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<span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_and_municipal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_and_municipal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Administrative and municipal status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_and_municipal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Twin towns – sister cities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Partner_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partner_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Partner cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partner_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kaluga</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaloega" title="Kaloega – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kaloega" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A7" title="كالوغا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كالوغا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluqa" title="Kaluqa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kaluqa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7" title="کالوقا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کالوقا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Калуга – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Калуга" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Калуга – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Калуга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Калуга – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Калуга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Калуга – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Калуга" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Калуга – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Калуга" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga_(kapital_sa_lalawigan)" title="Kaluga (kapital sa lalawigan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kaluga (kapital sa lalawigan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Καλούγκα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καλούγκα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Калуга ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Калуга ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="کالوگا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کالوگا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalouga" title="Kalouga – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kalouga" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C3%BBga" title="Kalûga – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kalûga" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%BC%EB%A3%A8%EA%B0%80" title="칼루가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="칼루가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%A1" title="Կալուգա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կալուգա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%C3%A6" title="Калугæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Калугæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%94" title="קלוגה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קלוגה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE" title="ಕಲೂಗಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಲೂಗಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_(%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Калуга (шаар) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Калуга (шаар)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caluga" title="Caluga – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Caluga" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="कालुगा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कालुगा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%90" title="კალუგა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კალუგა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Калуга – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Калуга" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Калуга – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Калуга" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaloega" title="Kaloega – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kaloega" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AC" title="カルーガ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カルーガ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Калуга – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Калуга" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga_(Steed)" title="Kaluga (Steed) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kaluga (Steed)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Калуга – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Калуга" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="کلوگا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کلوگا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AB%D8%A7" title="کالوګا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کالوګا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%82uga_(miasto)" title="Kaługa (miasto) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kaługa (miasto)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Калуга – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Калуга" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%82uga_(mjasto)" title="Kaługa (mjasto) – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kaługa (mjasto)" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Калуга (град) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Калуга (град)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Калуга – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Калуга" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2" title="คาลูกา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาลูกา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Калуга – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Калуга" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Калуга – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Калуга" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Калуга – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Калуга" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="کالوگا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کالوگا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalug" title="Kalug – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kalug" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kaluga" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%8D%A2%E5%8A%A0" title="卡卢加 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卡卢加" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%9B%A7%E5%8A%A0" title="卡盧加 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卡盧加" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%9B%A7%E5%8A%A0" title="卡盧加 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡盧加" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluqa" title="Kaluqa – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Kaluqa" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kaluga&params=54_33_N_36_17_E_type:city(324698)_region:RU"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°33′N</span> <span class="longitude">36°17′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.550°N 36.283°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54.550; 36.283</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Kaluga Oblast, Russia</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kaluga_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kaluga (disambiguation)">Kaluga (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Kaluga Oblast, Russia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Kaluga</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">Калуга</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of inhabited localities in Russia">City</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ref174_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref174-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaluga_city,_nowadays_(collage).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Space museum, Rocket Vostok, House store of Rakov, Kaluga from a birds-eye view, Trolleybus, corner of Moskovskaya and Dostoyevskogo st."><img alt="Space museum, Rocket Vostok, House store of Rakov, Kaluga from a birds-eye view, Trolleybus, corner of Moskovskaya and Dostoyevskogo st." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Kaluga_city%2C_nowadays_%28collage%29.jpg/250px-Kaluga_city%2C_nowadays_%28collage%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Kaluga_city%2C_nowadays_%28collage%29.jpg/375px-Kaluga_city%2C_nowadays_%28collage%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Kaluga_city%2C_nowadays_%28collage%29.jpg/500px-Kaluga_city%2C_nowadays_%28collage%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="735" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Space museum, Rocket Vostok, House store of Rakov, Kaluga from a birds-eye view, Trolleybus, corner of Moskovskaya and Dostoyevskogo st.</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kaluga.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Kaluga"><img alt="Flag of Kaluga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_Kaluga.svg/125px-Flag_of_Kaluga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_Kaluga.svg/188px-Flag_of_Kaluga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Flag_of_Kaluga.svg/250px-Flag_of_Kaluga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="396" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Kaluga.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Kaluga"><img alt="Coat of arms of Kaluga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kaluga.svg/70px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Kaluga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kaluga.svg/105px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Kaluga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Kaluga.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Kaluga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; height:5px;">Location of Kaluga</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <div class="center" style="margin-top:1em"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="9" data-overlays="["_c255fe44b62d54b9ef0edb9feb6e7f97e74f65b0"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Kaluga&revid=1259284013&groups=_c255fe44b62d54b9ef0edb9feb6e7f97e74f65b0" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Kaluga&revid=1259284013&groups=_c255fe44b62d54b9ef0edb9feb6e7f97e74f65b0 2x" alt="Map" /></a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia_administrative_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaluga is located in Russia"><img alt="Kaluga is located in Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Russia_administrative_location_map.svg/250px-Russia_administrative_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Russia_administrative_location_map.svg/375px-Russia_administrative_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Russia_administrative_location_map.svg/500px-Russia_administrative_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1299" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.578%;left:11.768%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kaluga"><img alt="Kaluga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Kaluga</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Kaluga</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Russia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Outline_Kaluga_Oblast.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaluga is located in Kaluga Oblast"><img alt="Kaluga is located in Kaluga Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Outline_Kaluga_Oblast.svg/250px-Outline_Kaluga_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Outline_Kaluga_Oblast.svg/375px-Outline_Kaluga_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Outline_Kaluga_Oblast.svg/500px-Outline_Kaluga_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="501" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.353%;left:73.746%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kaluga"><img alt="Kaluga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Kaluga</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Kaluga (Kaluga Oblast)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Kaluga Oblast</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kaluga&params=54_33_N_36_17_E_type:city(324698)_region:RU"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°33′N</span> <span class="longitude">36°17′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.550°N 36.283°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54.550; 36.283</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Federal subject</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kaluga_Oblast" title="Kaluga Oblast">Kaluga Oblast</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ref174_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref174-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First mentioned</th><td class="infobox-data">1371<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/w/index.php?title=City_Duma_of_Kaluga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="City Duma of Kaluga (page does not exist)">City Duma</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • City Head<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">Dmitry Denisov<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">170.5 km<sup>2</sup> (65.8 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">190 m (620 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2010)">2010 Census</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2010Census_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010Census-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">324,698</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2018)<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-d84f748bde80dac87e899490e943a9ac5d33eca8-v18_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-d84f748bde80dac87e899490e943a9ac5d33eca8-v18-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">340,851 (<span style="color:green;">+5%</span>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia_by_population" title="List of cities and towns in Russia by population">55th</a> in 2010</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,900/km<sup>2</sup> (4,900/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Administrative_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Russia">Administrative status</a></div><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;">Subordinated to</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/City_of_federal_subject_significance" title="City of federal subject significance">City</a> of Kaluga<sup id="cite_ref-Ref174_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref174-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">Capital</a> of</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kaluga_Oblast" title="Kaluga Oblast">Kaluga Oblast</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ref174_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref174-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> City of Kaluga<sup id="cite_ref-Ref174_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref174-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Municipal_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Russia">Municipal status</a></div><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;">Urban okrug</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Kaluga Urban Okrug<sup id="cite_ref-Ref274_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref274-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">Capital</a> of</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Kaluga Urban Okrug<sup id="cite_ref-Ref274_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref274-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moscow_Time" title="Moscow Time">MSK</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2842?uselang=en#P421" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-vremeni_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vremeni-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Russia" title="Postal codes in Russia">Postal code(s)</a><sup id="cite_ref-PostalCode_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PostalCode-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">248xxx</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Russia" title="Telephone numbers in Russia">Dialing code(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+7 4842<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OKTMO" title="OKTMO">OKTMO</a> ID</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">29701000001</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City Day</th><td class="infobox-data">Second Saturday of September<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kaluga-gov.ru">www<wbr />.kaluga-gov<wbr />.ru</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kaluga</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Калу́га</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[kɐˈɫuɡə]</a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of inhabited localities in Russia">city</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative center">administrative center</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kaluga_Oblast" title="Kaluga Oblast">Kaluga Oblast</a>, Russia. It stands on the <a href="/wiki/Oka_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Oka River">Oka River</a> 150 kilometers (93 mi) southwest of <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. Its population was 337,058 at the 2021 census.<sup id="cite_ref-2021Census_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021Census-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kaluga's most famous resident, the space travel pioneer <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky" title="Konstantin Tsiolkovsky">Konstantin Tsiolkovsky</a>, worked there as a school teacher from 1892 to 1935. The <a href="/wiki/Tsiolkovsky_State_Museum_of_the_History_of_Cosmonautics" title="Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics">Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics</a> in Kaluga is dedicated to his theoretical achievements and to their practical implementations for modern space research, hence the motto on the city's <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a>: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Колыбель Космонавтики</span></span>, <i>Kolybélʹ kosmonávtiki</i> ("<i>The Cradle of Space-Exploration</i>"). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaluga&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kaluga, founded in the mid-14th century as a border fortress on the southwestern borders of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Grand Duchy of Moscow</a>, first appears in the historical record in chronicles in the 14th century as <i>Koluga</i>; the name comes from Old Russian <i>kaluga</i> is "bog, quagmire".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the period of Tartar raids it was the western end of the Oka bank defense line. The <a href="/wiki/Great_stand_on_the_Ugra_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Great stand on the Ugra River">Great stand on the Ugra River</a> was fought just to the west. In the Middle Ages Kaluga was a minor settlement owned by the Princes <a href="/wiki/Vorotynsky" title="Vorotynsky">Vorotynsky</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Vorotynsk,_Peremyshlsky_District,_Kaluga_Oblast" title="Vorotynsk, Peremyshlsky District, Kaluga Oblast">ancestral home</a> of these princes lies southwest of the modern city. </p><p>On 19 January 1777, the <a href="/wiki/Kaluga_Regional_Drama_Theatre" title="Kaluga Regional Drama Theatre">Kaluga drama theatre</a> opened its first theatrical season, established with the direct participation of the Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Krechetnikov" title="Mikhail Krechetnikov">Mikhail Krechetnikov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kaluga is connected to Moscow by a railway line and by the ancient roadway, the Kaluga Road (now partly within Moscow (as the Old Kaluga Highway), partly the <a href="/wiki/Russian_route_A101" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian route A101">A101 road</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This road offered <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> his favored escape route from the Moscow trap in the fall of 1812. But General <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">Kutuzov</a> repelled Napoleon's advances in this direction and forced the retreating French army onto the old Smolensk road, previously devastated by the French during their invasion of Russia. </p><p>On several occasions during the Russian Empire Kaluga was the residence of political exiles and prisoners such as the last Crimean khan <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eahin_Giray" title="Şahin Giray">Şahin Giray</a> (1786), the Kyrgyz sultan Arigazi-Abdul-Aziz (1828), the Georgian princess <a href="/wiki/Princess_Thecla_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Thecla of Georgia">Thecla</a> (1834–1835), and the Avar leader <a href="/wiki/Imam_Shamil" title="Imam Shamil">Imam Shamil</a> (1859–1868).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi-Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">army</a> briefly occupied Kaluga during the climactic <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a>, as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>. The city was under full or partial German occupation from October 12 to December 30, 1941. In 1944, the Soviet Government used its local military buildings to intern hundreds of Polish prisoners of war — soldiers of the Polish underground <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Home Army</a> — whom the advancing Soviet front had arrested in the area around <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaluga&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1897</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">49,513</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1926</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">49,425</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1939</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">89,396</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+80.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1959</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">134,235</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+50.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">210,906</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+57.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1979</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">265,013</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+25.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1989</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">311,399</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2002</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">334,751</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">324,698</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−3.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">337,058</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.8%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: Census data</td></tr></tbody></table><p>As of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2021)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2021)">2021 Census</a>, the ethnic composition of Kaluga was:<sup id="cite_ref-ВПН-2020_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ВПН-2020-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <table class="standard"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ethnic group </th> <th>Population </th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> </td> <td align="right">310,622 </td> <td align="right">91.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> </td> <td align="right">4,527 </td> <td align="right">1.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a> </td> <td align="right">3,260 </td> <td align="right">1.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a> </td> <td align="right">3,100 </td> <td align="right">0.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> </td> <td align="right">2,876 </td> <td align="right">0.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other </td> <td align="right">13,691 </td> <td align="right">4.0% </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_and_municipal_status">Administrative and municipal status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaluga&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Administrative and municipal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kaluga is the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative center">administrative center</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">oblast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref174_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref174-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Administrative_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Russia">framework of administrative divisions</a>, it is, together with seventy-two <a href="/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of inhabited localities in Russia">rural localities</a>, incorporated as the <b><a href="/wiki/City_of_federal_subject_significance" title="City of federal subject significance">City</a> of Kaluga</b>—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Kaluga_Oblast" title="Administrative divisions of Kaluga Oblast">districts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref174_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref174-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Municipal_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Russia">municipal division</a>, the City of Kaluga, together with one rural locality in <a href="/wiki/Ferzikovsky_District" title="Ferzikovsky District">Ferzikovsky District</a> (the <i><a href="/wiki/Village#Russia" title="Village">selo</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Novozhdamirovo" title="Novozhdamirovo">Novozhdamirovo</a>), is incorporated as <b>Kaluga Urban Okrug</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref274_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref274-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaluga&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kaluga_Turbine_Plant" title="Kaluga Turbine Plant">Kaluga Turbine Plant</a> is located here as is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaluga_Machine_Works&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaluga Machine Works (page does not exist)">Kaluga Machine Works</a>, which manufactures track machines for railways. In recent years, Kaluga has become one center of the Russian <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">automotive industry</a>, with a number of foreign companies opening assembly plants in the area:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 November 2007, <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen Group</a> opened a new <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group_Rus" title="Volkswagen Group Rus">assembly plant</a> in Kaluga, which further expanded by 2009. The investment has reached more than 500 million Euro. As of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaluga&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the plant assembled the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat" title="Volkswagen Passat">Volkswagen Passat</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Fabia" title="Škoda Fabia">Škoda Fabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Rapid_(2012)" title="Škoda Rapid (2012)">Škoda Rapid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 October 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Volvo" title="Volvo">Volvo Group</a> broke ground on a new truck assembly plant, that was inaugurated on 19 January 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a yearly capacity of 10,000 Volvo and 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Renault_Trucks" title="Renault Trucks">Renault trucks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 December 2007, <a href="/wiki/PSA_Peugeot_Citro%C3%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="PSA Peugeot Citroën">PSA Peugeot Citroën</a> announced its decision to build a new assembly plant in Kaluga.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaluga&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city is served by the <a href="/wiki/Grabtsevo_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Grabtsevo Airport">Grabtsevo Airport</a>. Since 1899, there has been a railway connection between Kaluga and Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Public transportation is represented by the <a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybuses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">buses</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Marshrutka" title="Marshrutka">marshrutkas</a></i> (routed taxis). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 170.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 168.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaluga_Lenina_96_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="ZiU-682 trolleybus"><img alt="ZiU-682 trolleybus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kaluga_Lenina_96_02.jpg/253px-Kaluga_Lenina_96_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kaluga_Lenina_96_02.jpg/379px-Kaluga_Lenina_96_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kaluga_Lenina_96_02.jpg/505px-Kaluga_Lenina_96_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2140" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">ZiU-682 trolleybus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaluga_trolleybus_129_2013-07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="ZiU-682 trolleybus"><img alt="ZiU-682 trolleybus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kaluga_trolleybus_129_2013-07.jpg/270px-Kaluga_trolleybus_129_2013-07.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kaluga_trolleybus_129_2013-07.jpg/405px-Kaluga_trolleybus_129_2013-07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kaluga_trolleybus_129_2013-07.jpg/540px-Kaluga_trolleybus_129_2013-07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="1734" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">ZiU-682 trolleybus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaluga_2013_trolleybus_34.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="BKM-321 low-floor trolleybus"><img alt="BKM-321 low-floor trolleybus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Kaluga_2013_trolleybus_34.jpg/180px-Kaluga_2013_trolleybus_34.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Kaluga_2013_trolleybus_34.jpg/270px-Kaluga_2013_trolleybus_34.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Kaluga_2013_trolleybus_34.jpg/360px-Kaluga_2013_trolleybus_34.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">BKM-321 low-floor trolleybus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terminal_of_Grabtsevo_Airport_(Kaluga,_Russia)_KLF_UUBC_(33977439235).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaluga Airport"><img alt="Kaluga Airport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Terminal_of_Grabtsevo_Airport_%28Kaluga%2C_Russia%29_KLF_UUBC_%2833977439235%29.jpg/320px-Terminal_of_Grabtsevo_Airport_%28Kaluga%2C_Russia%29_KLF_UUBC_%2833977439235%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Terminal_of_Grabtsevo_Airport_%28Kaluga%2C_Russia%29_KLF_UUBC_%2833977439235%29.jpg/480px-Terminal_of_Grabtsevo_Airport_%28Kaluga%2C_Russia%29_KLF_UUBC_%2833977439235%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Terminal_of_Grabtsevo_Airport_%28Kaluga%2C_Russia%29_KLF_UUBC_%2833977439235%29.jpg/640px-Terminal_of_Grabtsevo_Airport_%28Kaluga%2C_Russia%29_KLF_UUBC_%2833977439235%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kaluga Airport</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaluga-1_station_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaluga Railway Station"><img alt="Kaluga Railway Station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kaluga-1_station_01.JPG/240px-Kaluga-1_station_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kaluga-1_station_01.JPG/360px-Kaluga-1_station_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Kaluga-1_station_01.JPG/480px-Kaluga-1_station_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kaluga Railway Station</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaluga&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kaluga has a humid temperate continental (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>: <i>Dfb</i>), with warm and humid summers; and long, cold and snowy winters. Winter extreme records can be as low as −45 °C (−49 °F), while summer heat may reach up +40 °C (104 °F), but normal variation is between −5 °C (23 °F) and −20 °C (−4 °F) during winter and between 15 °C (59 °F) and 30 °C (86 °F) during summer in Kaluga. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Kaluga, Russia (period 1961–1990) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.6<br />(20.1) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.0<br />(23.0) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br />(32.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3<br />(50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5<br />(70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9<br />(71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7<br />(60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0<br />(48.2) </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7<br />(33.3) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.7<br />(25.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.2<br />(45.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.1<br />(13.8) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.0<br />(15.8) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.5<br />(25.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6EE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7<br />(42.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7<br />(54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8<br />(60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.3<br />(61.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9<br />(51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4<br />(41.7) </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.9<br />(28.6) </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.6<br />(20.1) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">4.4<br />(39.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.5<br />(7.7) </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.9<br />(8.8) </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.4<br />(18.7) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7<br />(44.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1<br />(50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0<br />(53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7<br />(51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1<br />(43.0) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8<br />(35.2) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.5<br />(23.9) </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.5<br />(14.9) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">0.1<br />(32.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33<br />(1.3) </td> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35<br />(1.4) </td> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43<br />(1.7) </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77<br />(3.0) </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80<br />(3.1) </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71<br />(2.8) </td> <td style="background: #AAAAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55<br />(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50<br />(2.0) </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53<br />(2.1) </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55<br />(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">630<br />(24.8) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: www.meteoinfo.ru <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteoinfo.ru/climate/klimatgorod/1695-1246618396">"www.meteoinfo.ru"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=www.meteoinfo.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteoinfo.ru%2Fclimate%2Fklimatgorod%2F1695-1246618396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaluga" class="Z3988"></span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaluga&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kaluga's most famous resident was rocket science pioneer <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky" title="Konstantin Tsiolkovsky">Konstantin Tsiolkovsky</a>. </p><p>Other notable people include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Avagimyan" title="Sergei Avagimyan">Sergei Avagimyan</a>, former professional footballer. Born in Russia, he played for the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_national_football_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian national football team">Armenian national football team</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Amfiteatrov" title="Alexander Amfiteatrov">Alexander Amfiteatrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Averbakh" title="Yuri Averbakh">Yuri Averbakh</a>, chess <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">grandmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Azarov" title="Mykola Azarov">Mykola Azarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pafnuty_Chebyshev" title="Pafnuty Chebyshev">Pafnuty Chebyshev</a>, mathematician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chizhevsky" title="Alexander Chizhevsky">Alexander Chizhevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Edelstadt" title="David Edelstadt">David Edelstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gretchaninov" title="Alexander Gretchaninov">Alexander Gretchaninov</a>, Russian-American composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_of_Hankou" title="Jonah of Hankou">Jonah of Hankou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kalaychev" title="Andrei Kalaychev">Andrei Kalaychev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Kobelev" title="Valery Kobelev">Valery Kobelev</a>, ski jumper</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Linge" title="Mikhail Linge">Mikhail Linge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Popovich" title="Pavel Popovich">Pavel Popovich</a>, cosmonaut, the only person to receive two honorary citizenships of Kaluga (1962 and 1964)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larisa_Popugayeva" title="Larisa Popugayeva">Larisa Popugayeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rakov" title="Nikolai Rakov">Nikolai Rakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Shamil" title="Imam Shamil">Imam Shamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Skvortsov_(swimmer)" title="Nikolay Skvortsov (swimmer)">Nikolay Skvortsov</a>, swimmer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuliya_Tabakova" title="Yuliya Tabakova">Yuliya Tabakova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olesya_Zykina" title="Olesya Zykina">Olesya Zykina</a>, 400m athlete</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulat_Okudzhava" title="Bulat Okudzhava">Bulat Okudzhava</a>, lived and taught Literature in public school in the 1980s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serafim_Tulikov" title="Serafim Tulikov">Serafim Tulikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kuliak" title="Ivan Kuliak">Ivan Kuliak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyubov_Kamyrina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyubov Kamyrina (page does not exist)">Lyubov Kamyrina</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaluga&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Russia" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia">List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia</a></div> <p>Kaluga is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-twins_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twins-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Suhl" title="Suhl">Suhl</a>, Germany (1969)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova"><img alt="Moldova" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a>, Moldova (2005)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Panorama,_Thessaloniki" title="Panorama, Thessaloniki">Panorama</a>, Greece (2011)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, Belarus (2015)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Binzhou" title="Binzhou">Binzhou</a>, China (2015)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a>, Ukraine (2016)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a>, Serbia (2017)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partner_cities">Partner cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaluga&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Partner cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to twin towns, Kaluga cooperates with:<sup id="cite_ref-twins_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twins-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Clearwater,_Florida" title="Clearwater, Florida">Clearwater</a>, United States (1992)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Xianyang" title="Xianyang">Xianyang</a>, China (2000)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a>, Russia (2002)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Oryol" title="Oryol">Oryol</a>, Russia (2003)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a>, Russia (2003)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a>, Russia (2012)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tsiolkovsky,_Amur_Oblast" title="Tsiolkovsky, Amur Oblast">Tsiolkovsky</a>, Russia (2016)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a>, Russia (2017)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tambov" title="Tambov">Tambov</a>, Russia (2017)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaluga&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaluga_2012_MainSquare_03_1TM.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaluga. Main Square"><img alt="Kaluga. Main Square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kaluga_2012_MainSquare_03_1TM.jpg/120px-Kaluga_2012_MainSquare_03_1TM.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kaluga_2012_MainSquare_03_1TM.jpg/180px-Kaluga_2012_MainSquare_03_1TM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kaluga_2012_MainSquare_03_1TM.jpg/240px-Kaluga_2012_MainSquare_03_1TM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kaluga. Main Square</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaluga_2013_Lenina_70_03_1TM.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaluga. Polman House"><img alt="Kaluga. Polman House" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Kaluga_2013_Lenina_70_03_1TM.jpg/120px-Kaluga_2013_Lenina_70_03_1TM.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Kaluga_2013_Lenina_70_03_1TM.jpg/180px-Kaluga_2013_Lenina_70_03_1TM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Kaluga_2013_Lenina_70_03_1TM.jpg/240px-Kaluga_2013_Lenina_70_03_1TM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kaluga. Polman House</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0._%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B..JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaluga Region Drama Theatre building"><img alt="Kaluga Region Drama Theatre building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0._%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B..JPG/120px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0._%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B..JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0._%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B..JPG/180px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0._%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0._%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B..JPG/240px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0._%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B..JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kaluga Region Drama Theatre building</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaluga01_0812_168g.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaluga. Eastern archway at the Administration Building"><img alt="Kaluga. Eastern archway at the Administration Building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Kaluga01_0812_168g.jpg/120px-Kaluga01_0812_168g.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Kaluga01_0812_168g.jpg/180px-Kaluga01_0812_168g.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Kaluga01_0812_168g.jpg/240px-Kaluga01_0812_168g.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kaluga. Eastern archway at the Administration Building</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mgtu-kaluga.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaluga. Moscow State Technical University (local branch)"><img alt="Kaluga. Moscow State Technical University (local branch)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mgtu-kaluga.jpg/120px-Mgtu-kaluga.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mgtu-kaluga.jpg/180px-Mgtu-kaluga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mgtu-kaluga.jpg/240px-Mgtu-kaluga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kaluga. Moscow State Technical University (local branch)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaluga,_Kirova_Street_and_Plekhanova_Street_(16).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Streetside stores in Kaluga"><img alt="Streetside stores in Kaluga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Kaluga%2C_Kirova_Street_and_Plekhanova_Street_%2816%29.jpg/120px-Kaluga%2C_Kirova_Street_and_Plekhanova_Street_%2816%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Kaluga%2C_Kirova_Street_and_Plekhanova_Street_%2816%29.jpg/180px-Kaluga%2C_Kirova_Street_and_Plekhanova_Street_%2816%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Kaluga%2C_Kirova_Street_and_Plekhanova_Street_%2816%29.jpg/240px-Kaluga%2C_Kirova_Street_and_Plekhanova_Street_%2816%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Streetside stores in Kaluga</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaluga01_0812_170g.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaluga. Region administration"><img alt="Kaluga. Region administration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kaluga01_0812_170g.jpg/120px-Kaluga01_0812_170g.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kaluga01_0812_170g.jpg/180px-Kaluga01_0812_170g.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kaluga01_0812_170g.jpg/240px-Kaluga01_0812_170g.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kaluga. Region administration</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaluga_2013_trolleybus_34.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trolleybus in Kaluga"><img alt="Trolleybus in Kaluga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Kaluga_2013_trolleybus_34.jpg/120px-Kaluga_2013_trolleybus_34.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Kaluga_2013_trolleybus_34.jpg/180px-Kaluga_2013_trolleybus_34.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Kaluga_2013_trolleybus_34.jpg/240px-Kaluga_2013_trolleybus_34.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Trolleybus in Kaluga</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_museum_(Kaluga).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Astronautics Museum"><img alt="Astronautics Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Space_museum_%28Kaluga%29.jpg/120px-Space_museum_%28Kaluga%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Space_museum_%28Kaluga%29.jpg/180px-Space_museum_%28Kaluga%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Space_museum_%28Kaluga%29.jpg/240px-Space_museum_%28Kaluga%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Astronautics Museum</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaluga&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaluga&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ref174-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ref174_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref174_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref174_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref174_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref174_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref174_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref174_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Charter of Kaluga Oblast<i></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yar.kp.ru/daily/26061/2970925/">Из фразы Гагарина в столице сделали артобъект</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://duma.kaluga.ru">Representative bodies of the municipality City of Kaluga</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vest-news.ru/news/111457"><bdi lang="ru">Губернатор произвел кадровые перестановки</bdi></a> (in Russian). vest-news.ru. 27 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft.pub=vest-news.ru&rft.date=2018-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vest-news.ru%2Fnews%2F111457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaluga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaluga-gov.ru/?q=%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_1942986388"><bdi lang="ru">Устав муниципального образования "Город Калуга"</bdi></a> (in Russian). kaluga-gov.ru. 19 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%22%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%22&rft.pub=kaluga-gov.ru&rft.date=2011-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaluga-gov.ru%2F%3Fq%3D%25D1%2583%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2-%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0_1942986388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaluga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kp40.ru/index.php?cid=810&nid=76110">Калуги стало больше</a> <i>Калужский перекрёсток</i>, 14 апреля 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010Census-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2010Census_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1</bdi></a> [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. <bdi lang="ru">Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census]</bdi> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+2010+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC+1&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Russian+Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gks.ru%2Ffree_doc%2Fnew_site%2Fperepis2010%2Fcroc%2Fperepis_itogi1612.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaluga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-d84f748bde80dac87e899490e943a9ac5d33eca8-v18-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-d84f748bde80dac87e899490e943a9ac5d33eca8-v18_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2018/bul_dr/mun_obr2018.rar">"26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года"</a>. Federal State Statistics Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (<i>Russian Post</i>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vinfo.russianpost.ru/servlet/department">Поиск объектов почтовой связи</a> (<i>Postal Objects Search</i>) <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phcode.ru/kaluga">Phcode.ru</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kp40.ru/news/holidays/32101/">День города перенесли в Калуге</a> <i>Калужский перекрёсток</i>, 22 апреля 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021Census-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2021Census_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Russian Federal State Statistics Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn/2020/Tom1_Chislennost_i_razmeshchenie_naseleniya"><bdi lang="ru">Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E+%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%BE+2030+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%28%D1%81+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+12+%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F+2016+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.cntd.ru%2Fdocument%2F972215857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaluga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924102422/http://www.skoda-auto.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/company/investors/annual-reports/en/skoda-annual-report-2014.pdf">"Škoda Annual Report 2014"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skoda-auto.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/company/investors/annual-reports/en/skoda-annual-report-2014.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C5%A0koda+Annual+Report+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skoda-auto.com%2FSiteCollectionDocuments%2Fcompany%2Finvestors%2Fannual-reports%2Fen%2Fskoda-annual-report-2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaluga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.just-auto.com/news/volvo-truck-starts-production-at-kaluga-plant_id97595.aspx">Volvo Truck starts production at Kaluga plant</a>, Just-auto.com, 19 January 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071101161608/http://www.volvo.com/group/global/en-gb/newsmedia/corpnews/NewsItemPage.htm?channelId=1389&ItemID=30465&sl=en-gb">New Volvo Group assembly plant in Kaluga</a>, Volvo Group corporate news, 15 October 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/en/psa_espace/press_releases_details_d1.php?id=751">PSA Peugeot Citroën to Build Plant in Kaluga, Russia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071230132440/http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/en/psa_espace/press_releases_details_d1.php?id=751">Archived</a> December 30, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, PSA Peugeot Citroën press release, 12 December 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130929093540/http://www.nnov-airport.ru/rus/wokzal_kaluga.html">"Train Station in Kaluga"</a> (in Russian). Nnov-airport.ru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nnov-airport.ru/rus/wokzal_kaluga.html">the original</a> on 29 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Train+Station+in+Kaluga&rft.pub=Nnov-airport.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nnov-airport.ru%2Frus%2Fwokzal_kaluga.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaluga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaluga-gov.ru/index.php?do=cat&category=imi_gorditsja_kaluga">"Ими гордится Калуга ("They Bring Pride to Kaluga")"</a> (in Russian). Kaluga: Office of the Affairs of the Mayor of Kaluga<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0+%28%22They+Bring+Pride+to+Kaluga%22%29&rft.place=Kaluga&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Affairs+of+the+Mayor+of+Kaluga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaluga-gov.ru%2Findex.php%3Fdo%3Dcat%26category%3Dimi_gorditsja_kaluga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaluga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twins-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-twins_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-twins_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kaluga-gov.ru/?q=%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B_1159173114">"Города-побратимы"</a>. <i>kaluga-gov.ru</i> (in Russian). Kaluga<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kaluga-gov.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaluga-gov.ru%2F%3Fq%3D%25D0%25B3%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B0-%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B1%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D1%258B_1159173114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaluga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaluga&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Законодательное Собрание Калужской области. №473 27 марта 1996 г. «Устав Калужской области», в ред. Закона №681-ОЗ от 27 февраля 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Устав Калужской области». Опубликован: "Весть", №79, 9 апреля 1996 г.</span></span> (Legislative Assembly of Kaluga Oblast. #473 March 27, 1996 <i>Charter of Kaluga Oblast</i>, as amended by the Law #681-OZ of February 27, 2015 <i>On Amending the Charter of Kaluga Oblast</i>. ).</li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Законодательное Собрание Калужской области. Закон №7-ОЗ от 28 декабря 2004 г. «Об установлении границ муниципальных образований, расположенных на территории административно-территориальных единиц "Бабынинский район", "Боровский район", "Дзержинский район", "Жиздринский район", "Жуковский район", "Износковский район", "Козельский район", "Малоярославецкий район", "Мосальский район", "Ферзиковский район", "Хвастовичский район", "город Калуга", "город Обнинск", и наделении их статусом городского поселения, сельского поселения, городского округа, муниципального района», в ред. Закона №620-ОЗ от 29 сентября 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Калужской области "Об установлении границ муниципальных образований, расположенных на территории административно-территориальных единиц "Бабынинский район", "Боровский район", "Дзержинский район", "Жиздринский район", "Жуковский район", "Износковский район", "Козельский район", "Малоярославецкий район", "Мосальский район", "Ферзиковский район", "Хвастовичский район", "город Калуга", "город Обнинск", и наделении их статусом городского поселения, сельского поселения, городского округа, муниципального района"». Вступил в силу после официального опубликования, за исключением положений о муниципальном образовании "Город Калуга", для которых установлены иные сроки вступления в силу. Опубликован: "Весть", №402–404, 29 декабря 2004 г.</span></span> (Legislative Assembly of Kaluga Oblast. Law #7-OZ of December 28, 2004 <i>On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations Located on the Territory of the Administrative-Territorial Units of "Babyninsky District", "Borovsky District", "Dzerzhinsky District", "Zhizdrinsky District", "Zhukovsky District", "Iznoskovsky District", "Kozelsky District", "Maloyaroslavetsky District", "Mosalsky District", "Ferzikovsky District", "Khvastovichsky District", "City of Kaluga", "City of Obninsk", and on Granting Them the Status of an Urban Settlement, Rural Settlement, Urban Okrug, Municipal District</i>, as amended by the Law #620-OZ of September 29, 2014 <i>On Amending the Law of Kaluga Oblast "On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations Located on the Territory of the Administrative-Territorial Units of "Babyninsky District", "Borovsky District", "Dzerzhinsky District", "Zhizdrinsky District", "Zhukovsky District", "Iznoskovsky District", "Kozelsky District", "Maloyaroslavetsky District", "Mosalsky District", "Ferzikovsky District", "Khvastovichsky District", "City of Kaluga", "City of Obninsk", and on Granting Them the Status of an Urban Settlement, Rural Settlement, Urban Okrug, Municipal District"</i>. Effective as of after the official publication, with the exception of the clauses regarding the municipal formation of the "City of Kaluga", for which different dates of taking effect are specified.).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaluga&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kaluga" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kaluga">Kaluga</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kaluga (town)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Kaluga_(town)">"Kaluga (town)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 644.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kaluga+%28town%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=644&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaluga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaluga-gov.ru/?language=en">Official website of Kaluga</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kaluga.jsprav.ru/">Kaluga Business Directory</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2006-05/artikel-6488362.asp">Article in German about Kaluga plant</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishgen.org/Communities/community.php?usbgn=-2919283">Kaluga, Russia</a> at <a href="/wiki/JewishGen" title="JewishGen">JewishGen</a></li></ul> <div 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kaluga_Oblast" title="Template:Kaluga Oblast"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kaluga_Oblast" title="Template talk:Kaluga Oblast"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kaluga_Oblast" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kaluga Oblast"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_divisions_of_Kaluga_Oblast" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Kaluga_Oblast" title="Administrative divisions of Kaluga Oblast">Administrative divisions of Kaluga Oblast</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Administrative_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative center">Administrative center</a>: <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kaluga</a></b> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_rural_localities_in_Kaluga_Oblast" title="List of rural localities in Kaluga Oblast">Rural localities</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babyninsky_District" title="Babyninsky District">Babyninsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baryatinsky_District" title="Baryatinsky District">Baryatinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borovsky_District" title="Borovsky District">Borovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duminichsky_District" title="Duminichsky District">Duminichsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzerzhinsky_District,_Kaluga_Oblast" title="Dzerzhinsky District, Kaluga Oblast">Dzerzhinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferzikovsky_District" title="Ferzikovsky District">Ferzikovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iznoskovsky_District" title="Iznoskovsky District">Iznoskovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khvastovichsky_District" title="Khvastovichsky District">Khvastovichsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirovsky_District,_Kaluga_Oblast" title="Kirovsky District, Kaluga Oblast">Kirovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozelsky_District" title="Kozelsky District">Kozelsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuybyshevsky_District,_Kaluga_Oblast" title="Kuybyshevsky District, Kaluga Oblast">Kuybyshevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyudinovsky_District" title="Lyudinovsky District">Lyudinovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maloyaroslavetsky_District" title="Maloyaroslavetsky District">Maloyaroslavetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medynsky_District" title="Medynsky District">Medynsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshchovsky_District" title="Meshchovsky District">Meshchovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosalsky_District" title="Mosalsky District">Mosalsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peremyshlsky_District" title="Peremyshlsky District">Peremyshlsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spas-Demensky_District" title="Spas-Demensky District">Spas-Demensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhinichsky_District" title="Sukhinichsky District">Sukhinichsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarussky_District" title="Tarussky District">Tarussky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsky_District,_Kaluga_Oblast" title="Ulyanovsky District, Kaluga Oblast">Ulyanovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukhnovsky_District" title="Yukhnovsky District">Yukhnovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhizdrinsky_District" title="Zhizdrinsky District">Zhizdrinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhukovsky_District,_Kaluga_Oblast" title="Zhukovsky District, Kaluga Oblast">Zhukovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities and towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balabanovo,_Kaluga_Oblast" title="Balabanovo, Kaluga Oblast">Balabanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belousovo,_Kaluga_Oblast" title="Belousovo, Kaluga Oblast">Belousovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borovsk" title="Borovsk">Borovsk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kaluga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirov,_Kaluga_Oblast" title="Kirov, Kaluga Oblast">Kirov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondrovo,_Kaluga_Oblast" title="Kondrovo, Kaluga Oblast">Kondrovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozelsk" title="Kozelsk">Kozelsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kremyonki,_Kaluga_Oblast" title="Kremyonki, Kaluga Oblast">Kremyonki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyudinovo" title="Lyudinovo">Lyudinovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maloyaroslavets" title="Maloyaroslavets">Maloyaroslavets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medyn" title="Medyn">Medyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshchovsk" title="Meshchovsk">Meshchovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosalsk" title="Mosalsk">Mosalsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obninsk" title="Obninsk">Obninsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosensky,_Kaluga_Oblast" title="Sosensky, Kaluga Oblast">Sosensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spas-Demensk" title="Spas-Demensk">Spas-Demensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhinichi" title="Sukhinichi">Sukhinichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarusa" title="Tarusa">Tarusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yermolino,_Kaluga_Oblast" title="Yermolino, Kaluga Oblast">Yermolino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukhnov" title="Yukhnov">Yukhnov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhizdra" title="Zhizdra">Zhizdra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhukov,_Kaluga_Oblast" title="Zhukov, Kaluga Oblast">Zhukov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urban-type_settlement" title="Urban-type settlement">Urban-type settlements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duminichi_(settlement),_Kaluga_Oblast" title="Duminichi (settlement), Kaluga Oblast">Duminichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polotnyany_Zavod" title="Polotnyany Zavod">Polotnyany Zavod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyatovsky" title="Pyatovsky">Pyatovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seredeysky" title="Seredeysky">Seredeysky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tovarkovo,_Kaluga_Oblast" title="Tovarkovo, Kaluga Oblast">Tovarkovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorotynsk_(urban-type_settlement)" title="Vorotynsk (urban-type settlement)">Vorotynsk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Golden_Ring_of_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Golden_Ring" title="Template:Golden Ring"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Golden_Ring" title="Template talk:Golden Ring"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Golden_Ring" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Golden Ring"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Golden_Ring_of_Russia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Golden_Ring_of_Russia" title="Golden Ring of Russia">Golden Ring of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main route</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivanovo" title="Ivanovo">Ivanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostroma" title="Kostroma">Kostroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pereslavl-Zalessky" title="Pereslavl-Zalessky">Pereslavl-Zalessky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostov,_Yaroslavl_Oblast" title="Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast">Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergiyev_Posad" title="Sergiyev Posad">Sergiyev Posad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzdal" title="Suzdal">Suzdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Additional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrov,_Vladimir_Oblast" title="Alexandrov, Vladimir Oblast">Alexandrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogolyubovo,_Vladimir_Oblast" title="Bogolyubovo, Vladimir Oblast">Bogolyubovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitrov" title="Dmitrov">Dmitrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorokhovets,_Vladimir_Oblast" title="Gorokhovets, Vladimir Oblast">Gorokhovets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus-Khrustalny_(town)" title="Gus-Khrustalny (town)">Gus-Khrustalny</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kaluga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyazin" title="Kalyazin">Kalyazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasimov" title="Kasimov">Kasimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kideksha" title="Kideksha">Kideksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murom" title="Murom">Murom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myshkin_(town)" title="Myshkin (town)">Myshkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palekh" title="Palekh">Palekh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plyos,_Ivanovo_Oblast" title="Plyos, Ivanovo Oblast">Plyos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rybinsk" title="Rybinsk">Rybinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuya,_Ivanovo_Oblast" title="Shuya, Ivanovo Oblast">Shuya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutayev" title="Tutayev">Tutayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uglich" title="Uglich">Uglich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuryev-Polsky_(town)" title="Yuryev-Polsky (town)">Yuryev-Polsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Capital: <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/940154381056930292299">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/143083074">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1313404/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4359266-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82000809">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15891338v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15891338v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kaluga (Rusko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge329254&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550555305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/d7168c92-ee7f-4b3d-be4a-fffbf165ef3f">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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