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searchaux" style="display:none">Kansa-Osage-French interpreters</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_James.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Joseph_James.jpg/200px-Joseph_James.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Joseph_James.jpg/300px-Joseph_James.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Joseph_James.jpg/400px-Joseph_James.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="785" /></a><figcaption>Joseph James Jr. in 1867. Photo by <a href="/wiki/Indian_Agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Agent">Indian Agent</a> <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Warner_Farnsworth" title="Hiram Warner Farnsworth">Hiram Warner Farnsworth</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Joseph James</b> and <b>Joseph James Jr.</b> were two men of <a href="/wiki/Kansa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansa people">Kansa</a>-<a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a>-<a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French</a> descent who became interpreters and guides on the <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> frontier in the 19th century. European Americans often referred to either man as "Joe Jim" or "Jojim". Both were prominent on the frontier as intermediaries between white and <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Americans of the United States">Native American</a> (Indian) cultures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Joe_Jim">Joe Jim</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_James_and_Joseph_James_Jr.&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Joe Jim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Joe Jim Sr. was probably born in the 1790s at the <a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a> town in <a href="/wiki/Vernon_County,_Missouri" title="Vernon County, Missouri">Vernon County, Missouri</a>. He was probably the son of a <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> trader and an Osage woman. By about 1815, Joe Jim was living among the <a href="/wiki/Kaw_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaw (tribe)">Kaw</a> tribe along the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_River" title="Kansas River">Kansas River</a> in what would become the state of <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>. Joe Jim married Wyhesee (b. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1802), a daughter of Kaw chieftain <a href="/wiki/White_Plume" title="White Plume">White Plume</a>. He became an important member of the tribe. Joe Jim was a signatory to an 1825 treaty ceding Kaw land to the United States government, under the name of Ky-he-ga-shin-ga (Little Chief).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fluent in Kaw (<a href="/wiki/Kanza_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanza language">Kanza</a>) and Osage (nearly identical with Kaw), and later French and English, he became an interpreter for the U.S. government about 1829. In 1830, he served as a guide for a surveying expedition to western Kansas by missionary <a href="/wiki/Isaac_McCoy" title="Isaac McCoy">Isaac McCoy</a>. McCoy, critical of most of his associates, praised Joe Jim.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last record of Joe Jim is 1837, when he was still employed by the U.S. government as an interpreter.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (A Joseph James is listed in the 1843 census of the Kaw, but whether this refers to Joe Jim Sr. or Joe Jim Jr. is unclear.)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Joe_Jim_Jr.">Joe Jim Jr.</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_James_and_Joseph_James_Jr.&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Joe Jim Jr."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Joe Jim Jr. was born about 1820 and his place of birth was given as "Big Bottom", a place along the Kansas River. (Joe Jim Jr.'s birth date on his tombstone is given as 1814, but that date is inconsistent with other statements concerning his age.) Of Kaw/Osage and French descent, he likely grew up speaking Kaw, Osage, French and later English. Like many on the frontier, he was apparently illiterate. </p><p>In 1846 and 1847, during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>, together with Peter Revard, a mixed-blood Osage, Joe Jim drove a herd of cattle from Kansas to New Mexico to feed American soldiers. He worked as a teamster during a United States military campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo</a>. While returning to Kansas in a wagon train, he survived a <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a> attack that resulted in the deaths of two American soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1850s, Joe Jim had an arm amputated due to "poisoning", which ended his active life. He became an interpreter for the U.S. government in 1858, and thereafter was a principal point of contact between Whites and the Kaw tribe. He lived in both worlds but was not accepted fully in either. </p><p> One of the US Indian agents for whom Joe Jim worked was <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Warner_Farnsworth" title="Hiram Warner Farnsworth">Hiram Warner Farnsworth</a>. In 1859, James served as an informant for pioneering ethnologist <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Henry_Morgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Henry Morgan">Lewis Henry Morgan</a>. Morgan said of him: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He is half French and half Kaw [Joe Jim was one-fourth or less French and three-fourths Kaw and Osage], and bright and intelligent. … He is married to a <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a> woman, and lives in a good log house on the bank of the beautiful Kansas River. He has a second house in which the cooking and eating is done. I took dinner with them and it was very good.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Joe Jim had married Margaret Curley, a full-blooded <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a>. Like many other tribes in the 1830s, the Potawatomi had been removed by the US from east of the Mississippi River. The U.S. military forced them to move to Kansas from the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> valley. </p><p>Joe Jim has been credited with naming <a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">Topeka, Kansas</a>. Asked by White settlers what the name of the place was, he answered, "Topeka", stating that its Native American name meant "a good place to grow potatoes". This was probably in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Prairie_turnip" class="mw-redirect" title="Prairie turnip">prairie turnip</a>, cultivated by the Kaw and Osage, rather than the common <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a> known to European Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1867, Joe Jim accompanied a Kaw delegation headed by Chief Al-le-ga-wa-ho to Washington. The Kaw were declining rapidly as a tribe, and losing their lands to White settlers. They sought a new reservation free of white squatters in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>). </p><p>Joe Jim was involved in one of the most colorful and public Indian battles in the West. On June 1, 1868, about 100 <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a> warriors descended upon the Kaw reservation near <a href="/wiki/Council_Grove,_Kansas" title="Council Grove, Kansas">Council Grove, Kansas</a>. The Kaw men sallied forth to meet them, and for four hours, the tribes staged a military pageant described as a "battle royal". When the Cheyenne retired from the field, they took a few stolen horses and a peace offering of coffee and sugar donated by the merchants of Council Grove. Nobody was seriously hurt on either side. </p><p>During the battle, Joe Jim galloped 60 miles (97 km) on horseback to Topeka to inform the governor that the enemy Cheyenne were attacking and to request assistance. With him on the ride was an eight-year-old nephew called "Indian Charley". This was <a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a>, who later was elected as a Congressman and as Vice President of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 4, 1873, the Kaw, diminished to 500 people by disease, alcoholism, and warfare, from their earlier population of 1,500, packed their possessions and left for a new reservation in what became <a href="/wiki/Kay_County,_Oklahoma" title="Kay County, Oklahoma">Kay County, Oklahoma</a>. Their numbers continued to decline, reaching a low of about 200 in 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Joe Jim and his wife Margaret established a homestead on the east bank of the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas River</a> just south of the border with Kansas. He died September 21, 1898, the oldest of the Kaw. He was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Washunga,_Oklahoma" title="Washunga, Oklahoma">Washunga</a> cemetery, since relocated to <a href="/wiki/Newkirk,_Oklahoma" title="Newkirk, Oklahoma">Newkirk, Oklahoma</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_James_and_Joseph_James_Jr.&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unrau, William E. <i>Mixed-Bloods and Tribal Dissolution: Charles Curtis and the Quest for Indian Identity</i>. Lawrence, KS: U of KS Press, 1989, pp. 30-32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Journal of Isaac McCoy for the Expedition of 1830." Kansas Collection. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.kancoll.org/khq/1936/36_4_barnes.htm">http://www.kancoll.org/khq/1936/36_4_barnes.htm</a>, accessed Aug 10, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Archives, Record Group 75, M-234, Microfilm roll 301, document number 0053</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barry, Louise. "The Kansa Indians and the Census of 1843." <i>Kansas Historical Quarterly.</i> Vol. 56, Winter 1973, p. 483. Another Kaw Indian was also named Joseph James. He died during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. His relationship to Joe Jim and Joe Jim Jr. is unknown.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen M. Colville Collection, <i>Kansas State Historical Society</i>; Military and Pension Records of Joseph James, National Archives of the United States. Another Kaw Indian named Joseph James served in the Union Army during the Civil War and died in 1863. He was possibly a relative of Joe Jim.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morgan, Lewis Henry, <i>The Indian Journals: 1859-1862</i>. Ann Arbor: U of MI Press, 1959, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Connelley, William E., "Origin of the Name of Topeka". <i>Collections of the Kansas State Historical Society</i>, Vol. 27, pp.589–593</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unrau, pp. 72-75; Crawford, Samuel J. <i>Kansas in the Sixties</i>. Chicago: A. J. McClurg, 1911, p, 289</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unrau, 104; Kaw Census, National Archives</span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_James_and_Joseph_James_Jr.&oldid=1244397197">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_James_and_Joseph_James_Jr.&oldid=1244397197</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Native_American_leaders" title="Category:Native American leaders">Native American leaders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kaw_people" title="Category:Kaw people">Kaw people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Osage_people" title="Category:Osage people">Osage people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_frontier" title="Category:American frontier">American frontier</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_American_Old_West" title="Category:People of the American Old West">People of the American Old West</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_explorers_of_the_Americas" title="Category:Indigenous explorers of the Americas">Indigenous explorers of the Americas</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 September 2024, at 21:09<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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