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class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>1706 – Grand Alliance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1706_–_Grand_Alliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1759_–_William_Pitt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1759_–_William_Pitt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>1759 – William Pitt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1759_–_William_Pitt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1871_–_W._G._Grace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1871_–_W._G._Grace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>1871 – W. G. Grace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1871_–_W._G._Grace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1905_–_Albert_Einstein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1905_–_Albert_Einstein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>1905 – Albert Einstein</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1905_–_Albert_Einstein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1939_–_Hollywood's_Golden_Year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1939_–_Hollywood's_Golden_Year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>1939 – Hollywood's Golden Year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1939_–_Hollywood's_Golden_Year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016–17_–_Comebacks_in_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016–17_–_Comebacks_in_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>2016–17 – Comebacks in sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016–17_–_Comebacks_in_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016–17_–_Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016–17_–_Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>2016–17 – Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016–17_–_Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annus_mirabilis_of_births" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annus_mirabilis_of_births"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Annus mirabilis of births</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annus_mirabilis_of_births-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Annus mirabilis</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="أنوس ميرابيليس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنوس ميرابيليس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annus_mirabilis" title="Annus mirabilis – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Annus mirabilis" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annus_mirabilis" title="Annus mirabilis – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Annus mirabilis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annus_mirabilis" title="Annus mirabilis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Annus mirabilis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annus_mirabilis" title="Annus mirabilis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Annus mirabilis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annus_mirabilis" title="Annus mirabilis – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Annus mirabilis" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annus_mirabilis" title="Annus mirabilis – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Annus mirabilis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annus_mirabilis" title="Annus mirabilis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Annus mirabilis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annus_mirabilis" title="Annus mirabilis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Annus mirabilis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annus_mirabilis" title="Annus mirabilis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Annus mirabilis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שנת הפלאות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שנת הפלאות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annus_mirabilis" title="Annus mirabilis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Annus mirabilis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A9%E3%83%93%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9" title="アナス・ミラビリス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アナス・ミラビリス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annus_mirabilis" title="Annus mirabilis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Annus mirabilis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annus_mirabilis" title="Annus mirabilis – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Annus mirabilis" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annus_mirabilis" title="Annus mirabilis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Annus mirabilis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annus_mirabilis" title="Annus mirabilis – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Annus mirabilis" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annus_mirabilis" title="Annus mirabilis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Annus mirabilis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annus_mirabilis" title="Annus mirabilis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Annus mirabilis" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the poem by John Dryden, see <a href="/wiki/Annus_Mirabilis_(poem)" title="Annus Mirabilis (poem)">Annus Mirabilis (poem)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><i><b>Annus mirabilis</b></i> (pl. <i><b>anni mirabiles</b></i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> phrase that means "marvelous year", "wonderful year", or "miraculous year". This term has been used to refer to several years during which events of major importance are remembered, notably <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>'s discoveries in 1665–1666 at the age of 23 and <a href="/wiki/Annus_mirabilis_papers" title="Annus mirabilis papers">Albert Einstein's papers published in 1905</a> at the age of 26.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1345–1346_–_Edward_III"><span id="1345.E2.80.931346_.E2.80.93_Edward_III"></span>1345–1346 – Edward III</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annus_mirabilis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 1345–1346 – Edward III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1345%E2%80%931347" title="Hundred Years' War, 1345–1347">Hundred Years' War, 1345–1347</a></div> <p>Eight years after the start of the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>, large-scale fighting had died down. <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a> decided to renew the war more vigorously in 1345.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990453_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990453-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He despatched a small force to <a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a> in south-west France under <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Grosmont,_Duke_of_Lancaster" title="Henry of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster">Henry, Earl of Derby</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers200494_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers200494-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and personally led the main English army to northern France. Edward delayed the disembarkation of his army and his fleet was scattered by a storm, rendering this offensive ineffective.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestwich2007315_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestwich2007315-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Derby was spectacularly successful, winning victories at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bergerac" title="Battle of Bergerac">Bergerac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Auberoche" title="Battle of Auberoche">Auberoche</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990466,_469_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990466,_469-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following spring, a large French army, led by the heir to the French throne, <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John, Duke of Normandy</a>, counter-attacked Derby's forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990485–486_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990485–486-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edward responded by landing an army of 10,000 men in northern <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Normandy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurne1999138_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurne1999138-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English devastated much of Normandy and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caen_(1346)" title="Battle of Caen (1346)">stormed and sacked Caen</a>, slaughtering the population. They cut a swath along the left bank of the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> to within 20 miles (32 km) of Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990514–515_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990514–515-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English army then turned north and inflicted a heavy defeat on a French army led by their king, <a href="/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" title="Philip VI of France">Philip VI</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Battle of Crécy">Battle of Crécy</a> on 26 August 1346.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990532_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990532-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998171_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998171-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They promptly exploited this by laying <a href="/wiki/Besiege" class="mw-redirect" title="Besiege">siege</a> to Calais.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurne1999207_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurne1999207-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period from Derby's victory outside Bergerac in late August 1345 to the start of the siege of Calais on 4 September 1346 became known as Edward III's <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">annus mirabilis</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2011247_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2011247-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990537–538,_557_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990537–538,_557-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1492_–_Catholic_Monarchs"><span id="1492_.E2.80.93_Catholic_Monarchs"></span>1492 – Catholic Monarchs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annus_mirabilis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1492 – Catholic Monarchs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 1492, <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Catholic Monarchs of Spain</a>, completed the <a href="/wiki/Granada_War" title="Granada War">conquest of Granada</a>, concluding the centuries-long <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> and bringing an end to Muslim rule over the Iberian Peninsula. Later that year, they would sponsor <a href="/wiki/Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus#First_voyage_(1492–1493)" title="Voyages of Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus's first voyage</a> across the Atlantic, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of the Americas">discovery of the Americas</a> on October 12. </p><p>That same year, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Nebrija" title="Antonio de Nebrija">Antonio de Nebrija</a> published his monumental grammar of Spanish, <i><a href="/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica_de_la_lengua_castellana" title="Gramática de la lengua castellana">Gramática de la lengua castellana</a></i>. It is notable as the first work to focus on the grammar of a modern Western European language, rather than Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1543_–_The_year_of_science"><span id="1543_.E2.80.93_The_year_of_science"></span>1543 – The year of science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annus_mirabilis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1543 – The year of science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></div> <p>In 1543, <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium" title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium">De revolutionibus orbium coelestium</a>,</i> outlining his <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">heliocentric model</a> of the universe. This event is traditionally held to be the beginning of the wider <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a>, which saw the emergence of modern science in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Vesalius" title="Andreas Vesalius">Andreas Vesalius</a> also published his <a href="/wiki/De_Humani_Corporis_Fabrica_Libri_Septem" title="De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem"><i>De humani corporis fabrica</i></a> in 1543, revolutionizing the science of <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a> and the practice of medicine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1625_–_Spanish_monarchy"><span id="1625_.E2.80.93_Spanish_monarchy"></span>1625 – Spanish monarchy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annus_mirabilis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1625 – Spanish monarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>During the course of [1625] <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda surrendered</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a> under the command of the incomparable Spinola; the republic of Genoa, Spain's ally and client, <a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Genoa" title="Relief of Genoa">was rescued</a> from the onslaught of the combined forces of France and Savoy; a joint Spanish-Portuguese naval expedition <a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">drove the Dutch</a> from Bahia in Brazil; and an English expeditionary force <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz_expedition_(1625)" title="Cádiz expedition (1625)">was humiliatingly defeated</a> when it attempted an attack on Cadiz. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">-– <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Parker_(historian)" title="Geoffrey Parker (historian)">Geoffrey Parker</a>, <i>The Thirty Years' War</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker198490_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker198490-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>A series of Spanish military victories on a global strategic scale obtained in 1625 during the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, in important military theaters in Europe and America. These military victories were as follows: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Siege of Breda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Genoa" title="Relief of Genoa">Relief of Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Recapture of Bahia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1625)" title="Battle of San Juan (1625)">Battle of San Juan</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz_expedition_(1625)" title="Cádiz expedition (1625)">Defense of Cádiz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those military actions were immortalized in a series of paintings in the <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Realms" title="Hall of Realms">Hall of Realms</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Buen_Retiro_Palace" title="Buen Retiro Palace">Buen Retiro Palace</a> in Madrid. Thus, the “reputational” policy promoted by <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Guzm%C3%A1n,_Count-Duke_of_Olivares" title="Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares">Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares</a>, <a href="/wiki/Favourite" title="Favourite">favourite</a> of <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV of Spain</a>, was apparently confirmed by the initial success,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was in reference to this <i>annus mirabilis</i> for Spanish arms that Olivares delivered probably his most famous pronouncement: "God is Spanish and fights for Spain."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker198490_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker198490-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1644–1645_–_Montrose"><span id="1644.E2.80.931645_.E2.80.93_Montrose"></span>1644–1645 – Montrose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annus_mirabilis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1644–1645 – Montrose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The military successes of <a href="/wiki/James_Graham,_1st_Marquess_of_Montrose" title="James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose">James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose</a> in Scotland in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Three Kingdoms">War of the Three Kingdoms</a> during 1644–1645 are sometimes called "annus mirabilis".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1665–1666_–_The_year_of_wonders"><span id="1665.E2.80.931666_.E2.80.93_The_year_of_wonders"></span>1665–1666 – The year of wonders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annus_mirabilis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1665–1666 – The year of wonders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1665 to 1666, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>, aged 23, made revolutionary inventions and discoveries in <a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">calculus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motion_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion (physics)">motion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitation">gravitation</a>. It was in this year that Newton was alleged to have observed an apple falling from a tree, and in which he, in any case, hit upon the <a href="/wiki/Gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitation">law of universal gravitation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton#Apple_incident" title="Isaac Newton">Newton's apple</a>). He was afforded the time to work on his theories due to the closure of Cambridge University by an outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">plague</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stated and proved the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_theorem" title="Binomial theorem">binomial theorem</a>, invented calculus, formulated the universal law of gravitation, and developed a theory of color.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1706_–_Grand_Alliance"><span id="1706_.E2.80.93_Grand_Alliance"></span>1706 – Grand Alliance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annus_mirabilis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1706 – Grand Alliance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramillies" title="Battle of Ramillies">Battle of Ramillies</a></div> <p>In 1706, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Alliance_(League_of_Augsburg)" title="Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)">Grand Alliance</a> arrayed against <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> of France won resounding victories (the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramillies" title="Battle of Ramillies">Battle of Ramillies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Turin" title="Siege of Turin">Siege of Turin</a>) which, after the previous year's failures, has been termed by James Falkner a "Year of Miracles."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1759_–_William_Pitt"><span id="1759_.E2.80.93_William_Pitt"></span>1759 – William Pitt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annus_mirabilis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1759 – William Pitt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Annus_Mirabilis_of_1759" class="mw-redirect" title="Annus Mirabilis of 1759">Annus Mirabilis of 1759</a></div> <p>A series of victories by the British armed forces in 1759 in North America, Europe, India, and in various naval engagements caused that year to be referred to, on occasion, as <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">William Pitt</a>'s <i>annus mirabilis</i>. It was the turning point of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1871_–_W._G._Grace"><span id="1871_.E2.80.93_W._G._Grace"></span>1871 – W. G. Grace</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annus_mirabilis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1871 – W. G. Grace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Harry_Altham" title="Harry Altham">Harry Altham</a>, 1871 was <a href="/wiki/W._G._Grace" title="W. G. Grace">W. G. Grace</a>'s <i>annus mirabilis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all first-class matches in 1871, a total of 17 <a href="/wiki/Century_(cricket)" title="Century (cricket)">centuries</a> were scored and Grace accounted for 10 of them, including the first century in a first-class match at <a href="/wiki/Trent_Bridge" title="Trent Bridge">Trent Bridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He averaged 78.25 and the next-best average by a batsman playing more than a single innings was 39.57, barely more than half his figure. His aggregate for the season was 2,739 <a href="/wiki/Run_(cricket)" title="Run (cricket)">runs</a> and this was the first time that anyone had scored 2,000 first-class runs in a season; Harry Jupp was next best with 1,068.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grace produced his season's highlight in the <a href="/wiki/North_v_South" title="North v South">South v North</a> match at The Oval when he made his highest career score to date of 268.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1905_–_Albert_Einstein"><span id="1905_.E2.80.93_Albert_Einstein"></span>1905 – Albert Einstein</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annus_mirabilis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1905 – Albert Einstein"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Annus_Mirabilis_papers" class="mw-redirect" title="Annus Mirabilis papers">Annus Mirabilis papers</a></div> <p>It was in this year that <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, aged 26, published important discoveries concerning the <a href="/wiki/Photoelectric_effect" title="Photoelectric effect">photoelectric effect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brownian_motion" title="Brownian motion">Brownian motion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Special_theory_of_relativity" class="mw-redirect" title="Special theory of relativity">special theory of relativity</a>, and the famous <a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">E = mc<sup>2</sup></a> equation. His four articles, collectively known as his <i>Annus Mirabilis</i> papers, were published in <i><a href="/wiki/Annalen_der_Physik" title="Annalen der Physik">Annalen der Physik</a></i> in 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1939_–_Hollywood's_Golden_Year"><span id="1939_.E2.80.93_Hollywood.27s_Golden_Year"></span>1939 – Hollywood's Golden Year</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annus_mirabilis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1939 – Hollywood's Golden Year"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1939 is considered the Annus Mirabilis of Hollywood due to the surprising number of movies released that year that are considered "classics" or foundational of their genre.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the films released in 1939 include: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)">The Wizard of Oz</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)" title="Gone with the Wind (film)">Gone with the Wind</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gunga_Din_(film)" title="Gunga Din (film)">Gunga Din</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Beau_Geste_(1939_film)" title="Beau Geste (1939 film)">Beau Geste</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_(film)" title="Union Pacific (film)">Union Pacific</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Roaring_Twenties" title="The Roaring Twenties">The Roaring Twenties</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Only_Angels_Have_Wings" title="Only Angels Have Wings">Only Angels Have Wings</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/At_the_Circus" title="At the Circus">At the Circus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_(1939_film)" title="Stagecoach (1939 film)">Stagecoach</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Smith_Goes_to_Washington" title="Mr. Smith Goes to Washington">Mr. Smith Goes to Washington</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ninotchka" title="Ninotchka">Ninotchka</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Destry_Rides_Again" title="Destry Rides Again">Destry Rides Again</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Midnight_(1939_film)" title="Midnight (1939 film)">Midnight</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wuthering_Heights_(1939_film)" title="Wuthering Heights (1939 film)">Wuthering Heights</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Young_Mr._Lincoln" title="Young Mr. Lincoln">Young Mr. Lincoln</a></i>, among many others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2016–17_–_Comebacks_in_sports"><span id="2016.E2.80.9317_.E2.80.93_Comebacks_in_sports"></span>2016–17 – Comebacks in sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annus_mirabilis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2016–17 – Comebacks in sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between June 2016 and March 2017, the world of sports witnessed the largest <a href="/wiki/Comeback_(sports)" title="Comeback (sports)">comebacks</a> in the history of <a href="/wiki/NBA_Finals" title="NBA Finals">NBA Finals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League" title="UEFA Champions League">UEFA Champions League</a>. In June 2016, <a href="/wiki/LeBron_James" title="LeBron James">LeBron James</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Cavaliers" title="Cleveland Cavaliers">Cleveland Cavaliers</a> became the first team in NBA Finals history to <a href="/wiki/2016_NBA_Finals" title="2016 NBA Finals">overcome a 3–1 deficit</a>, thus beating a <a href="/wiki/Golden_State_Warriors" title="Golden State Warriors">Golden State Warriors</a> side that was coming off a <a href="/wiki/List_of_NBA_teams_by_single_season_win_percentage" title="List of NBA teams by single season win percentage">record-breaking league-best record</a> of <abbr title="73 wins, 9 losses">73–9</abbr>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eight months later, in February 2017, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Brady" title="Tom Brady">Tom Brady</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_England_Patriots" title="New England Patriots">New England Patriots</a> became the first team in Super Bowl history to overcome a 25 point deficit, doing so in the third quarter to beat the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Falcons" title="Atlanta Falcons">Atlanta Falcons</a> <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_LI" title="Super Bowl LI">34–28</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following month, on 8 March 2017, <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Messi" title="Lionel Messi">Lionel Messi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/FC_Barcelona" title="FC Barcelona">FC Barcelona</a> became the first team in Champions League history to overcome a first leg four-goal deficit to beat <a href="/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Saint-Germain F.C.">PSG</a> <a href="/wiki/FC_Barcelona_6%E2%80%931_Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C." title="FC Barcelona 6–1 Paris Saint-Germain F.C.">6–5 on aggregate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter two became known as <i>28–3</i> and <i>la Remontada</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2016–17_–_Portugal"><span id="2016.E2.80.9317_.E2.80.93_Portugal"></span>2016–17 – Portugal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annus_mirabilis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2016–17 – Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Portugal is known for being "the country of the 3 Fs" because of <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fado" title="Fado">Fado</a>, and <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1tima" class="mw-redirect" title="Fátima">Fátima</a>, three of the most distinct parts of the Portuguese culture.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portugal managed to clinch a series of historic and unprecedented victories in all of these three aspects in 2016–17. First in football, when the <a href="/wiki/Portugal_national_football_team" title="Portugal national football team">Portugal national team</a> won their first-ever major trophy at the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2016" title="UEFA Euro 2016">UEFA Euro 2016</a> on 10 July. Ten months later, on 13 May 2017, <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Sobral" title="Salvador Sobral">Salvador Sobral</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2017" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2017">Eurovision Song Contest 2017</a> for Portugal with the song "<a href="/wiki/Amar_pelos_dois" title="Amar pelos dois">Amar pelos dois</a>", and in doing so, he gave Portugal its first-ever win in the contest.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On that same day, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> visited Fátima on the occasion of the 100th Anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Marian_Apparitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian Apparitions">Marian Apparition</a> of 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period from Portugal's victory at the Euros in July 2016 to the end of Pope Francis's visit to Portugal in May 2017 became known as Portugal's <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">annus mirabilis</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annus_mirabilis_of_births">Annus mirabilis of births</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annus_mirabilis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Annus mirabilis of births"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1946 saw the birth of three <a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a> - <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (14 June), <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (6 July), and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (19 August), the most out of any year. All three were born within 10 weeks of each other during the <a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">summer</a>, just a little more than nine months after the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1963 saw the birth of four future <a href="/wiki/NBA_Most_Valuable_Player_Award#Winners" class="mw-redirect" title="NBA Most Valuable Player Award">NBA MVPs</a> - <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jordan" title="Michael Jordan">Michael Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Barkley" title="Charles Barkley">Charles Barkley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Olajuwon" title="Hakeem Olajuwon">Hakeem Olajuwon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Malone" title="Karl Malone">Karl Malone</a>, the most out of any year.<sup id="cite_ref-michael_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michael-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1972 saw the birth of four future <a href="/wiki/Ballon_d%27Or#Winners" title="Ballon d'Or">Ballon d'Or winners</a> - <a href="/wiki/Zinedine_Zidane" title="Zinedine Zidane">Zinedine Zidane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rivaldo" title="Rivaldo">Rivaldo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Figo" title="Luís Figo">Luís Figo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Nedv%C4%9Bd" title="Pavel Nedvěd">Pavel Nedvěd</a>. Four winners of the most prestigious prize in world football were born in 1972, when no other year produced more than two.<sup id="cite_ref-michael_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michael-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annus_mirabilis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/annus_mirabilis" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:annus mirabilis">annus mirabilis</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annus_mirabilis_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annus mirabilis (Norway)">Annus mirabilis (Norway)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annus_Mirabilis_(poem)" title="Annus Mirabilis (poem)"><i>Annus Mirabilis</i> (poem)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annus_horribilis" title="Annus horribilis">Annus horribilis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_phrases" title="List of Latin phrases">List of Latin phrases</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annus_mirabilis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPetroski2022" class="citation web cs1">Petroski, Henry (February 3, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanscientist.org/article/annus-mirabilis">"Annus Mirabilis"</a>. <i>American Scientist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Scientist&rft.atitle=Annus+Mirabilis&rft.date=2022-02-03&rft.aulast=Petroski&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanscientist.org%2Farticle%2Fannus-mirabilis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnus+mirabilis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990453-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990453_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, p. 453.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers200494-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers200494_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogers2004">Rogers 2004</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrestwich2007315-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrestwich2007315_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrestwich2007">Prestwich 2007</a>, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990466,_469-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990466,_469_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, pp. 466, 469.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990485–486-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990485–486_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, pp. 485–486.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurne1999138-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurne1999138_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurne1999">Burne 1999</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990514–515-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990514–515_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, pp. 514–515.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990532-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990532_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, p. 532.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998171-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeVries1998171_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeVries1998">DeVries 1998</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurne1999207-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurne1999207_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurne1999">Burne 1999</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2011247-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2011247_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLambert2011">Lambert 2011</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumption1990537–538,_557-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumption1990537–538,_557_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumption1990">Sumption 1990</a>, pp. 537–538, 557.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.es/search?sourceid=ie7&q=1492+annus+mirabilis&rls=com.microsoft%3Aes%3A%7Breferrer%3Asource%3F%7D&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&rlz=1I7ACPW_esES383#q=1492+annus+mirabilis&rls=com.microsoft:es:%7Breferrer:source%3F%7D&oe=UTF-8&rlz=1I7ACPW_esES383&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hl=en&tbo=u&tbm=bks&source=og&sa=N&tab=wp&ei=uM3BUNSVPM3p0QGH-oDwBA&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&fp=72361c265dfe14f5&bpcl=39650382&biw=1366&bih=643">"Bibliographic use of expression related to 1492"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171216092012/https://www.google.es/search?sourceid=ie7&q=1492+annus+mirabilis&rls=com.microsoft%3Aes%3A%7Breferrer%3Asource%3F%7D&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&rlz=1I7ACPW_esES383#q=1492+annus+mirabilis&rls=com.microsoft:es:%7Breferrer:source%3F%7D&oe=UTF-8&rlz=1I7ACPW_esES383&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hl=en&tbo=u&tbm=bks&source=og&sa=N&tab=wp&ei=uM3BUNSVPM3p0QGH-oDwBA&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&fp=72361c265dfe14f5&bpcl=39650382&biw=1366&bih=643">Archived</a> from the original on December 16, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bibliographic+use+of+expression+related+to+1492&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.es%2Fsearch%3Fsourceid%3Die7%26q%3D1492%2Bannus%2Bmirabilis%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft%253Aes%253A%257Breferrer%253Asource%253F%257D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26rlz%3D1I7ACPW_esES383%23q%3D1492%2Bannus%2Bmirabilis%26rls%3Dcom.microsoft%3Aes%3A%257Breferrer%3Asource%253F%257D%26oe%3DUTF-8%26rlz%3D1I7ACPW_esES383%26um%3D1%26ie%3DUTF-8%26hl%3Den%26tbo%3Du%26tbm%3Dbks%26source%3Dog%26sa%3DN%26tab%3Dwp%26ei%3DuM3BUNSVPM3p0QGH-oDwBA%26bav%3Don.2%2Cor.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.%26fp%3D72361c265dfe14f5%26bpcl%3D39650382%26biw%3D1366%26bih%3D643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnus+mirabilis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705200052/https://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/scientificrev.html">"The Scientific Revolution"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/scientificrev.html">the original</a> on July 5, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Scientific+Revolution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmars.wnec.edu%2F~grempel%2Fcourses%2Fwc2%2Flectures%2Fscientificrev.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnus+mirabilis" class="Z3988"></span> Western New England College</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker198490-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker198490_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker198490_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParker1984">Parker 1984</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanz_Camañes2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sanz Camañes, Porfirio (2018). "Inglaterra y la Monarquía hispana. La guerra anglo-española de 1625-1630 y el conflicto europeo". <i>Manuscrits: Revista d'història moderna</i> (in Spanish) (38): 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manuscrits%3A+Revista+d%27hist%C3%B2ria+moderna&rft.atitle=Inglaterra+y+la+Monarqu%C3%ADa+hispana.+La+guerra+anglo-espa%C3%B1ola+de+1625-1630+y+el+conflicto+europeo&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=64&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Sanz+Cama%C3%B1es&rft.aufirst=Porfirio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnus+mirabilis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Elliott_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Elliott (historian)">Elliott, John Huxtable</a> (1986). <i>The Count-Duke of Olivares: The Statesman in an Age of Decline</i>. New Haven, Connecticut, USA: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300044992" title="Special:BookSources/0300044992"><bdi>0300044992</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Count-Duke+of+Olivares%3A+The+Statesman+in+an+Age+of+Decline&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut%2C+USA&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0300044992&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=John+Huxtable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnus+mirabilis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyle2004" class="citation book cs1">Royle, Trevor (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H7NgBQAAQBAJ&q=Annus+mirabilis+montrose&pg=PA343"><i>The British Civil War: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1638-1660</i></a>. Macmillan. p. 337. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312292935" title="Special:BookSources/9780312292935"><bdi>9780312292935</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231030211009/https://books.google.com/books?id=H7NgBQAAQBAJ&q=Annus+mirabilis+montrose&pg=PA343#v=snippet&q=Annus%20mirabilis%20montrose&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Civil+War%3A+The+Wars+of+the+Three+Kingdoms%2C+1638-1660&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780312292935&rft.aulast=Royle&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH7NgBQAAQBAJ%26q%3DAnnus%2Bmirabilis%2Bmontrose%26pg%3DPA343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnus+mirabilis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarratt2004" class="citation book cs1">Barratt, John (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pt6XAwAAQBAJ&q=Annus+mirabilis+montrose&pg=PA191"><i>Cavalier Generals</i></a>. Pen and Sword. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473813038" title="Special:BookSources/9781473813038"><bdi>9781473813038</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231030210954/https://books.google.com/books?id=pt6XAwAAQBAJ&q=Annus+mirabilis+montrose&pg=PA191#v=onepage&q=Annus%20mirabilis%20montrose&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cavalier+Generals&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781473813038&rft.aulast=Barratt&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpt6XAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DAnnus%2Bmirabilis%2Bmontrose%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnus+mirabilis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.info/gravitation/">"Universal Gravitation – The Physics Hypertextbook"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091012074759/http://physics.info/gravitation/">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2012</span>. <q>In the same year [1666] I began to think of gravity extending to the orb of the moon, .... All this was in the two plague years of 1665 and 1666, for in those days I was in the prime of my age for invention, and minded mathematics and philosophy more than at any time since.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universal+Gravitation+%E2%80%93+The+Physics+Hypertextbook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysics.info%2Fgravitation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnus+mirabilis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath121/kmath121.htm">"Newton's Birth Date and The Anni Mirabiles"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231030210955/https://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath121/kmath121.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2012</span>. <q>In the beginning of the year 1665 I found the Method of approximating series & the Rule for reducing any dignity of any Binomial into such a series. The same year in May I found the method of Tangents of Gregory & Slusius, & in November had the direct method of fluxions & the next year in January had the Theory of Colors & in May following I had entrance into the inverse method of fluxions. And the same year I began to think of gravity extending to the orb of the Moon & (having found out how to estimate the force with which a globe revolving within a sphere presses the surface of the sphere) from Keplers rule of the periodical times of the Planets being in sesquialterate proportion of their distances from the centers of their Orbs, I deduced that the forces which keep the Planets in their Orbs must be reciprocally as the squares of their distances from the centers about which they revolve: and thereby compared the force requisite to keep the Moon in her Orb with the force of gravity at the surface of the earth ... All this was in the two plague years of 1665 and 1666. For in those days I was in the prime of my age of invention & minded Mathematics & Philosophy more than at any time since.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newton%27s+Birth+Date+and+The+Anni+Mirabiles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mathpages.com%2Fhome%2Fkmath121%2Fkmath121.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnus+mirabilis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlinski1995" class="citation book cs1">Berlinski, David (1995). <i>A Tour of the Calculus</i> (1st ed.). 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January 18, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230825235948/https://michaelsportstats.com/2015/01/18/1972-footballs-annus-mirabilis/">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=michaelsportstats.com&rft.atitle=1972+%E2%80%93+Football%27s+Annus+Mirabilis&rft.date=2015-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmichaelsportstats.com%2F2015%2F01%2F18%2F1972-footballs-annus-mirabilis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnus+mirabilis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annus_mirabilis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Blanning, T.C.W.<i>The Culture of Power the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe 1660–1789</i>. Oxford University Press, 2002.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurne1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Burne" title="Alfred Burne">Burne, Alfred</a> (1999) [1955]. <i>The Crécy War</i>. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84022-210-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84022-210-4"><bdi>978-1-84022-210-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cr%C3%A9cy+War&rft.place=Ware%2C+Hertfordshire&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Editions&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-84022-210-4&rft.aulast=Burne&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnus+mirabilis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeVries1998" class="citation book cs1">DeVries, Kelly (1998) [1996]. <i>Infantry Warfare in the Early Fourteenth Century: Discipline, Tactics, and Technology</i>. Woodbridge, Suffolk; Rochester, New York: Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-571-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-571-5"><bdi>978-0-85115-571-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infantry+Warfare+in+the+Early+Fourteenth+Century%3A+Discipline%2C+Tactics%2C+and+Technology&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk%3B+Rochester%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-571-5&rft.aulast=DeVries&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnus+mirabilis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lambert, Craig (2011). "Edward III's Siege of Calais: A Reappraisal". <i>Journal of Medieval History</i>. <b>37</b> (3): 245–256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmedhist.2011.05.002">10.1016/j.jmedhist.2011.05.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0304-4181">0304-4181</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159935247">159935247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medieval+History&rft.atitle=Edward+III%27s+Siege+of+Calais%3A+A+Reappraisal&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=245-256&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159935247%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0304-4181&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jmedhist.2011.05.002&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnus+mirabilis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Monod" title="Paul Monod">Monod, Paul Kléber</a>. <i>Imperial Island: A History of Britain and Its Empire, 1660–1837</i>. Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1984" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Geoffrey (1984). <i>Europe in crisis, 1598-1648</i>. London: Fontana Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780006356707" title="Special:BookSources/9780006356707"><bdi>9780006356707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+in+crisis%2C+1598-1648&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Fontana+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780006356707&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnus+mirabilis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrestwich2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Prestwich" title="Michael Prestwich">Prestwich, M.</a> (September 13, 2007). <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Roberts (historian)">J.M. Roberts</a> (ed.). <i>Plantagenet England 1225–1360</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922687-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-922687-0"><bdi>978-0-19-922687-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plantagenet+England+1225%E2%80%931360&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007-09-13&rft.isbn=978-0-19-922687-0&rft.aulast=Prestwich&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnus+mirabilis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2004" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Clifford (2004). <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bachrach" title="Bernard Bachrach">Bachrach, Bernard S</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kelly_DeVries" title="Kelly DeVries">DeVries, Kelly</a>; <a href="/wiki/Clifford_J._Rogers" title="Clifford J. Rogers">Rogers, Clifford J</a> (eds.). <i>The Bergerac Campaign (1345) and the Generalship of Henry of Lancaster</i>. Vol. II. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-040-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-040-5"><bdi>978-1-84383-040-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0961-7582">0961-7582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bergerac+Campaign+%281345%29+and+the+Generalship+of+Henry+of+Lancaster&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=0961-7582&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-040-5&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnus+mirabilis" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumption1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sumption,_Lord_Sumption" title="Jonathan Sumption, Lord Sumption">Sumption, Jonathan</a> (1990). <i>Trial by Battle</i>. The Hundred Years' War. Vol. I. London: Faber and Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-20095-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-20095-5"><bdi>978-0-571-20095-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trial+by+Battle&rft.place=London&rft.series=The+Hundred+Years%27+War&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-571-20095-5&rft.aulast=Sumption&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnus+mirabilis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltham1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Altham" title="Harry Altham">Altham, H. S.</a> (1962). <i>A History of Cricket, Volume 1 (to 1914)</i>. George Allen & Unwin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Cricket%2C+Volume+1+%28to+1914%29&rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Altham&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnus+mirabilis" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRae1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Rae" title="Simon Rae">Rae, Simon</a> (1998). <i>W. G. Grace: A Life</i>. Faber & Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-17855-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-17855-1"><bdi>978-0-571-17855-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=W.+G.+Grace%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-571-17855-1&rft.aulast=Rae&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnus+mirabilis" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annus_mirabilis&oldid=1258021805">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annus_mirabilis&oldid=1258021805</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Latin_words_and_phrases" title="Category:Latin words and phrases">Latin words and phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="Category:William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edward_III_of_England" title="Category:Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Category:Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Category:Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Category:Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Category:Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV of Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Isaac_Newton" title="Category:Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Louis_XIV" title="Category:Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:W._G._Grace" title="Category:W. 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