CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Sack of Amorium - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"3b839435-f206-4cce-bd4c-234390bb4d78","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Sack_of_Amorium","wgTitle":"Sack of Amorium","wgCurRevisionId":1257969761,"wgRevisionId":1257969761,"wgArticleId":28752360,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from January 2021","Coordinates on Wikidata","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Featured articles","830s conflicts","830s in the Byzantine Empire","838","9th-century massacres","History of Afyonkarahisar Province","Sieges of the Abbasid–Byzantine wars","Battles of the Abbasid–Byzantine wars", "Massacres in the Byzantine Empire","9th century in the Abbasid Caliphate","Amorium","Looting in Turkey","Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate","Asian slave trade"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Sack_of_Amorium","wgRelevantArticleId":28752360,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":39.0225,"lon":31.295},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain" :false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1669285","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready", "wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Siege_of_Amorium.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="700"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Siege_of_Amorium.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="467"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Siege_of_Amorium.jpg/640px-Siege_of_Amorium.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="373"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Sack of Amorium - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Amorium"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Amorium&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Amorium"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Sack_of_Amorium rootpage-Sack_of_Amorium skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sack+of+Amorium" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sack+of+Amorium" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sack+of+Amorium" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sack+of+Amorium" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opening_stages_of_the_campaign:_Anzen_and_Ancyra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opening_stages_of_the_campaign:_Anzen_and_Ancyra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Opening stages of the campaign: Anzen and Ancyra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opening_stages_of_the_campaign:_Anzen_and_Ancyra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_and_fall_of_Amorium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_and_fall_of_Amorium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Siege and fall of Amorium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_and_fall_of_Amorium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sack of Amorium</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="معركة عمورية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة عمورية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="آموریونون یاغمالانماسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آموریونون یاغمالانماسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqueig_d%27Am%C3%B2rion" title="Saqueig d'Amòrion – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Saqueig d'Amòrion" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%BCnderung_von_Amorion" title="Plünderung von Amorion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Plünderung von Amorion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Άλωση του Αμορίου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άλωση του Αμορίου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqueo_de_Amorio" title="Saqueo de Amorio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Saqueo de Amorio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabatako_de_Amorio" title="Rabatako de Amorio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rabatako de Amorio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exp%C3%A9dition_d%27Amorium" title="Expédition d'Amorium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Expédition d'Amorium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ամորիումի պաշարում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամորիումի պաշարում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penjarahan_Amorion" title="Penjarahan Amorion – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penjarahan Amorion" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacco_di_Amorio" title="Sacco di Amorio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sacco di Amorio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjarahan_Amorion" title="Panjarahan Amorion – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Panjarahan Amorion" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="アモリオンの戦い – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アモリオンの戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saque_de_Am%C3%B3rio" title="Saque de Amório – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Saque de Amório" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Осада Амория – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Осада Амория" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%99%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Пљачка Амориона – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пљачка Амориона" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusto%C5%A1enje_Amoriona" title="Pustošenje Amoriona – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pustošenje Amoriona" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorion%27un_ya%C4%9Fmalanmas%C4%B1" title="Amorion'un yağmalanması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amorion'un yağmalanması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1669285#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Amorium" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Sack_of_Amorium" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Amorium"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Amorium&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Amorium&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Amorium"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Amorium&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Amorium&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Sack_of_Amorium" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Sack_of_Amorium" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Amorium&oldid=1257969761" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Amorium&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Sack_of_Amorium&id=1257969761&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSack_of_Amorium"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSack_of_Amorium"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Sack_of_Amorium&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Amorium&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sack_of_Amorium" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1669285" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sack_of_Amorium&params=39_1_21_N_31_17_42_E_region:TR_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°1′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">31°17′42″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.02250°N 31.29500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.02250; 31.29500</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Abbasid plundering and razing of the Eastern Roman city of Amorium</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Sack of Amorium</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab–Byzantine Wars">Arab–Byzantine Wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Amorium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Siege_of_Amorium.jpg/220px-Siege_of_Amorium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Siege_of_Amorium.jpg/330px-Siege_of_Amorium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Siege_of_Amorium.jpg/440px-Siege_of_Amorium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="433" /></a></span><br />Miniature from the 12th century <i><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Skylitzes" title="Madrid Skylitzes">Madrid Skylitzes</a></i> depicting the Arab siege of Amorium</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>August 838</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Amorium" title="Amorium">Amorium</a><br />(modern-day <a href="/wiki/Hisar,_Emirda%C4%9F" title="Hisar, Emirdağ">Hisar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emirda%C4%9F" title="Emirdağ">Emirdağ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afyonkarahisar_Province" title="Afyonkarahisar Province">Afyonkarahisar</a>, Turkey)</div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sack_of_Amorium&params=39_1_21_N_31_17_42_E_region:TR_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°1′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">31°17′42″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.02250°N 31.29500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.02250; 31.29500</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a> victory</li></ul></div> <ul><li>Razing of <a href="/wiki/Amorium" title="Amorium">Amorium</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a><br />Aetios</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim" title="Al-Mu'tasim">al-Mu'tasim</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Afshin_(Caliphate_General)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afshin (Caliphate General)">Afshin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ashinas" title="Ashinas">Ashinas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Dinar_al-Khayyat" title="Ja'far ibn Dinar al-Khayyat">Ja'far ibn Dinar al-Khayyat</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%27Ujayf_ibn_%27Anbasa" class="mw-redirect" title="'Ujayf ibn 'Anbasa">'Ujayf ibn 'Anbasa</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 40,000 in the field army,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 30,000 in Amorium<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 80,000<sup id="cite_ref-Treadgold297_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treadgold297-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 30,000–70,000 military and civilian dead<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Treadgold303_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treadgold303-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab–Byzantine_wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Arab–Byzantine Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Arab–Byzantine Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Arab–Byzantine Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab–Byzantine_wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Arab–Byzantine wars"><span class="wrap">Arab–Byzantine wars</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Early conflicts</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mu%27tah" title="Battle of Mu'tah">Mu'tah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Usama_bin_Zayd" title="Expedition of Usama bin Zayd">Balqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Firaz" title="Battle of Firaz">Firaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dathin" title="Battle of Dathin">Dathin</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">The Levant</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Rahit_(634)" title="Battle of Marj Rahit (634)">Marj Rahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_al-Qaryatayn" title="Battle of al-Qaryatayn">al-Qaryatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosra" title="Battle of Bosra">Bosra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ajnadayn" title="Battle of Ajnadayn">Ajnadayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yaqusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Yaqusa">Yaqusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_al-Saffar_(634)" title="Battle of Marj al-Saffar (634)">Marj al-Saffar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sanita-al-Uqab" title="Battle of Sanita-al-Uqab">Sanita-al-Uqab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(634)" title="Siege of Damascus (634)">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maraj-al-Debaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maraj-al-Debaj">Maraj-al-Debaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fahl" title="Battle of Fahl">Fahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_ar-Rum" title="Battle of Marj ar-Rum">Marj ar-Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Emesa" title="Siege of Emesa">Emesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yarmuk" title="Battle of the Yarmuk">Yarmouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Laodicea_(636)" title="Siege of Laodicea (636)">Laodicea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(636%E2%80%93637)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (636–637)">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hazir" title="Battle of Hazir">Hazir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(637)" title="Siege of Aleppo (637)">1st Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Iron_Bridge" title="Battle of the Iron Bridge">Iron Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Emesa_(638)" title="Siege of Emesa (638)">2nd Emesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Germanicia" title="Siege of Germanicia">Germanicia</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Egypt</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heliopolis" title="Battle of Heliopolis">Heliopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Babylon_Fortress" title="Siege of Babylon Fortress">Babylon Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(641)" title="Siege of Alexandria (641)">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nikiou" title="Battle of Nikiou">Nikiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubayr_ibn_al-Awwam#Campaign_in_Africa" title="Zubayr ibn al-Awwam">Darishkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus" title="Oxyrhynchus">Bahnasa</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">North Africa</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sufetula_(647)" title="Battle of Sufetula (647)">Sufetula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vescera" title="Battle of Vescera">Vescera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mamma" title="Battle of Mamma">Mamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carthage_(698)" title="Battle of Carthage (698)">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabarka" title="Battle of Tabarka">Tabarka</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> & <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(674%E2%80%93678)" title="Siege of Constantinople (674–678)">1st Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sebastopolis" title="Battle of Sebastopolis">Sebastopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tyana" title="Siege of Tyana">Tyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(717%E2%80%93718)" title="Siege of Constantinople (717–718)">2nd Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nicaea_(727)" title="Siege of Nicaea (727)">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Akroinon" title="Battle of Akroinon">Akroinon</a></li></ul> <p><b>Border conflicts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kamacha" title="Siege of Kamacha">Kamacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_invasion_of_Asia_Minor_(782)" title="Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor (782)">Asia Minor (782)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kopidnadon" title="Battle of Kopidnadon">Kopidnadon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasos" title="Battle of Krasos">Krasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_invasion_of_Asia_Minor_(806)" title="Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor (806)">Asia Minor (806)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzen" title="Battle of Anzen">Anzen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mauropotamos" title="Battle of Mauropotamos">Mauropotamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Faruriyyah" title="Capture of Faruriyyah">Faruriyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lalakaon" title="Battle of Lalakaon">Lalakaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bathys_Ryax" title="Battle of Bathys Ryax">Bathys Ryax</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sicily" title="Muslim conquest of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Southern Italy</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(827%E2%80%93828)" title="Siege of Syracuse (827–828)">1st Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Messina_(842-843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Messina (842-843)">Messina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Butera" title="Battle of Butera">Butera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lentini" title="Siege of Lentini">Lentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Enna" title="Siege of Enna">Enna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(868)" title="Siege of Syracuse (868)">2nd Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Melite_(870)" title="Siege of Melite (870)">1st Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(877%E2%80%93878)" title="Siege of Syracuse (877–878)">3rd Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caltavuturo" title="Battle of Caltavuturo">Caltavuturo</a></li> <li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Leo_Apostyppes" title="Leo Apostyppes">Leo Apostyppes</a> & <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Phokas_the_Elder" title="Nikephoros Phokas the Elder">Nikephoros Phokas the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stelai" title="Battle of Stelai">1st Milazzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Milazzo_(888)" title="Battle of Milazzo (888)">2nd Milazzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Taormina_(902)" title="Siege of Taormina (902)">1st Taormina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garigliano" title="Battle of Garigliano">Garigliano</a></li> <li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Marianos_Argyros" title="Marianos Argyros">Marianos Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Taormina_(962)" title="Siege of Taormina (962)">2nd Taormina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rometta" title="Siege of Rometta">Rometta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Straits" title="Battle of the Straits">Straits of Messina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Maniakes" title="George Maniakes">George Maniakes in Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Medina_(1053%E2%80%931054)" title="Siege of Medina (1053–1054)">2nd Malta</a></li></ul> <p><b>Naval warfare</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Masts" title="Battle of the Masts">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Keramaia" title="Battle of Keramaia">Keramaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Crete#Conquest_of_Crete" title="Emirate of Crete">1st Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_expedition_(828)" title="Cretan expedition (828)">2nd Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thasos" title="Battle of Thasos">Thasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Damietta_(853)" title="Sack of Damietta (853)">Damietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ragusa_(866%E2%80%93868)" title="Siege of Ragusa (866–868)">Ragusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kardia" title="Battle of Kardia">Kardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Corinth" title="Battle of the Gulf of Corinth">Gulf of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cephalonia" title="Battle of Cephalonia">Cephalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Euripos" title="Siege of Euripos">Euripos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Thessalonica_(904)" title="Sack of Thessalonica (904)">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_expedition_(911%E2%80%93912)" title="Cretan expedition (911–912)">3rd Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_expedition_(949)" title="Cretan expedition (949)">4th Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Tyre_(996%E2%80%93998)" title="Revolt of Tyre (996–998)">Tyre</a></li></ul> <p><b>Byzantine reconquest</b> </p> <ul><li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/John_Kourkouas" title="John Kourkouas">John Kourkouas</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Dawla" title="Sayf al-Dawla">Sayf al-Dawla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marash_(953)" title="Battle of Marash (953)">Marash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raban" title="Battle of Raban">Raban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Andrassos" title="Battle of Andrassos">Andrassos</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chandax" title="Siege of Chandax">5th Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Aleppo_(962)" title="Sack of Aleppo (962)">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_conquest_of_Cilicia" title="Byzantine conquest of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch_(968%E2%80%93969)" title="Siege of Antioch (968–969)">Antioch</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandretta" title="Battle of Alexandretta">Alexandretta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_campaigns_of_John_Tzimiskes" title="Syrian campaigns of John Tzimiskes">Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li>Campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Orontes" title="Battle of the Orontes">Orontes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(994%E2%80%93995)" title="Siege of Aleppo (994–995)">2nd Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Apamea" title="Battle of Apamea">Apamea</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Azaz_(1030)" title="Battle of Azaz (1030)">Azaz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>sack of Amorium</b> by the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> in mid-August 838 was one of the major events in the long history of the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab–Byzantine Wars">Arab–Byzantine Wars</a>. The Abbasid campaign was led personally by the Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim" title="Al-Mu'tasim">al-Mu'tasim</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 833–842</span>), in retaliation to a virtually unopposed expedition launched by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine emperor">Byzantine emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (r. 829–842) into the <a href="/wiki/Al-%27Awasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-'Awasim">Caliphate's borderlands</a> the previous year. Mu'tasim targeted <a href="/wiki/Amorium" title="Amorium">Amorium</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Eastern Roman</a> city in western <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, because it was the birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/Amorian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorian dynasty">ruling Byzantine dynasty</a> and, at the time, one of Byzantium's largest and most important cities. The caliph gathered an exceptionally large army, which he divided in two parts, which invaded from the northeast and the south. The northeastern army defeated the Byzantine forces under Theophilos <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzen" title="Battle of Anzen">at Anzen</a>, allowing the Abbasids to penetrate deep into Byzantine Asia Minor and converge upon <a href="/wiki/Ancyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancyra">Ancyra</a>, which they found abandoned. After sacking the city, they turned south to Amorium, where they arrived on 1 August. Faced with intrigues at Constantinople and the rebellion of the large <a href="/wiki/Khurramite" class="mw-redirect" title="Khurramite">Khurramite</a> contingent of his army, Theophilos was unable to aid the city. </p><p>Amorium was strongly fortified and garrisoned, but a local inhabitant revealed a weak spot in the wall, where the Abbasids concentrated their attack, effecting a breach. Unable to break through the besieging army, Boiditzes, the commander of the breached section, privately attempted to negotiate with the Caliph without notifying his superiors. He concluded a local truce and left his post, which allowed the Arabs to take advantage, enter the city, and capture it. Amorium was systematically destroyed, never to recover its former prosperity. Many of its inhabitants were slaughtered, and the remainder <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">driven off as slaves</a>. Most of the survivors were released after a truce in 841, but prominent officials were taken to the caliph's capital of <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Samarra" title="Abbasid Samarra">Samarra</a> and executed years later after refusing to convert to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, becoming known as the <a href="/wiki/42_Martyrs_of_Amorium" title="42 Martyrs of Amorium">42 Martyrs of Amorium</a>. </p><p>The conquest of Amorium was not only a major military disaster and a heavy personal blow for Theophilos, but also a traumatic event for the Byzantines, its impact resonating in later literature. The sack did not ultimately alter the balance of power, which was slowly shifting in Byzantium's favour, but it thoroughly discredited the theological doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a>, ardently supported by Theophilos. As Iconoclasm relied heavily on military success for its legitimization, the fall of Amorium contributed decisively to its abandonment shortly after Theophilos's death in 842. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Amorium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 829, when the young emperor Theophilos ascended the Byzantine throne, the Byzantines and Arabs had been fighting on and off for almost two centuries. At this time, Arab attacks resumed both in the east, where after almost twenty years of peace due to the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Fitna" title="Fourth Fitna">Abbasid civil war</a>, Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">al-Ma'mun</a> (r. 813–833) launched several large-scale raids, and in the west, where the gradual <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sicily" title="Muslim conquest of Sicily">Muslim conquest of Sicily</a> was under way since 827. Theophilos was an ambitious man and also a convinced adherent of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a>, which prohibited the depiction of divine figures and the veneration of <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a>. He sought to bolster his regime and support his religious policies by military success against the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, the Empire's major antagonist.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theophilus_follis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image of bronze coin, a standing crowned man holding a labarum and a globus cruciger on the obverse, with a Greek-Latin inscription on the reverse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Theophilus_follis.jpg/260px-Theophilus_follis.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Theophilus_follis.jpg/390px-Theophilus_follis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Theophilus_follis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="239" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Follis" title="Follis">Follis</a></i> of a new type, minted in large quantities in celebration of Theophilos's victories against the Arabs from ca. 835 on. On the obverse, he is represented in triumphal attire, wearing the <i><a href="/wiki/Toupha" title="Toupha">toupha</a></i>, and on the reverse the traditional acclamation "Theophilos <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">Augustus</a></i>, you conquer".<sup id="cite_ref-follis_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-follis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Seeking divine favour, and responding to <a href="/wiki/Iconophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Iconophile">iconophile</a> plots against him, Theophilos reinstated active suppression of the iconophiles and other perceived "heretics" in June 833, including mass arrests and exiles, beatings and confiscations of property. In Byzantine eyes, God seemed indeed to reward this decision: al-Ma'mun died during the first stages of a new, large-scale invasion against Byzantium that was intended to be the first step in conquering <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> itself, and his brother and successor <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim" title="Al-Mu'tasim">al-Mu'tasim</a> withdrew to focus on internal matters, having trouble establishing his authority, and needing to confront the ongoing rebellion of the <a href="/wiki/Khurramite" class="mw-redirect" title="Khurramite">Khurramite</a> religious sect under <a href="/wiki/Babak_Khorramdin" title="Babak Khorramdin">Babak Khorramdin</a>. This allowed Theophilos to achieve a series of modest victories over the next few years, as well as to bolster his forces with some 14,000 Khurramite refugees under their leader Nasr, who was baptized a Christian and took the name <a href="/wiki/Theophobos" title="Theophobos">Theophobos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emperor's successes were not particularly spectacular, but coming after two decades of defeats and civil war under iconophile emperors, Theophilos felt justified in claiming them as vindication for his religious policy. Consequently, the emperor began to publicly associate himself with the memory of the militarily successful and fanatically iconoclast emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a> (r. 741–775), and issued a new type of the copper <i><a href="/wiki/Follis" title="Follis">follis</a></i> coin, minted in huge numbers, which portrayed him as the archetypical victorious Roman emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-follis_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-follis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 837, Theophilos decided—at the urging of the hard-pressed Babak—to take advantage of the Caliphate's preoccupation with the suppression of the Khurramite revolt and lead a major campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Al-%27Awasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-'Awasim">frontier emirates</a>. He assembled a very large army,<sup id="cite_ref-a_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some 70,000 fighting men and 100,000 in total according to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a>, and invaded Arab territory around the upper <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> almost unopposed. The Byzantines took the towns of <a href="/wiki/Sozopetra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sozopetra">Sozopetra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arsamosata" title="Arsamosata">Arsamosata</a>, ravaged and plundered the countryside, extracted ransom from several cities in exchange for not attacking them, and defeated a number of smaller Arab forces.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Theophilos returned home to celebrate a <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumph</a> and be acclaimed in the <a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome of Constantinople</a> as the "incomparable champion", the refugees from Sozopetra began arriving at Mu'tasim's capital, <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Samarra" title="Abbasid Samarra">Samarra</a>. The caliphal court was outraged by the brutality and brazenness of the raids: not only had the Byzantines acted in open collusion with the Khurramite rebels, but during the sack of Sozopetra—which some sources claim as Mu'tasim's own birthplace<sup id="cite_ref-b_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—all male prisoners were executed and the rest sold into slavery, and some captive women were raped by Theophilos's Khurramites.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EHW1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EHW1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theophilos's campaign was unable, however, to save Babak and his followers, who in late 837 were forced from their mountain strongholds by the general <a href="/wiki/Afshin_(Caliphate_General)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afshin (Caliphate General)">Afshin</a>. Babak fled to <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Armenia">Armenia</a>, but was betrayed to the Abbasids and died of torture.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the Khurramite threat over, the caliph began marshalling his forces for a reprisal campaign against Byzantium.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A huge Arab army gathered at <a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarsus (city)">Tarsus</a>; according to the most reliable account, that of <a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Syrian" title="Michael the Syrian">Michael the Syrian</a>, it numbered some 80,000 men with 30,000 servants and camp followers and 70,000 pack animals. Other writers give far larger numbers, ranging from 200,000 to 500,000 according to <a href="/wiki/Al-Mas%27udi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mas'udi">al-Mas'udi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-a_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike earlier campaigns, which did not go far beyond attacking the forts of the frontier zone, this expedition was intended to penetrate deep into <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> and exact vengeance. The great city of <a href="/wiki/Amorium" title="Amorium">Amorium</a> in particular was the intended prize. The Arab chronicles record that Mu'tasim asked his advisors to name the "most inaccessible and strongest" Byzantine fortress, and they named Amorium, "where no Muslim has gone since the appearance of Islam. It is the eye and foundation of Christendom; among the Byzantines, it is more famous than Constantinople". According to Byzantine sources, the caliph had the city's name written on the shields and banners of his soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capital of the powerful <a href="/wiki/Anatolic_Theme" title="Anatolic Theme">Anatolic Theme</a>, the city was strategically located at the western edge of the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_plateau" title="Anatolian plateau">Anatolian plateau</a> and controlled the main southern route followed by the Arab invasions. At the time, Amorium was one of the largest cities in the Byzantine Empire, ranking in importance immediately after Constantinople. It was also the birthplace of Theophilos's father, <a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II the Amorian</a> (r. 820–829), and perhaps of Theophilos himself.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to its strategic importance, the city had been a frequent target of Arab attacks in the 7th and 8th centuries, and Mu'tasim's predecessor Ma'mun was said to be planning to attack the city when he died in 833.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opening_stages_of_the_campaign:_Anzen_and_Ancyra">Opening stages of the campaign: Anzen and Ancyra</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Amorium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Opening stages of the campaign: Anzen and Ancyra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine-Arab_wars,_837-838.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Byzantine-Arab_wars%2C_837-838.svg/260px-Byzantine-Arab_wars%2C_837-838.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Byzantine-Arab_wars%2C_837-838.svg/390px-Byzantine-Arab_wars%2C_837-838.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Byzantine-Arab_wars%2C_837-838.svg/520px-Byzantine-Arab_wars%2C_837-838.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Byzantine and Arab campaigns in the years 837–838, showing Theophilos's raid into Upper Mesopotamia and Mu'tasim's retaliatory invasion of Asia Minor (Anatolia), culminating in the conquest of Amorium.</figcaption></figure> <p>The caliph divided his force in two: a detachment of 10,000 horse-archers under Afshin was sent northeast to join forces with the emir of <a href="/wiki/Malatya" title="Malatya">Malatya</a> <a href="/wiki/Umar_al-Aqta" title="Umar al-Aqta">Umar al-Aqta</a> and Armenian troops (the <a href="/wiki/Artsruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Artsruni">Artsruni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bagratuni_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagratuni Dynasty">Bagratuni</a> rulers of <a href="/wiki/Vaspurakan" title="Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taron_(historic_Armenia)" title="Taron (historic Armenia)">Taron</a> respectively both participated in person in the campaign<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and invade the <a href="/wiki/Armeniac_Theme" title="Armeniac Theme">Armeniac Theme</a> from the Pass of <a href="/wiki/Hadath" title="Hadath">Hadath</a>, while the main army under the caliph himself would invade <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Cilician_Gates" title="Cilician Gates">Cilician Gates</a>. The advance guard of the latter was led by <a href="/wiki/Ashinas" title="Ashinas">Ashinas</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Itakh" title="Itakh">Itakh</a> commanding the right, <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Dinar_al-Khayyat" title="Ja'far ibn Dinar al-Khayyat">Ja'far ibn Dinar al-Khayyat</a> the left, and <a href="/wiki/%27Ujayf_ibn_%27Anbasa" class="mw-redirect" title="'Ujayf ibn 'Anbasa">'Ujayf ibn 'Anbasa</a> the centre. The two forces would link up at <a href="/wiki/Ancyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancyra">Ancyra</a>, before marching jointly on Amorium.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EHW2.1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EHW2.1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the Byzantine side, Theophilos was soon made aware of the caliph's intentions, and set out from Constantinople in early June. His army included men from the Anatolian and possibly also the European <a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">themes</a>, the elite <i><a href="/wiki/Tagma_(military)" title="Tagma (military)">tagmata</a></i> regiments, as well as the Khurramites. The Byzantines expected the Arab army to advance north to Ancyra after passing through the Cilician Gates and then to turn south toward Amorium, but it was also possible that the Arabs would march directly over the Cappadocian plain to Amorium. Although his generals advised evacuation of the city, with the intention of rendering the Arabs' campaign objective void and keeping the Byzantine army undivided, Theophilos decided to reinforce the city's garrison, with Aetios the <i><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">strategos</a></i> of the Anatolics, and men from the <i>tagmata</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Excubitors" title="Excubitors">Excubitors</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vigla_(tagma)" title="Vigla (tagma)">Vigla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EHW2.1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EHW2.1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the rest of his army, Theophilos then marched to interpose himself between the Cilician Gates and Ancyra, camping on the north bank of the River <a href="/wiki/Halys_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Halys River">Halys</a>, close to one of the major river crossings. Ashinas crossed the Cilician Gates on 19 June, and the caliph himself with his main army set out on the march two days later. The Arab advance was slow and cautious. Anxious to avoid an ambush and learn the emperor's whereabouts, Mu'tasim forbade Ashinas to advance too deeply into Cappadocia. Ashinas sent out many scouting detachments to take captives, and from them finally learned of Theophilos's presence at the Halys, where he awaited the Arab approach to give battle.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, around mid-July, Theophilos learned of the arrival of Afshin's army, comprising some 30,000 men, at the plain of Dazimon. Leaving a part of his army under a relative to watch the crossings of the Halys, Theophilos immediately departed with most of his army, some 40,000 men according to Michael the Syrian, to confront the smaller Arab force. Mu'tasim learned of Theophilos's departure from captives and tried to warn Afshin, but the emperor was faster and met Afshin's army in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzen" title="Battle of Anzen">Battle of Anzen</a> on the plain of Dazimon on 22 July. Despite initial success, the Byzantine army broke and scattered, while Theophilos with his guard were encircled and barely managed to break through and escape.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EHW2.2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EHW2.2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MadridSkylitzesTheophilosArmyFol54r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="People on horseback riding towards a mountain, the central figure is clad in gold cuirass and crown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/MadridSkylitzesTheophilosArmyFol54r.jpg/260px-MadridSkylitzesTheophilosArmyFol54r.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/MadridSkylitzesTheophilosArmyFol54r.jpg/390px-MadridSkylitzesTheophilosArmyFol54r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/MadridSkylitzesTheophilosArmyFol54r.jpg/520px-MadridSkylitzesTheophilosArmyFol54r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="932" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Emperor Theophilos flees after the Battle of Anzen, <a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">miniature</a> from the <i><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Skylitzes" title="Madrid Skylitzes">Madrid Skylitzes</a></i> manuscript.</figcaption></figure> <p>Theophilos quickly began regrouping his forces and sent the general <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Krateros" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Krateros">Theodore Krateros</a> to Ancyra. Krateros found the city completely deserted, and was ordered to reinforce the garrison of Amorium instead. Theophilos himself was soon forced to return to Constantinople, where rumours of his death at Anzen had led to plots to declare a new emperor. At the same time, the Khurramites, gathered around <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a>, revolted, and declared their reluctant commander Theophobos emperor. Luckily for the Empire, Theophobos maintained a passive stance and made no move to confront Theophilos or join Mu'tasim.<sup id="cite_ref-EHW2.2_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EHW2.2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The caliph's vanguard under Ashinas reached Ancyra on 26 July. The inhabitants, who had sought refuge in some mines nearby, were discovered and taken captive after a brief struggle by an Arab detachment under <a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Kaydar" title="Malik ibn Kaydar">Malik ibn Kaydar al-Safadi</a>. The Byzantines, some of whom were soldiers who had fled from Anzen, informed the Arabs of Afshin's victory, after which Malik allowed all of them to go free. The other Arab forces arrived at Ancyra over the next days, and after plundering the deserted city, the united Arab army turned south towards Amorium.<sup id="cite_ref-EHW2.2_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EHW2.2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Treadgold302_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treadgold302-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siege_and_fall_of_Amorium">Siege and fall of Amorium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Amorium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Siege and fall of Amorium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Arab army marched in three separate corps, with Ashinas once again in front, the caliph in the middle, and Afshin bringing up the rear. Looting the countryside as they advanced, they arrived before Amorium seven days after their departure from Ancyra, and began their siege of the city on 1 August.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theophilos, anxious to prevent the city's fall, left Constantinople for <a href="/wiki/Dorylaion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorylaion">Dorylaion</a>, and from there sent an embassy to Mu'tasim. His envoys, who arrived shortly before or during the first days of the siege, offered assurances that the atrocities at Sozopetra had been against the emperor's orders, and further promised to help rebuild the city, to return all Muslim prisoners, and to pay a tribute. The caliph, however, not only refused to parley with the envoys, but detained them in his camp, so that they could observe the siege.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city's fortifications were strong, with a wide moat and a thick wall protected by 44 towers, according to the contemporary geographer <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbeh" title="Ibn Khordadbeh">Ibn Khordadbeh</a>. The caliph assigned each of his generals to a stretch of the walls. Both besiegers and besieged had many <a href="/wiki/Siege_engine" title="Siege engine">siege engines</a>, and for three days both sides exchanged missile fire while Arab sappers tried to undermine the walls. According to Arab accounts, an Arab prisoner who had converted to Christianity defected back to the caliph, and informed him about a place in the wall which had been badly damaged by heavy rainfall and only hastily and superficially repaired due to the city commander's negligence. As a result, the Arabs concentrated their efforts on this section. The defenders tried to protect the wall by hanging wooden beams to absorb the shock of the siege engines, but they splintered, and after two days a breach was made.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immediately Aetios realized that the defence was compromised, and decided to try and break through the besieging army during the night and link up with Theophilos. He sent two messengers to the emperor, but both were captured by the Arabs and brought before the caliph. Both agreed to convert to Islam, and Mu'tasim, after giving them a rich reward, paraded them around the city walls in full view of Aetios and his troops. To prevent any sortie, the Arabs stepped up their vigilance, maintaining constant cavalry patrols even during the night.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Arabs now launched repeated attacks on the breach, but the defenders held firm. At first, according to al-Tabari, catapults manned by four men each were placed on wheeled platforms, and mobile towers with ten men each were constructed and advanced to the edge of the moat, which they began to fill with sheep skins (from the animals they had brought along as food) filled with earth. However, the work was uneven due to the soldiers' fear of the Byzantine catapults, and Mu'tasim had to order earth to be thrown over the skins to pave the surface up to the wall itself. A tower was pushed over the filled moat, but became stuck midway and it and the other siege engines had to be abandoned and burned.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another attack on the next day, led by Ashinas, failed due to the narrowness of the breach, and Mu'tasim eventually ordered more catapults brought forward to widen it. The next day Afshin with his troops attacked the breach, and Itakh on the day after.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Byzantine defenders were gradually worn down by the constant assaults, and after about two weeks of siege (the date is variously interpreted as 12, 13, or 15 August by modern writers<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Aetios sent an embassy under the city's bishop, offering to surrender Amorium in exchange for safe passage of the inhabitants and garrison, but Mu'tasim refused. The Byzantine commander Boiditzes, however, who was in charge of the breach section, decided to conduct direct negotiations with the caliph on his own, probably intending to betray his own post. He went to the Abbasid camp, leaving orders for his men in the breach to stand down until his return. While Boiditzes parleyed with the caliph, the Arabs came closer to the breach, and at a signal charged and broke into the city.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taken by surprise, the Byzantines' resistance was sporadic: some soldiers barricaded themselves in a monastery and were burned to death, while Aetios with his officers sought refuge in a tower before being forced to surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city was thoroughly sacked and plundered; according to the Arab accounts, the sale of the spoils went on for five days. The Byzantine chronicler <a href="/wiki/Theophanes_Continuatus" title="Theophanes Continuatus">Theophanes Continuatus</a> mentions 70,000 dead, while the Arab al-Mas'udi records 30,000. The surviving population were divided as slaves among the army leaders, except for the city's military and civic leaders, who were reserved for the caliph's disposal. After allowing Theophilos's envoys to return to him with the news of Amorium's fall, Mu'tasim burned the city to the ground, with only the city walls surviving relatively intact.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the spoils taken were the massive iron doors of the city, which al-Mu'tasim initially transported to Samarra, where they were installed at the entrance of his palace. From there they were taken, probably towards the end of the century, and installed at <a href="/wiki/Raqqa" title="Raqqa">Raqqa</a>, where they remained until 964, when the <a href="/wiki/Hamdanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamdanid">Hamdanid</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Dawla" title="Sayf al-Dawla">Sayf al-Dawla</a> had them removed and incorporated in the <a href="/wiki/Bab_Qinnasrin" title="Bab Qinnasrin">Bab al-Qinnasrin</a> gate in his capital <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Amorium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Immediately after the sack, rumours reached the caliph that Theophilos was advancing to attack him. Mu'tasim set out with his army a day's march along the road in the direction of Dorylaion, but encountered no sign of a Byzantine attack. According to al-Tabari, Mu'tasim now pondered extending his campaign to attack Constantinople, when news reached him of a conspiracy headed by his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Al-Abbas_ibn_al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Abbas ibn al-Ma'mun">al-Abbas ibn al-Ma'mun</a>. Mu'tasim was forced to cut short his campaign and return quickly to his realm, leaving intact the fortresses around Amorium as well as Theophilos and his army in Dorylaion. Taking the direct route from Amorium to the Cilician Gates, both the caliph's army and its prisoners suffered in the march through the arid countryside of central Anatolia. Some captives were so exhausted that they could not move and were executed, whereupon others found the opportunity to escape. In retaliation, Mu'tasim, after separating the most prominent among them, executed the rest, some 6,000 in number.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_emissaries_to_the_Caliph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Medieval miniature showing five men in long tunics coming before a man seated on a throne to the right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Byzantine_emissaries_to_the_Caliph.jpg/260px-Byzantine_emissaries_to_the_Caliph.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Byzantine_emissaries_to_the_Caliph.jpg/390px-Byzantine_emissaries_to_the_Caliph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Byzantine_emissaries_to_the_Caliph.jpg/520px-Byzantine_emissaries_to_the_Caliph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Miniature from the <i>Madrid Skylitzes</i> depicting the embassy of the <i><a href="/wiki/Tourmarches" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourmarches">tourmarches</a></i> Basil to al-Mu'tasim (seated) after the fall of Amorium.</figcaption></figure> <p>Theophilos now sent a second embassy to the caliph, headed by the <i><a href="/wiki/Tourmarches" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourmarches">tourmarches</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Charsianon" title="Charsianon">Charsianon</a>, Basil, bearing gifts and an apologetic letter, and offering to ransom the high-ranking prisoners for 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Pound_(mass)#Byzantine_litra" title="Pound (mass)">Byzantine pounds</a> (about 6,500 kg) of gold and to release all Arabs held captive by the Byzantines. In reply, Mu'tasim refused the ransom, saying that the expedition alone had cost him over 100,000 pounds, and demanded the surrender of Theophobos and the <a href="/wiki/Domestic_of_the_Schools" title="Domestic of the Schools">Domestic of the Schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_the_Armenian" title="Manuel the Armenian">Manuel the Armenian</a>, who had some years ago deserted from Arab service. The Byzantine ambassador refused to comply to this and indeed could not, as Theophobos was in revolt and Manuel had died, according to some accounts, from wounds received at Anzen. Instead, Basil handed over a second, much more threatening letter by Theophilos. Mu'tasim, angered by this, returned the emperor's gifts.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the aftermath of the sack of Amorium, Theophilos sought the aid of other powers against the Abbasid threat: embassies were sent to both the western emperor <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis the Pious</a> (r. 813–840) and to the court of <a href="/wiki/Abd_ar-Rahman_II" title="Abd ar-Rahman II">Abd ar-Rahman II</a> (r. 822–852), <a href="/wiki/Emir_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Emir of Córdoba">Emir of Córdoba</a>. The Byzantine envoys were received with honours, but no help materialized.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Abbasids, however, did not follow up on their success. Warfare continued between the two empires with raids and counter-raids for several years, but after a few Byzantine successes a truce and possibly also a <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_prisoner_exchanges" title="Arab–Byzantine prisoner exchanges">prisoner exchange</a>—which excluded the high-ranking captives from Amorium—was agreed in 841. At the time of his death in 842, Mu'tasim was preparing yet another large-scale invasion, but the great fleet he had prepared to assault Constantinople perished in a storm off <a href="/wiki/Cape_Chelidonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Chelidonia">Cape Chelidonia</a> a few months later. Following Mu'tasim's death, the Caliphate entered a prolonged period of unrest, and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mauropotamos" title="Battle of Mauropotamos">Battle of Mauropotamos</a> in 844 was the last major Abbasid–Byzantine engagement until the 850s.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the captured Byzantine magnates of Amorium, the <i>strategos</i> Aetios was executed soon after his capture, perhaps, as the historian <a href="/wiki/Warren_Treadgold" title="Warren Treadgold">Warren Treadgold</a> suggests, in retaliation to Theophilos's second letter to the caliph.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After years of captivity and no hope of ransom, the rest were urged to convert to Islam. When they refused, they were executed at Samarra on 6 March 845, and are celebrated in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> as the <a href="/wiki/42_Martyrs_of_Amorium" title="42 Martyrs of Amorium">42 Martyrs of Amorium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several tales also sprung up around Boiditzes and his betrayal. According to the legend of the 42 Martyrs, he converted to Islam, but was nevertheless executed by the caliph alongside the other captives; unlike the others, however, whose bodies "miraculously" floated in the water of the river <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a>, his sank to the bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Amorium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:260px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"A victory in honour of which the gates of heaven open and earth comes forth in her new garments.<br /><br />O day of the battle of 'Ammūriya, (our) hopes have returned from you overflowing with honey-sweet milk;<br /><br />You have left the fortunes of the sons of Islam in the ascendant, and the polytheists and the abode of polytheism in decline." </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Excerpt (lines 12–14) from <a href="/wiki/Abu_Tammam" title="Abu Tammam">Abu Tammam</a>'s <i>Ode on the Conquest of Amorium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>The sack of Amorium was one of the most devastating events in the long history of Arab raids into Anatolia. Theophilos reportedly fell ill soon after the city's fall, and although he recovered, his health remained in poor state until his death, three years later. Later Byzantine historians attribute his death before the age of thirty to his sorrow over the impact of the city's loss, although this is most likely a legend.<sup id="cite_ref-EHW3_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EHW3-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fall of Amorium inspired several legends and stories among the Byzantines, and can be traced in surviving literary works such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Song_of_Armouris" title="Song of Armouris">Song of Armouris</a></i> or the ballad <i><a href="/wiki/Kastro_tis_Orias_(ballad)" title="Kastro tis Orias (ballad)">Kastro tis Orias</a></i> ("Castle of the Fair Maiden").<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arabs on the other hand celebrated the capture of Amorium, which became the subject of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Tammam" title="Abu Tammam">Abu Tammam</a>'s famous <i>Ode on the Conquest of Amorium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, caliphal propaganda made use of the campaign to legitimize al-Mu'tasim's rule and justify his subsequent murder of his nephew and the rightful heir to al-Ma'mun, al-Abbas.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In reality, the campaign's military impact on Byzantium was limited: outside the garrison and population of Amorium itself, the Byzantine field army at Anzen seems to have suffered few casualties, and the revolt of the Khurramite corps was suppressed without bloodshed the next year and its soldiers reintegrated into the Byzantine army. Ancyra was quickly rebuilt and reoccupied, as was Amorium itself, although it never recovered its former glory and the seat of the Anatolic theme was for a time transferred to <a href="/wiki/Polybotus" title="Polybotus">Polybotus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EHW3_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EHW3-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the assessment of Warren Treadgold, the imperial army's defeats at Anzen and Amorium were to a large degree the result of circumstance rather than actual incapability or inadequacy. In addition, the Byzantine campaign had suffered from Theophilos's overconfidence, both in his willingness to divide his forces in the face of greater Arab numbers and in his over-reliance on the Khurramites.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the defeat prompted Theophilos to undertake a major reorganization of his army, which included the establishment of new frontier commands and the dispersing of the Khurramite troops among the native troops of the themes.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most long-term and long-lasting result of the fall of Amorium, however, was in the religious rather than in the military sphere. Iconoclasm was supposed to bring divine favour and assure military victory, but neither the army's weaknesses nor the reported treachery of Boiditzes could detract from the fact that this was "a humiliating disaster to match the worst defeats of any iconophile emperor" (Whittow), comparable in recent memory only to the crushing defeat suffered by <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a> (r. 802–811) at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pliska" title="Battle of Pliska">Pliska</a>. As Warren Treadgold writes, "the outcome did not exactly prove that Iconoclasm was wrong ... but it did rob the iconoclasts for all time of their most persuasive argument to the undecided, that Iconoclasm won battles". A little over a year after Theophilos's death, on 11 March 843, a synod <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Orthodoxy" title="Feast of Orthodoxy">restored</a> the veneration of <a href="/wiki/Icons" class="mw-redirect" title="Icons">icons</a>, and iconoclasm was declared heretical.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Amorium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-a-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-a_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The reported armies for both Theophilos' 837 expedition and Mu'tasim's retaliatory campaign are of unusual size. Some scholars, like Bury and Treadgold, accept the figures of Tabari and Michael the Syrian as more or less accurate,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but other modern researchers are sceptical of such numbers, as medieval field armies were rarely more than 10,000 men strong, and both Byzantine and Arab military treatises and accounts suggest that armies usually numbered around 4,000–5,000. Even during the phase of continuous Byzantine military expansion in the late 10th century, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_military_manuals" title="Byzantine military manuals">Byzantine military manuals</a> mention armies of 25,000 as exceptionally large and fit to be led by the emperor in person. By way of comparison, the total <i>nominal</i> military forces available to Byzantium in the 9th century have been estimated at circa 100,000–120,000. For a detailed survey, see <a href="#CITEREFWhittow1996">Whittow 1996</a>, pp. 181–193 and <a href="#CITEREFHaldon1999">Haldon 1999</a>, pp. 101–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The claim that Sozopetra or Arsamosata was Mu'tasim's native city is found only in Byzantine sources. This claim is dismissed by most scholars as a later invention, i.e. as a parallel to Amorium, the likely birthplace of Theophilos, and as a deliberate attempt to balance and lessen the impact of the latter's fall.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an English translation of Abu Tammam's poem, cf. <a href="#CITEREFArberry1965">Arberry 1965</a>, pp. 50–62.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Amorium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, p. 298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, pp. 444–445 (Note #415).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Treadgold297-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Treadgold297_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIvison2007">Ivison 2007</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Treadgold303-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Treadgold303_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, p. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, pp. 272–280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-follis-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-follis_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-follis_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, pp. 283, 287–288; <a href="#CITEREFWhittow1996">Whittow 1996</a>, pp. 152–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, pp. 280–283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1912">Bury 1912</a>, p. 263 (Note #3); <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, p. 441 (Note #406).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1912">Bury 1912</a>, pp. 259–260; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, pp. 286, 292–294; <a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 137–141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1912">Bury 1912</a>, p. 262 (Note #6); <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, p. 440 (Note #401); <a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiapidou2003">Kiapidou 2003</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/Forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaID=7898#endNote_1">Note 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330205602/http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/Forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaID=7898#endNote_1">Archived</a> 30 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1912">Bury 1912</a>, pp. 261–262; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, pp. 293–295; <a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 141–143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EHW1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EHW1_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiapidou2003">Kiapidou 2003</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/Forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=7898&boithimata_State=&kefalaia_State=#chapter_1">Chapter 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181012134729/http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=7898&boithimata_State=&kefalaia_State=#chapter_1">Archived</a> 12 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1912">Bury 1912</a>, p. 263 (Note #3); <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, p. 297; <a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1912">Bury 1912</a>, pp. 262–263; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, p. 297; <a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 144–146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1912">Bury 1912</a>, pp. 262–263; <a href="#CITEREFKazhdan1991">Kazhdan 1991</a>, pp. 79, 1428, 2066; <a href="#CITEREFWhittow1996">Whittow 1996</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1912">Bury 1912</a>, p. 262; <a href="#CITEREFKazhdan1991">Kazhdan 1991</a>, p. 79; <a href="#CITEREFIvison2007">Ivison 2007</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhittow1996">Whittow 1996</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, pp. 297, 299; <a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 146, 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EHW2.1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EHW2.1_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EHW2.1_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiapidou2003">Kiapidou 2003</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/Forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=7898&boithimata_State=&kefalaia_State=#chapter_3">Chapter 2.1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181012134729/http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=7898&boithimata_State=&kefalaia_State=#chapter_3">Archived</a> 12 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1912">Bury 1912</a>, pp. 263–264; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, p. 298; <a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 146–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1912">Bury 1912</a>, p. 264; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, p. 298; <a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 149–151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1912">Bury 1912</a>, pp. 264–265; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, pp. 298–300; <a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 154–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EHW2.2-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EHW2.2_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EHW2.2_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EHW2.2_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiapidou2003">Kiapidou 2003</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/Forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=7898&boithimata_State=&kefalaia_State=#chapter_4">Chapter 2.2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181012134729/http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=7898&boithimata_State=&kefalaia_State=#chapter_4">Archived</a> 12 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, pp. 300–302; <a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 158–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1912">Bury 1912</a>, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Treadgold302-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Treadgold302_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, p. 302; <a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 152–154, 158–160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1912">Bury 1912</a>, p. 267; <a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 160–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1912">Bury 1912</a>, pp. 266–267; <a href="#CITEREFRekaya1977">Rekaya 1977</a>, p. 64; <a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1912">Bury 1912</a>, p. 267; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, p. 302; <a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 161–163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1912">Bury 1912</a>, p. 268; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, p. 302; <a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 163–164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1912">Bury 1912</a>, p. 268; <a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 164–165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 165–167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiapidou2003">Kiapidou 2003</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaID=7898#noteendNote_19">Note 19</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330205602/http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/Forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaID=7898#noteendNote_19">Archived</a> 30 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1912">Bury 1912</a>, pp. 268–269; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, pp. 302–303; <a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 167–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1912">Bury 1912</a>, pp. 269–270; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, p. 303; <a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 169–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, p. 303; <a href="#CITEREFRekaya1977">Rekaya 1977</a>, p. 64; <a href="#CITEREFIvison2007">Ivison 2007</a>, pp. 31, 53; <a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 170–172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeinecke1995">Meinecke 1995</a>, pp. 411, 412.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1912">Bury 1912</a>, p. 270; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, p. 303; <a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 172–173, 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiapidou2003">Kiapidou 2003</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=7898&boithimata_State=&kefalaia_State=#chapter_5">Chapter 2.3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181012134729/http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=7898&boithimata_State=&kefalaia_State=#chapter_5">Archived</a> 12 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1912">Bury 1912</a>, p. 272; <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, pp. 303–304; <a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 174–175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1912">Bury 1912</a>, p. 273; <a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 177–187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1912">Bury 1912</a>, pp. 273–274; <a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 175–176, 192–193, 198–204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, pp. 304, 445 (Note #416).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1912">Bury 1912</a>, pp. 271–272; <a href="#CITEREFKazhdan1991">Kazhdan 1991</a>, pp. 79, 800–801.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBury1912">Bury 1912</a>, pp. 270–271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArberry1965">Arberry 1965</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EHW3-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EHW3_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EHW3_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKiapidou2003">Kiapidou 2003</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=7898&boithimata_State=&kefalaia_State=#chapter_6">Chapter 3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181012134729/http://asiaminor.ehw.gr/forms/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=7898&boithimata_State=&kefalaia_State=#chapter_6">Archived</a> 12 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, pp. 304, 415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristophilopoulou1993">Christophilopoulou 1993</a>, pp. 248–249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanard1960">Canard 1960</a>, p. 449.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy2003">Kennedy 2003</a>, pp. 23–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, pp. 304, 313–314; <a href="#CITEREFKazhdan1991">Kazhdan 1991</a>, pp. 79–80; <a href="#CITEREFWhittow1996">Whittow 1996</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, pp. 304–305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, pp. 351–359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, p. 305; <a href="#CITEREFWhittow1996">Whittow 1996</a>, pp. 153–154.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Amorium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArberry1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_John_Arberry" title="Arthur John Arberry">Arberry, A. J.</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nw84AAAAIAAJ"><i>Arabic Poetry: A Primer for Students</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/65011206">65011206</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240306064331/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nw84AAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabic+Poetry%3A+A+Primer+for+Students&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F65011206&rft.aulast=Arberry&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNw84AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Amorium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBury1912" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">Bury, John Bagnell</a> (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistoryeastern00burygoog"><i>A History of the Eastern Roman Empire from the Fall of Irene to the Accession of Basil I (A.D. 802–867)</i></a>. London: Macmillan and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Eastern+Roman+Empire+from+the+Fall+of+Irene+to+the+Accession+of+Basil+I+%28A.D.+802%E2%80%93867%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Bury&rft.aufirst=John+Bagnell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahistoryeastern00burygoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Amorium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanard1960" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marius_Canard" title="Marius Canard">Canard, M.</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0629">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Ammūriya"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/H._A._R._Gibb" title="H. A. R. Gibb">Gibb, H. A. R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hendrik_Kramers" title="Johannes Hendrik Kramers">Kramers, J. H.</a>; <a href="/wiki/%C3%89variste_L%C3%A9vi-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Évariste Lévi-Provençal">Lévi-Provençal, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Schacht, J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume I:<i> A–B</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 449. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_0629">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_0629</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495469456">495469456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Amm%C5%ABriya&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+I%3A+A%E2%80%93B&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=449&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495469456&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_0629&rft.aulast=Canard&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_SIM_0629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Amorium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristophilopoulou1993" class="citation book cs1">Christophilopoulou, Aikaterine (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YQ5DYgEACAAJ"><i>Byzantine History, Volume II, from 610 to 867</i></a>. Translated from Greek by Timothy Cullen. Amsterdam: A.M. Hakkert. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-256-1044-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-256-1044-9"><bdi>978-90-256-1044-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240306064338/https://books.google.com/books?id=YQ5DYgEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+History%2C+Volume+II%2C+from+610+to+867&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=A.M.+Hakkert&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-90-256-1044-9&rft.aulast=Christophilopoulou&rft.aufirst=Aikaterine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYQ5DYgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Amorium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaldon1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Haldon" title="John Haldon">Haldon, John</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5G1rV7tS79sC"><i>Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204</i></a>. London: UCL Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85728-495-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85728-495-X"><bdi>1-85728-495-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare%2C+State+and+Society+in+the+Byzantine+World%2C+565%E2%80%931204&rft.place=London&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-85728-495-X&rft.aulast=Haldon&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5G1rV7tS79sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Amorium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvison2007" class="citation book cs1">Ivison, Eric A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3oCI8BVxcB8C&pg=PA25">"<i>Amorium</i> in the Byzantine Dark Ages (seventh to ninth centuries)"</a>. In Henning, Joachim (ed.). <i>Post-Roman Towns, Trade and Settlement in Europe and Byzantium, Vol. 2: Byzantium, Pliska, and the Balkans</i>. Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 25–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018358-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018358-0"><bdi>978-3-11-018358-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240306064338/https://books.google.com/books?id=3oCI8BVxcB8C&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Amorium+in+the+Byzantine+Dark+Ages+%28seventh+to+ninth+centuries%29&rft.btitle=Post-Roman+Towns%2C+Trade+and+Settlement+in+Europe+and+Byzantium%2C+Vol.+2%3A+Byzantium%2C+Pliska%2C+and+the+Balkans&rft.place=Berlin+and+New+York&rft.pages=25-59&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-11-018358-0&rft.aulast=Ivison&rft.aufirst=Eric+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3oCI8BVxcB8C%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Amorium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a>, ed. (1991). <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"><bdi>0-19-504652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-504652-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Amorium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. Kennedy">Kennedy, Hugh N.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=axNbLoiLLgMC&pg=PA17">"Caliphs and Their Chroniclers in the Middle Abbasid Period (Third/Ninth Century)"</a>. In Robinson, Chase F. (ed.). <i>Texts, Documents, and Artefacts: Islamic Studies in Honour of D.S. Richards</i>. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 17–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12864-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12864-6"><bdi>90-04-12864-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240306064352/https://books.google.com/books?id=axNbLoiLLgMC&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caliphs+and+Their+Chroniclers+in+the+Middle+Abbasid+Period+%28Third%2FNinth+Century%29&rft.btitle=Texts%2C+Documents%2C+and+Artefacts%3A+Islamic+Studies+in+Honour+of+D.S.+Richards&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=17-35&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=90-04-12864-6&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaxNbLoiLLgMC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Amorium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiapidou2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kiapidou, Irini-Sofia (28 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7898">"Campaign of the Arabs in Asia Minor, 838"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor</i>. Athens: Foundation of the Hellenic World. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324065047/http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7898">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Campaign+of+the+Arabs+in+Asia+Minor%2C+838&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Hellenic+World%2C+Asia+Minor&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Foundation+of+the+Hellenic+World&rft.date=2003-04-28&rft.aulast=Kiapidou&rft.aufirst=Irini-Sofia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ehw.gr%2Fl.aspx%3Fid%3D7898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Amorium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeinecke1995" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Meinecke" title="Michael Meinecke">Meinecke, Michael</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0907">"al-Raḳḳa"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Emeri Johannes van Donzel">van Donzel, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Wolfhart_Heinrichs" title="Wolfhart Heinrichs">Heinrichs, W. P.</a> & <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Lecomte" title="Gérard Lecomte">Lecomte, G.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>.</i> Volume VIII:<i> Ned–Sam</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 410–414. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0907">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0907</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09834-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09834-3"><bdi>978-90-04-09834-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=al-Ra%E1%B8%B3%E1%B8%B3a&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+VIII%3A+Ned%E2%80%93Sam&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=410-414&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0907&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09834-3&rft.aulast=Meinecke&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Amorium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRekaya1977" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rekaya, M. (1977). "Mise au point sur Théophobe et l'alliance de Babek avec Théophile (833/834-839/840)". <i>Byzantion</i> (in French). <b>44</b>. Brussels: 43–67. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0378-2506">0378-2506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byzantion&rft.atitle=Mise+au+point+sur+Th%C3%A9ophobe+et+l%27alliance+de+Babek+avec+Th%C3%A9ophile+%28833%2F834-839%2F840%29&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=43-67&rft.date=1977&rft.issn=0378-2506&rft.aulast=Rekaya&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Amorium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreadgold1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Treadgold" title="Warren Treadgold">Treadgold, Warren</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TysAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Byzantine Revival, 780–842</i></a>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1462-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1462-4"><bdi>978-0-8047-1462-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Revival%2C+780%E2%80%93842&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-1462-4&rft.aulast=Treadgold&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3TysAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Amorium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasiliev1935" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasiliev_(historian)" title="Alexander Vasiliev (historian)">Vasiliev, Alexander A.</a> (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jlTPAAAAMAAJ"><i>Byzance et les Arabes, Tome I: La dynastie d'Amorium (820–867)</i></a>. Corpus Bruxellense Historiae Byzantinae (in French). French ed.: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire_(historian)" title="Henri Grégoire (historian)">Henri Grégoire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marius_Canard" title="Marius Canard">Marius Canard</a>. Brussels: Éditions de l'Institut de philologie et d'histoire orientales. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/181731396">181731396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzance+et+les+Arabes%2C+Tome+I%3A+La+dynastie+d%27Amorium+%28820%E2%80%93867%29&rft.place=Brussels&rft.series=Corpus+Bruxellense+Historiae+Byzantinae&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+de+l%27Institut+de+philologie+et+d%27histoire+orientales&rft.date=1935&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F181731396&rft.aulast=Vasiliev&rft.aufirst=Alexander+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjlTPAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Amorium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittow1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Whittow" title="Mark Whittow">Whittow, Mark</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bFh-ASmKksYC"><i>The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025</i></a>. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20496-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20496-6"><bdi>978-0-520-20496-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Byzantium%2C+600%E2%80%931025&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20496-6&rft.aulast=Whittow&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbFh-ASmKksYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASack+of+Amorium" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Amorium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722050500/http://www.amoriumexcavations.org/index.htm">The Amorium Excavations Project – 25 Years of Archaeology: 1987–2012</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Abbasid_Caliphate_topics_(750–1258)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abbasid_Caliphate_topics" title="Template:Abbasid Caliphate topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abbasid_Caliphate_topics" title="Template talk:Abbasid Caliphate topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abbasid_Caliphate_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abbasid Caliphate topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abbasid_Caliphate_topics_(750–1258)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> topics <span style="font-size:85%;">(750–1258)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: left;"><b>Background</b></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Fitna" title="Third Fitna">Third Fitna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashimiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashimiyya">Hashimiyya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: left;"><b>Early period</b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(750–833)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Establishment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid Revolution">Abbasid Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muslim" title="Abu Muslim">Abu Muslim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Saffah" title="Al-Saffah">al-Saffah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">al-Mansur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_conquest_of_Ifriqiya" title="Abbasid conquest of Ifriqiya">Conquest of Ifriqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alid_revolt_of_762%E2%80%93763" title="Alid revolt of 762–763">Revolt of Muhammad the Pure Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_city_of_Baghdad" title="Round city of Baghdad">Round city of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid%E2%80%93Carolingian_alliance" title="Abbasid–Carolingian alliance">Abbasid–Carolingian alliance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Apogee</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mahdi" title="Al-Mahdi">al-Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hadi" title="Al-Hadi">al-Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barmakids" title="Barmakids">Barmakids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_invasion_of_Asia_Minor_(806)" title="Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor (806)">Sack of Heraclea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Amin" title="Al-Amin">al-Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Fitna" title="Fourth Fitna">Fourth Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">al-Ma'mun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Arabic_translation_movement" title="Graeco-Arabic translation movement">Graeco-Arabic translation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazilism" title="Mu'tazilism">Mu'tazilism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mihna" title="Mihna">Mihna</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: left;"><b>Fragmentation of<br />the Abbasid empire</b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(833–946)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Samarra" title="Abbasid Samarra">Samarra period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim" title="Al-Mu'tasim">al-Mu'tasim</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sack of Amorium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathiq" title="Al-Wathiq">al-Wathiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil" title="Al-Mutawakkil">al-Mutawakkil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy_at_Samarra" title="Anarchy at Samarra">Anarchy at Samarra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muntasir" title="Al-Muntasir">al-Muntasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27in" title="Al-Musta'in">al-Musta'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tazz" title="Al-Mu'tazz">al-Mu'tazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muhtadi" title="Al-Muhtadi">al-Muhtadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanj_Rebellion" title="Zanj Rebellion">Zanj Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijite_Rebellion_(866%E2%80%93896)" title="Kharijite Rebellion (866–896)">Kharijite Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulunids" title="Tulunids">Tulunids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Abbasid revival</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tamid" title="Al-Mu'tamid">al-Mu'tamid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muwaffaq" title="Al-Muwaffaq">al-Muwaffaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tadid" title="Al-Mu'tadid">al-Mu'tadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muktafi" title="Al-Muktafi">al-Muktafi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Collapse</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtadir" title="Al-Muqtadir">al-Muqtadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qahir" title="Al-Qahir">al-Qahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Radi" title="Al-Radi">al-Radi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muttaqi" title="Al-Muttaqi">al-Muttaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustakfi" title="Al-Mustakfi">al-Mustakfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27nis_al-Muzaffar" title="Mu'nis al-Muzaffar">Mu'nis al-Muzaffar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Hasan_Ali_ibn_al-Furat" title="Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat">Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Isa_ibn_al-Jarrah" title="Ali ibn Isa ibn al-Jarrah">Ali ibn Isa ibn al-Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarmatian_invasion_of_Iraq" title="Qarmatian invasion of Iraq">Qarmatian invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Mecca_(930)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Mecca (930)">Sack of Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajkam" title="Bajkam">Bajkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abdallah_al-Baridi" title="Abu Abdallah al-Baridi">Abu Abdallah al-Baridi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Dawla" title="Nasir al-Dawla">Nasir al-Dawla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Buyid" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyid">Buyid</a> period</b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(946–1055)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Caliphs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muti" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muti">al-Muti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ta%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Ta'i">al-Ta'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadir" title="Al-Qadir">al-Qadir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Manifesto" title="Baghdad Manifesto">Baghdad Manifesto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Abbasid_caliph_at_Baghdad)" title="Al-Qa'im (Abbasid caliph at Baghdad)">al-Qa'im</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Buyid emirs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27izz_al-Dawla" title="Mu'izz al-Dawla">Mu'izz al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Dawla" title="Izz al-Dawla">Izz al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Adud_al-Dawla" title="'Adud al-Dawla">'Adud al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsam_al-Dawla" title="Samsam al-Dawla">Samsam al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharaf_al-Dawla" title="Sharaf al-Dawla">Sharaf al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Dawla" title="Baha al-Dawla">Baha al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_al-Dawla" title="Sultan al-Dawla">Sultan al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musharrif_al-Dawla" title="Musharrif al-Dawla">Musharrif al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Dawla" title="Jalal al-Dawla">Jalal al-Dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Kalijar" title="Abu Kalijar">Abu Kalijar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Malik_al-Rahim" title="Al-Malik al-Rahim">al-Malik al-Rahim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk</a> period</b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1055–1157)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Caliphs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qa%27im_(Abbasid_caliph_at_Baghdad)" title="Al-Qa'im (Abbasid caliph at Baghdad)">al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtadi" title="Al-Muqtadi">al-Muqtadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustazhir" title="Al-Mustazhir">al-Mustazhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustarshid" title="Al-Mustarshid">al-Mustarshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rashid_Billah" title="Al-Rashid Billah">al-Rashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtafi" title="Al-Muqtafi">al-Muqtafi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Seljuk sultans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tughril" class="mw-redirect" title="Tughril">Tughril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp_Arslan" title="Alp Arslan">Alp Arslan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik-Shah_I" title="Malik-Shah I">Malik-Shah I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_I_of_Great_Seljuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud I of Great Seljuk">Mahmud I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkyaruq" title="Berkyaruq">Berkyaruq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik-Shah_II" title="Malik-Shah II">Malik-Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_Tapar" title="Muhammad I Tapar">Muhammad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sanjar" title="Ahmad Sanjar">Ahmad Sanjar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: left;"><b>Final period</b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1157–1258)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Caliphs" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Caliphs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtafi" title="Al-Muqtafi">al-Muqtafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustanjid" title="Al-Mustanjid">al-Mustanjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustadi" title="Al-Mustadi">al-Mustadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nasir" title="Al-Nasir">al-Nasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Zahir bi-Amr Allah">al-Zahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mustansir_(Baghdad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mustansir (Baghdad)">al-Mustansir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustansiriya_Madrasah" title="Mustansiriya Madrasah">Mustansiriya Madrasah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musta%27sim" title="Al-Musta'sim">al-Musta'sim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad" title="Siege of Baghdad">Sack of Baghdad</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.75em;text-align:left; font-weight:normal"><div style="float: left;"><b>Aftermath</b></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_caliphs_of_Cairo" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid caliphs of Cairo">Abbasid caliphs of Cairo</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Geography</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminiya" title="Arminiya">Arminiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Bahrayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Barqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq (region)">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sawad" title="Sawad">Sawad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira_(caliphal_province)" title="Al-Jazira (caliphal province)">Jazira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jibal" title="Jibal">Jibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khurasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Sind" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Sind">Sindh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Awasim" title="Al-Awasim">Awasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_al-Urdunn" title="Jund al-Urdunn">Jund al-Urdunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_Dimashq" title="Jund Dimashq">Jund Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_Filastin" title="Jund Filastin">Jund Filastin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_Hims" title="Jund Hims">Jund Hims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_Qinnasrin" title="Jund Qinnasrin">Jund Qinnasrin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabaristan" title="Tabaristan">Tabaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Government_and_military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Government and military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Palace and central government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amir_al-umara" title="Amir al-umara">Amir al-umara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barid" title="Barid">Barid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajib" title="Hajib">Hajib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_harem" title="Abbasid harem">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazalim" title="Mazalim">Mazalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Officials_of_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Officials of the Abbasid Caliphate">Officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robe_of_honour" title="Robe of honour">Robe of honour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiraz" title="Tiraz">tiraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shurta" title="Shurta">Shurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizier_(Abbasid_Caliphate)" title="Vizier (Abbasid Caliphate)">Vizier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Financial administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divan" title="Divan">Diwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqta%27" title="Iqta'">Iqta'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharaj" title="Kharaj">Kharaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abna_al-dawla" title="Abna al-dawla">Abna al-dawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Battles involving the Abbasid Caliphate">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Generals_of_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Generals of the Abbasid Caliphate">Commanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Wars involving the Abbasid Caliphate">Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_and_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion and law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Islam in the Abbasid Caliphate">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazilism" title="Mu'tazilism">Mu'tazilism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mihna" title="Mihna">Mihna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafism">Hanafism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbalism">Hanbalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'ism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Revival" title="Sunni Revival">Sunni Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam">Shi'a Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Twelve Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Century" title="Shi'a Century">Shi'a Century</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Christianity in the Abbasid Caliphate">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Jews and Judaism in the Abbasid Caliphate">Jews and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture_and_society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture and society</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abbasid_architecture" title="Category:Abbasid architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abbasid_literature" title="Category:Abbasid literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Musicians_from_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Musicians from the Abbasid Caliphate">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Science in the Abbasid Caliphate">Science and learning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Arabic_translation_movement" title="Graeco-Arabic translation movement">Graeco-Arabic translation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wisdom" title="House of Wisdom">House of Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Amorium&oldid=1257969761">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Amorium&oldid=1257969761</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:830s_conflicts" title="Category:830s conflicts">830s conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:830s_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:830s in the Byzantine Empire">830s in the Byzantine Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:838" title="Category:838">838</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:9th-century_massacres" title="Category:9th-century massacres">9th-century massacres</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Afyonkarahisar_Province" title="Category:History of Afyonkarahisar Province">History of Afyonkarahisar Province</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sieges_of_the_Abbasid%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Category:Sieges of the Abbasid–Byzantine wars">Sieges of the Abbasid–Byzantine wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_of_the_Abbasid%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Category:Battles of the Abbasid–Byzantine wars">Battles of the Abbasid–Byzantine wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massacres_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Category:Massacres in the Byzantine Empire">Massacres in the Byzantine Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:9th_century_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:9th century in the Abbasid Caliphate">9th century in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Amorium" title="Category:Amorium">Amorium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Looting_in_Turkey" title="Category:Looting in Turkey">Looting in Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Slavery_in_the_Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Category:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate">Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Asian_slave_trade" title="Category:Asian slave trade">Asian slave trade</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2021">Use dmy dates from January 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 12:53<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sack_of_Amorium&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-zq89r","wgBackendResponseTime":205,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.867","walltime":"1.107","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5299,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":162461,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9666,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":85026,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 944.873 1 -total"," 20.57% 194.406 2 Template:Reflist"," 17.22% 162.674 112 Template:Harvnb"," 16.36% 154.627 9 Template:Cite_book"," 10.51% 99.350 10 Template:Main_other"," 9.84% 92.968 1 Template:Campaignbox_Arab–Byzantine_Wars"," 9.57% 90.438 1 Template:Campaignbox"," 9.21% 87.054 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.37% 79.082 1 Template:Featured_article"," 8.07% 76.288 1 Template:Top_icon"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.457","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8344953,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFArberry1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBury1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanard1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristophilopoulou1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvison2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiapidou2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeinecke1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRekaya1977\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Abbasid Caliphate topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Byzance et les Arabes\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Arab–Byzantine Wars\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Amorium, Sack of\"] = 1,\n [\"EI2\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 4,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 112,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reign\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"The Byzantine Revival, 780–842\"] = 1,\n [\"The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025\"] = 1,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 7,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-75c465f4c6-nj42g","timestamp":"20241125145016","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Sack of Amorium","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sack_of_Amorium","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1669285","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1669285","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2010-09-08T19:17:23Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T12:53:42Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/87\/Siege_of_Amorium.jpg","headline":"historical event"}</script> </body> </html>