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<span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-France-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle France subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Caledonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Caledonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>New Caledonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Caledonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Francophone_West_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Francophone_West_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Francophone West Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Francophone_West_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jordan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jordan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Jordan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jordan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luxembourg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luxembourg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Luxembourg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luxembourg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sweden subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_locality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_locality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Central locality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_locality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Residence_city" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Residence_city"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Residence city</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Residence_city-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tunisia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunisia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Tunisia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tunisia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Administrative centre</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verwaltungssitz" title="Verwaltungssitz – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Verwaltungssitz" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B2_%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="مركز إداري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مركز إداري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B1_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Администратияб марказ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Администратияб марказ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D2%AF%D2%99%D3%99%D0%BA" title="Административ үҙәк – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Административ үҙәк" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80" title="Адміністрацыйны цэнтр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Адміністрацыйны цэнтр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Адміністрацыйны цэнтар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Адміністрацыйны цэнтар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Административен център – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Административен център" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_administratiu" title="Centre administratiu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Centre administratiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%C4%95" title="Администраци центрĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Администраци центрĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1lddahusguovdd%C3%A1%C5%A1" title="Hálddahusguovddáš – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Hálddahusguovddáš" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verwaltungssitz" title="Verwaltungssitz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verwaltungssitz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halduskeskus" title="Halduskeskus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Halduskeskus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_administrativo" title="Centro administrativo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Centro administrativo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_administratif" title="Centre administratif – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Centre administratif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="प्रशासनिक केंद्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रशासनिक केंद्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusat_administrasi" title="Pusat administrasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pusat administrasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_amministrativo" title="Centro amministrativo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Centro amministrativo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navenda_%C3%AEdar%C3%AE" title="Navenda îdarî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Navenda îdarî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81rvaldes_centrs" title="Pārvaldes centrs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pārvaldes centrs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestuurlijk_centrum" title="Bestuurlijk centrum – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bestuurlijk centrum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="行政の中心 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="行政の中心" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80" title="Административан центр – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Административан центр" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrasjonssenter" title="Administrasjonssenter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Administrasjonssenter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrasjonssenter" title="Administrasjonssenter – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Administrasjonssenter" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2" title="اداري مرکز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اداري مرکز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C5%9Brodek_administracyjny" title="Ośrodek administracyjny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ośrodek administracyjny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_administrativo" title="Centro administrativo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Centro administrativo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centru_administrativ" title="Centru administrativ – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Centru administrativ" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80" title="Административный центр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Административный центр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Administrative centre" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upravni_centar" title="Upravni centar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Upravni centar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huvudort" title="Huvudort – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Huvudort" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentrong_pampangasiwaan" title="Sentrong pampangasiwaan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sentrong pampangasiwaan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D2%AF%D0%B7%D3%99%D0%BA" title="Административ үзәк – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Административ үзәк" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="పరిపాలనా కేంద్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పరిపాలనా కేంద్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8A%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Маркази маъмурӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Маркази маъмурӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B6netim_merkezi" title="Yönetim merkezi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yönetim merkezi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80" title="Адміністративний центр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Адміністративний центр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B2" title="انتظامی مرکز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انتظامی مرکز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7_ph%E1%BB%A7" title="Thủ phủ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thủ phủ" 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href="/wiki/File:Evian-les-Bains_(Haute-Savoie)_(10004827914).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Evian-les-Bains_%28Haute-Savoie%29_%2810004827914%29.jpg/260px-Evian-les-Bains_%28Haute-Savoie%29_%2810004827914%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Evian-les-Bains_%28Haute-Savoie%29_%2810004827914%29.jpg/390px-Evian-les-Bains_%28Haute-Savoie%29_%2810004827914%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Evian-les-Bains_%28Haute-Savoie%29_%2810004827914%29.jpg/520px-Evian-les-Bains_%28Haute-Savoie%29_%2810004827914%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian-les-Bains" title="Évian-les-Bains">Évian-les-Bains</a>, administrative centre of the <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_%C3%89vian-les-Bains" title="Canton of Évian-les-Bains">canton of Évian-les-Bains</a> in <a href="/wiki/Haute-Savoie" title="Haute-Savoie">Haute-Savoie</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>administrative centre</b> is a seat of regional administration or local government, or a <a href="/wiki/County_town" title="County town">county town</a>, or the place where the central administration of a <a href="/wiki/Township" title="Township">commune</a>, is located. </p><p>In countries with French as administrative language (such as Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland and many African countries), a <b><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">chef-lieu</i></span></b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʃɛfljø]</a></span>, plural form <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">chefs-lieux</i></span>, literally 'chief place' or 'main place'), is a town or city that is important from an administrative perspective. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Algeria">Algeria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Administrative_centre&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Algeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The capital of an <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Algeria" title="Provinces of Algeria">Algerian province</a> is called a <b>chef-lieu</b>. The capital of a <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Algeria" title="Districts of Algeria">district</a>, the next largest division, is also called a <b>chef-lieu</b>, whilst the capital of the lowest division, the <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Algeria">municipalities</a>, is called <b>agglomération de chef-lieu</b> (chef-lieu <a href="/wiki/Urban_agglomeration" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban agglomeration">agglomeration</a>) and is abbreviated as <b>A.C.L.</b> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Belgium">Belgium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Administrative_centre&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>chef-lieu</b> in Belgium is the administrative centre of each of the ten <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Belgium" title="Provinces of Belgium">provinces of Belgium</a>. Three of these cities also give their name to their province (<a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a> and <a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="France">France</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Administrative_centre&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>chef-lieu of a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">département</a></b> is known as the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_in_France" title="Prefectures in France">préfecture</a></i></span>. This is the town or city where the <a href="/wiki/Prefect" title="Prefect">prefect</a> of the department (and all services under their control) are situated, in a building known as the <a href="/wiki/Prefecture" title="Prefecture">prefecture</a>. In every <a href="/wiki/French_region" class="mw-redirect" title="French region">French region</a>, one of the departments has pre-eminence over the others, and the prefect carries the title of <i>Prefect of region X..., Prefect of Department Z...</i> and the city where the regional prefect is found is known as <i>chef-lieu of the region</i> or, more commonly, <i>Regional prefecture</i>. The services are, however, controlled by the prefecture of the department. </p><p>The <b>chef-lieu of an <a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_France" title="Arrondissements of France">arrondissement</a></b>, commonly known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Subprefectures_in_France" title="Subprefectures in France">sous-préfecture</a></i> is the city or town where the sub-prefect of the arrondissement (and the services directly under their control) are situated, in a building called the <a href="/wiki/Sub-prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-prefecture">sub-prefecture</a>. The arrondissement where the département prefecture is located does not normally have a sub-prefect or sub-prefecture, the administration being devolved usually to the <i>Secretary-general of the departmental prefecture</i>, who functions as sub-prefect for the arrondissement. </p><p>The <b>chef-lieu of a <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_France" title="Cantons of France">canton</a></b> is usually the biggest city or town within the canton, but has only a nominal role. No specific services are controlled by it. In past decades, there was always a <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie</a>, a treasurer and a justice of the peace. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Caledonia">New Caledonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Administrative_centre&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: New Caledonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>chef-lieu</b> indicates the principal city of the provinces of New Caledonia. So <a href="/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a" title="Nouméa">Nouméa</a> is the chef-lieu of South Province. But the chef-lieu can also mean the principal area within a town. So <a href="/wiki/W%C3%A9" title="Wé">Wé</a> is part of the town of <a href="/wiki/Lifou" title="Lifou">Lifou</a>, but is the chef-lieu of Lifou. In the <a href="/wiki/Loyalty_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyalty Islands">Loyalty Islands</a> and the other islands, the name of the chef-lieu differs from that of the name of the town. For the towns of the mainland, the chef-lieu has the same name as the town. Nouméa is a town composed only of Nouméa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Francophone_West_Africa">Francophone West Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Administrative_centre&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Francophone West Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of the West African states which gained independence from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in the mid-20th century also inherited the French administrative structure of Departments and Communes, headed by a <i>Chief-Lieu</i>. States still using Chief-Lieu to identify the administrative headquarters of a government subdivision include <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taking <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Niger" title="Communes of Niger">Niger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Mali" title="Communes of Mali">Mali</a> as examples, the administrative subdivisions down to the Commune level each have a formal place of administrative headquarters, titled the chef-lieu. The larger portion of the terminology of administrative division is inherited from colonial rule as part of <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a>, and has survived and been somewhat modified over time. In both nations there have been remarkably parallel histories.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the decentralization process begun in both nations in the 1990s, the chef-lieu has transitioned from the location of the Governor, Commandant, or Prefect and their staff, to the location of Commune, <a href="/wiki/Cercles_of_Mali" title="Cercles of Mali">Cercles of Mali</a>/<a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Niger" title="Departments of Niger">Departments of Niger</a>, and Regional Councils and a variety of decentralized bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>chefs-lieux</i> of a Region, Cercle or Département, is usually also a Communal chef-lieu. Both nations collect these councils in a "High Council of Collectivites" seated at the nation's capital. Smaller sub-divisions in Mali's Communes (Villages, Tribal councils, Quarters) are administered from or identified as a <i>Place</i>/<i>Site</i> (<i>Site</i> in French), so the chef-lieu is literally the <i>Chief-Place</i> even at the lowest level.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jordan">Jordan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Administrative_centre&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Jordan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan</a>, the administrative centres are known as "chief towns" or <a href="/wiki/Nahias_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahias of Jordan"><i>nahias</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nahias may be in charge of a sub-district (<i>qda</i>), a district (<i>liwa</i>), or a <a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Jordan" title="Governorates of Jordan">governorate</a> (<i>muhafazah</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Administrative_centre&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Luxembourg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Luxembourg is divided into two judicial <a href="/wiki/Arrondissement" title="Arrondissement">arrondissements</a> (Luxembourg City, Diekirch), four electoral circonscriptions (constituencies), twelve <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Luxembourg" title="Cantons of Luxembourg">cantons</a>, as well as 100 communes (municipalities; Luxembourgish: <i>Gemengen</i>). </p><p>Arrondissements, districts and cantons have each a <b>chef-lieu</b> and are named after it. The same is true for each commune which is composed of more than one town or village. Usually (with a few exceptions), the commune is named after the communal chef-lieu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Russia">Russia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Administrative_centre&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, several million-plus cities in <a href="/wiki/Federal_districts_of_Russia" title="Federal districts of Russia">federal districts</a> have the official status of an administrative centre: <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> (as the main city of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Federal_District" title="Central Federal District">Central Federal District</a>), <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyatigorsk" title="Pyatigorsk">Pyatigorsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>. The main cities of regions and municipal districts are also called unofficially the administrative centre or simply the centre. The only exception to this rule is the <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">republics</a>, for which the term "<a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a>" is used to refer to the seat of government. The capital of Russia is also an entity to which the term "administrative centre" does not apply. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sweden">Sweden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Administrative_centre&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> there are two levels of administrative centre; the local <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Sweden" title="Municipalities of Sweden">municipal</a> and the regional <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Sweden" title="Counties of Sweden">county</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_locality">Central locality <span class="anchor" id="Municipal_central_locality"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Administrative_centre&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Central locality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Central locality</i> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: "centralort")</i> is a term commonly ascribed to the settlement that serves as a municipal administrative centre. This level handles the local administrative and political tasks of the surrounding settlements. Since <a href="/wiki/Central_place_theory" title="Central place theory">central place theory</a> was the guiding principle during the municipal reform 1962–1977, most municipalities were dominated by a larger urban area where the political seat was located. Most municipalities are named for their central locality, but there are several exceptions. </p><p>There are many deviations from the central locality principle. Some municipalities are dominated by two or more towns of similar size, and sometimes they share the municipal administration, with the municipality having its official address in one of the towns. For example, both <a href="/wiki/Skillingaryd" title="Skillingaryd">Skillingaryd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaggeryd" title="Vaggeryd">Vaggeryd</a> are central localities of <a href="/wiki/Vaggeryd_Municipality" title="Vaggeryd Municipality">Vaggeryd Municipality</a>. Conversely, there are municipalities within <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Areas_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Areas of Sweden">metropolitan areas</a>. For example, there are twenty-six municipalities within the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm metropolitan area">Stockholm metropolitan area</a>. </p><p>The term <i>central locality</i> has no legal standing and it is unclear how it should be applied to these municipalities. Some municipalities appointing one or several localities to be the central locality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Residence_city">Residence city <span class="anchor" id="County_residence_city"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Administrative_centre&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Residence city"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>residence city</i> (Swedish: "residensstad") is the town or city which is the <a href="/wiki/County_administrative_boards_of_Sweden" title="County administrative boards of Sweden">political and administrative seat of the county</a>. This level handles the more regional political and administrative tasks of the county, such as healthcare and <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transport</a>. The name comes from that this is the town or city where the governor <i>(<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: "landshövding")</i> have their <a href="/wiki/Residence" title="Residence">residence</a>. There are some exceptions to this, however. In the newer amalgamated "greater counties", often referred to as "regions", the administrative centre is placed in one of the older <i>residence cities</i>. Examples of this is <a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5ne_Regional_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Skåne Regional Council">Region Scania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a> in the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stra_G%C3%B6taland_Regional_Council" title="Västra Götaland Regional Council">Västra Götaland Region</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Administrative_centre&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <b>chef-lieu</b> is applied to the capital of each <a href="/wiki/Swiss_canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss canton">Swiss canton</a>. In 16 of the 26 cantons, the territory is subdivided into districts. Every district also has a location nominated as chef-lieu and each has a prefect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tunisia">Tunisia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Administrative_centre&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tunisia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <b>chef-lieu</b> is used to designate the capital of each <b>gouvernorat</b> (department). Each of the 24 gouvernorats is subdivided into <b>delegations</b> (districts) which each have a central city as <b>chef-lieu of delegation</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Administrative_centre&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> it is the centre of a <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Local government in the United Kingdom">local authority</a>, which is distinct from a <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Counties of the United Kingdom">historic county</a> with a county town. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Administrative_centre&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Very_Curious_Girl" title="A Very Curious Girl">The Fiancée of the pirate</a></i> (1969) is a film by <a href="/wiki/Nelly_Kaplan" title="Nelly Kaplan">Nelly Kaplan</a>, where the action takes place in a hamlet where everyone spends their time worrying about what everyone thinks about the chef-lieu of the town.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Administrative_centre&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">County seat</a>, administrative centres in the U.S.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_town" title="County town">County town</a>, administrative centres in Ireland and the UK</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_of_government" title="Seat of government">Seat of government</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Administrative_centre&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bierschenk T., Olivier de Sardan, J.‑P. (eds), 1998, "Les arènes locales face à la décentralisation et démocratisation. Analyses comparatives en milieu rural béninois", in Bierschenk T. & Olivier de Sardan J.-P. (eds), Les pouvoirs au village. Le Bénin rural entre démocratisation et décentralisation, Paris, Karthala : 11‑51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Claude Fay [La décentralisation dans un Cercle (Tenenkou, Mali). Autrepart: Logiques identitaires, logiques territoriales, 2000, IRD <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_7/autrepart/010021949.pdf#page=122">http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_7/autrepart/010021949.pdf#page=122</a>].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bréhima Béridogo, [« Processus de Décentralisation au Mali et Couches Sociales Marginalisées », Bulletin de l'APAD, 14, 1997 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://apad.revues.org/581">http://apad.revues.org/581</a>]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">for Mali, see Bréhima Kassibo, [« La Décentralisation au Mali : État des Lieux », Bulletin de l'APAD, 14, 1997 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://apad.revues.org/579">http://apad.revues.org/579</a>]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.case.ibimet.cnr.it/den/Documents/code_rural/cdrom/doc%20pdf/Loi%20N%B02002-17%20regime%20financier.pdf">REPUBLIQUE DU NIGER Loi n° 2002-017 du 11 JUIN 2002 déterminant le régime financier des Régions, des Départements et des Communes</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.case.ibimet.cnr.it/den/Documents/code_rural/cdrom/doc%20pdf/Loi%20N%B02002-14%20cr%E9ation%20des%20communes.pdf">Loi n° 2002-014 du 11 JUIN 2002 portant création des communes et fixant le nom de leurs chefs-lieux</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>. Includes list of 213 communes rurales and seats, 52 Communes urbaines and seats.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mota.gov.jo/Documents/Municipal_sector.pdf">"Annex B: Analysis of the municipal sector"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Third Tourism Development Project, Secondary Cities ОМ Study</i>. Ministry of Antiquities and Tourism, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. 24 May 2005. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160419052114/http://mota.gov.jo/Documents/Municipal_sector.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Third+Tourism+Development+Project%2C+Secondary+Cities+%D0%9E%D0%9C+Study&rft.atitle=Annex+B%3A+Analysis+of+the+municipal+sector&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2005-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mota.gov.jo%2FDocuments%2FMunicipal_sector.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdministrative+centre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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