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<span>Selection for use in the IBM PC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selection_for_use_in_the_IBM_PC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peripherals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peripherals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Peripherals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peripherals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Intel 8088" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Intel 8088" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Intel 8088" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Intel 8088" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Intel 8088" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Intel 8088" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Intel 8088" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8086_y_8088#Pines_del_8088" title="Intel 8086 y 8088 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Intel 8086 y 8088" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Intel 8088" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%ED%85%94_8088" title="인텔 8088 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인텔 8088" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Intel 8088" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Intel 8088" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Intel 8088" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Intel 8088" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Intel 8088" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Intel 8088" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Intel 8088" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Intel 8088" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Intel 8088" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Intel 8088" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Intel 8088" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Intel 8088" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Intel 8088" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Intel 8088" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Intel 8088" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Intel 8088" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Intel 8088" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q657808#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Intel microprocessor model</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Intel 8088</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KL_Intel_TD8088.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/KL_Intel_TD8088.jpg/270px-KL_Intel_TD8088.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/KL_Intel_TD8088.jpg/405px-KL_Intel_TD8088.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/KL_Intel_TD8088.jpg/540px-KL_Intel_TD8088.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1479" data-file-height="786" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">D8088 in a ceramic DIP with silver pins</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launched</th><td class="infobox-data">1979</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discontinued</th><td class="infobox-data">1998<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, <a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a>, <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harris_Corporation" title="Harris Corporation">Harris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Intersil" title="Intersil">Intersil</a>), <a href="/wiki/Oki_Electric_Industry" title="Oki Electric Industry">OKI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric" title="Mitsubishi Electric">Mitsubishi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Performance</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a> <a href="/wiki/Clock_rate" title="Clock rate">clock rate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5 MHz to 16 MHz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Data width</th><td class="infobox-data">8 bits</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Address width</th><td class="infobox-data">20 bits</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Architecture and classification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Application</th><td class="infobox-data">Desktop, Embedded</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Technology_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology node">Technology node</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/3_%C2%B5m_process" class="mw-redirect" title="3 µm process">3 µm</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">Instruction set</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/X86-16" class="mw-redirect" title="X86-16">x86-16</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Physical specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Transistor_count" title="Transistor count">Transistors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>29K 3 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Co-processor" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-processor">Co-processor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Intel_8087" title="Intel 8087">Intel 8087</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Packages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>40-pin <a href="/wiki/Dual_in-line_package" title="Dual in-line package">DIP</a></li><li>44-pin <a href="/wiki/Plastic_leaded_chip_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic leaded chip carrier">PLCC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Socket</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_in-line_package" title="Dual in-line package">DIP40</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Products, models, variants</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Variant</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>The Intel 8088 is a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">Intel 8086</a>.</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Intel_8085" title="Intel 8085">Intel 8085</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Intel_80186" title="Intel 80186">80186</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286">80286</a> (both of which were introduced in early 1982)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Support status</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Unsupported</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Intel 8088</b> ("<i>eighty-eighty-eight</i>", also called <b>iAPX 88</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-i86_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i86-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-i186_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i186-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-i286_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i286-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a> is a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">Intel 8086</a>. Introduced on June 1, 1979,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 8088 has an eight-bit external <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">data bus</a> instead of the <a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a> bus of the 8086. The 16-bit registers and the one <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">megabyte</a> address range are unchanged, however. In fact, according to the Intel documentation, the 8086 and 8088 have the same <a href="/wiki/Execution_unit" title="Execution unit">execution unit</a> (EU)—only the <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">bus interface unit</a> (BIU) is different. The 8088 was used in the original <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">IBM PC</a> and in <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatible clones</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_description">History and description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8088&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AMD_8088_die.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/AMD_8088_die.JPG/220px-AMD_8088_die.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/AMD_8088_die.JPG/330px-AMD_8088_die.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/AMD_8088_die.JPG/440px-AMD_8088_die.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3104" data-file-height="2968" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Die_(integrated_circuit)" title="Die (integrated circuit)">Die</a> of AMD 8088</figcaption></figure> <p>The 8088 was designed at Intel's laboratory in <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, as were a large number of Intel's processors.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 8088 was targeted at economical systems by allowing the use of an eight-bit data path and eight-bit support and peripheral chips; complex circuit boards were still fairly cumbersome and expensive when it was released. The <a href="/wiki/Prefetch_input_queue" title="Prefetch input queue">prefetch</a> queue of the 8088 was shortened to four bytes, from the 8086's six bytes, and the prefetch algorithm was slightly modified to adapt to the narrower bus.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These modifications of the basic 8086 design were one of the first jobs assigned to Intel's new design office and laboratory in Haifa. </p><p>Variants of the 8088 with more than 5 MHz maximal clock frequency include the 8088–2, which was <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_fabrication" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconductor fabrication">fabricated</a> using Intel's new enhanced <a href="/wiki/NMOS_logic" title="NMOS logic">nMOS</a> process called <a href="/wiki/HMOS" class="mw-redirect" title="HMOS">HMOS</a> and specified for a maximal frequency of 8 MHz. Later followed the 80C88, a <a href="/wiki/Static_core" title="Static core">fully static</a> <a href="/wiki/CHMOS" title="CHMOS">CHMOS</a> design, which could operate with clock speeds from 0 to 8 MHz. There were also several other, more or less similar, variants from other manufacturers. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/NEC_V20" title="NEC V20">NEC V20</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Pin-compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="Pin-compatible">pin-compatible</a> and slightly faster (at the same clock frequency) variant of the 8088, designed and manufactured by <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a>. Successive NEC 8088 compatible processors would run at up to 16 MHz. In 1984, <a href="/wiki/Commodore_International" title="Commodore International">Commodore International</a> signed a deal to manufacture the 8088 for use in a licensed <a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(computer)" title="Hyperion (computer)">Dynalogic Hyperion</a> clone, in a move that was regarded as signaling a major new direction for the company.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The available CMOS version was outsourced to <a href="/wiki/Oki_Electric_Industry" title="Oki Electric Industry">Oki Electronic Industry Co., Ltd.</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When announced, the list price of the 8088 was US$124.80.<sup id="cite_ref-CW79_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW79-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plastic package version was introduced in July 1981 for USD $14.10 per 100 in quantities.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intel second sourced this microprocessor to <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu Limited</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differences_from_the_8086">Differences from the 8086</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8088&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Differences from the 8086"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 8088 is architecturally very similar to the 8086. The main difference is that there are only eight data lines instead of the 8086's 16 lines. All of the other pins of the device perform the same function as they do with the 8086 with two exceptions. First, pin 34 is no longer <span style="text-decoration:overline;">BHE</span> (this is the high-order byte select on the 8086—the 8088 does not have a high-order byte on its eight-bit data bus).<sup id="cite_ref-Osborne_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osborne-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5–97">: 5–97 </span></sup> Instead it outputs a maximum mode status, <span style="text-decoration:overline;">SS0</span>. Combined with the IO/<span style="text-decoration:overline;">M</span> and DT/<span style="text-decoration:overline;">R</span> signals, the bus cycles can be decoded (it generally indicates when a write operation or an interrupt is in progress). The second change is the pin that signals whether a memory access or input/output access is being made has had its sense reversed. The pin on the 8088 is IO/<span style="text-decoration:overline;">M</span>. On the 8086 part it is <span style="text-decoration:overline;">IO</span>/M. The reason for the reversal is that it makes the 8088 compatible with the <a href="/wiki/Intel_8085" title="Intel 8085">8085</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Osborne_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osborne-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5–98">: 5–98 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance">Performance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8088&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depending on the <a href="/wiki/Clock_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Clock frequency">clock frequency</a>, the number of memory <a href="/wiki/Wait_state" title="Wait state">wait states</a>, as well as on the characteristics of the particular application program, the <i>average</i> performance for the Intel 8088 ranged approximately from 0.33 to 1 million <a href="/wiki/Instructions_per_second" title="Instructions per second">instructions per second</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the <code>mov <i>reg,reg</i></code> and <code><a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">ALU</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>reg,reg</i></code> instructions, taking two and three cycles respectively, yielded an <i>absolute peak</i> performance of between <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> MIPS per MHz, that is, somewhere in the range 3–5 MIPS at 10 MHz. </p><p>The speed of the execution unit (EU) and the bus of the 8086 CPU was well balanced; with a typical instruction mix, an 8086 could execute instructions out of the prefetch queue a good bit of the time. Cutting down the bus to eight bits made it a serious bottleneck in the 8088. With the speed of instruction fetch reduced by 50% in the 8088 as compared to the 8086, a sequence of fast instructions can quickly drain the four-byte prefetch queue. When the queue is empty, instructions take as long to complete as they take to fetch. Both the 8086 and 8088 take four clock cycles to complete a bus cycle; whereas for the 8086 this means four clocks to transfer two bytes, on the 8088 it is four clocks per byte. Therefore, for example, a two-byte shift or rotate instruction, which takes the EU only two clock cycles to execute, actually takes eight clock cycles to complete if it is not in the prefetch queue. A sequence of such fast instructions prevents the queue from being filled as fast as it is drained, and in general, because so many basic instructions execute in fewer than four clocks per instruction byte—including almost all the ALU and data-movement instructions on register operands and some of these on memory operands—it is practically impossible to avoid idling the EU in the 8088 at least <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> of the time while executing useful real-world programs, and it is not hard to idle it half the time. In short, an 8088 typically runs about half as fast as 8086 clocked at the same rate, because of the bus bottleneck (the only major difference). </p><p>A side effect of the 8088 design, with the slow bus and the small prefetch queue, is that the speed of code execution can be very dependent on instruction order. When programming the 8088, for CPU efficiency, it is vital to interleave long-running instructions with short ones whenever possible. For example, a repeated string operation or a shift by three or more will take long enough to allow time for the 4-byte prefetch queue to completely fill. If short instructions (i.e. ones totaling few bytes) are placed between slower instructions like these, the short ones can execute at full speed out of the queue. If, on the other hand, the slow instructions are executed sequentially, back to back, then after the first of them the bus unit will be forced to idle because the queue will already be full, with the consequence that later more of the faster instructions will suffer fetch delays that might have been avoidable. As some instructions, such as single-bit-position shifts and rotates, take literally 4 times as long to fetch as to execute,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the overall effect can be a slowdown by a factor of two or more. If those code segments are the bodies of loops, the difference in execution time may be very noticeable on the human timescale. </p><p>The 8088 is also (like the 8086) slow at accessing memory. The same ALU that is used to execute arithmetic and logic instructions is also used to calculate effective addresses. There is a separate adder for adding a shifted segment register to the offset address, but the offset EA itself is always calculated entirely in the main ALU. Furthermore, the loose coupling of the EU and BIU (bus unit) inserts communication overhead between the units, and the four-clock period bus transfer cycle is not particularly streamlined. Contrast this with the two-clock period bus cycle of the 6502 CPU and the 80286's three-clock period bus cycle with pipelining down to two cycles for most transfers. Most 8088 instructions that can operate on either registers or memory, including common ALU and data-movement operations, are at least four times slower for memory operands than for only register operands. Therefore, efficient 8088 (and 8086) programs avoid repeated access of memory operands when possible, loading operands from memory into registers to work with them there and storing back only the finished results. The relatively large general register set of the 8088 compared to its contemporaries assists this strategy. When there are not enough registers for all variables that are needed at once, saving registers by pushing them onto the stack and popping them back to restore them is the fastest way to use memory to augment the registers, as the stack PUSH and POP instructions are the fastest memory operations. The same is probably not true on the 80286 and later; they have dedicated address ALUs and perform memory accesses much faster than the 8088 and 8086. </p><p>Finally, because calls, jumps, and interrupts reset the prefetch queue, and because loading the IP register requires communication between the EU and the BIU (since the IP register is in the BIU, not in the EU, where the general registers are), these operations are costly. All jumps and calls take at least 15 clock cycles. Any conditional jump requires four clock cycles if not taken, but if taken, it requires 16 cycles in addition to resetting the prefetch queue; therefore, conditional jumps should be arranged to be not taken most of the time, especially inside loops. In some cases, a sequence of logic and movement operations is faster than a conditional jump that skips over one or two instructions to achieve the same result. </p><p>Intel datasheets for the 8086 and 8088 advertised the dedicated multiply and divide instructions (MUL, IMUL, DIV, and IDIV), but they are very slow, on the order of 100–200 clock cycles each. Many simple multiplications by small constants (besides powers of 2, for which shifts can be used) can be done much faster using dedicated short subroutines. The 80286 and 80386 each greatly increase the execution speed of these multiply and divide instructions.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selection_for_use_in_the_IBM_PC">Selection for use in the IBM PC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8088&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Selection for use in the IBM PC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibm_pc_5150.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ibm_pc_5150.jpg/220px-Ibm_pc_5150.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ibm_pc_5150.jpg/330px-Ibm_pc_5150.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ibm_pc_5150.jpg/440px-Ibm_pc_5150.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1784" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">IBM Personal Computer</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The original <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC">IBM PC</a> is the most influential microcomputer to use the 8088. It has a <a href="/wiki/Clock_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Clock frequency">clock frequency</a> of 4.77 MHz (4/3 the <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> <a href="/wiki/Colorburst" title="Colorburst">colorburst</a> frequency). Some of IBM's engineers and other employees wanted to use the <a href="/wiki/IBM_801" title="IBM 801">IBM 801</a> processor, some preferred the new <a href="/wiki/Motorola_68000" title="Motorola 68000">Motorola 68000</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others argued for a small and simple microprocessor, such as the <a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_6502" title="MOS Technology 6502">MOS Technology 6502</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zilog_Z80" title="Zilog Z80">Zilog Z80</a>, which are in earlier personal computers. However, IBM already had a history of using Intel chips in its products and had also acquired the rights to manufacture the <a href="/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">8086</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IBM chose the 8088 over the 8086 because Intel offered a better price for the former and could supply more units.<sup id="cite_ref-freiberger19820823_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freiberger19820823-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another factor was that the 8088 allowed the computer to be based on a modified <a href="/wiki/Intel_8085" title="Intel 8085">8085</a> design, as it could easily interface with most nMOS chips with 8-bit databuses. These were mature, and therefore economical, components. This included ICs originally intended for support and peripheral functions around the 8085 and similar processors (not exclusively Intel's), which were already well known by many engineers, further reducing cost.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The descendants of the 8088 include the <a href="/wiki/Intel_80188" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80188">80188</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel_80186" title="Intel 80186">80186</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286">80286</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel_80386" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80386">80386</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel_80486" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80486">80486</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>-<a href="/wiki/Computer_compatibility" title="Computer compatibility">compatible</a> processors, including the <a href="/wiki/Intel_Core" title="Intel Core">Intel Core</a> processors, which are popular today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8088&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Intel_8088_nMOS_microprocessor_in_plastic_DIP40_package.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Intel 8088, original 5 MHz nMOS variant in plastic DIP package"><img alt="Intel 8088, original 5 MHz nMOS variant in plastic DIP package" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Intel_8088_nMOS_microprocessor_in_plastic_DIP40_package.jpg/120px-Intel_8088_nMOS_microprocessor_in_plastic_DIP40_package.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Intel_8088_nMOS_microprocessor_in_plastic_DIP40_package.jpg/180px-Intel_8088_nMOS_microprocessor_in_plastic_DIP40_package.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Intel_8088_nMOS_microprocessor_in_plastic_DIP40_package.jpg/240px-Intel_8088_nMOS_microprocessor_in_plastic_DIP40_package.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2811" data-file-height="1288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Intel 8088, original 5 MHz <a href="/wiki/NMOS_logic" title="NMOS logic">nMOS</a> variant in plastic <a href="/wiki/Dual_in-line_package" title="Dual in-line package">DIP</a> package</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Intel_8088_chip,_top.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plastic DIP40 8088, top view"><img alt="Plastic DIP40 8088, top view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Intel_8088_chip%2C_top.jpg/120px-Intel_8088_chip%2C_top.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Intel_8088_chip%2C_top.jpg/180px-Intel_8088_chip%2C_top.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Intel_8088_chip%2C_top.jpg/240px-Intel_8088_chip%2C_top.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6001" data-file-height="2278" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plastic DIP40 8088, top view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Intel_8088_chip,_bottom.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plastic DIP40 8088, bottom view"><img alt="Plastic DIP40 8088, bottom view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Intel_8088_chip%2C_bottom.jpg/120px-Intel_8088_chip%2C_bottom.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Intel_8088_chip%2C_bottom.jpg/180px-Intel_8088_chip%2C_bottom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Intel_8088_chip%2C_bottom.jpg/240px-Intel_8088_chip%2C_bottom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6001" data-file-height="2344" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plastic DIP40 8088, bottom view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Intel_80c88-2_CMOS_microprocessor_in_plastic_DIP40_package.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Intel 80C88A-2, later CMOS variant"><img alt="Intel 80C88A-2, later CMOS variant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Intel_80c88-2_CMOS_microprocessor_in_plastic_DIP40_package.jpg/120px-Intel_80c88-2_CMOS_microprocessor_in_plastic_DIP40_package.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Intel_80c88-2_CMOS_microprocessor_in_plastic_DIP40_package.jpg/180px-Intel_80c88-2_CMOS_microprocessor_in_plastic_DIP40_package.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Intel_80c88-2_CMOS_microprocessor_in_plastic_DIP40_package.jpg/240px-Intel_80c88-2_CMOS_microprocessor_in_plastic_DIP40_package.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2531" data-file-height="1077" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Intel 80C88A-2, later <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> variant</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KL_Intel_80C88.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Intel 80C88 in PLCC44 package[gallery 1][19]"><img alt="Intel 80C88 in PLCC44 package[gallery 1][19]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/KL_Intel_80C88.jpg/120px-KL_Intel_80C88.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/KL_Intel_80C88.jpg/180px-KL_Intel_80C88.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/KL_Intel_80C88.jpg/240px-KL_Intel_80C88.jpg 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="699" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Intel 80C88 in <a href="/wiki/Chip_carrier" title="Chip carrier">PLCC</a>44 package<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>gallery 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sampling Q4 1985</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peripherals">Peripherals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8088&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Peripherals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8282" title="Intel 8282">Intel 8282</a>/<a href="/wiki/Intel_8283" title="Intel 8283">8283</a>: 8-bit latch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8284" title="Intel 8284">Intel 8284</a>: clock generator</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8286&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intel 8286 (page does not exist)">Intel 8286</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8287&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intel 8287 (page does not exist)">8287</a>: bidirectional 8-bit driver. Both Intel I8286/I8287 (industrial grade) version were available for US$16.25 in quantities of 100.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8288" title="Intel 8288">Intel 8288</a>: bus controller</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8289" title="Intel 8289">Intel 8289</a>: bus arbiter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8087" title="Intel 8087">Intel 8087</a>: Math Co-Processor</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8088&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X86_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="X86 architecture">x86 architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">IBM Personal Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_68008" title="Motorola 68008">Motorola 68008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximum mode">Maximum mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimum mode">Minimum mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IAPX" title="IAPX">iAPX</a> for the iAPX designation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Graphics_Controller" title="Professional Graphics Controller">Professional Graphics Controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transistor_count" title="Transistor count">Transistor count</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8088&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Specifically, the most obvious change is that the 8088 bus unit will prefetch a byte when it can if at least one byte of the queue is empty; the 8086 bus unit will not prefetch unless at least two of the six queue bytes are empty, so that it can prefetch a whole aligned 16-bit word, which it does in one bus cycle. The 8088, having an 8-bit external data bus, can only fetch one byte per bus cycle, so waiting to prefetch a whole word would have no benefit and would only delay, reducing the chance that the next instruction byte is already in the prefetch queue when it is needed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ALU stands for one of the instructions ADD, ADC, SUB, SBC, CMP, AND, OR, XOR, TEST.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the 8088, a shift instruction with an implied shift count of 1, which can execute in two clock cycles, is two bytes long and so takes eight clock cycles to fetch.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Most of the technical information in this section is sourced from the Intel iAPX 86,88 User's Manual, August 1981 (Order Number: 210201-001) by Intel Corporation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Later used for the IBM Instruments <a href="/wiki/IBM_System_9000" title="IBM System 9000">Laboratory Computer</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In exchange for giving Intel the rights to its <a href="/wiki/Bubble_memory" title="Bubble memory">bubble memory</a> designs. However, due to fierce competition from Japanese manufacturers, who were able to undercut by cost, Intel soon left this market and changed focus to microprocessors.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">68000 components were not widely available at the time, though it could use <a href="/wiki/Motorola_6800" title="Motorola 6800">Motorola 6800</a> components to an extent.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8088&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpushack.com/life-cycle-of-cpu.html">CPU History – The CPU Museum – Life Cycle of the CPU</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-i86-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-i86_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/components/intel/8086/1981_iAPX_86_88_Users_Manual.pdf">"iAPX 86, iAPX 88 user's manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=iAPX+86%2C+iAPX+88+user%27s+manual&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fcomponents%2Fintel%2F8086%2F1981_iAPX_86_88_Users_Manual.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8088" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-i186-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-i186_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/components/intel/8086/210976-002_iAPX_86,_88,_186_Microprocessors_Part_I_Ver_2.0_Jun_84_NJ7P-S.pdf">"iAPX 86, 88, 186 Microprocessors Part I, Workshop Notebook"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. June 1984.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=iAPX+86%2C+88%2C+186+Microprocessors+Part+I%2C+Workshop+Notebook&rft.date=1984-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fcomponents%2Fintel%2F8086%2F210976-002_iAPX_86%2C_88%2C_186_Microprocessors_Part_I_Ver_2.0_Jun_84_NJ7P-S.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8088" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-i286-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-i286_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitsavers.org/components/intel/80286/210498-001_iAPX_286_Programmers_Reference_1983.pdf">"iAPX 286 Programmers' Reference Manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 1983. page 1-1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=iAPX+286+Programmers%27+Reference+Manual&rft.pages=page+1-1&rft.date=1983&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitsavers.org%2Fcomponents%2Fintel%2F80286%2F210498-001_iAPX_286_Programmers_Reference_1983.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8088" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/quickrefyr.htm">"Microprocessor Quick Reference Guide"</a>. <i>Intel</i>. Intel<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intel&rft.atitle=Microprocessor+Quick+Reference+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.intel.com%2Fpressroom%2Fkits%2Fquickrefyr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8088" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/quickreffam.htm">"Microprocessor Quick Reference Guide"</a>. <i>Intel</i>. Intel<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intel&rft.atitle=Microprocessor+Quick+Reference+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.intel.com%2Fpressroom%2Fkits%2Fquickreffam.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8088" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2006" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Renu (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p3sYSha10mAC&pg=SA2-PA27"><i>Microprocessor Interfacing and Applications</i></a>. New Age International. pp. 2–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-224-1400-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-224-1400-1"><bdi>81-224-1400-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microprocessor+Interfacing+and+Applications&rft.pages=2-27&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=81-224-1400-1&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Renu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp3sYSha10mAC%26pg%3DSA2-PA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8088" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovindarajalu2002" class="citation book cs1">Govindarajalu, B. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iC4wHCoDq_IC&pg=PA248"><i>IBM PC and Clones: Hardware, Troubleshooting and Maintenance</i></a> (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-048286-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-048286-9"><bdi>978-0-07-048286-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+PC+and+Clones%3A+Hardware%2C+Troubleshooting+and+Maintenance&rft.pages=248&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-07-048286-9&rft.aulast=Govindarajalu&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiC4wHCoDq_IC%26pg%3DPA248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8088" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilder2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Gilder" title="George Gilder">Gilder, George F.</a> (October 10, 2013). <i>The Israel Test</i>. <a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a>. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594036125" title="Special:BookSources/978-1594036125"><bdi>978-1594036125</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Israel+Test&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Encounter+Books&rft.date=2013-10-10&rft.isbn=978-1594036125&rft.aulast=Gilder&rft.aufirst=George+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8088" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook1984" class="citation magazine cs1">Cook, Karen (April 17 – May 1, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h9RnfyXzV6sC&pg=PA52">"Commodore Adds Hyperion, Chips"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PC_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="PC Magazine">PC Magazine</a></i>. Vol. 1, no. 8. p. 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Magazine&rft.atitle=Commodore+Adds+Hyperion%2C+Chips&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=52&rft.date=1984-04-17%2F1984-05-01&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh9RnfyXzV6sC%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8088" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Intel Corporation, "NewsBit: Intel Licenses Oki on CMOS Version of Several Products", Solutions, July/August 1984, Page 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CW79-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CW79_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ouiYCe_Xw20C&q=Intel+8088++architecture&pg=PA71">"Intel Brings Out 8-Bit MPU featuring 16-Bit Architecture"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a></i>. Vol. XIII, no. 20. May 14, 1979. p. 71<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=Intel+Brings+Out+8-Bit+MPU+featuring+16-Bit+Architecture&rft.volume=XIII&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=71&rft.date=1979-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DouiYCe_Xw20C%26q%3DIntel%2B8088%2B%2Barchitecture%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8088" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Intel Corporation, "Microcomputer Components: Intel Introduces the 8089 IOP, an I/O processor for the advanced 8088/8086 CPU family, the first of a series of new subsystem components", Intel Preview, May/June 1979, Pg 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Intel Corporation, "News Bits", Solutions, July/August 1981, Page 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Intel Corporation, "NewsBits: Second Source News", Solutions, January/February 1985, Page 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osborne-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Osborne_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osborne_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Osborne 16 bit Processor Handbook (Adam Osborne & Gerry Kane) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931988-43-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-931988-43-8">0-931988-43-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090519154800/http://www.olympusmicro.com/micd/galleries/chips/intel8088a.html">"Olympus MIC-D: Integrated Circuit Gallery - Intel 8088 Microprocessor"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympusmicro.com/micd/galleries/chips/intel8088a.html">the original</a> on May 19, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Olympus+MIC-D%3A+Integrated+Circuit+Gallery+-+Intel+8088+Microprocessor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympusmicro.com%2Fmicd%2Fgalleries%2Fchips%2Fintel8088a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8088" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-freiberger19820823-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-freiberger19820823_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreiberger1982" class="citation magazine cs1">Freiberger, Paul (August 23, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VDAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22">"Bill Gates, Microsoft and the IBM Personal Computer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a></i>. Vol. 4, no. 33. p. 22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=Bill+Gates%2C+Microsoft+and+the+IBM+Personal+Computer&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1982-08-23&rft.aulast=Freiberger&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVDAEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntel+8088" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashborn, Jim; "Advanced Packaging: A Little Goes A Long Way", Intel Corporation, Solutions, January/February 1986, Page 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">8086 Available for industrial environment, Intel Preview Special Issue: 16-Bit Solutions, Intel Corporation, May/June 1980, page 29.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intel_8088&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://datasheets.chipdb.org/Intel/x86/808x/datashts/8088/231456-006.pdf">chipdb.org - Intel datasheet for 8088</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcjs.org/">PCJS: Original IBM PC simulation that runs in your web browser</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Intel_processors" title="Template:Intel processors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Intel_processors" title="Template talk:Intel processors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Intel_processors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Intel processors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Intel_processors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_processors" title="List of Intel processors">Intel processors</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_processors" title="List of Intel processors">Processors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Atom_processors" title="List of Intel Atom processors">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Celeron_processors" title="List of Intel Celeron processors">Celeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_processors" title="List of Intel Pentium processors">Pentium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_Pro_processors" title="List of Intel Pentium Pro processors">Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_II_processors" title="List of Intel Pentium II processors">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_III_processors" title="List of Intel Pentium III processors">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_4_processors" title="List of Intel Pentium 4 processors">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_D_processors" title="List of Intel Pentium D processors">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Pentium_M_processors" title="List of Intel Pentium M processors">M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_processors" title="List of Intel Core processors">Core</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_2_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core 2 processors">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_i3_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core i3 processors">i3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_i5_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core i5 processors">i5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_i7_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core i7 processors">i7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_i9_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core i9 processors">i9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_M_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core M processors">M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors" title="List of Intel Xeon processors">Xeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Quark#List_of_Intel_Quark_processors" title="Intel Quark">Quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Itanium_processors" title="List of Intel Itanium processors">Itanium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_CPU_microarchitectures" title="List of Intel CPU microarchitectures">Microarchitectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_chipsets" title="List of Intel chipsets">Chipsets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_CPU_microarchitectures" title="List of Intel CPU microarchitectures">Microarchitectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a> (<a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a> x86)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P5_(microarchitecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="P5 (microarchitecture)">P5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P6_(microarchitecture)" title="P6 (microarchitecture)">P6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_M" title="Pentium M">P6 variant (Pentium M)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonah_(microprocessor)" title="Yonah (microprocessor)">P6 variant (Enhanced Pentium M)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBurst" title="NetBurst">NetBurst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> (<a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core_(microarchitecture)" title="Intel Core (microarchitecture)">Core</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penryn_(microarchitecture)" title="Penryn (microarchitecture)">Penryn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehalem_(microarchitecture)" title="Nehalem (microarchitecture)">Nehalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westmere_(microarchitecture)" title="Westmere (microarchitecture)">Westmere</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Bridge" title="Sandy Bridge">Sandy Bridge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Bridge_(microarchitecture)" title="Ivy Bridge (microarchitecture)">Ivy Bridge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haswell_(microarchitecture)" title="Haswell (microarchitecture)">Haswell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadwell_(microarchitecture)" title="Broadwell (microarchitecture)">Broadwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylake_(microarchitecture)" title="Skylake (microarchitecture)">Skylake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannon_Lake_(microprocessor)" title="Cannon Lake (microprocessor)">Cannon Lake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunny_Cove_(microarchitecture)" title="Sunny Cove (microarchitecture)">Sunny Cove</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_Cove_(microarchitecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypress Cove (microarchitecture)">Cypress Cove</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow_Cove" title="Willow Cove">Willow Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Cove" title="Golden Cove">Golden Cove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> <a href="/wiki/Ultra-low-voltage_processor" title="Ultra-low-voltage processor">ULV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonnell_(microarchitecture)" title="Bonnell (microarchitecture)">Bonnell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saltwell_(microarchitecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltwell (microarchitecture)">Saltwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvermont" title="Silvermont">Silvermont</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldmont" title="Goldmont">Goldmont</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goldmont_Plus" title="Goldmont Plus">Goldmont Plus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremont_(microarchitecture)" title="Tremont (microarchitecture)">Tremont</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gracemont_(microarchitecture)" title="Gracemont (microarchitecture)">Gracemont</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="x86-64_(64-bit)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> (<a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Atom" title="Intel Atom">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeron" title="Celeron">Celeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium" title="Pentium">Pentium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core" title="Intel Core">Core</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#10th_generation" title="Intel Core">10th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#11th_generation" title="Intel Core">11th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#12th_generation" title="Intel Core">12th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#13th_generation" title="Intel Core">13th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#14th_generation" title="Intel Core">14th gen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeon" title="Xeon">Xeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Binary-coded_decimal" title="Binary-coded decimal">BCD</a> oriented (<a href="/wiki/4-bit_computing" title="4-bit computing">4-bit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_4004" title="Intel 4004">4004</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_4040" title="Intel 4040">4040</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">pre-x86 (<a href="/wiki/8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8-bit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8008" title="Intel 8008">8008</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8080" title="Intel 8080">8080</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8085" title="Intel 8085">8085</a> (1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> (<a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">8086</a> (1978)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">8088</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_80186" title="Intel 80186">80186</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_80188" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80188">80188</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286">80286</a> (1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X87" title="X87">x87</a> (external <a href="/wiki/Floating-point_unit" title="Floating-point unit">FPUs</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>8/16-bit databus</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_8087" title="Intel 8087">8087</a> (1980)</dd> <dt>16-bit databus</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_80C187" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80C187">80C187</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_80287" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80287">80287</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_80387SX" title="Intel 80387SX">80387SX</a></dd> <dt>32-bit databus</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_80387" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80387">80387DX</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_80487" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80487">80487</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a> (<a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a> x86)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I386" title="I386">i386</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_80386SX" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80386SX">SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_80376" title="Intel 80376">376</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_80386EX" title="Intel 80386EX">EX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I486" title="I486">i486</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I486SX" title="I486SX">SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_DX2" title="Intel DX2">DX2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_DX4" title="Intel DX4">DX4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I486SL" title="I486SL">SL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RapidCAD" title="RapidCAD">RapidCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I486_OverDrive" title="I486 OverDrive">OverDrive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stealey" title="Stealey">A100/A110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Atom" title="Intel Atom">Atom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Atom_processors#CE_SoCs" title="List of Intel Atom processors">CE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(system_on_a_chip)" title="Atom (system on a chip)">SoC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeron" title="Celeron">Celeron</a> (1998) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celeron#P6-based_Mobile_Celerons" title="Celeron">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeron#Prescott-256" title="Celeron">D</a> (2004)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium" title="Pentium">Pentium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_(original)" title="Pentium (original)">Original i586</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_OverDrive" title="Pentium OverDrive">OverDrive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_Pro" title="Pentium Pro">Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_II" title="Pentium II">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_III" title="Pentium III">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_4" title="Pentium 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_M" title="Pentium M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_Dual-Core" title="Pentium Dual-Core">Dual-Core</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core" title="Intel Core">Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeon" title="Xeon">Xeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_P6-based_Xeon_microprocessors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel P6-based Xeon microprocessors">P6-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_NetBurst-based_Xeon_microprocessors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel NetBurst-based Xeon microprocessors">NetBurst-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core-based_Xeon_microprocessors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core-based Xeon microprocessors">Core-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Quark" title="Intel Quark">Quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolapai" title="Tolapai">Tolapai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> (<a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Atom" title="Intel Atom">Atom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(system_on_chip)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom (system on chip)">SoC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Atom_processors#CE_SoCs" title="List of Intel Atom processors">CE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeron" title="Celeron">Celeron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celeron#Prescott-256" title="Celeron">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeron#Celeron_Dual-Core" title="Celeron">Dual-Core</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium" title="Pentium">Pentium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_4#Prescott_2M_(Extreme_Edition)" title="Pentium 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_D" title="Pentium D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_D#Smithfield_XE" title="Pentium D">Extreme Edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_Dual-Core" title="Pentium Dual-Core">Dual-Core</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core" title="Intel Core">Core</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core_2" title="Intel Core 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#1st_generation" title="Intel Core">1st gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#2nd_generation" title="Intel Core">2nd gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#3rd_generation" title="Intel Core">3rd gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#4th_generation" title="Intel Core">4th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#5th_generation" title="Intel Core">5th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#6th_generation" title="Intel Core">6th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#7th_generation" title="Intel Core">7th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#8th_generation" title="Intel Core">8th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#9th_generation" title="Intel Core">9th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#10th_generation" title="Intel Core">10th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Core#11th_generation" title="Intel Core">11th gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Core_M_processors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Intel Core M processors">M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeon" title="Xeon">Xeon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors_(Nehalem-based)" title="List of Intel Xeon processors (Nehalem-based)">Nehalem-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors_(Sandy_Bridge-based)" title="List of Intel Xeon processors (Sandy Bridge-based)">Sandy Bridge-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors_(Ivy_Bridge-based)" title="List of Intel Xeon processors (Ivy Bridge-based)">Ivy Bridge-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors_(Haswell-based)" title="List of Intel Xeon processors (Haswell-based)">Haswell-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors_(Broadwell-based)" title="List of Intel Xeon processors (Broadwell-based)">Broadwell-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_Xeon_processors_(Skylake-based)" title="List of Intel Xeon processors (Skylake-based)">Skylake-based</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Complex_instruction_set_computer" title="Complex instruction set computer">CISC</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_iAPX_432" title="Intel iAPX 432">iAPX 432</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Explicitly_parallel_instruction_computing" title="Explicitly parallel instruction computing">EPIC</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Itanium" title="Itanium">Itanium</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computer" title="Reduced instruction set computer">RISC</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_i860" title="Intel i860">i860</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intel_i960" title="Intel i960">i960</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/StrongARM" title="StrongARM">StrongARM</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/XScale" title="XScale">XScale</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tick%E2%80%93tock_model" title="Tick–tock model">Tick–tock model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process%E2%80%93architecture%E2%80%93optimization_model" title="Process–architecture–optimization model">Process–architecture–optimization model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_graphics_processing_units" title="List of Intel graphics processing units">Intel GPUs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_GMA" title="Intel GMA">GMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Graphics_Technology" title="Intel Graphics Technology">Intel HD, UHD, and Iris Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Xe" title="Intel Xe">Xe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Arc" title="Intel Arc">Arc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_Controller_Hub" title="Platform Controller Hub">PCHs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Controller_Hub" title="System Controller Hub">SCHs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I/O_Controller_Hub" title="I/O Controller Hub">ICHs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_IDE_ISA_Xcelerator" class="mw-redirect" title="PCI IDE ISA Xcelerator">PIIXs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratix" title="Stratix">Stratix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intel_codenames" title="List of Intel codenames">Codenames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larrabee_(microarchitecture)" title="Larrabee (microarchitecture)">Larrabee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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