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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pole_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pole_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pole materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pole_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_distribution_wires_and_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_distribution_wires_and_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Power distribution wires and equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_distribution_wires_and_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication_cables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication_cables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Communication cables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication_cables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Other equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pole_attachment_hardware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pole_attachment_hardware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pole attachment hardware</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pole_attachment_hardware-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pole attachment hardware subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pole_attachment_hardware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attachment_hardware_by_pole_type" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attachment_hardware_by_pole_type"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Attachment hardware by pole type</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attachment_hardware_by_pole_type-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Access</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dead-end_poles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dead-end_poles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dead-end poles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dead-end_poles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Markings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Markings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Markings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Markings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Markings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Markings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pole_brandings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pole_brandings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Pole brandings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pole_brandings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coordinates_on_pole_tags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coordinates_on_pole_tags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Coordinates on pole tags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coordinates_on_pole_tags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pole_route" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pole_route"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Pole route</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pole_route-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitungsmast" title="Leitungsmast – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leitungsmast" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%82_%CF%89%CF%86%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Στύλος κοινής ωφέλειας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στύλος κοινής ωφέλειας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poste" title="Poste – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Poste" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosto" title="Fosto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fosto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82" title="تیر برق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تیر برق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EB%B4%87%EB%8C%80" title="전봇대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전봇대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD" title="उपयोगिता स्तम्भ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उपयोगिता स्तम्भ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiang_utilitas" title="Tiang utilitas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tiang utilitas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ADmastaur" title="Símastaur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Símastaur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93_%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%9C" title="עמוד חשמל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עמוד חשמל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togor" title="Togor – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Togor" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiang_utiliti" title="Tiang utiliti – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tiang utiliti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%9F%B1" title="電柱 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電柱" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolpe_(infrastruktur)" title="Stolpe (infrastruktur) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stolpe (infrastruktur)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolpe" title="Stolpe – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stolpe" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%BE%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="کھمبا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کھمبا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poste" title="Poste – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Poste" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_pole" title="Utility pole – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Utility pole" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrik_dire%C4%9Fi" title="Elektrik direği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elektrik direği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%BA%BF%E6%9D%86" title="电线杆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="电线杆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1144084#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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href="/wiki/File:SIF-Overhead-Wires-1-Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/SIF-Overhead-Wires-1-Cropped.jpg/220px-SIF-Overhead-Wires-1-Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/SIF-Overhead-Wires-1-Cropped.jpg/330px-SIF-Overhead-Wires-1-Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/SIF-Overhead-Wires-1-Cropped.jpg/440px-SIF-Overhead-Wires-1-Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Utility pole supporting wires for electrical power distribution, <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial cable</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a>, and telephone cable. A pair of <a href="/wiki/Shoe_tossing" title="Shoe tossing">shoes</a> can be seen hanging from the wires (center-left, far right)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>utility pole</b>, commonly referred to as a <b>transmission pole</b>, <b>telephone pole</b>, <b>telecommunication pole</b>, <b>power pole</b>, <b>hydro pole</b>, <b>telegraph pole</b>, or <b>telegraph post</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">column</a> or post, usually made out of <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_alloy" title="Aluminium alloy">aluminum alloy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used to support <a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">overhead power lines</a> and various other public utilities, such as <a href="/wiki/Electrical_cable" title="Electrical cable">electrical cable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">fiber optic cable</a>, and related equipment such as <a href="/wiki/Distribution_transformer" title="Distribution transformer">transformers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Street_light" title="Street light">street lights</a> while depending on its application. A <a href="/wiki/Stobie_pole" title="Stobie pole">Stobie pole</a> is a multi-purpose pole made of two steel joists held apart by a slab of concrete in the middle, generally found in <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>. </p><p>Electrical wires and cables are routed overhead on utility poles as an inexpensive way to keep them insulated from the ground and out of the way of people and vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Utility poles can be made of wood, metal, concrete, or composites like <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a>. They are used for two different types of power lines: <i>sub transmission lines</i>, which carry higher voltage power between substations, and <i>distribution lines</i>, which distribute lower voltage power to customers. </p><p>The first poles were used in 1843 by telegraph pioneer <a href="/wiki/William_Fothergill_Cooke" title="William Fothergill Cooke">William Fothergill Cooke</a>, who used them on a line along the <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a>. Utility poles were first used in the mid-19th century in America with <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a> systems, starting with <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a>, who attempted to bury a line between <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, but moved it above ground when this system proved faulty. Today, underground distribution lines are increasingly used as an alternative to utility poles in residential neighborhoods, due to poles' perceived ugliness, as well as safety concerns in areas with large amounts of snow or ice build up. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Aerial_Work_Platforms_-_Japan_-_2012.ogv/220px--Aerial_Work_Platforms_-_Japan_-_2012.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="18" data-mwtitle="Aerial_Work_Platforms_-_Japan_-_2012.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Aerial_Work_Platforms_-_Japan_-_2012.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/Aerial_Work_Platforms_-_Japan_-_2012.ogv/Aerial_Work_Platforms_-_Japan_-_2012.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/Aerial_Work_Platforms_-_Japan_-_2012.ogv/Aerial_Work_Platforms_-_Japan_-_2012.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/Aerial_Work_Platforms_-_Japan_-_2012.ogv/Aerial_Work_Platforms_-_Japan_-_2012.ogv.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Aerial_Work_Platforms_-_Japan_-_2012.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/Aerial_Work_Platforms_-_Japan_-_2012.ogv/Aerial_Work_Platforms_-_Japan_-_2012.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/Aerial_Work_Platforms_-_Japan_-_2012.ogv/Aerial_Work_Platforms_-_Japan_-_2012.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/Aerial_Work_Platforms_-_Japan_-_2012.ogv/Aerial_Work_Platforms_-_Japan_-_2012.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/Aerial_Work_Platforms_-_Japan_-_2012.ogv/Aerial_Work_Platforms_-_Japan_-_2012.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>(video) Three <a href="/wiki/Aerial_work_platform" title="Aerial work platform">aerial work platform</a> trucks work together on utility poles, in <a href="/wiki/Bunky%C5%8D" title="Bunkyō">Bunkyō</a>, Japan</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utility_pole&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hv_braunschweig20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hv_braunschweig20.jpg/220px-Hv_braunschweig20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hv_braunschweig20.jpg/330px-Hv_braunschweig20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hv_braunschweig20.jpg/440px-Hv_braunschweig20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Wooden electricity poles in Germany. In central Europe, lines usually run just straight across fields, rows of poles accompanying roads are quite rare.</figcaption></figure> <p>Utility poles are commonly used to carry two types of electric <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">power lines</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Grigsby_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grigsby-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">distribution lines</a></i> (or "feeders") and <i>sub transmission lines</i>. Distribution lines carry power from local <a href="/wiki/Electrical_substation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical substation">substations</a> to customers. They generally carry voltages from 4.6 to 33 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">kilovolts</a> (kV) for distances up to 30 mi (50 km), and include transformers to step the voltage down from the primary voltage to the lower secondary voltage used by the customer. A <a href="/wiki/Service_drop" title="Service drop">service drop</a> carries this lower voltage to the customer's premises. </p><p>Subtransmission lines carry higher voltage power from regional substations to local substations. They usually carry 46 kV, 69 kV, or 115 kV for distances up to 60 mi (100 km). 23 kV lines are often supported on H-shaped towers made with two or three poles. <a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission lines</a> carrying voltages of above 230 kV are usually not supported by poles, but by metal pylons (known as <a href="/wiki/Transmission_tower" title="Transmission tower">transmission towers</a> in the US). </p><p>For economic or practical reasons, such as to save space in urban areas, a distribution line is often carried on the same poles as a sub transmission line but mounted under the higher voltage lines; a practice called "underbuild". Telecommunication cables are usually carried on the same poles that support power lines; poles shared in this fashion are known as joint-use poles, but may have their own dedicated poles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utility_pole&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steel_Utility_pole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Steel_Utility_pole.jpg/150px-Steel_Utility_pole.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Steel_Utility_pole.jpg/225px-Steel_Utility_pole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Steel_Utility_pole.jpg/300px-Steel_Utility_pole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Steel utility pole in <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a>, Australia</figcaption></figure> <p>The standard utility pole in the United States is about 35 ft (10 m) tall and is buried about 6 ft (2 m) in the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-Florida_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Florida-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to meet clearance regulations, poles can, however, reach heights of at least 120 feet (40 meters). They are typically spaced about 125 ft (40 m) apart in urban areas, or about 300 ft (100 m) in rural areas, but distances vary widely based on terrain. Joint-use poles are usually owned by one utility, which leases space on it for other cables. In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/National_Electrical_Safety_Code" title="National Electrical Safety Code">National Electrical Safety Code</a>, published by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE) (not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/National_Electrical_Code" title="National Electrical Code">National Electrical Code</a> published by the <a href="/wiki/National_Fire_Protection_Association" title="National Fire Protection Association">National Fire Protection Association</a> [NFPA]), sets the standards for construction and maintenance of utility poles and their equipment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pole_materials">Pole materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utility_pole&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pole materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most utility poles are made of wood, pressure-treated with some type of <a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">preservative</a> for protection against rot, fungi and insects. <a href="/wiki/Southern_yellow_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern yellow pine">Southern yellow pine</a> is the most widely used species in the United States; however, many species of long straight trees are used to make utility poles, including <a href="/wiki/Douglas_fir" title="Douglas fir">Douglas fir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_pine" title="Jack pine">jack pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinus_contorta" title="Pinus contorta">lodgepole pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thuja_plicata" title="Thuja plicata">western red cedar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abies_amabilis" title="Abies amabilis">Pacific silver fir</a>. </p><p>Traditionally, the preservative used was <a href="/wiki/Creosote" title="Creosote">creosote</a>, but due to environmental concerns, alternatives such as <a href="/wiki/Pentachlorophenol" title="Pentachlorophenol">pentachlorophenol</a>, copper <a href="/wiki/Naphthenic_acid" title="Naphthenic acid">naphthenate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borate" title="Borate">borates</a> are becoming widespread in the United States. In the United States, standards for wood preservative materials and wood preservation processes, along with test criteria, are set by <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">ANSI</a>, <a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation#American_Wood_Protection_Association" title="Wood preservation">American Wood Protection Association</a> (AWPA) specifications. Despite the preservatives, wood poles decay and have a life of approximately 25 to 50 years depending on climate and soil conditions, therefore requiring regular inspection and remedial preservative treatments.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Woodpecker" title="Woodpecker">Woodpecker</a> damage to wood poles is the most significant cause of pole deterioration in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-Graham_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graham-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other common utility pole materials are aluminum, steel and concrete, with composites (such as <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>) also becoming more prevalent.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One particular <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patented</a> utility pole variant used in Australia is the <a href="/wiki/Stobie_pole" title="Stobie pole">Stobie pole</a>, made up of two vertical steel posts with a slab of concrete between them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_distribution_wires_and_equipment">Power distribution wires and equipment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utility_pole&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Power distribution wires and equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_utility_pole_-_labeled.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/US_utility_pole_-_labeled.jpg/240px-US_utility_pole_-_labeled.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="389" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/US_utility_pole_-_labeled.jpg/360px-US_utility_pole_-_labeled.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/US_utility_pole_-_labeled.jpg/480px-US_utility_pole_-_labeled.jpg 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="884" /></a><figcaption>Typical North American utility pole, showing hardware for a residential 240/120 V split-phase <a href="/wiki/Service_drop" title="Service drop">service drop</a>: <span style="color:red;">(<i>A</i>,<i>B</i>,<i>C</i>)</span> 3-phase primary distribution wires (mounted on a crossarm), <span style="color:red;">(<i>D</i>)</span> neutral wire, <span style="color:red;">(<i>E</i>)</span> <a href="/wiki/Fuse_cutout" title="Fuse cutout">fuse cutout</a>, <span style="color:red;">(<i>F</i>)</span> lightning arrestor, <span style="color:red;">(<i>G</i>)</span> single-phase distribution transformer, <span style="color:red;">(<i>H</i>)</span> ground wire to transformer case, <span style="color:red;">(<i>J</i>)</span> "triplex" service drop cable carries secondary current to customer, <span style="color:red;">(<i>K</i>)</span> telephone and cable television cables </figcaption></figure> <p>On poles carrying both electrical and communications wiring, the electric <a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">power distribution lines</a> and associated equipment are mounted at the top of the pole above the communication cables, for safety. The vertical space on the pole reserved for this equipment is called the <i>supply space</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Florida_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Florida-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wires themselves are usually uninsulated, and supported by <a href="/wiki/Insulator_(electricity)" title="Insulator (electricity)">insulators</a>, commonly mounted on a horizontal beam (<b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Crossarm"></span><span class="vanchor-text">crossarm</span></span></b>). Power is transmitted using the <a href="/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power" title="Three-phase electric power">three-phase</a> system, with three wires, or phases, labeled "A", "B", and "C". </p><p>Sub transmission lines comprise only these 3 wires, plus sometimes an overhead ground wire (OGW), also called a "static line" or a "neutral", suspended above them. The OGW acts like a lightning rod, providing a low <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_and_conductance" title="Electrical resistance and conductance">resistance</a> path to ground thus protecting the phase conductors from lightning. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_utility_pole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/China_utility_pole.jpg/220px-China_utility_pole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/China_utility_pole.jpg/330px-China_utility_pole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/China_utility_pole.jpg/440px-China_utility_pole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>A joint-use utility pole in China</figcaption></figure> <p>Distribution lines use two systems, either grounded-wye ("Y" on <a href="/wiki/Circuit_diagram" title="Circuit diagram">electrical schematics</a>) or delta (Greek letter <a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">"Δ"</a> on electrical schematics). A delta system requires only a conductor for each of the three phases. A grounded-wye system requires a fourth conductor, the <a href="/wiki/Ground_and_neutral" title="Ground and neutral">neutral</a>, whose source is the center of the "Y" and is grounded. However, "spur lines" branching off the main line to provide power to side streets often carry only one or two phase wires, plus the neutral. A wide range of standard distribution voltages are used, from 2,400 V to 34,500 V. On poles near a <a href="/wiki/Service_drop" title="Service drop">service drop</a>, there is a pole-mounted step-down <a href="/wiki/Distribution_transformer" title="Distribution transformer">distribution transformer</a> to transform the high distribution voltage to the lower secondary voltage provided to the customer. In <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, service drops provide 240/120 V <a href="/wiki/Split-phase_electric_power" title="Split-phase electric power">split-phase</a> power for residential and light commercial service, using cylindrical single-phase transformers. In Europe and most other countries, 230 V <a href="/wiki/Three_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Three phase">three phase</a> (230Y400) service drops are used. The transformer's primary is connected to the distribution line through protective devices called <a href="/wiki/Fuse_cutout" title="Fuse cutout">fuse cutouts</a>. In the event of an overload, the fuse melts and the device pivots open to provide a visual indication of the problem. They can also be opened manually by <a href="/wiki/Lineman_(technician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lineman (technician)">linemen</a> using a long insulated rod called a <a href="/wiki/Hot_stick" title="Hot stick">hot stick</a> to disconnect the transformer from the line. </p><p>The pole may be <a href="/wiki/Ground_(electricity)" title="Ground (electricity)">grounded</a> with a heavy bare <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> or <a href="/wiki/Copper-clad_steel" title="Copper-clad steel">copper-clad steel</a> wire running down the pole, attached to the metal pin supporting each insulator, and at the bottom connected to a metal rod driven into the ground. Some countries ground every pole while others only ground every fifth pole and any pole with a transformer on it. This provides a path for leakage currents across the surface of the insulators to get to ground, preventing the current from flowing through the wooden pole which could cause a fire or shock hazard.<sup id="cite_ref-Grigsby_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grigsby-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Florida_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Florida-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provides similar protection in case of <a href="/wiki/Flashover" title="Flashover">flashovers</a> and lightning strikes. A <a href="/wiki/Surge_arrester" class="mw-redirect" title="Surge arrester">surge arrester</a> (also called a lightning arrester) may also be installed between the line (ahead of the cutout) and the ground wire for lightning protection. The purpose of the device is to conduct extremely high voltages present on the line directly to ground. </p><p>If uninsulated conductors touch due to wind or fallen trees, the resultant sparks can start <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfires</a>. To reduce this problem, <a href="/wiki/Aerial_bundled_cable" title="Aerial bundled cable">aerial bundled conductors</a> are being introduced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communication_cables">Communication cables</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utility_pole&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Communication cables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The communications cables are attached below the electric power lines, in a vertical space along the pole designated the <i>communications space</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Florida_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Florida-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The communications space is separated from the lowest electrical conductor by the <i>communication worker safety zone</i>, which provides room for workers to maneuver safely while servicing the communication cables, avoiding contact with the power lines.<sup id="cite_ref-Florida_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Florida-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most common communication cables found on utility poles are copper or <a href="/wiki/Fibre-optic_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre-optic cable">fibre-optic cable</a> (FOC) for <a href="/wiki/Telephone_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone lines">telephone lines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial cable</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a> (CATV). Coaxial or optical fibre cables linking <a href="/wiki/Computer_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer networks">computer networks</a> are also increasingly found on poles in urban areas. The cable linking the <a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">telephone exchange</a> to local customers is a thick cable lashed to a thin supporting cable, containing hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Twisted_pair" title="Twisted pair">twisted pair</a> <a href="/wiki/Subscriber_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscriber line">subscriber lines</a>. Each twisted pair line provides a single telephone circuit or <a href="/wiki/Local_loop" title="Local loop">local loop</a> to a customer. There may also be FOCs interconnecting telephone exchanges. Like electrical distribution lines, communication cables connect to service drops when used to provide local service to customers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_equipment">Other equipment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utility_pole&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Utility poles may also carry other equipment such as <a href="/wiki/Street_light" title="Street light">street lights</a>, supports for <a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">traffic lights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">overhead wires</a> for <a href="/wiki/Electric_trolley" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric trolley">electric trolleys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">cellular network</a> antennas. They can also carry fixtures and decorations specific for certain holidays or events specific to the city where they are located. </p><p>Solar panels mounted on utility poles may power auxiliary equipment where the expense of a power line connection is unwanted. </p><p>Streetlights and holiday fixtures are powered directly from secondary distribution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pole_attachment_hardware">Pole attachment hardware</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utility_pole&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pole attachment hardware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_telephone_practice_(1905)_(14753288101).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/American_telephone_practice_%281905%29_%2814753288101%29.jpg/220px-American_telephone_practice_%281905%29_%2814753288101%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/American_telephone_practice_%281905%29_%2814753288101%29.jpg/330px-American_telephone_practice_%281905%29_%2814753288101%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/American_telephone_practice_%281905%29_%2814753288101%29.jpg/440px-American_telephone_practice_%281905%29_%2814753288101%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3320" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>Standard arrangement for telephone poles</figcaption></figure> <p>The primary purpose of pole attachment hardware is to secure the cable and associated aerial plant facilities to poles and to help facilitate necessary plant rearrangements. An aerial plant network requires high-quality reliable hardware to </p> <ul><li>Structurally support the distribution cable plant</li> <li>Provide directional guying to accommodate lateral stresses created on the pole by pole line configurations and pole loading configuration</li> <li>Provide the physical support and protection for drop cable plant from the pole to the customer premises</li> <li>Transition cable plant from the aerial network to underground and buried plant</li> <li>Provide the means for safe and effective grounding, bonding, and isolation connections for the metallic and dielectric components of the network.</li></ul> <p>Functional performance requirements common to pole line hardware for utility poles made of wood, steel, concrete, or Fiber-Reinforced Composite (FRC) materials are contained in Telcordia GR-3174, <i>Generic Requirements for Hardware Attachments for Utility Poles</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attachment_hardware_by_pole_type">Attachment hardware by pole type</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utility_pole&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Attachment hardware by pole type"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Wood poles</b></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palo_SES_Tegna_260513.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Palo_SES_Tegna_260513.jpg/220px-Palo_SES_Tegna_260513.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Palo_SES_Tegna_260513.jpg/330px-Palo_SES_Tegna_260513.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Palo_SES_Tegna_260513.jpg/440px-Palo_SES_Tegna_260513.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Head of a 400 V pole in Switzerland. In Europe, insulators usually were attached directly at the pole.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd>The traditional wood pole material provides great flexibility during placement of hardware and cable apparatus. Holes are easily drilled to fit the exact hardware needs and requirements. In addition, fasteners such as lags and screws are easily applied to wood structures to support <a href="/wiki/Outside_plant" title="Outside plant">outside plant</a> (OSP) apparatus.</dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Non-wood poles</b></li></ul> <dl><dd>There are three main non-wood pole materials and structures on which the attachment hardware may be mounted: concrete, steel, and fiber-reinforced composite (FRC). Each material has intrinsic characteristics that need to be considered during the design and manufacture of the attachment hardware.</dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li><b>Concrete poles</b></li></ul></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Several_power_pole_made_of_concrete,_in_Iran_2017_--_%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Several_power_pole_made_of_concrete%2C_in_Iran_2017_--_%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/220px-Several_power_pole_made_of_concrete%2C_in_Iran_2017_--_%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Several_power_pole_made_of_concrete%2C_in_Iran_2017_--_%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/330px-Several_power_pole_made_of_concrete%2C_in_Iran_2017_--_%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Several_power_pole_made_of_concrete%2C_in_Iran_2017_--_%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/440px-Several_power_pole_made_of_concrete%2C_in_Iran_2017_--_%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Several power poles made of concrete</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><dl><dd>The most widespread use of concrete poles is in <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">marine environments</a> and coastal zones where excellent corrosion resistance is required to reduce the impact of sea water, salt fog, and corrosive soil conditions (e.g., marsh). Their heavy weight also helps the concrete poles resist the high winds possible in coastal areas.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>The various designs for concrete poles include tapered structures and round poles made of solid concrete; pre-stressed concrete (spun-cast or statically cast); and a hybrid of concrete and steel.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>The drilling of installed concrete poles is not feasible. Users may wish to have the attachment hardware cast into the concrete during the pole manufacture. As a result of these operational difficulties, banded hardware has become the more popular means to attach cable plant to concrete poles.</dd> <dd>Design criteria and requirements for concrete poles can be derived from various industry documents including, but not limited to, ASCE-111, ACI-318, ASTM C935, and ASTM C1089.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li><b>Steel poles</b></li></ul></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Views_of_Candaba_Viaduct_Apalit_Bypass_Road_fields_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Views_of_Candaba_Viaduct_Apalit_Bypass_Road_fields_10.jpg/220px-Views_of_Candaba_Viaduct_Apalit_Bypass_Road_fields_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Views_of_Candaba_Viaduct_Apalit_Bypass_Road_fields_10.jpg/330px-Views_of_Candaba_Viaduct_Apalit_Bypass_Road_fields_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Views_of_Candaba_Viaduct_Apalit_Bypass_Road_fields_10.jpg/440px-Views_of_Candaba_Viaduct_Apalit_Bypass_Road_fields_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Steel poles of Hermosa–Duhat–Balintawak 230,000 volt transmission line along <a href="/wiki/Candaba_Viaduct" title="Candaba Viaduct">Candaba Viaduct</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Luzon_Expressway" title="North Luzon Expressway">North Luzon Expressway</a> (NLEx) in <a href="/wiki/Apalit" title="Apalit">Apalit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a>.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Steel poles can provide advantages for high-voltage lines, where taller poles are required for enhanced clearances and longer span requirements. Tubular steel poles are typically made from 11-gauge galvanized steel, with thicker 10- or 7-gauge materials used for some taller poles because of their higher strength and rigidity. For tall tower-type structures, 5-gauge materials are used.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Although steel poles can be drilled on-site with an <a href="/wiki/Annular_cutter" title="Annular cutter">annular</a> drill bit or standard twist drill, it is not a recommended practice. As with concrete poles, bolt holes could be built into the steel pole during manufacture for use as general attachment points or places for steps to be bolted into the pole.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Welding of attachment hardware or attachment ledges to steel poles may be a feasible alternate approach to help provide reliable attachment points. However, operational and practical hazards of welding in the field may make this process undesirable or uneconomical.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Steel poles should meet industry specifications such as: TIA/EIA-222-G, <i>Structural Standard for Antenna Supporting Structures and Antennas</i> (current); TIA/EIA-222; <i>Structural Standards for Steel</i>; and TIA/EIA-RS-222, or an equivalent requirement set to help ensure a robust and good quality pole is being used.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li><b>Fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) poles</b></li></ul> <dl><dd>FRC poles cover a family of pole materials that combine fiberglass (fiber) strength members with a cross-linked polyester resin and a variety of chemical additives to produce a lightweight, weather-resistant structure. FRC poles are hollow and similar to the tubular steel poles, with a typical wall thickness of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> to <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in (6 to 13 mm) with an outer polyurethane coating that is ~0.002 in (0.05 mm) thin.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>As with all the other non-wood poles, FRC poles cannot be mounted with the traditional climbing hardware of hooks and gaffs. FRC poles can be pre-drilled by the manufacturer, or holes can be drilled on site. Attachments using lag bolts, teeth, nails, and staples are unacceptable for FRC poles. Through-bolts are used instead of lag bolts for maximum bonding to the pole and to avoid loosening of hardware.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>The relevant industry documents covering FRC poles include: ASTM D4923, ANSI C136.20, OPCS-03-02, and Telcordia GR-3159, <i>Generic Requirements for Fiber-Reinforced Composite (FRC), Concrete, and Steel Utility Poles</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Access">Access</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utility_pole&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Access"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Telephone_Pole_Orchard%3F_(28776548771).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Telephone_Pole_Orchard%3F_%2828776548771%29.jpg/220px-Telephone_Pole_Orchard%3F_%2828776548771%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Telephone_Pole_Orchard%3F_%2828776548771%29.jpg/330px-Telephone_Pole_Orchard%3F_%2828776548771%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Telephone_Pole_Orchard%3F_%2828776548771%29.jpg/440px-Telephone_Pole_Orchard%3F_%2828776548771%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4549" data-file-height="2817" /></a><figcaption>Pre-apprentice lineman class climbing telephone poles</figcaption></figure> <p>In some countries, such as the United Kingdom, utility poles have sets of brackets arranged in a standard pattern up the pole to act as hand and foot holds so that maintenance and repair workers can climb the pole to work on the lines. In the United States, such steps have been determined to be a public hazard and are no longer allowed on new poles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Linemen may use climbing spikes called gaffs to ascend wooden poles without steps on them. In the UK, boots fitted with steel loops that go around the pole (known as "Scandinavian Climbers") are also used for climbing poles. In the US, linemen use <a href="/wiki/Cherry_picker" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherry picker">bucket trucks</a> for the vast majority of poles that are accessible by vehicle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dead-end_poles">Dead-end poles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utility_pole&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dead-end poles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Utility_pole" title="Special:EditPage/Utility pole">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dead_end_riser_poles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Dead_end_riser_poles.jpg/170px-Dead_end_riser_poles.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Dead_end_riser_poles.jpg/255px-Dead_end_riser_poles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Dead_end_riser_poles.jpg/340px-Dead_end_riser_poles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Example of dead-end riser poles</figcaption></figure> <p>The poles at the end of a straight section of utility line where the line ends or angles off in another direction are called <i>dead-end</i> poles in the United States. Elsewhere they may be referred to as anchor or termination poles. These must carry the lateral <a href="/wiki/Tension_(physics)" title="Tension (physics)">tension</a> of the long straight sections of wire. They are usually made with heavier construction. The power lines are attached to the pole by horizontal strain insulators, either placed on crossarms (which are either doubled, tripled, or replaced with a steel crossarm, to provide more resistance to the tension forces) or attached directly to the pole itself. </p><p>Dead-end and other poles that support lateral loads have <a href="/wiki/Guy-wires" class="mw-redirect" title="Guy-wires">guy-wires</a> to support them. The guys always have <a href="/wiki/Strain_insulator" title="Strain insulator">strain insulators</a> inserted in their length to prevent any high voltages caused by electrical faults from reaching the lower portion of the cable that is accessible by the public. In populated areas, guy wires are often encased in a yellow plastic or wood tube with reflectors attached to their lower end, so that they can be seen more easily, reducing the chance of people and animals walking into them or vehicles crashing into them. </p><p>Another means of providing support for lateral loads is a push brace pole, a second shorter pole that is attached to the side of the first and runs at an angle to the ground. If there is no space for a lateral support, a stronger pole, e.g. a construction of concrete or iron, is used. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utility_pole&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hakodate-Concrete-Utility-Pole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Hakodate-Concrete-Utility-Pole.jpg/220px-Hakodate-Concrete-Utility-Pole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Hakodate-Concrete-Utility-Pole.jpg/330px-Hakodate-Concrete-Utility-Pole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Hakodate-Concrete-Utility-Pole.jpg/440px-Hakodate-Concrete-Utility-Pole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3396" data-file-height="4900" /></a><figcaption>From 1923, the oldest utility pole in Japan, still in use in the city of Hakodate.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Art_work_of_Toledo,_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_0a107364e8d8eb430ebc183d28c46463_(page_107)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Art_work_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_0a107364e8d8eb430ebc183d28c46463_%28page_107%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Art_work_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_0a107364e8d8eb430ebc183d28c46463_%28page_107%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Art_work_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_0a107364e8d8eb430ebc183d28c46463_%28page_107%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Art_work_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_0a107364e8d8eb430ebc183d28c46463_%28page_107%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Art_work_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_0a107364e8d8eb430ebc183d28c46463_%28page_107%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Art_work_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_0a107364e8d8eb430ebc183d28c46463_%28page_107%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4977" data-file-height="4369" /></a><figcaption>Utility poles seen outside the Gardner Building, in <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a>, 1895</figcaption></figure> <p>The system of suspending telegraph wires from poles with ceramic insulators was invented and patented by British telegraph pioneer <a href="/wiki/William_Fothergill_Cooke" title="William Fothergill Cooke">William Fothergill Cooke</a>. Cooke was the driving force in establishing the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">electrical telegraph</a> on a commercial basis. With <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a> he invented the <a href="/wiki/Cooke_and_Wheatstone_telegraph" title="Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph">Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph</a> and founded the world's first telegraph company, the <a href="/wiki/Electric_Telegraph_Company" title="Electric Telegraph Company">Electric Telegraph Company</a>. Telegraph poles were first used on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a> in 1843 when the Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph line was extended to <a href="/wiki/Slough" title="Slough">Slough</a>. The line had previously used buried cables but that system had proved troublesome with failing insulation.<sup id="cite_ref-Kieve_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kieve-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32">: 32 </span></sup> In Britain, the trees used for telegraph poles were either native <a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">larch</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> from Sweden and Norway. Poles in early installations were treated with tar, but these were found to last only around seven years. Later poles were treated instead with <a href="/wiki/Creosote" title="Creosote">creosote</a> or <a href="/wiki/Copper_sulphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper sulphate">copper sulphate</a> for the preservative.<sup id="cite_ref-Kieve_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kieve-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 80">: 80 </span></sup> </p><p>Utility poles were first used in the mid-19th century in <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">America</a> with telegraph systems. In 1844, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> granted <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a> $30,000 (equivalent to $981,000 in 2023) to build a 40-mile <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a> line between <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> Morse began by having a lead-sheathed cable made. After laying seven miles (11 km) underground, he tested it. He found so many faults with this system that he dug up his cable, stripped off its sheath, bought poles and strung his wires overhead. On February 7, 1844, Morse inserted the following advertisement in the Washington newspaper: "Sealed proposals will be received by the undersigned for furnishing 700 straight and sound chestnut posts with the bark on and of the following dimensions to wit: 'Each post must not be less than eight inches in diameter at the butt and tapering to five or six inches at the top. Six hundred and eighty of said posts to be 24 feet in length, and 20 of them 30 feet in length.'" </p><p>In some parts of Australia, wooden poles are rapidly destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a>, so metal poles must be used instead and in much of the interior wooden poles are vulnerable to fire. The <a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_pole" title="Oppenheimer pole">Oppenheimer pole</a> is a collapsible <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a> pole in three sections. It is named after Oppenheimer and Company in Germany, but they were mostly manufactured in England under license.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were used on the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Overland_Telegraph_Line" title="Australian Overland Telegraph Line">Australian Overland Telegraph Line</a> built in 1872 which connected the continent north to south directly through the centre and linked to the rest of the world through a <a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">submarine cable</a> at <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Darwin, Australia">Darwin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Stobie pole was invented in 1924 by James Cyril Stobie of the <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Electric_Supply_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelaide Electric Supply Company">Adelaide Electric Supply Company</a> and first used in <a href="/wiki/South_Terrace,_Adelaide" title="South Terrace, Adelaide">South Terrace, Adelaide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the early <a href="/wiki/Bell_System" title="Bell System">Bell System</a> lines was the Washington DC–Norfolk line which was, for the most part, square-sawn tapered poles of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pinus_species" title="List of Pinus species">yellow pine</a> probably treated to refusal with <a href="/wiki/Creosote" title="Creosote">creosote</a>. "Treated to refusal" means that the manufacturer forces preservatives into the wood, until it refuses to accept more, but performance is not guaranteed.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these were still in service after 80 years.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building of pole lines was resisted in some urban areas in the late 19th century,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and political pressure for <a href="/wiki/Undergrounding" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergrounding">undergrounding</a> remains powerful in many countries. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, Russia, and third-world countries, many utility poles still carry bare communication wires mounted on insulators not only along railway lines, but also along roads and sometimes even in urban areas. Errant traffic being uncommon on railways, their poles are usually less tall. In the United States electricity is predominately carried on unshielded <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminum</a> conductors wound around a solid steel core and affixed to rated insulators made from glass, ceramic, or poly. Telephone, CATV, and FOCs are generally attached directly to the pole without insulators. </p><p>In the United Kingdom, much of the rural electricity distribution system is carried on wooden poles. These normally carry electricity at 11 or 33 kV (three phases) from 132 kV substations supplied from <a href="/wiki/Transmission_tower" title="Transmission tower">pylons</a> to distribution substations or pole-mounted transformers. Wooden poles have been used for 132 kV for a number of years from the early 1980s one is called the trident they are usually used on short sections, though the line from Melbourne, Cambs to near Buntingford, Herts is quite long. The conductors on these are bare metal connected to the posts by insulators. Wood poles can also be used for <a href="/wiki/Low_voltage" title="Low voltage">low voltage</a> distribution to customers. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Upoles_ottawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Upoles_ottawa.jpg/220px-Upoles_ottawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Upoles_ottawa.jpg/330px-Upoles_ottawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Upoles_ottawa.jpg/440px-Upoles_ottawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>Poles in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottawa, Ontario">Ottawa, Ontario</a>, Canada</figcaption></figure> <p>Today, utility poles may hold much more than the uninsulated copper wire that they originally supported. Thicker cables holding many <a href="/wiki/Twisted_pair" title="Twisted pair">twisted pair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial cable</a>, or even <a href="/wiki/Fibre-optic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre-optic">fibre-optic</a>, may be carried. Simple analogue <a href="/wiki/Repeater" title="Repeater">repeaters</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Outside_plant" title="Outside plant">outside plant</a> equipment have long been mounted against poles, and often new digital equipment for <a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">multiplexing</a>/demultiplexing or digital repeaters may now be seen. In many places, as seen in the illustration, providers of electricity, television, telephone, street light, traffic signal and other services share poles, either in joint ownership or by renting space to each other. In the United States, ANSI standard 05.1.2008<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> governs wood pole sizes and strength loading. Utilities that fall under the <a href="/wiki/Rural_Electrification_Act" title="Rural Electrification Act">Rural Electrification Act</a> must also follow the guidelines set forth in RUS Bulletin 1724E-150<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (from the US Department of Agriculture) for pole strength and loading. </p><p>Steel utility poles are becoming more prevalent in the United States thanks to improvements in engineering and corrosion prevention coupled with lowered production costs. However, premature failure due to corrosion is a concern when compared to wood.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.NACE.org">The National Association of Corrosion Engineers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100619154509/http://nace.org/content.cfm?parentid=1020&currentID=1132">Archived</a> 2010-06-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> or NACE is developing inspection, maintenance, and prevention procedures similar to those used on wood utility poles to identify and prevent decay. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Markings">Markings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utility_pole&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Markings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pole_brandings">Pole brandings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utility_pole&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pole brandings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UK-BT-telegraph-post.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/UK-BT-telegraph-post.png/220px-UK-BT-telegraph-post.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/UK-BT-telegraph-post.png 1.5x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Markings on a BT post</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/British_Telecom" class="mw-redirect" title="British Telecom">British Telecom</a> posts are usually marked with the following information:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utility_pole&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>'BT' – to mark it as a <a href="/wiki/British_Telecom" class="mw-redirect" title="British Telecom">British Telecom</a> UK Pole (This can also be PO (Post Office) or GPO (General Post Office) depending on the age of the pole)</li> <li>a horizontal line marking 3 metres from the bottom of the pole</li> <li>the pole length, typically 8 to 10 metres,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and size. 9L is a 9 metres long, light pole, other letters used are 'M' (Medium) and 'S' (Stout).</li> <li>the year of treatment and therefore generally the year of installation (e.g. the pole in the picture was treated in 2003)</li> <li>the batch and type of wood used</li> <li>A date of the last official inspection</li> <li>An alphanumeric designation e.g. DP 242 where DP is an initialism of Distribution Point</li> <li>If relevant, a red D plate meaning 'Dangerous' and indicating that the pole was structurally unsafe to climb or due to its proximity to other hazards<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The date on the pole is applied by the manufacturer and refers to the date the pole was "preserved" (treated to withstand the elements). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pole_Brand_Salisbury_MD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pole_Brand_Salisbury_MD.jpg/220px-Pole_Brand_Salisbury_MD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pole_Brand_Salisbury_MD.jpg/330px-Pole_Brand_Salisbury_MD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pole_Brand_Salisbury_MD.jpg/440px-Pole_Brand_Salisbury_MD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Brandings on a pole in <a href="/wiki/Salisbury,_Maryland" title="Salisbury, Maryland">Salisbury, Maryland</a>, United States</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, utility poles are marked with information concerning the manufacturer, pole height, ANSI strength class, wood species, original preservative, and year manufactured<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (vintage) in accordance with ANSI standard O5.1.2008.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is called branding, as it is usually burned into the surface; the resulting mark is sometimes called the "birth mark". Although the position of the brand is determined by ANSI specification, it is essentially just below "eye level" after installation. A rule of thumb for understanding a pole's brand is the manufacturer's name or logo at the top with a two-digit date beneath (sometimes preceded by a month). </p><p>Below the date is a two-character wood species abbreviation and one- to three-character preservative. Some wood species may be marked "SP" for southern pine, "WC" for western cedar, or "DF" for Douglas fir. Common preservative abbreviations are "C" for <a href="/wiki/Creosote" title="Creosote">creosote</a>, "P" for <a href="/wiki/Pentachlorophenol" title="Pentachlorophenol">pentachlorophenol</a>, and "SK" for <a href="/wiki/Chromated_copper_arsenate" title="Chromated copper arsenate">chromated copper arsenate</a> (originally referred to salts type K). The next line of the brand is usually the pole's ANSI class, used to determine maximum load; this number ranges from 10 to H6 with a smaller number meaning higher strength. The pole's height (from butt to top) in 5-foot increments is usually to the right of the class separated by a hyphen, although it is not uncommon for older brands to have the height on a separate line. The pole brand is sometimes an aluminum tag nailed in place. </p><p>Before the practice of branding, many utilities would set a 2- to 4-digit <a href="/wiki/Datenail" class="mw-redirect" title="Datenail">date nail</a> into the pole upon installation. The use of date nails went out of favor during World War II due to war shortages but is still used by a few utilities. These nails are considered valuable to collectors, with older dates being more valuable, and unique markings such as the utilities' name also increasing the value. However, regardless of the value to collectors, all attachments on a utility pole are the property of the utility company, and unauthorized removal is a misdemeanor or felony.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup>(California state law cited as example)</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coordinates_on_pole_tags">Coordinates on pole tags</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utility_pole&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Coordinates on pole tags"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A practice in some areas is to place poles on coordinates upon a grid. The pole at right is a <a href="/wiki/Delmarva_Power" title="Delmarva Power">Delmarva Power</a> pole located in a rural area of the state of <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> in the United States. The lower two tags are the "X" and "Y" coordinates along said grid. Just as in a <a href="/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system" title="Cartesian coordinate system">coordinate plane</a> used in geometry, X increases as one travels east and Y increases as one travels north. The upper two tags are specific to the sub transmission section of the pole; the first refers to the route number, the second to the specific pole along the route. </p><p>However, not all power lines follow the road. In the British region of <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>, <a href="/wiki/EDF_Energy" title="EDF Energy">EDF Energy</a> Networks often add the <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey">Ordnance Survey</a> Grid Reference coordinates of the pole or substation to the name sign. </p><p>In some areas, utility pole name plates may provide valuable coordinate information: a poor man's <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 224px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 222px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pole_Tag_Crisfield_MD_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The tags on a Delmarva Power subtransmission pole located in Crisfield, Maryland, United States. The faded tag reads "733""><img alt="The tags on a Delmarva Power subtransmission pole located in Crisfield, Maryland, United States. The faded tag reads "733"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pole_Tag_Crisfield_MD_USA.jpg/333px-Pole_Tag_Crisfield_MD_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pole_Tag_Crisfield_MD_USA.jpg/500px-Pole_Tag_Crisfield_MD_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Pole_Tag_Crisfield_MD_USA.jpg/666px-Pole_Tag_Crisfield_MD_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="946" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The tags on a <a href="/wiki/Delmarva_Power" title="Delmarva Power">Delmarva Power</a> subtransmission pole located in <a href="/wiki/Crisfield,_Maryland" title="Crisfield, Maryland">Crisfield, Maryland</a>, United States. The faded tag reads "733"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Newpole2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A utility pole replacement in Saugus, Massachusetts, United States"><img alt="A utility pole replacement in Saugus, Massachusetts, United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Newpole2.jpg/225px-Newpole2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Newpole2.jpg/337px-Newpole2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Newpole2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A utility pole replacement in Saugus, Massachusetts, United States </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Utility_pole_tags.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tag and marking on the bottom of a wooden utility pole before it is installed"><img alt="Tag and marking on the bottom of a wooden utility pole before it is installed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Utility_pole_tags.jpg/339px-Utility_pole_tags.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Utility_pole_tags.jpg/509px-Utility_pole_tags.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Utility_pole_tags.jpg/678px-Utility_pole_tags.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2753" data-file-height="2435" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tag and marking on the bottom of a wooden utility pole before it is installed</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pole_route">Pole route</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utility_pole&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pole route"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pole_Route.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Pole_Route.jpg/220px-Pole_Route.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Pole_Route.jpg/330px-Pole_Route.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Pole_Route.jpg/440px-Pole_Route.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Telegraph pole with spars, insulators and open wires on a now decommissioned Railway Pole Route, Eccles Road, <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a>, United Kingdom</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>pole route</b> (or <b>pole line</b> in the US) is a telephone link or electrical power line between two or more locations by way of multiple uninsulated wires suspended between wooden utility poles. This method of link is common especially in rural areas where burying the cables would be expensive. Another situation in which pole routes were extensively used were on the railways to link <a href="/wiki/Signal_boxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal boxes">signal boxes</a>. Traditionally, prior to around 1965, pole routes were built with open wires along non-electrical operated railways; this necessitated insulation when the wire passed over the pole, thus preventing the signal from becoming attenuated. </p><p>At electrical operated railways, pole routes were usually not built as too much jamming from the overhead wire would occur. To accomplish this, cables were separated using spars with insulators spaced along them; in general four insulators were used per spar. Only one such pole route still exists on the UK rail network, in the highlands of Scotland. There was also a long section in place between <a href="/wiki/Wymondham" title="Wymondham">Wymondham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brandon,_Suffolk" title="Brandon, Suffolk">Brandon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a>, United Kingdom; however, this was de-wired and removed during March 2009. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Country_Crossing_-_geograph.org.uk_-_568823.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Country_Crossing_-_geograph.org.uk_-_568823.jpg/220px-Country_Crossing_-_geograph.org.uk_-_568823.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Country_Crossing_-_geograph.org.uk_-_568823.jpg/330px-Country_Crossing_-_geograph.org.uk_-_568823.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Country_Crossing_-_geograph.org.uk_-_568823.jpg/440px-Country_Crossing_-_geograph.org.uk_-_568823.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A railway telegraph pole beside a railway bridge on the former <a href="/wiki/Portadown,_Dungannon_and_Omagh_Junction_Railway" title="Portadown, Dungannon and Omagh Junction Railway">railway line</a> between <a href="/wiki/Portadown_railway_station" title="Portadown railway station">Portadown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dungannon_railway_station" title="Dungannon railway station">Dungannon</a> in Northern Ireland.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utility_pole&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utility_pole&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2012</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cigognes_Vladeni_Roumanie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Cigognes_Vladeni_Roumanie.jpg/220px-Cigognes_Vladeni_Roumanie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Cigognes_Vladeni_Roumanie.jpg/330px-Cigognes_Vladeni_Roumanie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Cigognes_Vladeni_Roumanie.jpg/440px-Cigognes_Vladeni_Roumanie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2507" data-file-height="3774" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/White_stork" title="White stork">White storks</a> (<i>Ciconia ciconia</i>) in their nest on a utility pole in rural Romania</figcaption></figure> <p>Utility poles are used by birds for nesting and to rest on.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Utility poles and related structures are regarded by some to be a form of <a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">visual pollution</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Many lines are <a href="/wiki/Undergrounding" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergrounding">placed underground</a> for this reason, in places of high population density or scenic beauty that justify the expense. Architects design some pylons to be pretty, thus avoiding visual pollution<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>Some chemicals used to preserve wood poles including <a href="/wiki/Creosote" title="Creosote">creosote</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentachlorophenol" title="Pentachlorophenol">pentachlorophenol</a> are toxic and have been found in the environment<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>The considerable improvement in weathering resistance offered by creosote infusion has long-term drawbacks. In recent years, concerns have been raised about the toxicity of creosote-treated wood waste, such as utility poles. Specifically, their biodegradation can release phenolic compounds in soil, which are considered toxic. Research continues to explore methods to render this waste safe for disposal.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, pole-mounted transformers were filled with a <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">polychlorinated biphenyl</a> (PCB) liquid. PCBs persist in the environment and have adverse effects on animals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utility_pole&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caber_toss" title="Caber toss">Caber toss</a>, a sport involving the throwing of large poles.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fence_post" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Fence post">Fence post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamppost" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamppost">Lamppost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_pole" title="Oppenheimer pole">Oppenheimer pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">Public utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stobie_pole" title="Stobie pole">Stobie pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traction_current_pylon" title="Traction current pylon">Traction current pylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_tower" title="Transmission tower">High voltage electricity pylon</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utility_pole&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240221105837/https://utilitiesone.com/choosing-the-right-materials-for-pole-upgrades">"Choosing the Right Materials for Pole Upgrades"</a>. <i>Utilities One</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://utilitiesone.com/choosing-the-right-materials-for-pole-upgrades">the original</a> on 2024-02-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Utilities+One&rft.atitle=Choosing+the+Right+Materials+for+Pole+Upgrades&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Futilitiesone.com%2Fchoosing-the-right-materials-for-pole-upgrades&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtility+pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.electricalclassroom.com/why-are-overhead-transmission-lines-not-insulated/">"Why are overhead transmission lines not insulated?"</a>. <i>www.electricalclassroom.com</i>. 2020-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.electricalclassroom.com&rft.atitle=Why+are+overhead+transmission+lines+not+insulated%3F&rft.date=2020-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.electricalclassroom.com%2Fwhy-are-overhead-transmission-lines-not-insulated%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtility+pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grigsby-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grigsby_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grigsby_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrigsby2001" class="citation book cs1">Grigsby, Leonard L. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wiv1tuMDbTEC&q=%22utility+transformer%22&pg=PT1346"><i>The Electric Power Engineering Handbook</i></a>. USA: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-8578-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-8578-4"><bdi>0-8493-8578-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160428033235/https://books.google.com/books?id=wiv1tuMDbTEC&pg=PT1346&lpg=PT1346&dq=%22utility+transformer%22&source=web&ots=XwZnFMsRK8&sig=68TttGd59rC3_TstnrUd8hvXUHI&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct=result#PPT385,M1">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Electric+Power+Engineering+Handbook&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8493-8578-4&rft.aulast=Grigsby&rft.aufirst=Leonard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwiv1tuMDbTEC%26q%3D%2522utility%2Btransformer%2522%26pg%3DPT1346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtility+pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Florida-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Florida_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Florida_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Florida_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Florida_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Florida_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psc.state.fl.us/ConsumerAssistance/UtilityPoleDescriptions">"What's on a utility pole?"</a>. <i>Consumer Assistance</i>. Florida Public Service Commission. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160225175755/http://www.psc.state.fl.us/ConsumerAssistance/UtilityPoleDescriptions">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Consumer+Assistance&rft.atitle=What%27s+on+a+utility+pole%3F&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psc.state.fl.us%2FConsumerAssistance%2FUtilityPoleDescriptions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtility+pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmcpole.com/cms/AWPA_poleMaintenance_paper.pdf">"PMCPOLE.COM"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.pmcpole.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715094205/http://www.pmcpole.com/cms/AWPA_poleMaintenance_paper.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2011-07-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pmcpole.com&rft.atitle=PMCPOLE.COM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmcpole.com%2Fcms%2FAWPA_poleMaintenance_paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtility+pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmcpole.com/cms/groundlineTreatmentSP.pdf">"PMCPOLE.COM"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.pmcpole.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114191254/http://www.pmcpole.com/cms/groundlineTreatmentSP.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2009-01-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pmcpole.com&rft.atitle=PMCPOLE.COM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmcpole.com%2Fcms%2FgroundlineTreatmentSP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtility+pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmcpole.com/cms/rus_bulletin_1730B_121.pdf">"PMCPOLE.COM"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.pmcpole.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114191256/http://www.pmcpole.com/cms/rus_bulletin_1730B_121.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2009-01-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pmcpole.com&rft.atitle=PMCPOLE.COM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmcpole.com%2Fcms%2Frus_bulletin_1730B_121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtility+pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graham-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Graham_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2014" class="citation web cs1">Graham, Rex (July 24, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160404020322/https://birdsnews.com/2014/resilient-woodpeckers-hard-to-knock-2475/#.U9LA0_ldWCk">"Resilient Woodpeckers hard to knock – or stop"</a>. <i>Birdsnews.com</i>. 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href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10121627">"Eco-sustainability analysis of precast-concrete utility poles manufacturing–A case study from Pakistan"</a>. <i>Heliyon</i>. <b>9</b> (4): e14976. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Heliy...914976R">2023Heliy...914976R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.heliyon.2023.e14976">10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14976</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2405-8440">2405-8440</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10121627">10121627</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37095914">37095914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heliyon&rft.atitle=Eco-sustainability+analysis+of+precast-concrete+utility+poles+manufacturing%E2%80%93A+case+study+from+Pakistan&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e14976&rft.date=2023-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10121627%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023Heliy...914976R&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37095914&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.heliyon.2023.e14976&rft.issn=2405-8440&rft.aulast=Rasheed&rft.aufirst=Rizwan&rft.au=Javed%2C+Hajra&rft.au=Rizwan%2C+Asfra&rft.au=Afzaal%2C+Muhammad&rft.au=Ahmad%2C+Sajid+Rashid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10121627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtility+pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://telecom-info.njdepot.ericsson.net/site-cgi/ido/docs.cgi?ID=SEARCH&DOCUMENT=GR-3174&">GR-3174, <i>Generic Requirements for Hardware Attachments for Utility Poles</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://telecom-info.njdepot.ericsson.net/site-cgi/ido/docs.cgi?ID=SEARCH&DOCUMENT=GR-3159&">GR-3159, <i>Generic Requirements for Fiber-Reinforced Composite (FRC), Concrete, and Steel Utility Poles</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kieve-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kieve_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kieve_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kieve, Jeffrey L., <i>The Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History</i>, David and Charles, 1973 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Treated+to+refusal%22+does+not+meet+the+requirements+of+the+international+building+codes&rft.pub=Western+Wood+Preserver%27s+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwpinstitute.org%2Fdocuments%2FTreatedtoRefusalAlert.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtility+pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_A._Taylor_Timber_Products_Specialist_Rural_Electrification_Administration_U.S._Department_of_Agriculture_Washington,_D.C.1978" class="citation web cs1">James A. Taylor Timber Products Specialist Rural Electrification Administration U.S. Department of Agriculture Washington, D.C. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmcpole.com/cms/AWPA_poleMaintenance_paper.pdf">"Pole Maintenance-Its Need and Its Effectiveness"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Wood Preservers' Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715094205/http://www.pmcpole.com/cms/AWPA_poleMaintenance_paper.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2011-07-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pole+Maintenance-Its+Need+and+Its+Effectiveness&rft.pub=American+Wood+Preservers%27+Association&rft.date=1978&rft.au=James+A.+Taylor+Timber+Products+Specialist+Rural+Electrification+Administration+U.S.+Department+of+Agriculture+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmcpole.com%2Fcms%2FAWPA_poleMaintenance_paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtility+pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1997/wolfe97b.pdf">Standard specifications for wood poles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120224031935/http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/pdf1997/wolfe97b.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-02-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> US Department of Agriculture, Forest Products Laboratory</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115194247/http://www.usda.gov/rus/electric/bulletins.htm">"USDA Rural Development's Electric Programs - Bulletins"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usda.gov/rus/electric/bulletins.htm">the original</a> on 2009-01-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USDA+Rural+Development%27s+Electric+Programs+-+Bulletins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usda.gov%2Frus%2Felectric%2Fbulletins.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtility+pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmcpole.com/cms/CorrosionManagementDocument.pdf">"PMCPOLE.COM"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.pmcpole.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114191250/http://www.pmcpole.com/cms/CorrosionManagementDocument.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2009-01-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pmcpole.com&rft.atitle=PMCPOLE.COM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmcpole.com%2Fcms%2FCorrosionManagementDocument.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtility+pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Chambers, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thinksmallcell.com/Metrocells/every-telegraph-pole-across-uk-now-a-potential-outdoor-small-cell-site.html">"Every telegraph pole across UK now a potential outdoor small cell site"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220123110726/https://www.thinksmallcell.com/Metrocells/every-telegraph-pole-across-uk-now-a-potential-outdoor-small-cell-site.html">Archived</a> 2022-01-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>ThinkSmallCell</i>, 23 October 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishtelephones.com/gpo/pole.htm">"GPO / British Telecom Telephone poles"</a>. <i>www.britishtelephones.com</i>. 2011-10-29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170424132211/http://www.britishtelephones.com/gpo/pole.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-04-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britishtelephones.com&rft.atitle=GPO+%2F+British+Telecom+Telephone+poles&rft.date=2011-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishtelephones.com%2Fgpo%2Fpole.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtility+pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmcpole.com/cms/AWPAPoleBrands.pdf">"PMCPOLE.COM"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.pmcpole.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114191301/http://www.pmcpole.com/cms/AWPAPoleBrands.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2009-01-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pmcpole.com&rft.atitle=PMCPOLE.COM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmcpole.com%2Fcms%2FAWPAPoleBrands.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtility+pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ansi.org/">"ANSI-American National Standards Institute"</a>. <i>www.ansi.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828024250/http://www.ansi.org./">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-08-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ansi.org&rft.atitle=ANSI-American+National+Standards+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ansi.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtility+pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&sectionNum=591.">"Malicious Injuries to Railroad Bridges, Highways, Bridges, and Telegraphs"</a>. <i>leginfo.legislature.ca.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leginfo.legislature.ca.gov&rft.atitle=Malicious+Injuries+to+Railroad+Bridges%2C+Highways%2C+Bridges%2C+and+Telegraphs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fleginfo.legislature.ca.gov%2Ffaces%2Fcodes_displaySection.xhtml%3FlawCode%3DPEN%26sectionNum%3D591.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtility+pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.osgeo.org/wiki/Taiwan_Power_Company_grid">"Taiwan Power Company grid – OSGeo"</a>. <i>wiki.osgeo.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211080807/http://wiki.osgeo.org/wiki/Taiwan_Power_Company_grid">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-12-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wiki.osgeo.org&rft.atitle=Taiwan+Power+Company+grid+%E2%80%93+OSGeo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiki.osgeo.org%2Fwiki%2FTaiwan_Power_Company_grid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtility+pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jidanni.org/geo/taipower/index.html">"Understanding coordinates on utility pole numbers"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230026/http://jidanni.org/geo/taipower/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+coordinates+on+utility+pole+numbers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjidanni.org%2Fgeo%2Ftaipower%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtility+pole" class="Z3988"></span> A <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Power_Company" title="Taiwan Power Company">Taiwan Power Company</a> example; <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9B%E5%BA%A7%E6%A8%99" class="extiw" title="zh:電力座標">zh:電力座標</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zoklet.net/totse/en/technology/science_technology/readpole.html">"How to read those little metal plates on Hydro pol"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605221139/http://www.zoklet.net/totse/en/technology/science_technology/readpole.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-06-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+read+those+little+metal+plates+on+Hydro+pol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zoklet.net%2Ftotse%2Fen%2Ftechnology%2Fscience_technology%2Freadpole.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtility+pole" class="Z3988"></span> A <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, Canada example;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aplic.org/Nests">"Bird Nests on Power Poles"</a>. <i>www.aplic.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aplic.org&rft.atitle=Bird+Nests+on+Power+Poles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aplic.org%2FNests&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtility+pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdfact.com/articles/why-do-birds-sit-on-power-lines">"Why Do Birds Sit On Power Lines? (Everything Explained)"</a>. <i>Birdfact</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Birdfact&rft.atitle=Why+Do+Birds+Sit+On+Power+Lines%3F+%28Everything+Explained%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbirdfact.com%2Farticles%2Fwhy-do-birds-sit-on-power-lines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtility+pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMateusZrostlikovaGomes_da_SilvaRibeiro2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mateus, E.; Zrostlikova, J.; Gomes da Silva, M.D.R; Ribeiro, A.; Marriott, P. (2010). "Electrokinetic removal of creosote from treated timber waste: a comprehensive gas chromatographic view". <i>Journal of Applied Electrochemistry</i>. <b>40</b> (6): 1183–1193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10800-010-0089-7">10.1007/s10800-010-0089-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:97862454">97862454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Electrochemistry&rft.atitle=Electrokinetic+removal+of+creosote+from+treated+timber+waste%3A+a+comprehensive+gas+chromatographic+view&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1183-1193&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10800-010-0089-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A97862454%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mateus&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Zrostlikova%2C+J.&rft.au=Gomes+da+Silva%2C+M.D.R&rft.au=Ribeiro%2C+A.&rft.au=Marriott%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUtility+pole" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Utility_pole&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Utility_poles" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Utility poles">Utility pole</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphpoleappreciationsociety.org/">The Telegraph Pole Appreciation Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elp.com/index/display/article-display/279131/articles/utility-automation-engineering-td/volume-11/issue-10/features/getting-equipped-utility-poles.html">Article on Utility-Telecom Joint Use of Poles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.photovault.com/Link/Industry/Construction/ElectricTelephone/ICEVolume01.html">Many photographs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160807091957/http://www.photovault.com/Link/Industry/Construction/ElectricTelephone/ICEVolume01.html">Archived</a> 2016-08-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://troyb.net/portfolio/poles.html">Photographs of Various U.S. Utility Poles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myinsulators.com/hungary">Hungarian Telephone Poles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.annsgarden.com/poles/poles.htm">Utility Poles @ Ann's Garden</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmcpole.com/documents/inspection/methods.aspx">Wood Utility Pole Inspection Methods</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074115/http://www.pmcpole.com/documents/inspection/methods.aspx">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myinsulators.com/ukinsulators/pole.htm">A photo collection of pole routes throughout the UK and abroad</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.AWPA.com">American Wood Protection Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usda.gov/rus/electric/">USDA Rural Development's Electric Programs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121016044234/http://www.usda.gov/rus/electric/">Archived</a> 2012-10-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://telecom-info.njdepot.ericsson.net/site-cgi/ido/docs.cgi?ID=SEARCH&DOCUMENT=GR-60&">GR-60, <i>Generic Requirements for Wooden Utility Poles</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electricity_delivery" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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id="Electricity_delivery" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electricity_delivery" title="Electricity delivery">Electricity delivery</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_generation_control" title="Automatic generation control">Automatic generation control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backfeeding" title="Backfeeding">Backfeeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_load" title="Base load">Base load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_factor" title="Demand factor">Demand factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droop_speed_control" title="Droop speed control">Droop speed control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">Electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_quality" title="Electric power quality">Electric power quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_fault" title="Electrical fault">Electrical fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_demand_management" title="Energy demand management">Energy demand management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_return_on_investment" title="Energy return on investment">Energy return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_code" title="Grid code">Grid code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_energy_storage" title="Grid energy storage">Grid energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Grid strength">Grid strength</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_energy_storage" title="Home energy storage">Home energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load-following_power_plant" title="Load-following power plant">Load-following</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_order" title="Merit order">Merit order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nameplate_capacity" title="Nameplate capacity">Nameplate capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_demand" title="Peak demand">Peak demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_factor" title="Power factor">Power factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power-flow_study" title="Power-flow study">Power-flow study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repowering" title="Repowering">Repowering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_frequency" title="Utility frequency">Utility frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_renewable_energy" title="Variable renewable energy">Variability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle-to-grid" title="Vehicle-to-grid">Vehicle-to-grid</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abspannportal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal pylons of Kriftel substation near Frankfurt"><img alt="Portal pylons of Kriftel substation near Frankfurt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Abspannportal.jpg/120px-Abspannportal.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Abspannportal.jpg/180px-Abspannportal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Abspannportal.jpg/240px-Abspannportal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">Non-renewable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_station" title="Fossil fuel power station">Fossil fuel power station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_current_power" title="Marine current power">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmotic_power" title="Osmotic power">Osmotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel" title="Sustainable biofuel">Sustainable biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Power_station_technology" title="Category:Power station technology">Generation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AC_power" title="AC power">AC power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">Cogeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_cycle_power_plant" title="Combined cycle power plant">Combined cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_generator" title="Induction generator">Induction generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_combined_heat_and_power" title="Micro combined heat and power">Micro CHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankine_cycle" title="Rankine cycle">Rankine cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power" title="Three-phase electric power">Three-phase electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_power_plant" title="Virtual power plant">Virtual power plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Transmission</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">distribution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_response" title="Demand response">Demand response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_generation" title="Distributed generation">Distributed generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_demand_(electric_power)" title="Dynamic demand (electric power)">Dynamic demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">Electric power distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_system" title="Electric power system">Electric power system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Electric power transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_busbar_system" title="Electrical busbar system">Electrical busbar system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">Electrical grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_substation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical substation">Electrical substation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_retailing" title="Electricity retailing">Electricity retailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current" title="High-voltage direct current">High-voltage direct current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-voltage_shore_connection" title="High-voltage shore connection">High-voltage shore connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interconnector" title="Interconnector">Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load_management" title="Load management">Load management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mains_electricity_by_country" title="Mains electricity by country">Mains electricity by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">Power station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity" title="Pumped-storage hydroelectricity">Pumped hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-wire_earth_return" title="Single-wire earth return">Single-wire earth return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">Smart grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_grid" title="Super grid">Super grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_system_operator" title="Transmission system operator">Transmission system operator</a> (TSO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_tower" title="Transmission tower">Transmission tower</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Utility pole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Failure modes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_start" title="Black start">Black start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownout_(electricity)" title="Brownout (electricity)">Brownout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascading_failure" title="Cascading failure">Cascading failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">Power outage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_blackout" title="Rolling blackout">Rolling blackout</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Protective<br />devices</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arc-fault_circuit_interrupter" title="Arc-fault circuit interrupter">Arc-fault circuit interrupter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_breaker" title="Circuit breaker">Circuit breaker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth-leakage_circuit_breaker" title="Earth-leakage circuit breaker">Earth-leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride_circuit_breaker" title="Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker">Sulfur hexafluoride</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generator_interlock_kit" title="Generator interlock kit">Generator interlock kit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_relay" title="Numerical relay">Numerical relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_system_protection" title="Power system protection">Power system protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protective_relay" title="Protective relay">Protective relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residual-current_device" title="Residual-current device">Residual-current device</a> (GFI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Economics<br />and policies</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Availability_factor" title="Availability factor">Availability factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacity_factor" title="Capacity factor">Capacity factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_electricity_by_source" title="Cost of electricity by source">Cost of electricity by source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_subsidy" title="Energy subsidy">Energy subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_tax" title="Environmental tax">Environmental tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed-in_tariff" title="Feed-in tariff">Feed-in tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load_factor_(electrical)" title="Load factor (electrical)">Load factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_metering" title="Net metering">Net metering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigouvian_tax" title="Pigouvian tax">Pigouvian tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Energy_Certificate_(United_States)" title="Renewable Energy Certificate (United States)">Renewable Energy Certificates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">Renewable energy commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Energy_Payments" title="Renewable Energy Payments">Renewable Energy Payments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_spread" title="Spark spread">Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Statistics and<br />production</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_energy_consumption" title="Electric energy consumption">Electric energy consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electricity_sectors" title="List of electricity sectors">List of electricity sectors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Electric_power_distribution" title="Category:Electric power distribution">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wood_products" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wood_products" title="Template:Wood products"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wood_products" title="Template 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href="/wiki/Flitch_beam" title="Flitch beam">Flitch beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_flooring" title="Wood flooring">Flooring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joist" title="Joist">Joist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lath" title="Lath">Lath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_building" title="Log building">Log building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_cabin" title="Log cabin">Log cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_house" title="Log house">Log house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">Molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panelling" title="Panelling">Panelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plank_(wood)" title="Plank (wood)">Plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_plate" title="Wall plate">Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_(structural)" title="Post (structural)">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purlin" title="Purlin">Purlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafter" title="Rafter">Rafter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_tie#Wooden" title="Railroad tie">Railroad ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_shingle" title="Wood shingle">Shingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siding_(construction)#Wood_siding" title="Siding (construction)">Siding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sill_plate" title="Sill plate">Sill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_stud" title="Wall stud">Stud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_roof_truss" title="Timber roof truss">Timber truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treenail" title="Treenail">Treenail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truss" title="Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Utility pole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered<br />wood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber" title="Cross-laminated timber">Cross-laminated timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">Glued laminated timber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_veneer" title="Wood veneer">veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminated_veneer_lumber" title="Laminated veneer lumber">LVL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallam" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallam">parallel strand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-joist" title="I-joist">I-joist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiberboard" title="Fiberboard">Fiberboard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardboard" title="Hardboard">hardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonite" title="Masonite">Masonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard" title="Medium-density fibreboard">MDF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_strand_board" title="Oriented strand board">Oriented strand board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_structural_straw_board" title="Oriented structural straw board">Oriented structural straw board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">Particle board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">Plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_insulated_panel" title="Structural insulated panel">Structural insulated panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood%E2%80%93plastic_composite" title="Wood–plastic composite">Wood–plastic composite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_lumber" title="Composite lumber">lumber</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fuelwood</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firelog" title="Firelog">Firelog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">Firewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_fuel" title="Pellet fuel">Pellet fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood fuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_fibre" title="Wood fibre">Fibers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">Pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulpwood" title="Pulpwood">Pulpwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch-tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch-tar">Birch-tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanocellulose" title="Nanocellulose">nano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">Hemicellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">Cellulosic ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyewoods" title="Dyewoods">Dyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">Lignin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_smoke" title="Liquid smoke">Liquid smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lye" title="Lye">Lye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroligneous_acid" title="Pyroligneous acid">Pyroligneous acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">Tannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/By-product" title="By-product">By-products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barkdust" title="Barkdust">Barkdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_liquor" title="Black liquor">Black liquor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramial_chipped_wood" title="Ramial chipped wood">Ramial chipped wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawdust" title="Sawdust">Sawdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_oil" title="Tall oil">Tall oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_flour" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood flour">Wood flour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_wool" title="Wood wool">Wood wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodchips" title="Woodchips">Woodchips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axe_ties" class="mw-redirect" title="Axe ties">Axe ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavin_(wood)" title="Bavin (wood)">Bavin (wood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billet_(wood)" title="Billet (wood)">Billet (wood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapboard_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clapboard (architecture)">Clapboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">Potash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawdust_brandy" title="Sawdust brandy">Sawdust brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-rail_fence" title="Split-rail fence">Split-rail fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Wooden masts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Certified wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destructive_distillation" title="Destructive distillation">Destructive distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_distillation" title="Dry distillation">Dry distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_bamboo" title="Engineered bamboo">Engineered bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building_and_wood" title="Green building and wood">Green building and wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_woods" title="List of woods">List of woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulch" title="Mulch">Mulch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">Wood processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakisugi" 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