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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escal%C3%ADmetre" title="Escalímetre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escalímetre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5lestok" title="Målestok – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Målestok" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreikantma%C3%9Fstab" title="Dreikantmaßstab – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dreikantmaßstab" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Architect%27s_scale&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Architect's scale">Architect's scale</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tool used for measuring at a fixed ratio</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Scale_ruler" title="Special:EditPage/Scale ruler">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Scale+ruler%22">"Scale ruler"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Scale+ruler%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Scale+ruler%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Scale+ruler%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Scale+ruler%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Scale+ruler%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>scale ruler</b> is a tool for measuring lengths and transferring measurements at a fixed <a href="/wiki/Ratio" title="Ratio">ratio</a> of length; two common examples are an <b>architect's scale</b> and <b>engineer's scale</b>. In scientific and engineering terminology, a device to measure linear distance and create proportional linear measurements is called a scale. A device for drawing straight lines is a straight edge or <a href="/wiki/Ruler" title="Ruler">ruler</a>. In common usage, both are referred to as a ruler. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architect's_scale"><span id="Architect.27s_scale"></span>Architect's scale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scale_ruler&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Architect's scale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Architects_scale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Architects_scale.jpg/300px-Architects_scale.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Architects_scale.jpg/450px-Architects_scale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Architects_scale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption>A triangular architect's scale, made of <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An architect's scale is a specialized <a href="/wiki/Ruler" title="Ruler">ruler</a> designed to facilitate the drafting and measuring of <a href="/wiki/Architectural_drawing" title="Architectural drawing">architectural drawings</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Floor_plan" title="Floor plan">floor plans</a> and Multi-view orthographic projections. </p><p>Because the <a href="/wiki/Scale_(ratio)" title="Scale (ratio)">scale</a> of such drawings is often smaller than life-size, an architect's scale features multiple <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_length" title="Unit of length">units of length</a> and proportional length increments.<sup id="cite_ref-Giesecke_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giesecke-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For accuracy and longevity, the material used should be dimensionally stable and durable. Scales were traditionally made of wood, but today they are usually made of rigid <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_and_Imperial_units">United States and Imperial units</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scale_ruler&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: United States and Imperial units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and prior to <a href="/wiki/Metrication" title="Metrication">metrication</a> in <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>, architect's scales are marked as a ratio of x <a href="/wiki/Inch" title="Inch">inches</a>-to-the-<a href="/wiki/Foot_(length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot (length)">foot</a> (typically written as <i>x</i>″=1′-0″). For example, one inch measured from a drawing with a scale of "one-inch-to-the-foot" is equivalent to one foot in the real world (a scale of 1:12)....one inch measured from a drawing with a scale of "two-inches-to-the-foot" is equivalent to six inches in the real world (a scale of 1:6). It is not to be confused with a true unitless ratio. A 1:5 architectural scale (inches to feet) would be a 1:60 unitless scale (inches to inches) since there are 60 inches in 5 feet. </p><p>Typical scales used in the United States are:<sup id="cite_ref-Giesecke_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giesecke-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>full scale, with inches, divided into sixteenths of an inch</dd></dl> <p>The following scales are generally grouped in pairs using the same dual-numbered index line (one scale is read from the right, and the other scale is read from the left): </p> <dl><dd><table> <tbody><tr> <td>three-inches-to-the-foot (3″=1′-0″) (ratio equivalent 1:4)<span style="padding-left:2em;"> </span></td> <td>one-and-one-half-inch-to-the-foot (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>″=1′-0″) (1:8) </td></tr> <tr> <td>one-inch-to-the-foot (1″=1′-0″) (1:12)<span style="padding-left:2em;"> </span></td> <td>one-half-inch-to-the-foot (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>″=1′-0″) (1:24) </td></tr> <tr> <td>three-quarters-inch-to-the-foot (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>″=1′-0″) (1:16)<span style="padding-left:2em;"> </span></td> <td>three-eighths-inch-to-the-foot (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>″=1′-0″) (1:32) </td></tr> <tr> <td>one-quarter-inch-to-the-foot (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>″=1′-0″) (1:48)<span style="padding-left:2em;"> </span></td> <td>one-eighth-inch-to-the-foot (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>″=1′-0″) (1:96) </td></tr> <tr> <td>three-sixteenths-inch-to-the-foot (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span>″=1′-0″) (1:64)<span style="padding-left:2em;"> </span></td> <td>three-thirty-seconds-inch-to-the-foot (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span>″=1′0″) (1:128) </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metric_units">Metric units</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scale_ruler&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Metric units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Scale_ruler" title="Special:EditPage/Scale ruler">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Architect's scale rulers used in Britain and other <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric</a> countries are marked with <a href="/wiki/Ratio" title="Ratio">ratios</a> without reference to a base unit. Therefore, a drawing will indicate both its scale (ratio) and the unit of measurement being used. </p><p>In Britain, and elsewhere, the standard units used on architectural drawings are the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">(SI) units</a> <a href="/wiki/Millimetre" title="Millimetre">millimetres</a> (mm) and <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metres</a> (m), whereas in France <a href="/wiki/Centimetre" title="Centimetre">centimetres</a> (cm) and metres are most often used. </p><p>In Britain, for flat rulers, the paired scales often found on architect's scales are: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>1:1/1:10</li> <li>1:5/1:50</li> <li>1:10/1:100</li> <li>1:20/1:200</li> <li>1:1250/1:2500</li></ul> </div> <p>For triangular rulers, the paired scales are: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>1:1/1:10</li> <li>1:2/1:20</li> <li>1:5/1:50</li> <li>1:100/1:200</li> <li>1:500/1:1000</li> <li>1:1250/1:2500</li></ul> </div> <p>Less common scales are: </p> <ul><li>1:25/1:250</li> <li>1:33<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span></li> <li>2:1</li></ul> <p>In France, in engineering departments or architectural offices, here are some scales used : </p> <ul><li>1:100 / 1:300</li> <li>1:200 / 1:400</li> <li>1:250 / 1:500</li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="EngineersScale"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Engineer's_scale"><span id="Engineer.27s_scale"></span>Engineer's scale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scale_ruler&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Engineer's scale"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G_Turnbull_-_box_of_scales_1857.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/G_Turnbull_-_box_of_scales_1857.jpg/220px-G_Turnbull_-_box_of_scales_1857.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/G_Turnbull_-_box_of_scales_1857.jpg/330px-G_Turnbull_-_box_of_scales_1857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/G_Turnbull_-_box_of_scales_1857.jpg/440px-G_Turnbull_-_box_of_scales_1857.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption>Boxed set of 1850s ivory engineer's scales presented to the railway civil engineer <a href="/wiki/George_Turnbull_(civil_engineer)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Turnbull (civil engineer)">George Turnbull</a> in India. 16 scales are engraved.</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>engineer's scale</b> is a tool for measuring distances and transferring measurements at a fixed <a href="/wiki/Ratio" title="Ratio">ratio</a> of length. It is commonly made of <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a> or aluminum and is just over 300 millimetres (12 in) long, but with the only 300  mm of markings, leaving the ends unmarked so that the first and last measuring ticks do not wear off. It is used in making engineering drawings, commonly called <a href="/wiki/Blueprint" title="Blueprint">blueprints</a>, blue lines, or plans on a specific scale. For example, "one-tenth size" would appear on a drawing to indicate a part larger than the drawing on the paper itself. It is not to be used to measure machined parts to see if they meet specifications. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> this scale is divided into decimalized fractions of an <a href="/wiki/Inch" title="Inch">inch</a> but has a cross-section like an equilateral triangle, which enables the scale to have six edges indexed for measurement. One edge is divided into tenths of an inch, and the subsequent ones are directly marked for twentieths, thirtieths, fortieths, fiftieths, and finally sixtieths of an inch. Referred to as 1:10, 1:20, 1:30,1:40, 1:50 or 1:60 scale.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically in civil engineering applications, 1:10 (1″=10′) is used exclusively for detail drawings. 1:20 and 1:40 scales are used for working plans. 1:60 is normally used only to show large areas of a project. </p><p>In 1918 French described the US engineer's scale using the term "civil engineers' scale", and it was said to be "used for plotting and map drawing, and the graphic solution of problems."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scale_ruler&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing_tool" title="Technical drawing tool">Technical drawing tools</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scale_ruler&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Giesecke-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Giesecke_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giesecke_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGieseckeMitchellSpencerHill1997" class="citation book cs1">Giesecke, Frederick E.; Mitchell, Alva; Spencer, Henry Ceicil; Hill, Ivan Leroy; Dygdon, John Thomas; Novak, James E.; Lockhart, Shawna (1997). <i>Technical drawing</i> (10th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. pp. <span class="nowrap">62–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-461971-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-461971-2"><bdi>978-0-13-461971-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technical+drawing&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-13-461971-2&rft.aulast=Giesecke&rft.aufirst=Frederick+E.&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Alva&rft.au=Spencer%2C+Henry+Ceicil&rft.au=Hill%2C+Ivan+Leroy&rft.au=Dygdon%2C+John+Thomas&rft.au=Novak%2C+James+E.&rft.au=Lockhart%2C+Shawna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScale+ruler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhilani2018" class="citation book cs1">Ghilani, Charles D. (2018). <i>Elementary Surveying: An introduction to Geomantics</i> (15th ed.). New York: Pearson. p. 466. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780134604657" title="Special:BookSources/9780134604657"><bdi>9780134604657</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elementary+Surveying%3A+An+introduction+to+Geomantics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=466&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780134604657&rft.aulast=Ghilani&rft.aufirst=Charles+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScale+ruler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench1918" class="citation book cs1">French, Thomas E. (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6R5DAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3"><i>A Manual of Engineering Drawing for Students and Draftsmen</i></a> (2nd ed.). New York: McGraww-Hill. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Manual+of+Engineering+Drawing+for+Students+and+Draftsmen&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=9&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McGraww-Hill&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6R5DAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AScale+ruler" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scale_ruler&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaadrafting.com/drafting-tools-techniques/engineeringscales.html">Engineering and Architectural 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