect" title="Priekuļi parish">Priekuļi parish</a></td> <td>1928 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lowest yearly precipitation</td> <td>384 mm (15.1 in)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aina%C5%BEi" title="Ainaži">Ainaži</a></td> <td>1939 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Highest daily precipitation</td> <td>160 mm (6.3 in)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ventspils" title="Ventspils">Ventspils</a></td> <td>9 July 1973 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Highest monthly precipitation</td> <td>330 mm (13.0 in)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/N%C4%ABca_parish" class="mw-redirect" title="Nīca parish">Nīca parish</a></td> <td>August 1972 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lowest monthly precipitation</td> <td>0 mm (0 in)</td> <td>Large parts of territory</td> <td>May 1938 and May 1941 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thickest <a href="/wiki/Snow_cover" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow cover">snow cover</a></td> <td>126 cm (49.6 in)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gaizi%C5%86kalns" title="Gaiziņkalns">Gaiziņkalns</a></td> <td>March 1931 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Month with the most days with <a href="/wiki/Blizzard" title="Blizzard">blizzards</a></td> <td>19 days</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja">Liepāja</a></td> <td>February 1956 </td></tr> <tr> <td>The most days with <a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">fog</a> in a year</td> <td>143 days</td> <td>Gaiziņkalns area</td> <td>1946 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Longest-lasting fog</td> <td>93 hours</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Al%C5%ABksne" title="Alūksne">Alūksne</a></td> <td>1958 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Highest <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a></td> <td>31.5 inHg (1,066.7 mb)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja">Liepāja</a></td> <td>January 1907 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lowest atmospheric pressure</td> <td>27.5 inHg (931.3 mb)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vidzeme_Upland" title="Vidzeme Upland">Vidzeme Upland</a></td> <td>13 February 1962 </td></tr> <tr> <td>The most days with <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorms</a> in a year</td> <td>52 days</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vidzeme_Upland" title="Vidzeme Upland">Vidzeme Upland</a></td> <td>1954 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Strongest wind</td> <td>34 m/s, up to 48 m/s</td> <td>Not specified</td> <td>2 November 1969 </td></tr></tbody></table> 2019 was the warmest year in the history of weather observation in Latvia with an average temperature +8.1 °C higher.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turaidas_skats_uz_Gauju_2okt04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Turaidas_skats_uz_Gauju_2okt04.JPG/220px-Turaidas_skats_uz_Gauju_2okt04.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Turaidas_skats_uz_Gauju_2okt04.JPG/330px-Turaidas_skats_uz_Gauju_2okt04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Turaidas_skats_uz_Gauju_2okt04.JPG/440px-Turaidas_skats_uz_Gauju_2okt04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Latvia has the fifth highest proportion of land covered by forests in the European Union.</figcaption></figure> Most of the country is composed of fertile lowland plains and moderate hills. In a typical Latvian landscape, a mosaic of vast forests alternates with fields, farmsteads, and pastures. Arable land is spotted with birch groves and wooded clusters, which afford a habitat for numerous plants and animals. Latvia has hundreds of kilometres of undeveloped seashore—lined by pine forests, dunes, and continuous white sand beaches.<a href="#cite_note-Latvia_in_brief-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nature_and_Environment_in_Latvia-116">[116]</a> Latvia has the fifth highest proportion of land covered by forests in the European Union, after Sweden, Finland, Estonia and Slovenia.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Forests account for 3,497,000 ha (8,640,000 acres) or 56% of the total land area.<a href="#cite_note-Forestry_–_Key_Indicators-106">[106]</a> Latvia has over 12,500 rivers, which stretch for 38,000 km (24,000 mi). Major rivers include the <a href="/wiki/Daugava_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Daugava River">Daugava River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lielupe" title="Lielupe">Lielupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gauja" title="Gauja">Gauja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venta_(river)" title="Venta (river)">Venta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salaca" title="Salaca">Salaca</a>, the largest spawning ground for <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> in the eastern Baltic states. There are 2,256 lakes that are bigger than 1 ha (2.5 acres), with a collective area of 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi). <a href="/wiki/Mire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mire">Mires</a> occupy 9.9% of Latvia's territory. Of these, 42% are raised bogs; 49% are fens; and 9% are transitional mires. 70% percent of the mires are untouched by civilization, and they are a refuge for many rare species of plants and animals.<a href="#cite_note-Nature_and_Environment_in_Latvia-116">[116]</a> Agricultural areas account for 1,815,900 ha (4,487,000 acres) or 29% of the total land area.<a href="#cite_note-Agriculture_–_Key_Indicators-105">[105]</a> With the dismantling of collective farms, the area devoted to farming decreased dramatically – now farms are predominantly small. Approximately 200 farms, occupying 2,750 ha (6,800 acres), are engaged in ecologically pure farming (using no artificial fertilizers or pesticides).<a href="#cite_note-Nature_and_Environment_in_Latvia-116">[116]</a> Latvia's <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national parks</a> are <a href="/wiki/Gauja_National_Park" title="Gauja National Park">Gauja National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vidzeme" title="Vidzeme">Vidzeme</a> (since 1973),<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%B6emeri_National_Park" title="Ķemeri National Park">Ķemeri National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zemgale" class="mw-redirect" title="Zemgale">Zemgale</a> (1997), <a href="/wiki/Sl%C4%ABtere_National_Park" title="Slītere National Park">Slītere National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Courland" title="Courland">Kurzeme</a> (1999), and <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81zna_National_Park" title="Rāzna National Park">Rāzna National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Latgale" title="Latgale">Latgale</a> (2007).<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Latvia has a long tradition of conservation. The first laws and regulations were promulgated in the 16th and 17th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Nature_and_Environment_in_Latvia-116">[116]</a> There are 706 specially state-level protected natural areas in Latvia: four national parks, one biosphere reserve, 42 nature parks, nine areas of protected landscapes, 260 nature reserves, four strict nature reserves, 355 nature monuments, seven protected marine areas and 24 microreserves.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Nationally protected areas account for 12,790 km2 (4,940 sq mi) or around 20% of Latvia's total land area.<a href="#cite_note-Geographical_Data_–_Key_Indicators-107">[107]</a> Latvia's Red Book (Endangered Species List of Latvia), which was established in 1977, contains 112 plant species and 119 animal species. Latvia has ratified the international Washington, Bern, and Ramsare conventions.<a href="#cite_note-Nature_and_Environment_in_Latvia-116">[116]</a> The 2012 <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Index" title="Environmental Performance Index">Environmental Performance Index</a> ranks Latvia second, after Switzerland, based on the environmental performance of the country's policies.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Access to <a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">biocapacity</a> in Latvia is much higher than world average. In 2016, Latvia had 8.5 global hectares<a href="#cite_note-footprintdata-122">[122]</a> of biocapacity per person within its territory, much more than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> In 2016 Latvia used 6.4 global hectares of biocapacity per person - their <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">ecological footprint</a> of consumption. This means they use less biocapacity than Latvia contains. As a result, Latvia is running a biocapacity reserve.<a href="#cite_note-footprintdata-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White-Wagtail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/White-Wagtail.jpg/220px-White-Wagtail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/White-Wagtail.jpg/330px-White-Wagtail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/White-Wagtail.jpg/440px-White-Wagtail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/White_wagtail" title="White wagtail">white wagtail</a> is the national bird of Latvia.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></figcaption></figure> Approximately 30,000 species of flora and fauna have been registered in Latvia.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Larger mammalian wildlife in Latvia include <a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">lynx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_beaver" title="Eurasian beaver">beaver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gray_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray wolf">wolves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_Latvia" title="List of non-marine molluscs of Latvia">Non-marine molluscs of Latvia</a> include 170 species.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Species that are endangered in other European countries but common in Latvia include: black stork (<a href="/wiki/Ciconia_nigra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciconia nigra">Ciconia nigra</a>), corncrake (<a href="/wiki/Crex_crex" class="mw-redirect" title="Crex crex">Crex crex</a>), lesser spotted eagle (<a href="/wiki/Aquila_pomarina" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquila pomarina">Aquila pomarina</a>), white-backed woodpecker (<a href="/wiki/Picoides_leucotos" class="mw-redirect" title="Picoides leucotos">Picoides leucotos</a>), Eurasian crane (<a href="/wiki/Grus_grus" class="mw-redirect" title="Grus grus">Grus grus</a>), Eurasian beaver (<a href="/wiki/Castor_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Castor fiber">Castor fiber</a>), Eurasian otter (<a href="/wiki/Lutra_lutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutra lutra">Lutra lutra</a>), European wolf (<a href="/wiki/Canis_lupus" class="mw-redirect" title="Canis lupus">Canis lupus</a>) and European lynx (<a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">Felis lynx</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Nature_and_Environment_in_Latvia-116">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeographically</a>, Latvia is shared between the Central European and Northern European provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Circumboreal_Region" title="Circumboreal Region">Circumboreal Region</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Boreal_Kingdom" title="Boreal Kingdom">Boreal Kingdom</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a>, the territory of Latvia belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sarmatic_mixed_forests" title="Sarmatic mixed forests">Sarmatic mixed forests</a>. 56 percent<a href="#cite_note-Forestry_–_Key_Indicators-106">[106]</a> of Latvia's territory is covered by forests, mostly <a href="/wiki/Scots_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots pine">Scots pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norway_spruce" class="mw-redirect" title="Norway spruce">Norway spruce</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> It had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 2.09/10, ranking it 159th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Several species of flora and fauna are considered national symbols. <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quercus_robur" title="Quercus robur">Quercus robur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: ozols), and <a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">linden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tilia_cordata" title="Tilia cordata">Tilia cordata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: liepa) are Latvia's national trees and the <a href="/wiki/Leucanthemum_vulgare" title="Leucanthemum vulgare">daisy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leucanthemum_vulgare" title="Leucanthemum vulgare">Leucanthemum vulgare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: pīpene) its national flower. The white wagtail (<a href="/wiki/White_wagtail" title="White wagtail">Motacilla alba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: baltā cielava) is Latvia's national bird. Its national insect is the <a href="/wiki/Adalia_bipunctata" title="Adalia bipunctata">two-spot ladybird</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adalia_bipunctata" title="Adalia bipunctata">Adalia bipunctata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: divpunktu mārīte). <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">Amber</a>, fossilized tree resin, is one of Latvia's most important cultural symbols. In ancient times, amber found along the Baltic Sea coast was sought by Vikings as well as traders from Egypt, Greece and the Roman Empire. This led to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Amber_Road" title="Amber Road">Amber Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Several nature reserves protect unspoiled landscapes with a variety of large animals. At <a href="/wiki/Pape_Nature_Reserve" title="Pape Nature Reserve">Pape Nature Reserve</a>, where <a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">European bison</a>, wild horses, and <a href="/wiki/Heck_cattle" title="Heck cattle">recreated aurochs</a> have been reintroduced, there is now an almost complete <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a> also including moose, deer, and wolf.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Latvia" title="Politics of Latvia">Politics of Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Latvia">Parliament of Latvia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Latvia" title="Government of Latvia">Government of Latvia</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:left; margin-right:9px; margin-left:2px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/File:Edgars_Rink%C4%93vi%C4%8Ds,_Ministry_Of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Estonia_on_1_April_2022_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Edgars_Rink%C4%93vi%C4%8Ds%2C_Ministry_Of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Estonia_on_1_April_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg/125px-Edgars_Rink%C4%93vi%C4%8Ds%2C_Ministry_Of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Estonia_on_1_April_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Edgars_Rink%C4%93vi%C4%8Ds%2C_Ministry_Of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Estonia_on_1_April_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg/188px-Edgars_Rink%C4%93vi%C4%8Ds%2C_Ministry_Of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Estonia_on_1_April_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Edgars_Rink%C4%93vi%C4%8Ds%2C_Ministry_Of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Estonia_on_1_April_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Edgars_Rink%C4%93vi%C4%8Ds%2C_Ministry_Of_Foreign_Affairs_of_Estonia_on_1_April_2022_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="1816" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/File:Evika_Sili%C5%86a_(Cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Evika_Sili%C5%86a_%28Cropped%29.jpg/125px-Evika_Sili%C5%86a_%28Cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Evika_Sili%C5%86a_%28Cropped%29.jpg/188px-Evika_Sili%C5%86a_%28Cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Evika_Sili%C5%86a_%28Cropped%29.jpg/250px-Evika_Sili%C5%86a_%28Cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1863" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Edgars_Rink%C4%93vi%C4%8Ds" title="Edgars Rinkēvičs">Edgars Rinkēvičs</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Latvia" title="President of Latvia">President</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Evika_Sili%C5%86a" title="Evika Siliņa">Evika Siliņa</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Latvia" title="Prime Minister of Latvia">Prime Minister</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The 100-seat <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> Latvian parliament, the <a href="/wiki/Saeima" title="Saeima">Saeima</a>, is <a href="/wiki/General_election" title="General election">elected</a> by direct popular vote every four years. The president is elected by the Saeima in a separate election, also held every four years. The president appoints a prime minister who, together with his cabinet, forms the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive branch</a> of the government, which has to receive a confidence vote by the Saeima. This system also existed before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> The most senior civil servants are the thirteen <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State">Secretaries of State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Saeima_-_4.maijs_Saeim%C4%81_(6).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flickr_-_Saeima_-_4.maijs_Saeim%C4%81_%286%29.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Saeima_-_4.maijs_Saeim%C4%81_%286%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flickr_-_Saeima_-_4.maijs_Saeim%C4%81_%286%29.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Saeima_-_4.maijs_Saeim%C4%81_%286%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flickr_-_Saeima_-_4.maijs_Saeim%C4%81_%286%29.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Saeima_-_4.maijs_Saeim%C4%81_%286%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Livonian_Noble_Corporation" title="House of the Livonian Noble Corporation">building</a> of the Saeima, the parliament of Latvia, in Riga</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_regions_of_Latvia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Historical_regions_of_Latvia.svg/220px-Historical_regions_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Historical_regions_of_Latvia.svg/330px-Historical_regions_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Historical_regions_of_Latvia.svg/440px-Historical_regions_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Historical regions: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Courland" title="Courland">Courland</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Semigallia" title="Semigallia">Semigallia</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Vidzeme" title="Vidzeme">Vidzeme</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Latgale" title="Latgale">Latgale</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Selonia" title="Selonia">Selonia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latvijas_novadi_2021.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Latvijas_novadi_2021.png/220px-Latvijas_novadi_2021.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Latvijas_novadi_2021.png/330px-Latvijas_novadi_2021.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Latvijas_novadi_2021.png/440px-Latvijas_novadi_2021.png 2x" data-file-width="5277" data-file-height="3226" /></a><figcaption>Administrative divisions of Latvia</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Latvia" title="Administrative divisions of Latvia">Administrative divisions of Latvia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Latvia">List of cities in Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planning_regions_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Planning regions of Latvia">Planning regions of Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistical_regions_of_Latvia" title="Statistical regions of Latvia">Statistical regions of Latvia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical regions of Latvia">Historical regions of Latvia</a></div> Latvia is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a>, currently divided into 43 local government units consisting of 36 municipalities (<a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: novadi) and 7 state cities (<a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: valstspilsētas) with their own city council and administration: <a href="/wiki/Daugavpils" title="Daugavpils">Daugavpils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jelgava" title="Jelgava">Jelgava</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C5%ABrmala" title="Jūrmala">Jūrmala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja">Liepāja</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C4%93zekne" title="Rēzekne">Rēzekne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ventspils" title="Ventspils">Ventspils</a>. There are four <a href="/wiki/Cultural_regions_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural regions of Latvia">historical and cultural regions in Latvia</a> – <a href="/wiki/Courland" title="Courland">Courland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latgale" title="Latgale">Latgale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vidzeme" title="Vidzeme">Vidzeme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zemgale" class="mw-redirect" title="Zemgale">Zemgale</a>, which are recognised in <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Latvia" title="Constitution of Latvia">Constitution of Latvia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Selonia" title="Selonia">Selonia</a>, a part of Zemgale, is sometimes considered culturally distinct region, but it is not part of any formal division. The borders of historical and cultural regions usually are not explicitly defined and in several sources may vary. In formal divisions, Riga region, which includes the capital and parts of other regions that have a strong relationship with the capital, is also often included in regional divisions; e.g., there are five <a href="/wiki/Planning_regions_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Planning regions of Latvia">planning regions of Latvia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: plānošanas reģioni), which were created in 2009 to promote balanced development of all regions. Under this division Riga region includes large parts of what traditionally is considered Vidzeme, Courland, and Zemgale. <a href="/wiki/Statistical_regions_of_Latvia" title="Statistical regions of Latvia">Statistical regions of Latvia</a>, established in accordance with the EU <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Territorial_Units_for_Statistics" title="Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics">Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics</a>, duplicate this division, but divides Riga region into two parts with the capital alone being a separate region.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The largest city in Latvia is Riga, the second largest city is Daugavpils and the third largest city is Liepaja. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_culture">Political culture</h3></div> In 2010 parliamentary <a href="/wiki/2010_Latvian_parliamentary_election" title="2010 Latvian parliamentary election">election</a> ruling centre-right coalition won 63 out of 100 parliamentary seats. Left-wing opposition <a href="/wiki/Harmony_Centre" title="Harmony Centre">Harmony Centre</a> supported by Latvia's Russian-speaking minority got 29 seats.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> In November 2013, Latvian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Valdis_Dombrovskis" title="Valdis Dombrovskis">Valdis Dombrovskis</a>, in office since 2009, resigned after at least 54 people were killed and dozens injured in the <a href="/wiki/Zolit%C5%ABde_shopping_centre_roof_collapse" title="Zolitūde shopping centre roof collapse">collapse at a supermarket</a> in Riga.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> In 2014 parliamentary <a href="/wiki/2014_Latvian_parliamentary_election" title="2014 Latvian parliamentary election">election</a> was won again by the ruling centre-right coalition formed by the <a href="/wiki/Unity_(Latvia)" title="Unity (Latvia)">Unity</a> Party, the <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Latvia)" title="National Alliance (Latvia)">National Alliance</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Greens_and_Farmers" title="Union of Greens and Farmers">Union of Greens and Farmers</a>. They got 61 seats and Harmony got 24.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> In December 2015, country's first female prime minister, in office since January 2014, <a href="/wiki/Laimdota_Straujuma" title="Laimdota Straujuma">Laimdota Straujuma</a> resigned.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> In February 2016, a coalition of Union of Greens and Farmers, The Unity and National Alliance was formed by new Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Maris_Kucinskis" class="mw-redirect" title="Maris Kucinskis">Maris Kucinskis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> In 2018 parliamentary <a href="/wiki/2018_Latvian_parliamentary_election" title="2018 Latvian parliamentary election">election</a> pro-Russian Harmony was again the biggest party securing 23 out of 100 seats, the second and third were the new populist parties <a href="/wiki/KPV_LV" class="mw-redirect" title="KPV LV">KPV LV</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Conservative_Party_(Latvia)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Conservative Party (Latvia)">New Conservative Party</a>. Ruling coalition, comprising the Union of Greens and Farmers, the National Alliance and the Unity party, lost.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> In January 2019, Latvia got a government led by new Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Krisjanis_Karins" class="mw-redirect" title="Krisjanis Karins">Krisjanis Karins</a> of the centre-right <a href="/wiki/New_Unity_(Latvian_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Unity (Latvian political party)">New Unity</a>. Karins' coalition was formed by five of the seven parties in parliament, excluding only the pro-Russia Harmony party and the Union of Greens and Farmers.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> On 15 September 2023, <a href="/wiki/Evika_Sili%C5%86a" title="Evika Siliņa">Evika Siliņa</a> became the new prime minister of Latvia, following resignation of former Prime Minister Krišjānis Kariņš previous month. Siliņa’s government is a three-party coalition between her own <a href="/wiki/New_Unity" title="New Unity">New Unity</a> (JV) party, the Greens and Farmers Union (ZZS), and the social-democratic Progressives (PRO) with total 52 of 100 seats in the parliament.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Latvia" title="Foreign relations of Latvia">Foreign relations of Latvia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ministerio_de_Asuntos_Exteriores,_Riga,_Letonia,_2012-08-07,_DD_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ministerio_de_Asuntos_Exteriores%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_01.JPG/220px-Ministerio_de_Asuntos_Exteriores%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ministerio_de_Asuntos_Exteriores%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_01.JPG/330px-Ministerio_de_Asuntos_Exteriores%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ministerio_de_Asuntos_Exteriores%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_01.JPG/440px-Ministerio_de_Asuntos_Exteriores%2C_Riga%2C_Letonia%2C_2012-08-07%2C_DD_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4021" data-file-height="2563" /></a><figcaption>The building of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Riga</figcaption></figure> Latvia is a member of the United Nations, <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a>. It is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States" title="Council of the Baltic Sea States">Council of the Baltic Sea States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Investment_Bank" title="Nordic Investment Bank">Nordic Investment Bank</a>. It was a member of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> (1921–1946). Latvia is part of the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> and joined the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> on 1 January 2014.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Latvia has established diplomatic relations with 158 countries. It has 44 diplomatic and consular missions and maintains 34 embassies and 9 permanent representations abroad. There are 37 foreign embassies and 11 international organisations in Latvia's capital <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>. Latvia hosts one European Union institution, the <a href="/wiki/Body_of_European_Regulators_of_Electronic_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Body of European Regulators of Electronic Communications">Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications</a> (BEREC).<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Latvia's foreign policy priorities include co-operation in the Baltic Sea region, European integration, active involvement in international organisations, contribution to European and transatlantic security and defence structures, participation in international civilian and military peacekeeping operations, and development co-operation, particularly the strengthening of stability and democracy in the EU's <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a> countries.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foreign_Ministers_of_Nordic_and_Baltic_countries_met_in_Helsinki,_30.08.2011_(Photographer_Eero_Kuosmanen).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Foreign_Ministers_of_Nordic_and_Baltic_countries_met_in_Helsinki%2C_30.08.2011_%28Photographer_Eero_Kuosmanen%29.jpg/220px-Foreign_Ministers_of_Nordic_and_Baltic_countries_met_in_Helsinki%2C_30.08.2011_%28Photographer_Eero_Kuosmanen%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Foreign_Ministers_of_Nordic_and_Baltic_countries_met_in_Helsinki%2C_30.08.2011_%28Photographer_Eero_Kuosmanen%29.jpg/330px-Foreign_Ministers_of_Nordic_and_Baltic_countries_met_in_Helsinki%2C_30.08.2011_%28Photographer_Eero_Kuosmanen%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Foreign_Ministers_of_Nordic_and_Baltic_countries_met_in_Helsinki%2C_30.08.2011_%28Photographer_Eero_Kuosmanen%29.jpg/440px-Foreign_Ministers_of_Nordic_and_Baltic_countries_met_in_Helsinki%2C_30.08.2011_%28Photographer_Eero_Kuosmanen%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Foreign ministers of the Nordic and Baltic countries in Helsinki, 2011</figcaption></figure> Since the early 1990s, Latvia has been involved in active trilateral <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> co-operation with its neighbours <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, and Nordic-Baltic co-operation with the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>. Latvia is a member of the interparliamentary <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Assembly" title="Baltic Assembly">Baltic Assembly</a>, the intergovernmental <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Council_of_Ministers" title="Baltic Council of Ministers">Baltic Council of Ministers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States" title="Council of the Baltic Sea States">Council of the Baltic Sea States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nordic-Baltic_Eight" title="Nordic-Baltic Eight">Nordic-Baltic Eight</a> (NB-8) is the joint co-operation of the governments of Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, and Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-Co-operation_of_Baltic_and_Nordic_States-149">[149]</a> Nordic-Baltic Six (NB-6), comprising Nordic-Baltic countries that are European Union member states, is a framework for meetings on EU-related issues. Interparliamentary co-operation between the Baltic Assembly and <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a> was signed in 1992 and since 2006 annual meetings are held as well as regular meetings on other levels.<a href="#cite_note-Co-operation_of_Baltic_and_Nordic_States-149">[149]</a> Joint Nordic-Baltic co-operation initiatives include the education programme NordPlus<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> and mobility programmes for public administration,<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> business and industry<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> and culture.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council_of_Ministers" title="Nordic Council of Ministers">Nordic Council of Ministers</a> has an office in Riga.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Latvia participates in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Dimension" title="Northern Dimension">Northern Dimension</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea_Region_Programme" title="Baltic Sea Region Programme">Baltic Sea Region Programme</a>, European Union initiatives to foster cross-border co-operation in the Baltic Sea region and Northern Europe. The secretariat of the Northern Dimension Partnership on Culture (NDPC) will be located in Riga.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> In 2013 Riga hosted the annual <a href="/wiki/Northern_Future_Forum" title="Northern Future Forum">Northern Future Forum</a>, a two-day informal meeting of the prime ministers of the Nordic-Baltic countries and the UK.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> The Enhanced Partnership in Northern Europe or e-Pine is the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a> diplomatic framework for co-operation with the Nordic-Baltic countries.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Latvia hosted the <a href="/wiki/2006_Riga_summit" title="2006 Riga summit">2006 NATO Summit</a> and since then the annual Riga Conference has become a leading foreign and security policy forum in Northern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Latvia held the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">Presidency of the Council of the European Union</a> in the first half of 2015.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Since February 2022 Latvia's relations with Russia have deteriorated to the extent that Latvia withdrew its ambassador from Russia and expelled Russia's ambassador to Latvia in January 2023 <a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> and banned Russians from entering Latvia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Latvia">Military of Latvia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_visit,_Belfast_(3)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_667223.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Naval_visit%2C_Belfast_%283%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_667223.jpg/220px-Naval_visit%2C_Belfast_%283%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_667223.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Naval_visit%2C_Belfast_%283%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_667223.jpg/330px-Naval_visit%2C_Belfast_%283%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_667223.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Naval_visit%2C_Belfast_%283%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_667223.jpg/440px-Naval_visit%2C_Belfast_%283%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_667223.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>Naval Forces minehunter Imanta</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CVR(T)_Scimitar_In_Latvia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/CVR%28T%29_Scimitar_In_Latvia.jpg/220px-CVR%28T%29_Scimitar_In_Latvia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/CVR%28T%29_Scimitar_In_Latvia.jpg/330px-CVR%28T%29_Scimitar_In_Latvia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/CVR%28T%29_Scimitar_In_Latvia.jpg/440px-CVR%28T%29_Scimitar_In_Latvia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3734" data-file-height="2479" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Combat_Vehicle_Reconnaissance_(Tracked)" title="Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (Tracked)">CVR(T) Scimitar</a> in Latvian service</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Latvian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Latvian National Armed Forces">National Armed Forces</a> (Latvian: Nacionālie bruņotie spēki (NAF)) of Latvia consists of the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Land_Forces" title="Latvian Land Forces">Land Forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Naval_Forces" title="Latvian Naval Forces">Naval Forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Air_Force" title="Latvian Air Force">Air Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_National_Guard" title="Latvian National Guard">National Guard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Special_Tasks_Unit" title="Latvian Special Tasks Unit">Special Tasks Unit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Military_Police" title="Latvian Military Police">Military Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_National_Armed_Forces_Staff_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian National Armed Forces Staff Battalion">NAF staff Battalion</a>, Training and Doctrine Command, and Logistics Command. Latvia's defence concept is based upon the Swedish-Finnish model of a rapid response force composed of a mobilisation base and a small group of career professionals. From 1 January 2007, Latvia switched to a professional fully contract-based army.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Latvia participates in international peacekeeping and security operations. Latvian armed forces have contributed to <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and EU military operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1996–2009), Albania (1999), Kosovo (2000–2009), Macedonia (2003), Iraq (2005–2006), Afghanistan (since 2003), Somalia (since 2011) and Mali (since 2013).<a href="#cite_note-Participation_in_International_operations-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-Previous_operations-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Latvia also took part in the US-led <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">Multi-National Force</a> operation in Iraq (2003–2008)<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> and <a href="/wiki/OSCE" class="mw-redirect" title="OSCE">OSCE</a> missions in Georgia, Kosovo and Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Latvian armed forces contributed to a UK-led <a href="/wiki/EU_Battlegroup" title="EU Battlegroup">Battlegroup</a> in 2013 and the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Battle_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic Battle Group">Nordic Battlegroup</a> in 2015 under the <a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Common Security and Defence Policy</a> (CSDP) of the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Latvia acts as the lead nation in the coordination of the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)#Northern_Distribution_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">Northern Distribution Network</a> for transportation of non-lethal <a href="/wiki/ISAF" class="mw-redirect" title="ISAF">ISAF</a> cargo by air and rail to Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> It is part of the Nordic Transition Support Unit (NTSU), which renders joint force contributions in support of Afghan security structures ahead of the withdrawal of Nordic and Baltic ISAF forces in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Since 1996 more than 3600 military personnel have participated in international operations,<a href="#cite_note-Previous_operations-163">[163]</a> of whom 7 soldiers perished.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Per capita, Latvia is one of the largest contributors to international military operations.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Latvian civilian experts have contributed to EU civilian missions: border assistance mission to Moldova and Ukraine (2005–2009), rule of law missions in Iraq (2006 and 2007) and Kosovo (since 2008), police mission in Afghanistan (since 2007) and monitoring mission in Georgia (since 2008).<a href="#cite_note-Participation_in_International_operations-162">[162]</a> Since March 2004, when the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> joined NATO, fighter jets of NATO members have been deployed on a rotational basis for the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Air_Policing" title="Baltic Air Policing">Baltic Air Policing</a> mission at <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0iauliai_International_Airport" title="Šiauliai International Airport">Šiauliai Airport</a> in Lithuania to guard the Baltic airspace. Latvia participates in several <a href="/wiki/NATO_Centres_of_Excellence" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO Centres of Excellence">NATO Centres of Excellence</a>: Civil-Military Co-operation in the Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Cyber_Defence_Centre_of_Excellence" title="Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence">Cooperative Cyber Defence</a> in Estonia and Energy Security in Lithuania. It plans to establish the NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence in Riga.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Latvia co-operates with Estonia and Lithuania in several trilateral Baltic defence co-operation initiatives: <ul><li>Baltic Battalion (BALTBAT) – infantry battalion for participation in international peace support operations, headquartered near <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, Latvia;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Naval_Squadron" title="Baltic Naval Squadron">Baltic Naval Squadron</a> (BALTRON) – naval force with mine countermeasures capabilities, headquartered near <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Air_Surveillance_Network" title="Baltic Air Surveillance Network">Baltic Air Surveillance Network</a> (BALTNET) – air surveillance information system, headquartered near <a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>;</li> <li>Joint military educational institutions: <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Defence_College" title="Baltic Defence College">Baltic Defence College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, Baltic Diving Training Centre in <a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja">Liepāja</a>, Latvia and Baltic Naval Communications Training Centre in <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, Estonia.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></li></ul> Future co-operation will include sharing of national infrastructures for training purposes and specialisation of training areas (BALTTRAIN) and collective formation of battalion-sized contingents for use in the NATO rapid-response force.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> In January 2011, the Baltic states were invited to join <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Defence_Cooperation" title="Nordic Defence Cooperation">Nordic Defence Cooperation</a>, the defence framework of the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> In November 2012, the three countries agreed to create a joint military staff in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> On 21 April 2022, Latvian Saeima passed amendments developed by the Ministry of Defence for the legislative draft Amendments to the Law on Financing of National Defence, which provide for gradual increase in the defence budget to 2.5% of the country's GDP over the course of the next three year.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Latvia" title="Human rights in Latvia">Human rights in Latvia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Latvia">LGBT rights in Latvia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europride_2015.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Europride_2015.JPG/220px-Europride_2015.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Europride_2015.JPG/330px-Europride_2015.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Europride_2015.JPG/440px-Europride_2015.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Europride" class="mw-redirect" title="Europride">Europride</a> 2015 in <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a></figcaption></figure> According to the reports by <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">US Department of State</a>, human rights in Latvia are generally respected by the government:<a href="#cite_note-departmentofstate1-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Latvia is ranked above-average among the world's sovereign states in democracy,<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Press_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Press freedom">press freedom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_development_(humanity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human development (humanity)">human development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> More than 56% of leading positions are held by women in Latvia, which ranks first in Europe; Latvia ranks first in the world in women's rights sharing the position with five other European countries according to <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> The country has a large <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Latvia" title="Russians in Latvia">ethnic Russian</a> community, which was guaranteed basic rights under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Latvia" title="Constitution of Latvia">constitution</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_law" title="International human rights law">international human rights laws</a> ratified by the Latvian government.<a href="#cite_note-departmentofstate1-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Approximately 206,000 <a href="/wiki/Non-citizens_(Latvia)" title="Non-citizens (Latvia)">non-citizens</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> – including <a href="/wiki/Stateless_persons" class="mw-redirect" title="Stateless persons">stateless persons</a> – have limited access to some political rights – only citizens are allowed to participate in parliamentary or municipal elections, although there are no limitations in regards to joining political parties or other political organizations.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a> <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_on_National_Minorities" title="High Commissioner on National Minorities">High Commissioner on National Minorities</a> "urged Latvia to allow non-citizens to vote in municipal elections."<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Additionally, there have been reports of police abuse of <a href="/wiki/Detainee" class="mw-redirect" title="Detainee">detainees</a> and arrestees, poor prison conditions and overcrowding, judicial corruption, incidents of violence against <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minorities">ethnic minorities</a>, and societal violence and incidents of government discrimination against homosexuals.<a href="#cite_note-departmentofstate1-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a> is constitutionally prohibited in Latvia.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Latvia" title="Economy of Latvia">Economy of Latvia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BlueEurozone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BlueEurozone.svg/220px-BlueEurozone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BlueEurozone.svg/330px-BlueEurozone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BlueEurozone.svg/440px-BlueEurozone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Latvia is part of the <a href="/wiki/European_single_market" title="European single market">European single market</a> (light blue), <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> (dark blue) and <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> (not shown).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_Baltics.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/GDP_per_capita_Baltics.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_Baltics.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/GDP_per_capita_Baltics.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_Baltics.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/GDP_per_capita_Baltics.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_Baltics.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Real GPD per capita development of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania</figcaption></figure> Latvia is a member of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> (1999) and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (2004). On 1 January 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> became the country's currency, superseding the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_lats" title="Latvian lats">Lats</a>. According to statistics in late 2013, 45% of the population supported the introduction of the euro, while 52% opposed it.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Following the introduction of the Euro, Eurobarometer surveys in January 2014 showed support for the euro to be around 53%, close to the European average.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Since the year 2000, Latvia has had one of the highest (GDP) growth rates in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> However, the chiefly consumption-driven growth in Latvia resulted in the collapse of Latvian GDP in late 2008 and early 2009, exacerbated by the global economic crisis, shortage of credit and huge money resources used for the bailout of <a href="/wiki/Parex_Bank" title="Parex Bank">Parex Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> The Latvian economy fell 18% in the first three months of 2009, the biggest fall in the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> The economic crisis of 2009 proved earlier assumptions that the fast-growing economy was heading for implosion of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_bubble" title="Economic bubble">economic bubble</a>, because it was driven mainly by growth of domestic <a href="/wiki/Consumption_(economics)" title="Consumption (economics)">consumption</a>, financed by a serious increase of private <a href="/wiki/Debt" title="Debt">debt</a>, as well as a negative foreign <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_trade" title="Balance of trade">trade balance</a>. The prices of real estate, which rose 150% from 2004 to 2006, was a significant contributor to the economic bubble.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Privatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatisation">Privatisation</a> in Latvia is almost complete. Virtually all of the previously state-owned small and medium companies have been privatised, leaving only a small number of politically sensitive large state companies. The private sector accounted for 70% of the country's GDP in 2006. <a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Foreign investment in Latvia is still modest compared with the levels in north-central Europe. A law expanding the scope for selling land, including to foreigners, was passed in 1997. Representing 10.2% of Latvia's total foreign direct investment, American companies invested $127 million in 1999. In the same year, the United States of America exported $58.2 million of goods and services to Latvia and imported $87.9 million. Eager to join Western economic institutions like the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, Latvia signed a Europe Agreement with the EU in 1995—with a 4-year transition period. Latvia and the United States have signed treaties on investment, trade, and intellectual property protection and avoidance of double taxation.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> In 2010, Latvia launched a Residence by Investment program (Golden Visa) in order to attract foreign investors and make local economy benefit from it. This program allows investors to get a Latvian residence permit by investing at least €250,000 in property or in an enterprise with at least 50 employees and an annual turnover of at least €10M.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <dl><dt>Economic contraction and recovery (2008–12)</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932010_Latvian_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2008–2010 Latvian financial crisis">2008–2010 Latvian financial crisis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AirBaltic_Boeing_757-200_at_RIX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/AirBaltic_Boeing_757-200_at_RIX.jpg/220px-AirBaltic_Boeing_757-200_at_RIX.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/AirBaltic_Boeing_757-200_at_RIX.jpg/330px-AirBaltic_Boeing_757-200_at_RIX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/AirBaltic_Boeing_757-200_at_RIX.jpg/440px-AirBaltic_Boeing_757-200_at_RIX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/AirBaltic" title="AirBaltic">airBaltic</a> Boeing 757−200WL takes off at <a href="/wiki/Riga_International_Airport" title="Riga International Airport">Riga International Airport</a> (RIX).</figcaption></figure> The Latvian economy entered a phase of fiscal contraction during the second half of 2008 after an extended period of credit-based speculation and unrealistic appreciation in real estate values. The national account deficit for 2007, for example, represented more than 22% of the GDP for the year while inflation was running at 10%.<a href="#cite_note-cia-206">[206]</a> Latvia's unemployment rate rose sharply in this period from a low of 5.4% in November 2007 to over 22%.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> In April 2010 Latvia had the highest unemployment rate in the EU, at 22.5%, ahead of Spain, which had 19.7%.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a>, the Nobel Laureate in economics for 2008, wrote in his <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a> Op-Ed column on 15 December 2008: <blockquote>The most acute problems are on Europe's periphery, where many smaller economies are experiencing crises strongly reminiscent of past crises in Latin America and Asia: Latvia is the new Argentina<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a></blockquote> However, by 2010, commentators<a href="#cite_note-economist-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> noted signs of stabilisation in the Latvian economy. Rating agency <a href="/wiki/Standard_%26_Poor%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard & Poor's">Standard & Poor's</a> raised its outlook on Latvia's debt from negative to stable.<a href="#cite_note-economist-210">[210]</a> Latvia's current account, which had been in deficit by 27% in late 2006 was in surplus in February 2010.<a href="#cite_note-economist-210">[210]</a> Kenneth Orchard, senior analyst at <a href="/wiki/Moody%27s_Investors_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Moody's Investors Service">Moody's Investors Service</a> argued that: <blockquote>The strengthening regional economy is supporting Latvian production and exports, while the sharp swing in the current account balance suggests that the country's 'internal devaluation' is working.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/IMF" class="mw-redirect" title="IMF">IMF</a> concluded the First Post-Program Monitoring Discussions with the Republic of Latvia in July 2012 announcing that Latvia's economy has been recovering strongly since 2010, following the deep downturn in 2008–09. Real GDP growth of 5.5 percent in 2011 was underpinned by export growth and a recovery in domestic demand. The growth momentum has continued into 2012 and 2013 despite deteriorating external conditions, and the economy is expected to expand by 4.1 percent in 2014. The unemployment rate has receded from its peak of more than 20 percent in 2010 to around 9.3 percent in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> <dl><dt>Economic recovery</dt></dl> GDP at current prices rose from €23.7 billion in 2014 to €30.5 billion in 2019. The employment rate rose in the same period from 59.1% to 65% with unemployment falling from 10.8% to 6.5%.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transport">Transport</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ventspils_osta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ventspils_osta.jpg/220px-Ventspils_osta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ventspils_osta.jpg/330px-Ventspils_osta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ventspils_osta.jpg/440px-Ventspils_osta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Free_port_of_Ventspils" class="mw-redirect" title="Free port of Ventspils">Port of Ventspils</a> is one of the busiest ports in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Latvia" title="Transport in Latvia">Transport in Latvia</a></div> The transport sector is around 14% of GDP. Transit between Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan as well as other Asian countries and the West used to be large.<a href="#cite_note-wpt-215">[215]</a> The four biggest ports of Latvia are located in <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ventspils" title="Ventspils">Ventspils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja">Liepāja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saulkrasti" title="Saulkrasti">Skulte</a>. Most transit traffic uses these and half the cargo is crude oil and oil products.<a href="#cite_note-wpt-215">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_port_of_Ventspils" class="mw-redirect" title="Free port of Ventspils">Free port of Ventspils</a> is one of the busiest ports in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>. Apart from road and railway connections, Ventspils is also linked to oil extraction fields and prior to 2022, transportation routes of Russian Federation via system of two pipelines from <a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a>, Belarus.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Riga_International_Airport" title="Riga International Airport">Riga International Airport</a> is the busiest airport in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> with 7.8 million passengers in 2019. It has direct flight to over 80 destinations in 30 countries. The only other airport handling regular commercial flights is <a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja_International_Airport" title="Liepāja International Airport">Liepāja International Airport</a>. <a href="/wiki/AirBaltic" title="AirBaltic">airBaltic</a> is the Latvian flag carrier airline and a low-cost carrier with hubs in all three <a href="/wiki/Baltic_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic States">Baltic States</a>, but main base in <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, Latvia.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Railways" title="Latvian Railways">Latvian Railway</a>'s main network consists of 1,860 km of which 1,826 km is 1,520 mm <a href="/wiki/Russian_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian gauge">Russian gauge</a> railway of which 251 km are electrified, making it the longest railway network in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic States">Baltic States</a>. Latvia's railway network is currently incompatible with European <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a> lines.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Rail_Baltica" title="Rail Baltica">Rail Baltica</a> railway, linking Helsinki-Tallinn-Riga-Kaunas-Warsaw is under construction and is set to be completed in 2026.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> National road network in Latvia totals 1675 km of main roads, 5473 km of regional roads and 13 064 km of local roads. Municipal roads in Latvia totals 30 439 km of roads and 8039 km of streets.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> The best known roads are <a href="/wiki/Via_Baltica" class="mw-redirect" title="Via Baltica">A1</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_route_E67" title="European route E67">European route E67</a>), connecting <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/European_route_E22" title="European route E22">European route E22</a>, connecting <a href="/wiki/Ventspils" title="Ventspils">Ventspils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terehova,_Latvia" title="Terehova, Latvia">Terehova</a>. In 2017 there were a total of 803,546 licensed vehicles in Latvia.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Energy">Energy</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Latvia" title="Energy in Latvia">Energy in Latvia</a></div> Latvia has three large hydroelectric power stations in <a href="/wiki/P%C4%BCavi%C5%86u_HES" class="mw-redirect" title="Pļaviņu HES">Pļaviņu HES</a> (908 MW), <a href="/wiki/R%C4%ABgas_HES" class="mw-redirect" title="Rīgas HES">Rīgas HES</a> (402 MW) and <a href="/wiki/%C4%B6eguma_HES-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ķeguma HES-2">Ķeguma HES-2</a> (248 MW).<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> In recent years a couple of dozen of wind farms as well as biogas or biomass power stations of different scale have been built in Latvia.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> In 2022, the Latvian Prime Minister announced about the planned investments of 1 billion euros in the new <a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">wind farms</a> and the completed project will expectedly provide additional 800 MW of capacity.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> Latvia operates Inčukalns underground gas storage facility, one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_storage" title="Natural gas storage">underground gas storage facilities</a> in Europe and the only one in the Baltic states. Unique geological conditions at Inčukalns and other locations in Latvia are particularly suitable for underground gas storage.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Latvia" title="Demographics of Latvia">Demographics of Latvia</a></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Riga_Skyline_Panorama,_Latvia_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Riga, capital and largest city of Latvia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Riga_Skyline_Panorama%2C_Latvia_-_Diliff.jpg/1000px-Riga_Skyline_Panorama%2C_Latvia_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Riga_Skyline_Panorama%2C_Latvia_-_Diliff.jpg/1500px-Riga_Skyline_Panorama%2C_Latvia_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Riga_Skyline_Panorama%2C_Latvia_-_Diliff.jpg/2000px-Riga_Skyline_Panorama%2C_Latvia_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="40000" data-file-height="6223" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Riga_Skyline_Panorama,_Latvia_-_Diliff.jpg" title="File:Riga Skyline Panorama, Latvia - Diliff.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, capital and largest city of Latvia</div></div></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:none"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Residents of Latvia by ethnicity (2021)<a href="#cite_note-nat-1">[1]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Latvians</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkSlateGray; width:62.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">62.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Russians</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkSlateGray; width:24.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">24.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Belarusians</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkSlateGray; width:3.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Ukrainians</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkSlateGray; width:2.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Poles</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkSlateGray; width:2.0%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Lithuanians</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkSlateGray; width:1.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkSlateGray; width:4.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4.1%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population-of-Latvia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Population-of-Latvia.svg/300px-Population-of-Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Population-of-Latvia.svg/450px-Population-of-Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Population-of-Latvia.svg/600px-Population-of-Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3119" data-file-height="2205" /></a><figcaption>Population of Latvia (in millions) from 1920 to 2014</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> (TFR) in 2018 was estimated to be 1.61 children born/woman, which is lower than the replacement rate of 2.1. In 2012, 45.0% of births were to unmarried women.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> The life expectancy in 2013 was estimated at 73.2 years (68.1 years male, 78.5 years female).<a href="#cite_note-cia-206">[206]</a> As of 2015, Latvia is estimated to have the lowest male-to-female ratio in the world, at 0.85 males per female.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> In 2017, there were 1,054,433 females and 895,683 males living in Latvian territory. Every year, more boys are born than girls. Up to the age of 39, there are more males than females. Above the age of 70, there are 2.3 times as many females as males. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3></div> In 2023, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian people">Latvians</a> formed about 62.4% of the population, while 23.7% were <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Russians in the Baltic states">Russians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> 3%, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> 3%, <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> 2%, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</a> 1%.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> In some cities, including <a href="/wiki/Daugavpils" title="Daugavpils">Daugavpils</a> and <a href="/wiki/R%C4%93zekne" title="Rēzekne">Rēzekne</a>, ethnic Latvians constitute a minority of the total population. Despite a steadily increasing proportion of ethnic Latvians for more than a decade, ethnic Latvians also still make up slightly less than a half of the population of the capital city of Latvia – <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The share of ethnic Latvians declined from 77% (1,467,035) in 1935 to 52% (1,387,757) in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> In the context of a decreasing overall population, there were fewer Latvians in 2011 than in 1989, but their share of the population was larger – 1,285,136 (62.1% of the population).<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> The majority of Latvia's population are Latvians, who are an ethnic Baltic people. The country also has a significant Russian minority, as well as smaller populations of Ukrainians, Belarusians, and other Slavic peoples. These ethnic groups are all descended from peoples who settled in Latvia during the centuries of Russian and Soviet rule. Latvia's ethnic diversity is a result of a number of factors, including a long history of foreign rule, its location on the Baltic Sea trade route, and its proximity to other Slavic countries. The Russian Empire conquered Latvia in the 18th century and ruled the country for over 200 years. During this time, the Russian authorities encouraged the settlement of Russian colonists in Latvia. After the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1918, Latvia became an independent country. However, the country was occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940 and remained under Soviet rule until 1991. The Soviets expelled some groups and resettled others in Latvia, especially Russians. After 1991 many of the expellees returned to Latvia.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> As a result of deteriorating relations with Russia, Latvia has decided it does not want Russian citizens in Latvia who will not integrate. In late 2023 it is expected that around 5-6,000 Russians will be returned to Russia as they have made little effort to learn the Latvian language, integrate with Latvia, or apply to become Latvian citizens.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Language_policy_in_Latvia" title="Language policy in Latvia">Language policy in Latvia</a></div> The sole official language of Latvia is <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>, which belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic language sub-group</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language family</a>. Another notable language of Latvia is the nearly extinct <a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic language family</a>, which enjoys protection by law; <a href="/wiki/Latgalian_language" title="Latgalian language">Latgalian</a> – as a dialect of Latvian is also protected by Latvian law but as a historical variation of the Latvian language. <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, which was widely spoken during the Soviet period, is still the most widely used minority language by far (in 2023, 37.7% spoke it as their mother tongue and 34.6% spoke it at home, including people who were not ethnically Russian).<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> While it is now required that all school students learn Latvian, schools also include English, German, French and Russian in their curricula. English is also widely accepted in Latvia in business and tourism. As of 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latvia&action=edit">[update]</a> there were 109 schools for minorities that use Russian as the language of instruction (27% of all students) for 40% of subjects (the remaining 60% of subjects are taught in Latvian). On 18 February 2012, Latvia held a <a href="/wiki/2012_Latvian_constitutional_referendum" title="2012 Latvian constitutional referendum">constitutional referendum</a> on whether to adopt Russian as a second official language.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> According to the Central Election Commission, 74.8% voted against, 24.9% voted for and the voter turnout was 71.1%.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> From 2019, instruction in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Latvia" title="Russian language in Latvia">Russian language</a> was gradually discontinued in private colleges and <a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">universities</a> in Latvia, as well as general instruction in Latvian public <a href="/wiki/High_school" class="mw-redirect" title="High school">high schools</a>,<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> except for subjects related to culture and history of the Russian minority, such as Russian language and literature classes.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> All schools, including pre-schools, still using the Russian language in 2023 need to transition to using Latvian in all classes within 3 years.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Religion in Latvia</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:none"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Latvia (2011)<a href="#cite_note-Tieslietu_Ministrija-239">[239]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DodgerBlue; width:34.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">34.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkOrchid; width:24.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">24.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christian</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Crimson; width:17.8%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">17.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DeepPink; width:1.6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other Christian</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:RoyalBlue; width:1.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other or <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">none</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:SlateGray; width:21.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">21.1%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> The largest religion in Latvia is <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (79%).<a href="#cite_note-cia-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tieslietu_Ministrija-239">[239]</a> The largest groups as of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latvia&action=edit">[update]</a> were: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Latvia" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia">Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia</a> – 708,773<a href="#cite_note-Tieslietu_Ministrija-239">[239]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Latvia">Roman Catholic</a> – 500,000<a href="#cite_note-Tieslietu_Ministrija-239">[239]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christian</a> – 370,000<a href="#cite_note-Tieslietu_Ministrija-239">[239]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riga_Dom_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Riga_Dom_02.JPG/220px-Riga_Dom_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Riga_Dom_02.JPG/330px-Riga_Dom_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Riga_Dom_02.JPG/440px-Riga_Dom_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3312" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Riga_Cathedral" title="Riga Cathedral">Riga Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a> Poll 2010, 38% of Latvian citizens responded that "they believe there is a God", while 48% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 11% stated that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force". Lutheranism was more prominent before the Soviet occupation, when it was adhered to by about 60% of the population, a reflection of the country's strong historical links with the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>, and to the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hansa</a> in particular and Germany in general. Since then, Lutheranism has declined to a slightly greater extent than Roman Catholicism in all three <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>. The Evangelical Lutheran Church, with an estimated 600,000 members in 1956, was affected most adversely. An internal document of 18 March 1987, near the end of communist rule, spoke of an active membership that had shrunk to only 25,000 in Latvia, but the faith has since experienced a revival.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> The country's Orthodox Christians belong to the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Orthodox_Church" title="Latvian Orthodox Church">Latvian Orthodox Church</a>, a semi-autonomous body within the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>. In 2011, there were 416 religious <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Jews in Latvia</a> and 319 <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Latvia" title="Islam in Latvia">Muslims in Latvia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tieslietu_Ministrija-239">[239]</a> As of 2004, there were more than 600 Latvian <a href="/wiki/Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism">neopagans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturi</a> (The Godskeepers), whose religion is based on <a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian mythology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> About 21% of the total population is not affiliated with a specific religion.<a href="#cite_note-Tieslietu_Ministrija-239">[239]</a> Latvia has been seeking for a number of years to separate the Latvian Orthodox Church from Moscow, stating that longstanding ties to Russia pose “national security concerns”.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> This was achieved in September 2022 with a law removing all influence or power over the Orthodox Church from non Latvians, which would include the Patriarch of Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_and_science">Education and science</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Latvia" title="Education in Latvia">Education in Latvia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Latvia">List of universities in Latvia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latvijas_Universit%C4%81te_-_ogre11_-_Panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Latvijas_Universit%C4%81te_-_ogre11_-_Panoramio.jpg/280px-Latvijas_Universit%C4%81te_-_ogre11_-_Panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Latvijas_Universit%C4%81te_-_ogre11_-_Panoramio.jpg/420px-Latvijas_Universit%C4%81te_-_ogre11_-_Panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Latvijas_Universit%C4%81te_-_ogre11_-_Panoramio.jpg/560px-Latvijas_Universit%C4%81te_-_ogre11_-_Panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10240" data-file-height="4846" /></a><figcaption>University of Latvia</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Latvia" title="University of Latvia">University of Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riga_Technical_University" title="Riga Technical University">Riga Technical University</a> are two major universities in the country, both successors to Riga Polytechnical Institute, and located in <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> Other important universities, which were established on the base of State University of Latvia, include the <a href="/wiki/Latvia_University_of_Life_Sciences_and_Technologies" title="Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies">Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies</a> (established in 1939 on the basis of the Faculty of Agriculture) and <a href="/wiki/Riga_Stradi%C5%86%C5%A1_University" title="Riga Stradiņš University">Riga Stradiņš University</a> (established in 1950 on the basis of the Faculty of Medicine). Both nowadays cover a variety of different fields. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Daugavpils" title="University of Daugavpils">University of Daugavpils</a> is another significant centre of education. Latvia closed 131 schools between 2006 and 2010, which is a 12.9% decline, and in the same period enrolment in educational institutions has fallen by over 54,000 people, a 10.3% decline.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> Latvian policy in science and technology has set out the long-term goal of transitioning from labor-consuming economy to knowledge-based economy.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> By 2020 the government aims to spend 1.5% of GDP on research and development, with half of the investments coming from the private sector. Latvia plans to base the development of its scientific potential on existing scientific traditions, particularly in organic chemistry, medical chemistry, genetic engineering, physics, materials science and information technologies.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> The greatest number of patents, both nationwide and abroad, are in medical chemistry.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> Latvia was ranked 42nd in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Latvia" title="Health in Latvia">Health in Latvia</a></div> The Latvian healthcare system is a <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal programme</a>, largely funded through government taxation.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> It is among the lowest-ranked healthcare systems in Europe, due to excessive waiting times for treatment, insufficient access to the latest medicines, and other factors.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> There were 59 hospitals in Latvia in 2009, down from 94 in 2007 and 121 in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Latvia" title="Culture of Latvia">Culture of Latvia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historic_Centre_of_Riga-112610.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Historic_Centre_of_Riga-112610.jpg/220px-Historic_Centre_of_Riga-112610.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Historic_Centre_of_Riga-112610.jpg/330px-Historic_Centre_of_Riga-112610.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Historic_Centre_of_Riga-112610.jpg/440px-Historic_Centre_of_Riga-112610.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Riga" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic Centre of Riga">historic Centre of Riga</a> was declared a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in 1997.</figcaption></figure> Traditional Latvian <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a>, especially the dance of the <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk songs</a>, dates back well over a thousand years. More than 1.2 million texts and 30,000 melodies of folk songs have been identified.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> In the 19th century, Latvian nationalist movements emerged. They promoted Latvian culture and encouraged Latvians to take part in cultural activities. The 19th century and beginning of the 20th century is often regarded by Latvians as a classical era of Latvian culture. Posters show the influence of other European cultures, for example, works of artists such as the Baltic-German artist <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Borchert" title="Bernhard Borchert">Bernhard Borchert</a> and the French <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Dufy" title="Raoul Dufy">Raoul Dufy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> With the onset of World War II, many Latvian artists and other members of the cultural elite fled the country yet continued to produce their work, largely for a Latvian émigré audience.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Festival_da_Canci%C3%B3n_Letoa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Festival_da_Canci%C3%B3n_Letoa.jpg/220px-Festival_da_Canci%C3%B3n_Letoa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Festival_da_Canci%C3%B3n_Letoa.jpg/330px-Festival_da_Canci%C3%B3n_Letoa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Festival_da_Canci%C3%B3n_Letoa.jpg/440px-Festival_da_Canci%C3%B3n_Letoa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Participants of the Latvian Song and Dance Festival in 2018</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Song_and_Dance_Festival" title="Latvian Song and Dance Festival">Latvian Song and Dance Festival</a> is an important event in <a href="/wiki/Latvians" title="Latvians">Latvian</a> culture and social life. It has been held since 1873, normally every five years. Approximately 30,000 performers altogether participate in the event.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> Folk songs and classical choir songs are sung, with emphasis on <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a> singing, though modern popular songs have recently been incorporated into the repertoire as well.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> After incorporation into the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, Latvian artists and writers were forced to follow the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">socialist realism</a> style of art. During the Soviet era, music became increasingly popular, with the most popular being songs from the 1980s. At this time, songs often made fun of the characteristics of Soviet life and were concerned about preserving Latvian identity. This aroused popular protests against the USSR and also gave rise to an increasing popularity of poetry. Since independence, theatre, <a href="/wiki/Scenography" title="Scenography">scenography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choir</a> music, and classical music have become the most notable branches of Latvian culture.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> During July 2014, <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> hosted the eighth <a href="/wiki/World_Choir_Games" title="World Choir Games">World Choir Games</a> as it played host to over 27,000 choristers representing over 450 choirs and over 70 countries. The festival is the biggest of its kind in the world and is held every two years in a different host city.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> Starting in 2019 Latvia hosts the inaugural <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://riga-jurmala.com/">Riga Jurmala Music Festival</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210702105201/https://riga-jurmala.com/">Archived</a> 2 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, a new festival in which world-famous orchestras and conductors perform across four weekends during the summer. The festival takes place at the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_National_Opera" title="Latvian National Opera">Latvian National Opera</a>, the Great Guild, and the Great and Small Halls of the Dzintari Concert Hall. This year features the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Radio_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra">Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Israel Philharmonic Orchestra">Israel Philharmonic Orchestra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/London_Symphony_Orchestra" title="London Symphony Orchestra">London Symphony Orchestra</a> and the Russian National Orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Latvian_cuisine" title="Latvian cuisine">Latvian cuisine</a></div> Latvian cuisine typically consists of agricultural products, with meat featuring in most main meal dishes. Fish is commonly consumed due to Latvia's location on the Baltic Sea. Latvian cuisine has been influenced by neighbouring countries. Common ingredients in Latvian recipes are found locally, such as potatoes, wheat, barley, cabbage, onions, eggs, and pork. Latvian food is generally quite fatty and uses few spices.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> Grey peas with speck are generally considered as staple foods of Latvians. <a href="/wiki/Sorrel_soup" title="Sorrel soup">Sorrel soup</a> (skābeņu zupa) is also consumed by Latvians.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> Rye bread is considered the national <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Latvia" title="Sport in Latvia">Sport in Latvia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arena_Riga_CAN-CZE-2006-05-14.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arena_Riga_CAN-CZE-2006-05-14.JPG/220px-Arena_Riga_CAN-CZE-2006-05-14.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arena_Riga_CAN-CZE-2006-05-14.JPG/330px-Arena_Riga_CAN-CZE-2006-05-14.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arena_Riga_CAN-CZE-2006-05-14.JPG/440px-Arena_Riga_CAN-CZE-2006-05-14.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2095" data-file-height="1501" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arena_Riga" title="Arena Riga">Arena Riga</a> during the 2006 IIHF World Championship</figcaption></figure> Ice hockey is usually considered the most popular sport in Latvia. Latvia has had many famous hockey stars like <a href="/wiki/Helmuts_Balderis" title="Helmuts Balderis">Helmuts Balderis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art%C5%ABrs_Irbe" title="Artūrs Irbe">Artūrs Irbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81rlis_Skrasti%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Kārlis Skrastiņš">Kārlis Skrastiņš</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandis_Ozoli%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Sandis Ozoliņš">Sandis Ozoliņš</a> and more recently <a href="/wiki/Zemgus_Girgensons" title="Zemgus Girgensons">Zemgus Girgensons</a>, whom the Latvian people have strongly supported in international and NHL play, expressed through the dedication of using the NHL's All Star Voting to bring Zemgus to number one in voting.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinamo_Riga" title="Dinamo Riga">Dinamo Riga</a> is the country's strongest hockey club, playing in the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Hockey_Higher_League" title="Latvian Hockey Higher League">Latvian Hockey Higher League</a>. The national tournament is the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Hockey_Higher_League" title="Latvian Hockey Higher League">Latvian Hockey Higher League</a>, held since 1931. The <a href="/wiki/2006_IIHF_World_Championship" title="2006 IIHF World Championship">2006 IIHF World Championship</a> was held in Riga. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kristaps_Porzingis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kristaps_Porzingis.jpg/150px-Kristaps_Porzingis.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kristaps_Porzingis.jpg/225px-Kristaps_Porzingis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kristaps_Porzingis.jpg/300px-Kristaps_Porzingis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1331" data-file-height="2151" /></a><figcaption>Kristaps Porziņģis</figcaption></figure> The second most popular sport is basketball. Latvia has a long basketball tradition, as the <a href="/wiki/Latvia_men%27s_national_basketball_team" title="Latvia men's national basketball team">Latvian national basketball team</a> won the first ever <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket" title="EuroBasket">EuroBasket</a> in <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_1935" title="EuroBasket 1935">1935</a> and silver medals in <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_1939" title="EuroBasket 1939">1939</a>, after losing the final to <a href="/wiki/Lithuania_men%27s_national_basketball_team" title="Lithuania men's national basketball team">Lithuania</a> by one point. Latvia has had many European basketball stars like <a href="/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Kr%C5%ABmi%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Jānis Krūmiņš">Jānis Krūmiņš</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maigonis_Valdmanis" title="Maigonis Valdmanis">Maigonis Valdmanis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valdis_Mui%C5%BEnieks" title="Valdis Muižnieks">Valdis Muižnieks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valdis_Valters" title="Valdis Valters">Valdis Valters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igors_Miglinieks" title="Igors Miglinieks">Igors Miglinieks</a>, as well as the first Latvian <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a> player <a href="/wiki/Gundars_V%C4%93tra" title="Gundars Vētra">Gundars Vētra</a>. <a href="/wiki/Andris_Biedri%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Andris Biedriņš">Andris Biedriņš</a> is one of the most well-known Latvian basketball players, who played in the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Golden_State_Warriors" title="Golden State Warriors">Golden State Warriors</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Utah_Jazz" title="Utah Jazz">Utah Jazz</a>. Current <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a> players include <a href="/wiki/Kristaps_Porzi%C5%86%C4%A3is" title="Kristaps Porziņģis">Kristaps Porziņģis</a>, who plays for the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Celtics" title="Boston Celtics">Boston Celtics</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C4%81vis_Bert%C4%81ns" title="Dāvis Bertāns">Dāvis Bertāns</a>, who plays for the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Thunder" title="Oklahoma City Thunder">Oklahoma City Thunder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rodions_Kurucs" title="Rodions Kurucs">Rodions Kurucs</a>, who last played for the <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Bucks" title="Milwaukee Bucks">Milwaukee Bucks</a>. Former Latvian basketball club <a href="/wiki/R%C4%ABgas_ASK" title="Rīgas ASK">Rīgas ASK</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Euroleague_Basketball" title="Euroleague Basketball">Euroleague</a> tournament three times in a row before becoming defunct. Currently, <a href="/wiki/BK_VEF_R%C4%ABga" title="BK VEF Rīga">VEF Rīga</a>, which competes in <a href="/wiki/Eurocup_Basketball" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurocup Basketball">EuroCup</a>, is the strongest professional basketball club in Latvia. <a href="/wiki/BK_Ventspils" title="BK Ventspils">BK Ventspils</a>, which participates in <a href="/wiki/EuroChallenge" class="mw-redirect" title="EuroChallenge">EuroChallenge</a>, is the second strongest basketball club in Latvia, previously winning <a href="/wiki/Latvijas_Basketbola_l%C4%ABga" title="Latvijas Basketbola līga">LBL</a> eight times and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Basketball_League" title="Baltic Basketball League">BBL</a> in 2013.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Latvia was one of the <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_2015" title="EuroBasket 2015">EuroBasket 2015</a> hosts and will be one of the hosts once again in <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_2025" title="EuroBasket 2025">2025</a>. Other popular sports include <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floorball" title="Floorball">floorball</a>, tennis, volleyball, cycling, <a href="/wiki/Bobsleigh" title="Bobsleigh">bobsleigh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(sport)" title="Skeleton (sport)">skeleton</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Latvia_national_football_team" title="Latvia national football team">Latvian national football team</a>'s only major <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> tournament participation has been the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2004" title="UEFA Euro 2004">2004 UEFA European Championship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> <a href="/wiki/Latvia_at_the_Olympics" title="Latvia at the Olympics">Latvia</a> has participated successfully in both <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Olympics">Winter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a>. The most successful Olympic athlete in the history of independent Latvia has been <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ris_%C5%A0trombergs" title="Māris Štrombergs">Māris Štrombergs</a>, who became a two-time Olympic champion in 2008 and 2012 at Men's BMX.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> In Boxing, <a href="/wiki/Mairis_Briedis" title="Mairis Briedis">Mairis Briedis</a> is the first and only Latvian to date, to win a boxing world title, having held the WBC cruiserweight title from 2017 to 2018, the WBO cruiserweight title in 2019, and the IBF / The Ring magazine cruiserweight titles in 2020. In 2017, Latvian tennis player <a href="/wiki/Je%C4%BCena_Ostapenko" title="Jeļena Ostapenko">Jeļena Ostapenko</a> won the <a href="/wiki/2017_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_Singles" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 French Open – Women's Singles">2017 French Open Women's singles title</a>, being the first unseeded player to do so in the open era. In Futsal, Latvia will host the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Futsal_Euro_2026" title="UEFA Futsal Euro 2026">UEFA Futsal Euro 2026</a> alongside Lithuania, their national team will make their debut as co-host. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nat-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nat_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nat_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSocial_Statistics_Department_of_Latvia" class="citation web cs1">Social Statistics Department of Latvia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRE/IRE010/table/tableViewLayout1/">"Pastāvīgo iedzīvotāju etniskais sastāvs reģionos un republikas pilsētās gada sākumā"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928153547/https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRE/IRE010/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Past%C4%81v%C4%ABgo+iedz%C4%ABvot%C4%81ju+etniskais+sast%C4%81vs+re%C4%A3ionos+un+republikas+pils%C4%93t%C4%81s+gada+s%C4%81kum%C4%81&rft.au=Social+Statistics+Department+of+Latvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.stat.gov.lv%2Fpxweb%2Flv%2FOSP_PUB%2FSTART__POP__IR__IRE%2FIRE010%2Ftable%2FtableViewLayout1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/latvia/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Annual%20Report,(9%20percent)%2C%20the%20latter">"Latvia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230128195628/https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/latvia/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Annual%20Report,(9%20percent)%2C%20the%20latter">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Flatvia%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAccording%2520to%2520the%2520Annual%2520Report%2C%289%2520percent%29%252C%2520the%2520latter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Germanis-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Germanis_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Germanis_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĢērmanis2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Uldis_%C4%A2%C4%93rmanis" title="Uldis Ģērmanis">Ģērmanis, Uldis</a> (2007). Ojārs Kalniņš (ed.). The Latvian Saga (11th ed.). 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Embassy of Finland, Riga. 9 July 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finland.lv/public/default.aspx?nodeid=38439&contentlan=2&culture=en-US">the original</a> on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 2 September 2010. <q>Latvia declared independence on 21 August 1991...The decision to restore diplomatic relations took effect on 29 August 1991</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=Embassy+of+Finland%2C+Riga&rft.date=2008-07-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finland.lv%2Fpublic%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fnodeid%3D38439%26contentlan%3D2%26culture%3Den-US&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER">"Surface water and surface water change"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210324133453/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surface+water+and+surface+water+change&rft.pub=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development+%28OECD%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstats.oecd.org%2FIndex.aspx%3FDataSetCode%3DSURFACE_WATER&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/latvia">"Latvia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 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Retrieved 9 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Latvia+opens+its+KGB+archives+%E2%80%94+while+Russia+continues+to+whitewash+its+past&rft.au=Vladimir+Kara-Murza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2F2019%2F01%2F09%2Flatvia-opens-its-kgb-archives-while-russia-continues-whitewash-its-past%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flaglog.com/1991">"Flag Log's World Flag Chart 1991"</a>. flaglog.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220102050401/https://flaglog.com/1991">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=flaglog.com&rft.atitle=Flag+Log%27s+World+Flag+Chart+1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fflaglog.com%2F1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> More-detailed discussion in Daina Stukuls Eglitis, Imagining the Nation: History, Modernity, and Revolution in Latvia State College PA: Pennsylvania State Press, 2010), 41-46. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780271045627" title="Special:BookSources/9780271045627">9780271045627</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Imagining-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Imagining_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Imagining_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEglitis2010" class="citation book cs1">Eglitis, Daina Stukuls (1 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=36JG1JBlNroC&q=latvia+political+history">Imagining the Nation: History, Modernity, and Revolution in Latvia</a>. 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Retrieved 29 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=inventions.lza.lv&rft.atitle=latvian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finventions.lza.lv%2Fizgu_en.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/assets/67729/2000%20Global%20Innovation%20Index%202024_WEB2.pdf">Global Innovation Index 2024. Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship</a> (PDF). Geneva. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062">10.34667/tind.50062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2"><bdi>978-92-805-3681-2</bdi></a>. 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Latvia has artistically-diverse curricula and, thus, more-diverse public arts compared to the other Baltic countries; Latvia and the UK are among the European countries where there are requirements for a musically diverse curriculum. Richard Letts et al., The Protection and Promotion of Musical Diversity (UNESCO: International Music Council, 2006), 95. Online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.imc-cim.org/programmes/imc_diversity_report.pdf">http://www.imc-cim.org/programmes/imc_diversity_report.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190429110302/http://www.imc-cim.org/programmes/imc_diversity_report.pdf">Archived</a> 29 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140205110141/http://www.interkultur.com/competitions-festivals/world-choir-games/riga-2014/">"World Choir Games Riga 2014"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interkultur.com/competitions-festivals/world-choir-games/riga-2014/">the original</a> on 5 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Choir+Games+Riga+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interkultur.com%2Fcompetitions-festivals%2Fworld-choir-games%2Friga-2014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://riga-jurmala.com/about-festival/">"About Festival"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190727050819/https://riga-jurmala.com/about-festival/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 8 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Festival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Friga-jurmala.com%2Fabout-festival%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPīgozne-Brinkmane2004" class="citation book cs1">Pīgozne-Brinkmane, Leva (2004). The Cuisine of Latvia. Latvian Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9984-736-27-X" title="Special:BookSources/9984-736-27-X"><bdi>9984-736-27-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cuisine+of+Latvia&rft.pub=Latvian+Institute&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9984-736-27-X&rft.aulast=P%C4%ABgozne-Brinkmane&rft.aufirst=Leva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOšiņaOšiņš2014" class="citation book cs1">Ošiņa, Sandra; Ošiņš, Valdis (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.celotajs.lv/cont/publ/LatviesuEdieni2014/pdf/LatviesuEdieni2014_en.pdf">Traditional and modern Latvian foods and beverages</a> (PDF). The Association of Latvian Rural Tourism. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831182514/https://www.celotajs.lv/cont/publ/LatviesuEdieni2014/pdf/LatviesuEdieni2014_en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+and+modern+Latvian+foods+and+beverages&rft.pub=The+Association+of+Latvian+Rural+Tourism&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=O%C5%A1i%C5%86a&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft.au=O%C5%A1i%C5%86%C5%A1%2C+Valdis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.celotajs.lv%2Fcont%2Fpubl%2FLatviesuEdieni2014%2Fpdf%2FLatviesuEdieni2014_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross2016" class="citation web cs1">Gross, Daina (10 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kulturaskanons.lv/en/archive/rudzu-maize/">"Rye Bread"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Latvian_Culture_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian Culture Canon">Latvian Culture Canon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190923075445/https://kulturaskanons.lv/en/archive/rudzu-maize/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 20 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rye+Bread&rft.pub=Latvian+Culture+Canon&rft.date=2016-06-10&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Daina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkulturaskanons.lv%2Fen%2Farchive%2Frudzu-maize%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=743166">"Sabres' Girgensons expands lead as top vote-getter in 2015 NHL All-Star Fan Vote presented by SiriusXM"</a>. nhl.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141211004651/http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=743166">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nhl.com&rft.atitle=Sabres%27+Girgensons+expands+lead+as+top+vote-getter+in+2015+NHL+All-Star+Fan+Vote+presented+by+SiriusXM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhl.com%2Fice%2Fnews.htm%3Fid%3D743166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/teama/team=56558/profile/">"Latvia team profile"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UEFA" title="UEFA">Uefa.com</a>. 6 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205161652/http://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/teams/teama/team=56558/profile/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latvia+team+profile&rft.pub=Uefa.com&rft.date=2014-01-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uefa.com%2Fteamsandplayers%2Fteams%2Fteama%2Fteam%3D56558%2Fprofile%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espn.com/action/bmx/story/_/id/8255371/colombia-mariana-pajon-latvia-maris-strombergs-win-olympic-bmx-gold-london">"Pajon, Strombergs win Olympic BMX Finals"</a>. ESPN.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171118222249/http://www.espn.com/action/bmx/story/_/id/8255371/colombia-mariana-pajon-latvia-maris-strombergs-win-olympic-bmx-gold-london">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ESPN.com&rft.atitle=Pajon%2C+Strombergs+win+Olympic+BMX+Finals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Faction%2Fbmx%2Fstory%2F_%2Fid%2F8255371%2Fcolombia-mariana-pajon-latvia-maris-strombergs-win-olympic-bmx-gold-london&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latvia">Latvia</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArveds,_Švābe1949" class="citation book cs1">Arveds, Švābe (1949). The Story of Latvia: A Historical Survey. Stockholm: Latvian National Foundation. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2961684">2961684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Latvia%3A+A+Historical+Survey&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Latvian+National+Foundation&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2961684&rft.au=Arveds%2C+%C5%A0v%C4%81be&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleiereand_Ilgvars_ButulisAntonijs_ZundaAivars_Stranga2006" class="citation book cs1">Bleiere, Daina; and Ilgvars Butulis; Antonijs Zunda; Aivars Stranga; Inesis Feldmanis (2006). History of Latvia: the 20th century. Rīga: Jumava. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9984-38-038-6" title="Special:BookSources/9984-38-038-6"><bdi>9984-38-038-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70240317">70240317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Latvia%3A+the+20th+century&rft.place=R%C4%ABga&rft.pub=Jumava&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70240317&rft.isbn=9984-38-038-6&rft.aulast=Bleiere&rft.aufirst=Daina&rft.au=and+Ilgvars+Butulis&rft.au=Antonijs+Zunda&rft.au=Aivars+Stranga&rft.au=Inesis+Feldmanis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCimdiņaDeniss_Hanovs2011" class="citation book cs1">Cimdiņa, Ausma; Deniss Hanovs, eds. (2011). Latvia and Latvians: A People and a State in Ideas, Images and Symbols. Rīga: Zinātne Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9984-808-83-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9984-808-83-3"><bdi>978-9984-808-83-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latvia+and+Latvians%3A+A+People+and+a+State+in+Ideas%2C+Images+and+Symbols&rft.place=R%C4%ABga&rft.pub=Zin%C4%81tne+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9984-808-83-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreifelds1996" class="citation book cs1">Dreifelds, Juris (1996). Latvia in Transition. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55537-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55537-1"><bdi>978-0-521-55537-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latvia+in+Transition&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55537-1&rft.aulast=Dreifelds&rft.aufirst=Juris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Dzenovska, Dace. School of Europeanness: Tolerance and other lessons in political liberalism in Latvia (Cornell University Press, 2018).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĢērmanis2007" class="citation book cs1">Ģērmanis, Uldis (2007). The Latvian Saga. Rīga: Atēna. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9984-34-291-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9984-34-291-7"><bdi>978-9984-34-291-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Latvian+Saga&rft.place=R%C4%ABga&rft.pub=At%C4%93na&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9984-34-291-7&rft.aulast=%C4%A2%C4%93rmanis&rft.aufirst=Uldis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hazans, Mihails. "Emigration from Latvia: Recent trends and economic impact." in Coping with emigration in Baltic and East European countries (2013) pp: 65–110. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MSJWAgAAQBAJ&dq=latvia&pg=PA65">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409164049/https://books.google.com/books?id=MSJWAgAAQBAJ&dq=latvia&pg=PA65">Archived</a> 9 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLumans,_Valdis_O.2006" class="citation book cs1">Lumans, Valdis O. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IPv1gjLhtZ4C">Latvia in World War II</a>. Fordham University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8232-2627-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8232-2627-1"><bdi>0-8232-2627-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latvia+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8232-2627-1&rft.au=Lumans%2C+Valdis+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIPv1gjLhtZ4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyendorff1922" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Meyendorff, Alexander Feliksovich (1922). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Latvia">"Latvia" </a>. In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Latvia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.edition=12th&rft.pub=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Company&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Meyendorff&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Feliksovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlakans1998" class="citation book cs1">Plakans, Andrejs (1998). Historical Dictionary of Latvia (2nd ed.). Lanham: The Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5515-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5515-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-5515-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Latvia&rft.place=Lanham&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5515-1&rft.aulast=Plakans&rft.aufirst=Andrejs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlakans2010" class="citation book cs1">Plakans, Andrejs (2010). The A to Z of Latvia. Lanham: The Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7209-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7209-7"><bdi>978-0-8108-7209-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Latvia&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7209-7&rft.aulast=Plakans&rft.aufirst=Andrejs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlakans1995" class="citation book cs1">Plakans, Andrejs (1995). The Latvians: A Short History. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-9302-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-9302-3"><bdi>978-0-8179-9302-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Latvians%3A+A+Short+History&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-9302-3&rft.aulast=Plakans&rft.aufirst=Andrejs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Pabriks, Artis, and Aldis Purs. Latvia: the challenges of change (Routledge, 2013).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutkis,_Jānis1967" class="citation book cs1">Rutkis, Jānis, ed. (1967). Latvia: Country & People. Stockholm: Latvian National Foundation. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/457313">457313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latvia%3A+Country+%26+People&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Latvian+National+Foundation&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F457313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurlajs2012" class="citation book cs1">Turlajs, Jānis (2012). Latvijas vēstures atlants. Rīga: Karšu izdevniecība Jāņa sēta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9984-07-614-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9984-07-614-0"><bdi>978-9984-07-614-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latvijas+v%C4%93stures+atlants&rft.place=R%C4%ABga&rft.pub=Kar%C5%A1u+izdevniec%C4%ABba+J%C4%81%C5%86a+s%C4%93ta&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9984-07-614-0&rft.aulast=Turlajs&rft.aufirst=J%C4%81nis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baltic_states">Baltic states</h3></div> <ul><li>Auers, Daunis. Comparative politics and government of the Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in the 21st century (Springer, 2015).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBojtár1999" class="citation book cs1">Bojtár, Endre (1999). Forward to the Past – A Cultural History of the Baltic People. Budapest: Central European University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9116-42-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9116-42-9"><bdi>978-963-9116-42-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forward+to+the+Past+%E2%80%93+A+Cultural+History+of+the+Baltic+People&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-963-9116-42-9&rft.aulast=Bojt%C3%A1r&rft.aufirst=Endre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHidenPatrick_Salmon1991" class="citation book cs1">Hiden, John; Patrick Salmon (1991). The Baltic Nations and Europe: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania in the Twentieth Century. London: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-08246-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-08246-3"><bdi>0-582-08246-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baltic+Nations+and+Europe%3A+Estonia%2C+Latvia%2C+and+Lithuania+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-582-08246-3&rft.aulast=Hiden&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Patrick+Salmon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHidenVahur_MadeDavid_J._Smith2008" class="citation book cs1">Hiden, John; Vahur Made; David J. Smith (2008). The Baltic Question during the Cold War. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-56934-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-56934-7"><bdi>978-0-415-56934-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baltic+Question+during+the+Cold+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-56934-7&rft.aulast=Hiden&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Vahur+Made&rft.au=David+J.+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasekamp2010" class="citation book cs1">Kasekamp, Andres (2010). A History of the Baltic States. London: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-01940-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-01940-9"><bdi>978-0-230-01940-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Baltic+States&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-01940-9&rft.aulast=Kasekamp&rft.aufirst=Andres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsson2009" class="citation book cs1">Jacobsson, Bengt (2009). The European Union and the Baltic States: Changing forms of governance. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-48276-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-48276-9"><bdi>978-0-415-48276-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Union+and+the+Baltic+States%3A+Changing+forms+of+governance&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-48276-9&rft.aulast=Jacobsson&rft.aufirst=Bengt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lane, Thomas, et al. The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania (Routledge, 2013).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehtiDavid_J._Smith2003" class="citation book cs1">Lehti, Marko; David J. Smith, eds. (2003). Post-Cold War Identity Politics – Northern and Baltic Experiences. London/Portland: Frank Cass Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-8351-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-8351-5"><bdi>0-7146-8351-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-Cold+War+Identity+Politics+%E2%80%93+Northern+and+Baltic+Experiences&rft.place=London%2FPortland&rft.pub=Frank+Cass+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7146-8351-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieven1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anatol_Lieven" title="Anatol Lieven">Lieven, Anatol</a> (1994). The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and the Path to Independence (2nd ed.). New Haven/London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-05552-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-05552-8"><bdi>0-300-05552-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baltic+Revolution%3A+Estonia%2C+Latvia%2C+Lithuania%2C+and+the+Path+to+Independence&rft.place=New+Haven%2FLondon&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-300-05552-8&rft.aulast=Lieven&rft.aufirst=Anatol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaylor2020" class="citation book cs1">Naylor, Aliide (2020). <a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_in_the_East:_Vladimir_Putin_and_the_New_Baltic_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="The Shadow in the East: Vladimir Putin and the New Baltic Front">The Shadow in the East: Vladimir Putin and the New Baltic Front</a>. London: Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781788312523" title="Special:BookSources/9781788312523"><bdi>9781788312523</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shadow+in+the+East%3A+Vladimir+Putin+and+the+New+Baltic+Front&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781788312523&rft.aulast=Naylor&rft.aufirst=Aliide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlakans2011" class="citation book cs1">Plakans, Andrejs (2011). A Concise History of the Baltic States. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54155-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54155-8"><bdi>978-0-521-54155-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+the+Baltic+States&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+UP&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-54155-8&rft.aulast=Plakans&rft.aufirst=Andrejs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1994" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Graham, ed. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balticstates00grah">The Baltic States: The National Self-determination of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania</a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-12060-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-12060-5"><bdi>0-312-12060-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baltic+States%3A+The+National+Self-determination+of+Estonia%2C+Latvia%2C+and+Lithuania&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-312-12060-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbalticstates00grah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Steen, Anton. Between past and future: elites, democracy and the state in post-communist countries: a comparison of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania (Routledge, 2019).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsDebra_HerrmannCathryn_Kemp2003" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Nicola; Debra Herrmann; Cathryn Kemp (2003). Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania (3rd ed.). London: Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74059-132-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-74059-132-1"><bdi>1-74059-132-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia%2C+Latvia%2C+and+Lithuania&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-74059-132-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft.au=Debra+Herrmann&rft.au=Cathryn+Kemp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia_connection">Russia connection</h3></div> <ul><li>Cheskin, Ammon. "Exploring Russian-speaking identity from below: The case of Latvia." Journal of Baltic Studies 44.3 (2013): 287–312. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01629778.2012.712335">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625193434/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01629778.2012.712335">Archived</a> 25 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Cheskin, Ammon. Russian-Speakers in Post-Soviet Latvia: Discursive Identity Strategies (Edinburgh University Press, 2016).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommercio2010" class="citation book cs1">Commercio, Michele E. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russianminorityp0000comm">Russian Minority Politics in Post-Soviet Latvia and Kyrgyzstan: The Transformative Power of Informal Networks</a>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4221-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4221-8"><bdi>978-0-8122-4221-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Minority+Politics+in+Post-Soviet+Latvia+and+Kyrgyzstan%3A+The+Transformative+Power+of+Informal+Networks&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4221-8&rft.aulast=Commercio&rft.aufirst=Michele+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussianminorityp0000comm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠleivyte2010" class="citation book cs1">Šleivyte, Janina (2010). Russia's European Agenda and the Baltic States. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-55400-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-55400-8"><bdi>978-0-415-55400-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+European+Agenda+and+the+Baltic+States&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-55400-8&rft.aulast=%C5%A0leivyte&rft.aufirst=Janina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatvia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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.sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Latvia at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Latvia" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Latvia">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Latvija" class="extiw" title="c:Latvija">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Latvia" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Latvia">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Latvia" class="extiw" title="q:Latvia">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Latvia" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Latvia">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Latvia" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Latvia">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Latvia" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Latvia">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Latvia" class="extiw" title="voy:Latvia">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Government</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.president.lv/?lng=en">President of Latvia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061010104155/http://www.president.lv/?lng=en">Archived</a> 10 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saeima.lv/en">Parliament of Latvia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101217184219/http://saeima.lv/en/">Archived</a> 17 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mk.gov.lv/en/?lang=1">Government of Latvia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060616022853/http://www.mk.gov.lv/en/?lang=1">Archived</a> 16 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.am.gov.lv/en/">Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141230194039/http://www.am.gov.lv/en">Archived</a> 30 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csb.gov.lv/en">Statistical Office of Latvia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414210610/https://www.csb.gov.lv/en">Archived</a> 14 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latvia.eu/">Latvian Institute</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210607172007/https://www.latvia.eu/">Archived</a> 7 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bank.lv/en/">Bank of Latvia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110318000133/http://bank.lv/en/">Archived</a> 18 March 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>General information</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latvia.eu/">Latvia Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210607172007/https://www.latvia.eu/">Archived</a> 7 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/about-eu/countries/member-countries/latvia/index_en.htm">European Union country profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160710043014/http://europa.eu/about-eu/countries/member-countries/latvia/index_en.htm">Archived</a> 10 July 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/332121/Latvia">Britannica Online Encyclopedia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150415072145/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/332121/Latvia">Archived</a> 15 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1106666.stm">BBC News country profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605095931/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1106666.stm">Archived</a> 5 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/latvia/">Latvia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210702003142/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/latvia/">Archived</a> 2 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011191805/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/latvia.htm">Latvia</a> from UCB Libraries GovPubs (archived 11 October 2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=LV">Key Development Forecasts for Latvia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224171617/http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=LV">Archived</a> 24 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Culture</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kulturaskanons.lv/en/">Latvian Cultural Canon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818101643/https://kulturaskanons.lv/en/">Archived</a> 18 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kulturasdati.lv/en">Latvian Culture Map</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210808211420/https://kulturasdati.lv/en">Archived</a> 8 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130118195808/http://www.kultura.lv/">Latvian Culture Portal</a> (archived 18 January 2013)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livones.net/en">Livonian Culture Portal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210719111800/http://www.livones.net/en">Archived</a> 19 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.km.gov.lv/en/">State Agency of Cultural Heritage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210627185232/https://www.km.gov.lv/en">Archived</a> 27 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lnb.lv/en/">National Library of Latvia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210601140440/https://www.lnb.lv/en">Archived</a> 1 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latvians.com/">Latvian Heritage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060402223512/http://latvians.com/">Archived</a> 2 April 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lmic.lv/en">Latvian Music Information Centre</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818141001/https://www.lmic.lv/en">Archived</a> 18 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Travel</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latvia.travel/en">Official Latvian Tourism Portal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520151202/https://www.latvia.travel/en/">Archived</a> 20 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Maps</dt></dl> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Latvia" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Latvia">Wikimedia Atlas of Latvia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/72594">Latvia</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latvia_topics" title="Template:Latvia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latvia_topics" title="Template talk:Latvia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latvia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latvia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latvia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Latvia</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Ancient Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunda_culture" title="Kunda culture">Kunda culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narva_culture" title="Narva culture">Narva culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Livonia" title="Kingdom of Livonia">Kingdom of Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Livonia" title="Swedish Livonia">Swedish Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflanty_Voivodeship" title="Inflanty Voivodeship">Polish Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Livonia" title="Governorate of Livonia">Russian Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_Latvian_National_Awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="The First Latvian National Awakening">The First Latvian National Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Current" title="New Current">New Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Riflemen" title="Latvian Riflemen">Latvian Riflemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940">Occupation by the Soviet Union (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Latvia_by_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany">by Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_Latvia_in_1944" title="Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944">by the Soviet Union (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Latvia" title="Soviet deportations from Latvia">Soviet deportations from Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_partisans" title="Latvian partisans">Latvian partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic 1944–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Restoration_of_Independence_of_the_Republic_of_Latvia" title="On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia#Modern_history" title="History of Latvia">Post independence</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia_%282%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia_%282%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia_%282%29.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="205" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Latvia" title="Geography of Latvia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Latvia#Climate" title="Geography of Latvia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_regions_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural regions of Latvia">Cultural regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Latvia" title="Category:Lakes of Latvia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Latvia" title="List of protected areas of Latvia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Latvia" title="List of rivers of Latvia">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Latvia" title="Politics of Latvia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Latvia" title="Administrative divisions of Latvia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Latvia" title="Constitution of Latvia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Latvia" title="Elections in Latvia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Latvia" title="Foreign relations of Latvia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Latvia" title="Government of Latvia">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_institutions_in_Latvia" title="Government institutions in Latvia">Government institutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Latvia" title="Human rights in Latvia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Latvia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_policy_in_Latvia" title="Language policy in Latvia">Language policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Latvia" title="Law enforcement in Latvia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Latvia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Latvia" title="List of political parties in Latvia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Latvia" title="President of Latvia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Latvia" title="Prime Minister of Latvia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeima" title="Saeima">Saeima (parliament)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_regions_of_Latvia" title="Statistical regions of Latvia">Statistical regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Latvia" title="Economy of Latvia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Latvia" title="Agriculture in Latvia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Latvia" title="Bank of Latvia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Latvia" title="Energy in Latvia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_euro_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian euro coins">Latvian euro coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Riga Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Latvia" title="Tourism in Latvia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Latvia" title="Telecommunications in Latvia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Latvia" title="Transport in Latvia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Latvian_financial_crisis" title="2008 Latvian financial crisis">2008 financial crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Latvia" title="Category:Society of Latvia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Latvia" title="Demographics of Latvia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Latvia" title="Health in Latvia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Latvia" title="Education in Latvia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Latvia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Latvia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Latvia" title="Crime in Latvia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Latvia#Immigration" title="Demographics of Latvia">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Latvia" title="Public holidays in Latvia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Latvia" title="Culture of Latvia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievs,_sv%C4%93t%C4%AB_Latviju!" title="Dievs, svētī Latviju!">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Latvia" title="Cinema of Latvia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Latvia" title="Coat of arms of Latvia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_cuisine" title="Latvian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Latvia" title="Flag of Latvia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_name" title="Latvian name">Latvian names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_literature" title="Latvian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latvia" title="Music of Latvia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_pottery" title="Latvian pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Latvia" title="Sport in Latvia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Latvia" title="Television in Latvia">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Latvia" title="Outline of Latvia">Outline</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Latvia" title="Category:Latvia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latvia" title="Portal:Latvia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/100px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/200px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas of internal sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li>4 Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_bordering_the_Baltic_Sea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Baltic_Sea" title="Template:Countries bordering the Baltic Sea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_bordering_the_Baltic_Sea" title="Template talk:Countries bordering the Baltic Sea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Baltic_Sea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries bordering the Baltic Sea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_bordering_the_Baltic_Sea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries bordering the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)" title="Lapland (Finland)">Lapland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="West Pomeranian Voivodeship">West Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmian%E2%80%93Masurian_Voivodeship" title="Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship">Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad Oblast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Baltic_states" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Baltic_states" title="Template:Baltic states"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Baltic_states" title="Template talk:Baltic states"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Baltic_states" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Baltic states"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Baltic_states" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Latvia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_changes_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Territorial changes of the Baltic states">Territorial changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Entente" title="Baltic Entente">Baltic Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Timeline of the occupation of the Baltic states">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Background of the occupation of the Baltic states">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">by the Soviet Union (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of the Baltic states during World War II">by Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)" title="Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)">by the Soviet Union (1944)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Deportations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_deportation" title="June deportation">June deportation (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation Priboi (1949)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_continuity_of_the_Baltic_states" title="State continuity of the Baltic states">State continuity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Legations_(1940%E2%80%931991)" title="Baltic Legations (1940–1991)">Diplomatic services</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states_under_Soviet_rule_(1944%E2%80%931991)" title="Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991)">Under Soviet rule (1944-91)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovietization_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Sovietization of the Baltic states">Sovietization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Way" title="Baltic Way">Baltic Way</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_states_flag_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Baltic_states_flag_map.svg/120px-Baltic_states_flag_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Baltic_states_flag_map.svg/180px-Baltic_states_flag_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Baltic_states_flag_map.svg/240px-Baltic_states_flag_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="2391" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Baltic_states_by_population" title="List of cities in the Baltic states by population">Largest cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_Baltic_states" title="List of tallest buildings in the Baltic states">tallest buildings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_in_the_Baltics" title="List of national parks in the Baltics">National parks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Assembly" title="Baltic Assembly">Baltic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Council_of_Ministers" title="Baltic Council of Ministers">Baltic Council of Ministers</a></li> <li>Military <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Air_Policing" title="Baltic Air Policing">Air Policing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Air_Surveillance_Network" title="Baltic Air Surveillance Network">Air Surveillance Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Defence_College" title="Baltic Defence College">Defence College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Naval_Squadron" title="Baltic Naval Squadron">Naval Squadron</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Tiger" title="Baltic Tiger">Baltic Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_the_Baltic_states" title="List of the busiest airports in the Baltic states">Busiest airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states_housing_bubble" title="Baltic states housing bubble">Housing bubble</a></li> <li>Regions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Baltic_States_by_gross_regional_product_(GRP)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regions of Baltic States by gross regional product (GRP)">Gross regional product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Baltic_States_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of regions of Baltic States by Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMX_Baltic_10" title="OMX Baltic 10">OMX Baltic 10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Cup_(football)" title="Baltic Cup (football)">Baltic Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Basketball_League" title="Baltic Basketball League">Baltic Basketball League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_States_Swimming_Championships" title="Baltic States Swimming Championships">Swimming Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Chain_Tour" title="Baltic Chain Tour">Baltic Chain Tour</a></li> <li>Records <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Baltic_records_in_athletics" title="List of Baltic records in athletics">in athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Baltic_records_in_swimming" title="List of Baltic records in swimming">in swimming</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Baltic_states" title="Category:Baltic states">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Baltic_states" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Baltic states">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Template:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Template talk:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Member_states_of_the_European_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Member states of the European Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Member_states_of_the_European_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Member states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:European_Union_main_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/80px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/120px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/European_Union_main_map.svg/160px-European_Union_main_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Potential enlargement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Former members</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Template:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Template talk:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Economic Area (EEA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_European_Economic_Area_(EEA)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area (EEA)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association#Membership" title="European Free Trade Association">EFTA member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iceland–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Liechtenstein–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Norway–European Union relations">EU relations</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/80px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/120px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg/160px-Agreement_on_the_European_Economic_Area.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="610" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">EU member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area#Membership" title="European Economic Area">provisional member</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_membership_of_the_European_Economic_Area" title="United Kingdom membership of the European Economic Area">UK membership</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">CH–EU relations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">UK–EU relations</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Council_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Council_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Council_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Secretary General of the Council of Europe">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe">Committee of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Council_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the Council of Europe">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Commissioner for Human Rights">Commissioner for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_for_the_Efficiency_of_Justice" title="European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice">Commission for the Efficiency of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_against_Racism_and_Intolerance" title="European Commission against Racism and Intolerance">Commission against Racism and Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompidou_Group" title="Pompidou Group">Pompidou Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Member states of the Council of Europe">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Armenia in the Council of Europe">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Azerbaijan in the Council of Europe">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Greece in the Council of Europe">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Council of Europe–European Union relations">EU relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Russia in the Council of Europe">Russia (1996–2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar (assoc. 1950–1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_economy" title="Francophone economy">Francophone economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4074187-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80150219">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119455515">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119455515">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569322">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128512&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX452762">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/118572">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000040378&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564312905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/66eb3e73-d69e-3581-9a23-a73b4c64c8dd">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/72e1b2be-1a34-4afe-8761-d60986c256d7">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/HiohwKpG">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032618697">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/006628">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045234">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=53396">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Latvia&params=57_N_25_E_">57°N 25°E / 57°N 25°E / 57; 25</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latvia&oldid=1259162521">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latvia&oldid=1259162521</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Latvia" 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