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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_law" title="Energy law">Energy law</a></div> <p><b>United States energy law</b> is a function of the federal government, states, and local governments. At the federal level, it is regulated extensively through the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a>. Every state, the federal government, and the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a> collect some <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">motor vehicle</a> <a href="/wiki/Excise_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Excise tax">excise taxes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MVET_Rates_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MVET_Rates-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, these are excise taxes on <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel fuel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gasohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasohol">gasohol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MVET_Rates_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MVET_Rates-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many western states rely a great deal on <a href="/wiki/Severance_tax" title="Severance tax">severance taxes</a> on oil, gas, and mineral production for revenue, most states get a relatively small amount of their revenue from such sources.<sup id="cite_ref-taxdis_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taxdis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The practice of energy law has been the domain of <a href="/wiki/Law_firm" title="Law firm">law firms</a> working on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Utility" title="Utility">utility</a> companies, rather than <a href="/wiki/Legal_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal scholar">legal scholars</a> or other legal actors (such as private lawyers and <a href="/wiki/Paralegal" title="Paralegal">paralegals</a>), especially in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, but this is changing. Some officials from energy agencies may take jobs in the utilities or other companies they regulate, such as the former <a href="/wiki/FERC" class="mw-redirect" title="FERC">FERC</a> chairman did in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a> (ABA) has a <i>Section of Environment, Energy, and Resources</i>, which is a "forum for lawyers working in areas related to <a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">environmental law</a>, natural resources law, and energy law."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Section houses several substantive committees on environmental and energy law that release current information on topics of interest to practitioners and news of committee activities.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ABA recognized 'environmental and energy law' as one of the practice areas where legal work may be found in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>' <a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">oil production peaked</a> in February 2020, at about 18,826,000 barrels per day.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_law">Common law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_energy_law&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Common law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>, persons who owned <a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">real property</a> owned "<a href="/wiki/Cuius_est_solum_eius_est_usque_ad_coelum_et_ad_inferos" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuius est solum eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos">from the depths to the heavens</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Merrill_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merrill-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a> traditionally has included all rights to water, oil, gas, and other minerals underground.<sup id="cite_ref-Merrill_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merrill-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> has held that as far as <a href="/wiki/Air_rights" title="Air rights">air rights</a>, "this doctrine has no place in the modern world,"<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it remains as a source of law to this day, or "fundamental to property rights in land."<sup id="cite_ref-Merrill_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merrill-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Easement" title="Easement">easement</a> or <a href="/wiki/License" title="License">license</a> to drill for oil, gas, or minerals generally runs with the <a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">land</a>, and thus is an <a href="/wiki/Appurtenant_easement" class="mw-redirect" title="Appurtenant easement">appurtenant easement</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, a utility easement generally runs with the owner of the <a href="/wiki/Easement" title="Easement">easement</a>, rather than running with the land, and as such, is an example of an <a href="/wiki/Easement#Easement_in_gross" title="Easement">easement in gross</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The West digest system, used in <a href="/wiki/WestLaw" class="mw-redirect" title="WestLaw">WestLaw</a>, has allocated several topics in energy law: </p> <ul><li>114 – Customs duties</li> <li>145 – Electricity</li> <li>190 – Gas</li> <li>371 – Taxation.</li></ul> <p>There are many library research resources available about American oil and gas law.<sup id="cite_ref-Cooley_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooley-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federal_laws">Federal laws</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_energy_law&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Federal laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy#Related_legislation" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy § Related legislation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_legislation" title="List of United States federal legislation">List of United States federal legislation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">Energy Information Administration</a></div> <p>Previous to the 1920s, the role of the federal government in energy was restricted to the disposition of oil, gas, and coal on federal lands. The <a href="/wiki/Mineral_Leasing_Act_of_1920" title="Mineral Leasing Act of 1920">Mineral Leasing Act of 1920</a> <a href="/wiki/Title_30_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 30 of the United States Code">30 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/30/181">§ 181</a> et seq. is the major federal law that authorizes and governs <a href="/wiki/Lease" title="Lease">leasing</a> of <a href="/wiki/Public_land" title="Public land">public lands</a> for developing deposits of <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocarbons">hydrocarbons</a> and other minerals. Previous to the act, these materials were subject to mining claims under the <a href="/wiki/General_Mining_Act_of_1872" title="General Mining Act of 1872">General Mining Act of 1872</a>. In <i><a href="/wiki/BP_America_Production_Co._v._Burton" title="BP America Production Co. v. Burton">BP America Production Co. v. Burton</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Case_citation" title="Case citation">549 U.S. 84</a> (2006), the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> held that a <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_limitations" title="Statute of limitations">statute of limitations</a> does not apply to government <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">actions</a> for <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contract</a> claims for an agency to recover royalties on such leases. </p><p>Concerned that a predicted imminent shortage of petroleum would not leave enough fuel for naval vessels, President William Howard Taft established the first Naval Petroleum Reserve by withdrawing federal land over the <a href="/wiki/Elk_Hills_Oil_Field" title="Elk Hills Oil Field">Elk Hills Oil Field</a> in California from being claimed and drilled by private companies. A number of additional Naval Petroleum Reserves and Naval Oil Shale Reserves were established by Taft and his successor, Woodrow Wilson. </p><p>Until the 1920s, "the federal government did not play an active role in the energy industries," sometimes explained as due to "the widespread belief in the unlimited supply of energy."<sup id="cite_ref-cornell_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cornell-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first US law was the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Power_Act" title="Federal Power Act">Federal Power Act of 1920</a> (later amended in 1935 and 1986).<sup id="cite_ref-cornell_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cornell-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> of the 1940s "initiated the era of nuclear regulation."<sup id="cite_ref-cornell_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cornell-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1946, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Act_of_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Atomic Energy Act of 1946">Atomic Energy Act</a> was passed.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Price-Anderson_Nuclear_Industries_Indemnity_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Price-Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act">Price-Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act</a> was first enacted in 1957, and has been renewed periodically, which governs a <a href="/wiki/No-fault_insurance" title="No-fault insurance">no-fault insurance</a> regime for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear accident">nuclear accidents</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statute was upheld as constitutional in <i><a href="/wiki/Duke_Power_Co._v._Carolina_Environmental_Study_Group" title="Duke Power Co. v. Carolina Environmental Study Group">Duke Power Co. v. Carolina Environmental Study Group</a></i>, 438 U.S. 59 (1978).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Department of Energy and its constituent <a href="/wiki/Federal_Energy_Regulatory_Commission" title="Federal Energy Regulatory Commission">Federal Energy Regulatory Commission</a> (FERC) were created in 1977,<sup id="cite_ref-cornell_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cornell-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Energy_Organization_Act" title="Department of Energy Organization Act">Department of Energy Organization Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stated purposes of these "federal energy laws and regulations is to provide affordable energy by sustaining competitive markets, while protecting the economic, environmental, and security interests of the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-cornell_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cornell-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission" title="Nuclear Regulatory Commission">Nuclear Regulatory Commission</a> (NRC) regulates the use of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> and its uses as a <a href="/wiki/Atom_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom bomb">defense weaponry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cornell_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cornell-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other statutes are the <a href="/wiki/Public_Utility_Regulatory_Policies_Act" title="Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act">Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Security_Act" title="Energy Security Act">Energy Security Act</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Price-Anderson_Nuclear_Industries_Indemnity_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Price-Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act">Price-Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_1992" title="Energy Policy Act of 1992">Energy Policy Act of 1992</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these laws are codified at <a href="/wiki/U.S._Code" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Code">U.S. Code</a>, Title 16, Chapter 12 – Federal regulation and development of power. The <a href="/wiki/Commodity_Futures_Modernization_Act_of_2000" title="Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000">Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000</a> also affects energy trading companies. The <a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1973" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1973">Oil Pollution Act of 1973</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1990" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1990">Oil Pollution Act of 1990</a> affect the transportation of oil on the <a href="/wiki/High_seas" class="mw-redirect" title="High seas">high seas</a>. </p><p>As of January 1, 2008, the federal excise tax was 18.3 <a href="/wiki/Cent_(currency)" title="Cent (currency)">cents</a> per <a href="/wiki/Gallon" title="Gallon">gallon</a> on gasoline, 24.3 cents per gallon on diesel, and 13 cents per gallon on <a href="/wiki/Gasohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Gasohol">gasohol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MVET_Rates_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MVET_Rates-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_Policy_Act_of_2005">Energy Policy Act of 2005</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_energy_law&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Energy Policy Act of 2005"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_2005" title="Energy Policy Act of 2005">Energy Policy Act of 2005</a></div> <p>The most recent major law is the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_2005" title="Energy Policy Act of 2005">Energy Policy Act of 2005</a>, an attempt to combat growing energy problems, which changed the <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">energy policy of the United States</a> by providing tax incentives and loan guarantees for energy production of various types. <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were various <a href="/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_2005#Criticism" title="Energy Policy Act of 2005">criticisms</a> of the Act.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most controversial <a href="/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_2005#Change_to_daylight_saving_time" title="Energy Policy Act of 2005">provisions of that Act</a> was to change <a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">daylight saving time</a> by four to five weeks, depending upon the year;<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some scholars have questioned whether daylight saving results in a net energy savings.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also directs a study for the development of <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tar_sands" class="mw-redirect" title="Tar sands">tar sands</a> resources on public lands especially in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-anl_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anl-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act further sets Federal reliability standards regulating the electrical grid (done in response to the <a href="/wiki/2003_North_America_blackout" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 North America blackout">Blackout of 2003</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also criticism of what was <i>not</i> included: the bill did not include provisions for drilling in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Arctic National Wildlife Refuge">Arctic National Wildlife Refuge</a> (ANWR) even though some Republicans claim "access to the abundant <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">oil reserves</a> in ANWR would strengthen America's energy independence without harming the environment."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a number of <a href="/wiki/Tax_credit" title="Tax credit">tax credits</a> in the Act, including the <a href="/wiki/Nonbusiness_Energy_Property_Tax_Credit" title="Nonbusiness Energy Property Tax Credit">Nonbusiness Energy Property Tax Credit</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developments_2007_to_present">Developments 2007 to present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_energy_law&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Developments 2007 to present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubbert_Upper-Bound_Peak_1956.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hubbert_Upper-Bound_Peak_1956.png/220px-Hubbert_Upper-Bound_Peak_1956.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hubbert_Upper-Bound_Peak_1956.png/330px-Hubbert_Upper-Bound_Peak_1956.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hubbert_Upper-Bound_Peak_1956.png/440px-Hubbert_Upper-Bound_Peak_1956.png 2x" data-file-width="1950" data-file-height="1425" /></a><figcaption>Hubbert's upper-bound prediction for US crude oil production (1956), and actual lower-48 states production through 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>Two federal laws passed in 2007 were the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Independence_and_Security_Act_of_2007" title="Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007">Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Energy_Security_Act_of_2007" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Energy Security Act of 2007">Food and Energy Security Act of 2007</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The <a href="/wiki/Auto_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto industry">auto industry</a> said federal regulators are pushing too far, too fast in their effort to raise fuel-mileage rules. The complaints from the industry, which had previously voiced support for tougher standards, underscore how economic hardship is affecting a major policy debate.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>The Wall Street Journal</i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biomass_Research_and_Development_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biomass Research and Development Board (page does not exist)">Biomass Research and Development Board</a> was expected to release a report in late 2008 about <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> as fuel. </p><p>In August 2008, it was revealed that oil speculators had increased the <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(finance)" title="Volatility (finance)">volatility</a> of the price of oil; Congressman <a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">John Dingell</a> criticized the <a href="/wiki/Commodity_Futures_Trading_Commission" title="Commodity Futures Trading Commission">Commodity Futures Trading Commission</a> for failing to scrutinize oil futures traders, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> company <a href="/wiki/Vitol" title="Vitol">Vitol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 22, 2008, Obama proposed the repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Enron_loophole" title="Enron loophole">Enron loophole</a> as a means to curb <a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">speculation</a> on skyrocketing oil prices.<sup id="cite_ref-AP_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2008, as the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> approached victory in the 2008 elections, they remained divided on <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy" title="Energy policy">energy policy</a>, thus a consensus was not expected in energy law.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s first <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Steven Chu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Office_of_the_President-Elect_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Office_of_the_President-Elect-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had no prior expertise in law. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Department of Energy</a> (DOE) will, by administrative measures, reduce the <a href="/wiki/Hanford_nuclear_reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanford nuclear reservation">Hanford nuclear reservation</a> (originally 586 square miles) to 10 square miles.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanford_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanford-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the remaining area will go to the 300-square-mile (780 km<sup>2</sup>) <a href="/wiki/Hanford_Reach_National_Monument" title="Hanford Reach National Monument">Hanford Reach National Monument</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanford_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanford-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2009, Secretary Chu announced a new program, Arpa-e, which will fund grants authorized under the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "Energy Credit for Qualified Fuel Cell Property and Qualified Microturbine Property" was created in 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it appears to have expired as of 2013. </p><p>Individual taxpayers may claim several energy credits to reduce their federal <a href="/wiki/Income_taxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Income taxes">income taxes</a>, if they file the Long <a href="/wiki/Form_1040" title="Form 1040">Form 1040</a> along with Form 5695 attached. These include the "Resident energy efficient property tax credit", and starting in the 2012 tax year, a "nonbusiness energy property credit".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these provisions were extended by ARRA (see below) and by later bills.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_energy_law&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alternative_Energies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Alternative_Energies.jpg/250px-Alternative_Energies.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Alternative_Energies.jpg/375px-Alternative_Energies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Alternative_Energies.jpg/500px-Alternative_Energies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2982" data-file-height="1942" /></a><figcaption>Loans and investments into green energy technology is a significant part of ARRA</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a></div> <p>As part of the $787 billion stimulus package or "ARRA" (technically the <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-ARRA_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARRA-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_signs_American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009_on_February_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Barack_Obama_signs_American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009_on_February_17.jpg/294px-Barack_Obama_signs_American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009_on_February_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="294" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Barack_Obama_signs_American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009_on_February_17.jpg/441px-Barack_Obama_signs_American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009_on_February_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Barack_Obama_signs_American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009_on_February_17.jpg/588px-Barack_Obama_signs_American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009_on_February_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>U.S. President Barack Obama signs the ARRA into law on February 17, 2009, in <a href="/wiki/Denver,_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Denver, Colorado">Denver, Colorado</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> stands behind him.</figcaption></figure> <p>US law now allows rebates for energy efficient products and for <a href="/wiki/Weatherization" title="Weatherization">weatherization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Consumers_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Consumers-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Energy law and policy are significantly affected by this new law.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_seal_of_the_American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Official_seal_of_the_American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009.svg/91px-Official_seal_of_the_American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009.svg.png" decoding="async" width="91" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Official_seal_of_the_American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009.svg/137px-Official_seal_of_the_American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Official_seal_of_the_American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009.svg/182px-Official_seal_of_the_American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption>Official seal of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_laws">State laws</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_energy_law&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: State laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The states affect energy in numerous ways, including taxes, land use controls, regulation of energy utilities, and <a href="/wiki/Energy_subsidies" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy subsidies">energy subsidies</a>. States may establish environmental standards stricter than those set by the federal government. <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_regulations_in_the_United_States" title="Fossil fuel regulations in the United States">Regulation of oil and gas production</a>, particularly on non-federal land, is largely left up to the states. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alaska_law">Alaska law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_energy_law&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Alaska law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alaska#Energy" title="Alaska">Alaska § Energy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alaska_Crude_Oil_Production.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Alaska_Crude_Oil_Production.PNG/220px-Alaska_Crude_Oil_Production.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Alaska_Crude_Oil_Production.PNG/330px-Alaska_Crude_Oil_Production.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Alaska_Crude_Oil_Production.PNG/440px-Alaska_Crude_Oil_Production.PNG 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>Alaska oil production peaked in 1988 and has declined 65% since</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> has vast energy resources: </p> <ul><li>Major oil and gas reserves are found in the <a href="/wiki/Prudhoe_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Prudhoe Bay">Prudhoe Bay</a> area of the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_North_Slope" title="Alaska North Slope">Alaska North Slope</a> (ANS) and <a href="/wiki/Cook_Inlet" title="Cook Inlet">Cook Inlet</a> basins. According to the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">Energy Information Administration</a>, Alaska ranks second in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">nation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil production">crude oil production</a>, accounting for 1/5 (20%) of United States oil production, Prudhoe Bay alone accounting for 8% of the United States domestic oil production.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Trans-Alaska_Pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Alaska Pipeline">Trans-Alaska Pipeline</a> pumps up to 2.1 million barrels (330,000 m<sup>3</sup>) of crude oil per day, more than any other crude oil pipeline in the United States.</li> <li>Substantial coal deposits are found in Alaska's bituminous, sub-bituminous, and lignite coal basins. The United States Geological Survey estimates that there are 85.4 trillion cubic feet (2,420 km<sup>3</sup>) of undiscovered, technically recoverable gas from natural gas hydrates on the Alaskan North Slope.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Alaska also offers some of the highest <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power">hydroelectric power</a> potential in the country from its numerous rivers, and large swaths of the Alaskan coastline offer wind and geothermal energy potential as well.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2001, the state's Energy Plan stated that, although <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power">hydroelectric power</a> are abundant, with <a href="/wiki/Single-wire_earth_return#Use_in_interties" title="Single-wire earth return">low-cost electric interties</a> they were judged uneconomical.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Likewise, Alaska receives a large proportion of its state revenues from its <a href="/wiki/Severance_tax" title="Severance tax">severance tax</a> on oil: a full 68% of all revenue, much more than any state (only <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> coming close).<sup id="cite_ref-taxdis_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taxdis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its dependence on <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> revenues and federal subsidies allows it to have the lowest individual tax burden in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state created the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Permanent_Fund" title="Alaska Permanent Fund">Alaska Permanent Fund</a> from this "golden egg", which is owned and managed by the state, and "created by a constitutional amendment":<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In November 1976, Alaskans voted to amend their state constitution to create the Permanent Fund. The state constitution and supporting statutes set out the Fund's purpose and how it works.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Alaska Permanent Fund<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The constitutional provisions are found at Alaska Constitution Article IX, Section 15.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statutes regulate how the Fund is to be invested,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as how the <a href="/wiki/Income" title="Income">income</a> is to be disbursed.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regulations state additional details regarding control of the Fund.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The federal government runs the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natural_Gas_Transportation_Projects" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaska Natural Gas Transportation Projects">Alaska Natural Gas Transportation Projects</a>, which are new pipelines, and its "Federal Coordinator" (director) is <a href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent" title="Advice and consent">nominated with advice and consent of the Senate</a> by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USA_Alaska_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA_Alaska-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drue_Pearce_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drue_Pearce-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Drue_Pearce" title="Drue Pearce">Drue Pearce</a> was the first director; she was nominated by <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and served from December 13, 2006, through January 3, 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-USA_Alaska_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA_Alaska-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drue_Pearce_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drue_Pearce-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Larry_Persilly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Larry Persilly (page does not exist)">Larry Persilly</a> is the current coordinator; he was nominated by <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> on December 9, 2009, and was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 10, 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Larry_Persily_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larry_Persily-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="California_law">California law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_energy_law&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: California law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/California_Energy_Code" title="California Energy Code">California Energy Code</a></div> <p>The most populous state in the United States, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> has gone through a series of <a href="/wiki/California_Energy_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="California Energy crisis">energy crises</a>, and has reacted with several laws concerning energy. The <a href="/wiki/California_Energy_Code" title="California Energy Code">California Energy Code</a>, or Title 24 of the <a href="/wiki/California_Code_of_Regulations" title="California Code of Regulations">California Code of Regulations</a>, also titled "The Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential and Nonresidential Buildings", were established in 1978 in response to a legislative mandate to reduce California's <a href="/wiki/Domestic_energy_consumption" title="Domestic energy consumption">energy consumption</a>. The standards are updated periodically to allow consideration and possible incorporation of new <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a> technologies and methods, such as the <a href="/wiki/Programmable_communicating_thermostat" title="Programmable communicating thermostat">programmable communicating thermostat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>California assesses an excise tax with the same basic rate of 18 cents per gallon on gasoline, diesel fuel, and gasohol.<sup id="cite_ref-MVET_Rates_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MVET_Rates-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state collects a relatively small 6.6 percent of its revenue from extraction and related taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-taxdis_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taxdis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 5, 2024, California voters will decide on a ballot proposal about energy law, <a href="/wiki/2024_California_Proposition_4" title="2024 California Proposition 4">2024 California Proposition 4</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Mexico_law">New Mexico law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_energy_law&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: New Mexico law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico#Law_&_government" title="New Mexico">New Mexico § Law & government</a></div> <p>As a major energy producer, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> has government offices related to energy, including the Energy Conservation and Management Division,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is part of the state's Energy, Minerals and Natural Resources Department.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of the major laws impacting energy are available from the Division's website.<sup id="cite_ref-NMLaws_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMLaws-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include links to all of the state's <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statutes</a> and related government websites, federal and state <a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">regulations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive order (United States)">executive orders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NMLaws_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMLaws-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining_in_New_Mexico" title="Uranium mining in New Mexico">Uranium mining in New Mexico</a> had been significant from about 1950 until 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several oil and gas companies developed <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> ore mines in New Mexico during that period.<sup id="cite_ref-time1957_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time1957-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2007, at least one company was evaluating development by <a href="/wiki/In-situ_leaching" class="mw-redirect" title="In-situ leaching">in-situ leaching</a>; there are potentially large deposits of <a href="/wiki/Coffinite" title="Coffinite">coffinite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uranium_oxide" title="Uranium oxide">uranium oxide</a> ores available in New Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New Mexico has enacted a number of new laws related to energy, including to create a New Mexico Renewable Energy Transmission Authority and to increase its renewable portfolio standards.<sup id="cite_ref-NMLaws_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMLaws-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one law firm's summary of President Obama's Economic Recovery Package, the state stands to gain much from the new administration, because "New Mexico leaders and laboratories are at the forefront of energy policy."<sup id="cite_ref-summary_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-summary-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, former <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico_Law_School" class="mw-redirect" title="University of New Mexico Law School">University of New Mexico Law School</a> professor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suedeen_G._Kelly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suedeen G. Kelly (page does not exist)">Suedeen G. Kelly</a> was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Energy_Regulatory_Commission" title="Federal Energy Regulatory Commission">Federal Energy Regulatory Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-summary_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-summary-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state collects an effective rate of 18.875 cent per gallon tax on gasoline and gasohol, and 22.875 cents per gallon on diesel.<sup id="cite_ref-MVET_Rates_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MVET_Rates-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like many western states, it collects significant revenue from extraction taxes—20.9 percent of its overall sources.<sup id="cite_ref-taxdis_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taxdis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city of <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque" class="mw-redirect" title="Albuquerque">Albuquerque</a> passed an <a href="/wiki/Local_ordinance" title="Local ordinance">ordinance</a> to regulate "efficiency standards for heating and cooling equipment," which was struck down by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._District_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. District Court">U.S. District Court</a> as violating the <a href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The town board of <a href="/wiki/Taos,_New_Mexico" title="Taos, New Mexico">Taos</a> passed a "strict new new building code" in 2009 that mandated energy savings: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The ordinance ... mandates that residential construction meet <a href="/wiki/Home_energy_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Home energy rating">Home Energy Rating System</a> standards that gradually phase in starting this year, and commercial construction must meet <a href="/wiki/Leadership_In_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership In Energy and Environmental Design">Leadership In Energy and Environmental Design</a> certified standards beginning this year.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>AP</i> report, March 4, 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The town debated the proposed Ordinance 08-16, High Performance Building Ordinance, starting in October 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> postponed it for legal review,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> debated it in February 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and passed it in March 2009. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Gas_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="New Mexico Gas Company">New Mexico Gas Company</a> offers an Energy Star Home Rebate.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2009, Governor <a href="/wiki/Bill_Richardson" title="Bill Richardson">Bill Richardson</a> announced 21 grants for energy projects that were being funded by $8 million in <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">ARRA</a> funds.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_York_law">New York law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_energy_law&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: New York law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_York_energy_law" title="New York energy law">New York energy law</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> has an Energy Law.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under New York law, "energy" and "energy resources" are defined as: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Energy" means work or heat that is, or may be, produced from any fuel or source whatsoever. ... "Energy resources" shall mean any force or material which yields or has the potential to yield energy, including but not limited to electrical, fossil, geothermal, wind, hydro, solid waste, tidal, wood, solar and nuclear sources.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>N.Y. Energy Law § 1-103 (5) and (6).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The chief regulator is the "<a href="/wiki/Commissioner" title="Commissioner">Commissioner</a>" or "president" of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Energy_Research_and_Development_Authority" title="New York State Energy Research and Development Authority">New York State Energy Research and Development Authority</a> (also called NYSERDA).<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyserda_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyserda-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a> of NYSERDA includes—as a <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">matter of law</a>—several utility insiders, as well as <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_officio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex officio">ex officio</a></i> commissioners.<sup id="cite_ref-nyserda_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyserda-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vincent DeIorio, a lawyer, is chairman of the board,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Francis J. Murray Jr. is president and <a href="/wiki/CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEO</a>. NYSERDA was created as a <a href="/wiki/New_York_state_public-benefit_corporations" title="New York state public-benefit corporations">public benefit corporation</a> under NY law.<sup id="cite_ref-PBA_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBA-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pdf_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdf-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New York's other regulatory bodies and entities include the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Public_Service_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Public Service Commission">New York State Public Service Commission</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Health" title="New York State Department of Health">New York State Department of Health</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Power_Authority" title="New York Power Authority">New York Power Authority</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Power_Authority" title="Long Island Power Authority">Long Island Power Authority</a>. </p><p>In addition to Energy Law, the state has a variety of laws regulating and taxing energy, and its courts have issued significant case law concerning energy taxes. Two trial court cases in 2012 allowed local zoning law to pre-empt state law by effectively banning <a href="/wiki/Hydrofracking" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrofracking">hydrofracking</a>, but this is being appealed.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under New York law, both the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Attorney General">New York Attorney General</a> or a <a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">district attorney</a> may prosecute alleged polluters who make <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spills</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state has enacted a number of recent laws to control <a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon emission">carbon emissions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state collects an effective rate of 24.4 cent per gallon tax on gasoline and gasohol, and 22.65 cents per gallon on diesel.<sup id="cite_ref-MVET_Rates_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MVET_Rates-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New York collects one of the smallest amounts of revenue from extraction taxes of any state—only 5.8 percent of its overall sources.<sup id="cite_ref-taxdis_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taxdis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texas_law">Texas law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_energy_law&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Texas law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Railroad_Commission_of_Texas" title="Railroad Commission of Texas">Railroad Commission of Texas</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_Oil_Production_1935-2012.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Texas_Oil_Production_1935-2012.png/150px-Texas_Oil_Production_1935-2012.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Texas_Oil_Production_1935-2012.png/225px-Texas_Oil_Production_1935-2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Texas_Oil_Production_1935-2012.png/300px-Texas_Oil_Production_1935-2012.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1375" /></a><figcaption>Texas oil production curve</figcaption></figure> <p>Oil, gas, and other energy resources are regulated by the powerful <a href="/wiki/Railroad_Commission_of_Texas" title="Railroad Commission of Texas">Texas Railroad Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the oldest regulatory agency in Texas, having been created in 1891.<sup id="cite_ref-about_RRC_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about_RRC-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It "oversee[s] the Texas oil and gas industry, gas utilities, pipeline safety, safety in the <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">liquefied petroleum gas</a> industry, and the surface mining of coal."<sup id="cite_ref-about_RRC_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about_RRC-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i>Forbes</i>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston" title="University of Houston">University of Houston</a> has an "exceptional" energy policy and law program.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vermont_law">Vermont law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_energy_law&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Vermont law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Act_250_(Vermont_law)" title="Act 250 (Vermont law)">Act 250 (Vermont law)</a></div> <p>The state of <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, like other states, has a comprehensive statutory scheme governing energy generation and transmission issues, colloquially referred to as "Section 248." The reference is to 30 V.S.A. Sec. 248, which is administered by Vermont's Public Service Board, a quasi-judicial board with three members. Section 248 is not to be confused with Vermont's comprehensive law governing land development and subdivision – Act 250.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state has an independent energy distributor, the <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Electric_Cooperative" title="Vermont Electric Cooperative">Vermont Electric Cooperative</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wyoming_law">Wyoming law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_energy_law&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Wyoming law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> is the top <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> producer of the 50 states in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, has significant oil and gas reserves, and its government and laws reflect an interest in energy production, especially <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UWyo_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UWyo-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> Oil and Gas Conservation Commission regulates many aspects of oil, coal, and gas development in this resource-rich state.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is an annual state Gas Fair.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wyoming" title="University of Wyoming">University of Wyoming</a> is well known for its research on energy development.<sup id="cite_ref-UWyo_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UWyo-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The university sponsored a symposium on <a href="/wiki/Coal_gasification" title="Coal gasification">coal gasification</a> in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wyoming assesses an excise tax with the same rate of 14 cents per gallon on gasoline, diesel fuel, and gasohol.<sup id="cite_ref-MVET_Rates_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MVET_Rates-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state collects the largest percentage—46 percent of its revenue—from extraction and related taxes, the second highest of the states, surpassed only by Alaska.<sup id="cite_ref-taxdis_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taxdis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Governing_(magazine)" title="Governing (magazine)">Governing</a></i> has noted that starting in 2000, many observers have viewed the state's "overreliance on minerals taxes" to be "fiscally unhealthy", but it was rescued by the oil, gas, and coal boom; there remains a political wariness about imposing an <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a>, yet in 2012 the state imposed a tax on <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_state_laws">Other state laws</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_energy_law&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other state laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Guam" title="Energy in Guam">Energy in Guam</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> have instituted utility fees to finance planned <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> passed in 2009 a law "that allows the state's finance authority to negotiate long-term contracts to buy and sell synthetic natural gas from a planned southern Indiana coal-<a href="/wiki/Gasification" title="Gasification">gasification</a> plant."<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Deval_Patrick" title="Deval Patrick">Deval Patrick</a> successfully pushed for "clean energy initiatives" in the 2008 legislative session, calling it "one of the most productive in a long, long time."<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> passed in 2008 an energy law, signed by Governor <a href="/wiki/John_H._Lynch" class="mw-redirect" title="John H. Lynch">John Lynch</a>, which "provides guidelines for residential wind energy systems ... such as height, noise, setbacks and aesthetics and outlines a process for input from neighbors."<sup id="cite_ref-UNH_Student_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNH_Student-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was found necessary because a <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Hampshire" title="University of New Hampshire">University of New Hampshire</a> student, Laura Carpenter, found that "most communities had no ordinances or zoning rules that specifically address small residential wind turbines."<sup id="cite_ref-UNH_Student_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNH_Student-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> requires utilities to meet regulatory goals for conservation.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> has established an Energy Efficiency Center, one of 31 <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Assessment_Center" title="Industrial Assessment Center">Industrial Assessment Centers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_energy_law&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_usage_of_the_United_States_military" title="Energy usage of the United States military">Energy usage of the United States military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethanol research">Ethanol research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Energy_Regulatory_Commission" title="Federal Energy Regulatory Commission">Federal Energy Regulatory Commission</a> (FERC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_energy_law" title="Philippine energy law">Philippine energy law</a> (formerly a commonwealth of the United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Petroleum_Reserve_(United_States)" title="Strategic Petroleum Reserve (United States)">Strategic Petroleum Reserve (United States)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_energy_law&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MVET_Rates-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MVET_Rates_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MVET_Rates_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MVET_Rates_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MVET_Rates_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MVET_Rates_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MVET_Rates_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MVET_Rates_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taxadmin.org/fta/rate/motor_fl.html">Motor Fuel Excise Tax Rates as of January 1, 2008 from the Federation of Tax Administrators website</a>. Retrieved February 24, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100224115922/http://www.taxadmin.org/fta/rate/motor_fl.html">Archived</a> February 24, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-taxdis-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-taxdis_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-taxdis_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-taxdis_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-taxdis_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-taxdis_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-taxdis_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taxadmin.org/fta/rate/07taxdis.html">2007 State Tax Collection by Source from the Federation of Tax Administrators website</a>. Retrieved February 24, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Former FERC Chairman Joins <a href="/w/index.php?title=Husch_Blackwell_Sanders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Husch Blackwell Sanders (page does not exist)">Husch Blackwell Sanders</a>", August 4, 2008, found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/former-ferc-chairman-joins-husch/story.aspx?guid=%7B1C27F35B-C132-4AC9-81EC-2CEED947C3FE%7D&dist=hppr">Marketwatch story</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>. Retrieved August 21, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abanet.org/environ/">Section of Environment, Energy, and Resources of the American Bar Association website</a>. Retrieved August 22, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanbar.org/groups/environment_energy_resources/committees.html">"Committee Finder"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Committee+Finder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanbar.org%2Fgroups%2Fenvironment_energy_resources%2Fcommittees.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+energy+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deborah L. Cohen and Julie Kay, "Where the Work IS," <i>ABA Journal</i>, August 2009, pp. 58-61, at 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=MCRFPUS2&f=M">"U.S. Filed Production of Crude Oil"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Energy_Information_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Energy Information Administration">United States Energy Information Administration</a></i>. May 31, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Energy+Information+Administration&rft.atitle=U.S.+Filed+Production+of+Crude+Oil&rft.date=2022-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.gov%2Fdnav%2Fpet%2Fhist%2FLeafHandler.ashx%3Fn%3DPET%26s%3DMCRFPUS2%26f%3DM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+energy+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merrill-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merrill_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merrill_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merrill_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Merrill, <i>Establishing Ownership: First Possession versus Accession,</i> p. 14, fn. 22-23, Law and Economics Workshop (University of California, Berkeley 2007 Paper 3), found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1174&context=berkeley_law_econ">CDLib website</a>. Retrieved September 17, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Written as <i>cjus est solum, ejus est usque ad coelum et ad inferos.</i> This has been translated as "To whomever the soil belongs, he owns also to the sky and the depths." Black's Law Dictionary (6th ed. 1990). From Merrill, fn. 22, <i><a href="/wiki/Q.v." class="mw-redirect" title="Q.v.">q.v.</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Causby" title="United States v. Causby">United States v. Causby</a>,</i> 328 U.S. 256, 261 (1942), see <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_328" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 328">328</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/328/256/">256</a> (1946). From Merrill, fn. 23, <i><a href="/wiki/Q.v." class="mw-redirect" title="Q.v.">q.v.</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooley-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cooley_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"OIL AND GAS LAW: A Selective Research Guide," from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cooley.edu/library/research_guides/Oil_Gas_Law.pdf">Cooley Law School website</a>. Retrieved July 28, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527121141/http://www.cooley.edu/library/research_guides/Oil_Gas_Law.pdf">Archived</a> May 27, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cornell-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cornell_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cornell_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cornell_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cornell_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cornell_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cornell_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.law.cornell.edu/wex/energy">Cornell Law School website</a>. Retrieved August 6, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kannerandassoc.com/">Federal Energy Law Summaries online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fws.gov/laws/lawsdigest/fedpowr.html">Federal Power laws online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theorator.com/bills108/s716.html">Federal Power Act Amendments Act of 2003 at The Orator website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204041630/http://www.theorator.com/bills108/s716.html">Archived</a> February 4, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pub.L. 1946, ch. 724, 60 Stat. 755, <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. 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Retrieved March 23, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Consumers-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Consumers_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Traci Watson, "Consumers Could Foil Plans for Conservation: People buy energy efficient items, then use them more," <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i>, March 23, 2009, found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istockanalyst.com/article/viewiStockNews/articleid/3138427">iStockAnalyst website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120213181158/http://www.istockanalyst.com/article/viewiStockNews/articleid/3138427">Archived</a> 2012-02-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, original found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/printedition/news/20090323/energysavings23_st.art.htm">USA Today website</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=SUMMARY%3A+AMERICAN+RECOVERY+AND+REINVESTMENT&rft.date=2009-02-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fappropriations.house.gov%2Fpdf%2FPressSummary02-13-09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+energy+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917024227/http://www.recovery.gov/?q=content%2Finvestments">"Recovery.gov website"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wmtw.com/money/18706385/detail.html">the original</a> on 2012-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WTMW+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wmtw.com%2Fmoney%2F18706385%2Fdetail.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+energy+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/corecast/details.asp?ep=74">Gas Hydrates on Alaska's North Slope</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100601170523/http://www.usgs.gov/corecast/details.asp?ep=74">Archived</a> 2010-06-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=AK">"EIA State Energy Profiles: Alaska"</a>. 2008-06-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EIA+State+Energy+Profiles%3A+Alaska&rft.date=2008-06-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftonto.eia.doe.gov%2Fstate%2Fstate_energy_profiles.cfm%3Fsid%3DAK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+energy+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dced.state.ak.us/dca/AEIS/PDF_Files/AIDEA_Energy_Screening.pdf">Screening Report for Alaska Rural Energy Plan</a>, April 2001 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216014031/http://www.dced.state.ak.us/dca/AEIS/PDF_Files/AIDEA_Energy_Screening.pdf">Archived</a> February 16, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CNN Money (2005). "How tax friendly is your state?" Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/pf/features/lists/taxesbystate2005/index.html">CNN website</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tax.state.ak.us/">Department of Revenue Tax Division website</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apfc.org/home/Content/permFund/aboutPermFund.cfm">Alaska Permanent Fund website About the Fund page</a>. Retrieved March 10, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090422031921/http://www.apfc.org/home/Content/permFund/aboutPermFund.cfm">Archived</a> April 22, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apfc.org/home/Content/fundlaw/lawIndex.cfm">Alaska Permanent Fund website Fund Law page</a>. Retrieved March 10, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090924010311/http://www.apfc.org/home/Content/fundlaw/lawIndex.cfm">Archived</a> September 24, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alaska Constitution Article IX, Section 15, found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apfc.org/home/Content/fundlaw/constAndLaw.cfm">Alaska Permanent Fund website Alaska constitution and law pertaining to the Permanent Fund</a>. Retrieved March 10, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090415083955/http://www.apfc.org/home/Content/fundlaw/constAndLaw.cfm">Archived</a> April 15, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alaska Statutes § 37.13.120. "Investment responsibilities," found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apfc.org/home/Content/fundlaw/investLaw.cfm">Alaska Permanent Fund website Alaska state law concerning Fund investments</a>. Retrieved March 10, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090924014935/http://www.apfc.org/home/Content/fundlaw/investLaw.cfm">Archived</a> September 24, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alaska Statutes § 37.13.140. "Income." and § 37.13.145. "Disposition of income." found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apfc.org/home/Content/fundlaw/incomeLaw.cfm">Alaska state law concerning Fund income</a>. Retrieved March 10, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090524000716/http://www.apfc.org/home/Content/fundlaw/incomeLaw.cfm">Archived</a> May 24, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Alaska Administrative Code (AAC) pertaining to the Permanent Fund," 15 AAC Chapter 137. "Revenue Receipt, custody, investment and management of state funds," found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apfc.org/home/Content/fundlaw/regulations.cfm">Alaska Permanent Fund website</a>. Retrieved March 10, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090524001755/http://www.apfc.org/home/Content/fundlaw/regulations.cfm">Archived</a> May 24, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USA_Alaska-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USA_Alaska_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USA_Alaska_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Across the USA: Alaska:Fairbanks," <i>USA Today</i>, November 13, 2009, p. 13A.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drue_Pearce-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drue_Pearce_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drue_Pearce_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arcticgas.gov/bio/pearce-drue">Alaska Natural Gas Transportation Projects government website biography of Drue Pearce</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100808140901/http://www.arcticgas.gov/bio/pearce-drue">Archived</a> 2010-08-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved August 6, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Larry_Persily-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Larry_Persily_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arcticgas.gov/bio/persily-larry">Alaska Natural Gas Transportation Projects government website biography of Larry Persily</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130620072941/http://www.arcticgas.gov/bio/persily-larry">Archived</a> June 20, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved August 6, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>See</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.energy.ca.gov/title24">Official code</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsc.ca.gov/title_24">BSC website</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emnrd.state.nm.us/ecmd/">Energy Conservation and Management Division website main page</a>. Retrieved February 19, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emnrd.state.nm.us/main/index.htm">Energy, Minerals and Natural Resources Department website</a>. Retrieved February 19, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NMLaws-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NMLaws_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NMLaws_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NMLaws_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emnrd.state.nm.us/ECMD/LawsRegulationsExecutiveOrders/lawsregulationsexecutiveorders.htm">Energy Conservation and Management Division website page on Laws, Regulations, Executive Orders</a>. Retrieved February 19, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, <i>e.g.</i>, Brookins, Douglas G. (1977) <i>Uranium deposits of the Grants mineral belt: geochemical constraints on origin</i>, in <i>Exploration Frontiers of the Central and Southern Rockies</i>, Denver: Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, p. 337–52; Granger, H.C. <i>et al.</i>, "Sandstone-type uranium deposits at Ambrosia Lake, New Mexico-an interim report," <i>Economic Geology</i>, Nov. 1961, pp. 1179–1210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-time1957-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-time1957_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111019184954/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,891393,00.html">"Atomic Energy: Uranium Jackpot"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 1957-09-30. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,891393,00.html">the original</a> on October 19, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 1,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Atomic+Energy%3A+Uranium+Jackpot&rft.date=1957-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C891393%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+energy+law" class="Z3988"></span>(lists many companies)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLemore,_V.2007" class="citation web cs1">McLemore, V. 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Retrieved February 17, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-summary-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-summary_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-summary_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly de la Torre & Julia Jones, Memorandum of Law, "Update: President-elect Barack Obama's Renewable Energy Policy and New Mexico," (n.d., December 2008?), found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bwenergylaw.com/News/documents/RENEWABLEENERGYPOLICYANDNEWMEXICO.pdf">Beatty & Wozniak P.C. Law firm website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121127174846/http://www.bwenergylaw.com/News/documents/RENEWABLEENERGYPOLICYANDNEWMEXICO.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-11-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Retrieved February 17, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090825070830/http://www.ferc.gov/about/com-mem/kelly/kelly-bio.asp">Archived</a> August 25, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhambhani2009" class="citation web cs1">Bhambhani, Dipka (September 22, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130418230404/http://cleanskies.tv/articles/ferc-commissioner-kelly-wont-seek-3rd-term.html">"FERC Commissioner Kelly Won't Seek 3rd Term"</a>. <i>Clean Skies</i>. 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Public Authorities Law §§ 1850 <i><a href="/wiki/Et_seq." class="mw-redirect" title="Et seq.">et seq.</a></i>, found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://public.leginfo.state.ny.us/menugetf.cgi?COMMONQUERY=LAWS">New York State Legislature official website</a>, go to "PBA", then "Article 8", finally "Title 9 – (1850–1883) NEW YORK STATE ENERGY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY". 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Retrieved August 21, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNH_Student-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNH_Student_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNH_Student_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">AP, "UNH student research leads to new wind energy law", <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a></i>, July 23, 2008, found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/local/new_hampshire/articles/2008/07/23/unh_student_research_leads_to_new_wind_energy_law/">Boston Globe article on new New Hampshire energy law</a>. Retrieved August 21, 2008. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AEP Ohio Meets Goal of New Ohio Energy Law by Filing Electric Security Plan Below Market Rates; Continues Lowest Rates in the State; Balanced and progressive plan demonstrates "AEP's Commitment to Ohio's Future", found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/aep-ohio-meets-goal-new/story.aspx?guid=%7B7BBCE3DC-CC50-4393-90BC-CED9965F862E%7D&dist=hppr">Market Watch website</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>. Retrieved August 21, 2008.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_energy_law&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/energy">Official website</a> of the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> on energy</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Energy in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Energy in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Energy in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics and law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_energy_independence" title="United States energy independence">Energy independence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Energy law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_energy_law" title="New York energy law">New York</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_1992" title="Energy Policy Act of 1992">Energy Policy Act (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_2005" title="Energy Policy Act of 2005">Energy Policy Act (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_subsidy#Allocation_of_subsidies_in_the_United_States" title="Energy subsidy">Energy subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Power_Act" title="Federal Power Act">Federal Power Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels_lobby" title="Fossil fuels lobby">Fossil fuels lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Hydropower policy of the United States">Hydropower policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Nuclear energy policy of the United States">Nuclear energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_wind_energy_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="United States wind energy policy">Wind energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_offshore_drilling_debate" title="United States offshore drilling debate">Offshore drilling debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Utility_Regulatory_Policies_Act" title="Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act">Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_portfolio_standard" title="Renewable portfolio standard">Renewable portfolio standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_grid_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Smart grid policy of the United States">Smart grid policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Energy by state<br /> or territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Arkansas" title="Energy in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_California" title="Energy in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Connecticut" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Guam" title="Energy in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Hawaii" title="Energy in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Idaho" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iowa" title="Energy in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_New_York_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_North_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Ohio" title="Energy in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Oregon" title="Energy in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Tennessee" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Texas" title="Energy in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Vermont" title="Energy in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Washington_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Wyoming" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Material</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel_in_the_United_States" title="Biofuel in the United States">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_power_in_the_United_States" title="Coal power in the United States">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_in_the_United_States" title="Geothermal energy in the United States">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power_in_the_United_States" title="Hydroelectric power in the United States">Hydroelectric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States" title="Nuclear power in the United States">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_in_the_United_States" title="Petroleum in the United States">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_States" title="Renewable energy in the United States">Renewable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_States" title="Solar power in the United States">Solar by<br /> state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Alabama" title="Solar power in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Alaska" title="Solar power in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Arizona" title="Solar power in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Arkansas" title="Solar power in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_California" title="Solar power in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Colorado" title="Solar power in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Connecticut" title="Solar power in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Delaware" title="Solar power in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Florida" title="Solar power in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Solar power in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Hawaii" title="Solar power in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Idaho" title="Solar power in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Illinois" title="Solar power in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Indiana" title="Solar power in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Iowa" title="Solar power in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Kansas" title="Solar power in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Kentucky" title="Solar power in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Louisiana" title="Solar power in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Maine" title="Solar power in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Maryland" title="Solar power in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Massachusetts" title="Solar power in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Michigan" title="Solar power in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Minnesota" title="Solar power in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Mississippi" title="Solar power in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Missouri" title="Solar power in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Montana" title="Solar power in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Nebraska" title="Solar power in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Nevada" title="Solar power in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_New_Hampshire" title="Solar power in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_New_Jersey" title="Solar power in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_New_Mexico" title="Solar power in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_New_York" title="Solar power in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_North_Carolina" title="Solar power in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_North_Dakota" title="Solar power in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Ohio" title="Solar power in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Oklahoma" title="Solar power in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Oregon" title="Solar power in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Pennsylvania" title="Solar power in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Rhode_Island" title="Solar power in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_South_Carolina" title="Solar power in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_South_Dakota" title="Solar power in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Tennessee" title="Solar power in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Texas" title="Solar power in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Utah" title="Solar power in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Vermont" title="Solar power in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Virginia" title="Solar power in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Washington_(state)" title="Solar power in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Solar power in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_West_Virginia" title="Solar power in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Wisconsin" title="Solar power in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Wyoming" title="Solar power in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_States" title="Wind power in the United States">Wind by<br /> state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Alaska" title="Wind power in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Arizona" title="Wind power in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Arkansas" title="Wind power in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_California" title="Wind power in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Colorado" title="Wind power in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Connecticut" title="Wind power in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Delaware" title="Wind power in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Hawaii" title="Wind power in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Idaho" title="Wind power in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Illinois" title="Wind power in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Indiana" title="Wind power in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Iowa" title="Wind power in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Kansas" title="Wind power in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Kentucky" title="Wind power in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Maine" title="Wind power in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Maryland" title="Wind power in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Massachusetts" title="Wind power in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Michigan" title="Wind power in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Minnesota" title="Wind power in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Missouri" title="Wind power in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Montana" title="Wind power in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Nebraska" title="Wind power in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Nevada" title="Wind power in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_New_Hampshire" title="Wind power in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_New_Jersey" title="Wind power in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_New_Mexico" title="Wind power in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_New_York" title="Wind power in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_North_Carolina" title="Wind power in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_North_Dakota" title="Wind power in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Ohio" title="Wind power in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Oklahoma" title="Wind power in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Oregon" title="Wind power in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Pennsylvania" title="Wind power in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Rhode_Island" title="Wind power in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_South_Dakota" title="Wind power in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Tennessee" title="Wind power in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Texas" title="Wind power in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Utah" title="Wind power in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Vermont" title="Wind power in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Virginia" title="Wind power in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Washington" title="Wind power in Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_West_Virginia" title="Wind power in West Virginia"> West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Wisconsin" title="Wind power in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Wyoming" title="Wind power in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_average_fuel_economy" title="Corporate average fuel economy">CAFE standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions" title="List of U.S. states and territories by carbon dioxide emissions">State and territory CO<sub>2</sub> emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_vehicle_emission_standards" title="United States vehicle emission standards">Vehicle emission standards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governmental agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Air_Resources_Board" title="California Air Resources Board">CARB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">DOE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Energy_Efficiency_and_Renewable_Energy" title="Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy">EERE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">EIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory" title="National Renewable Energy Laboratory">NREL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Electricity" title="Office of Electricity">OE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Energy_Regulatory_Commission" title="Federal Energy Regulatory Commission">FERC</a></li> <li><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Council_on_Renewable_Energy" title="American Council on Renewable Energy">ACORE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institute" title="American Petroleum Institute">API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Public_Power_Association" title="American Public Power Association">APPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Solar_Energy_Society" title="American Solar Energy Society">ASES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Wind_Energy_Association" title="American Wind Energy Association">AWEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_Thermal_Energy_Council" title="Biomass Thermal Energy Council">BTEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Biosciences_Institute" title="Energy Biosciences Institute">EBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_Electric_Institute" title="Edison Electric Institute">EEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_and_Energy_Study_Institute" title="Environmental and Energy Study Institute">EESI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_Power_Research_Institute" title="Electric Power Research Institute">EPRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Energy_Institute" title="Nuclear Energy Institute">NEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rural_Electric_Cooperative_Association" title="National Rural Electric Cooperative Association">NRECA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_Fuels_Institute" title="Pellet Fuels Institute">PFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_In_America" title="Plug In America">PIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMI_(energy_organization)" title="RMI (energy organization)">RMI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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