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href="/wiki/Kazakh_alphabets" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Kazakh_alphabets" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kazakh+alphabets" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_alphabets&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> The <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh language</a> is written in three scripts – <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> – each having a distinct <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a>. The Arabic script is used in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, while the Cyrillic script is used in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>. In October 2017, a Presidential Decree in Kazakhstan ordered a transition from the Cyrillic to Latin script to be completed by 2031.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazakh1902_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/34/Kazakh1902_%282%29.jpg/400px-Kazakh1902_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/34/Kazakh1902_%282%29.jpg/600px-Kazakh1902_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/34/Kazakh1902_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="439"></a><figcaption>A 1902 Kazakh text in both Arabic and Cyrillic script.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazakh_latin_alphabet_(1924).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Kazakh_latin_alphabet_%281924%29.JPG/400px-Kazakh_latin_alphabet_%281924%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="400" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Kazakh_latin_alphabet_%281924%29.JPG/600px-Kazakh_latin_alphabet_%281924%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Kazakh_latin_alphabet_%281924%29.JPG/800px-Kazakh_latin_alphabet_%281924%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="658"></a><figcaption>Arabic and Latin script Kazakh alphabets in 1924</figcaption></figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Cyrillic_script">2 Cyrillic script</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Keyboard">2.1 Keyboard</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Romanization">2.2 Romanization</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Latin_script">3 Latin script</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Latest_developments">3.1 Latest developments</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Arabic_script">4 Arabic script</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Vowels">4.1 Vowels</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Use_of_hamza">4.2 Use of hamza</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Glyph_forms">4.3 Glyph forms</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Correspondence_chart">5 Correspondence chart</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Sample_text">6 Sample text</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Notes">7 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#References">8 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_alphabets&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russification#Under_the_Soviet_Union" title="Russification">Russification § Under the Soviet Union</a></div> During the Soviet era, Kazakh switched from a Latin alphabet to a Cyrillic one in an attempt to distance the then-Soviet Kazakhstan from Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> This was likely in part due to weakening Turkish–Soviet relations and the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In effort to consolidate its national identity, Kazakhstan started a phased transition from the Cyrillic alphabet to the Latin alphabet in 2017. The Kazakh government drafted a seven-year process until the full implementation of the new alphabet, sub-divided into various phases.<a href="#cite_note-Alph11-3">[3]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Cyrillic_script">Cyrillic script</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_alphabets&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cyrillic script" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <table class="standard; mw-collapsible" cellpadding="4" style="font-size: 1.6em; font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"> <caption style="font-family:'Arial Unicode MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 0.875em;">Kazakh Cyrillic alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:3em;">А а </td> <td style="width:3em;">Ә ә </td> <td style="width:3em;">Б б </td> <td style="width:3em;">В в </td> <td style="width:3em;">Г г </td> <td style="width:3em;">Ғ ғ </td> <td style="width:3em;">Д д </td></tr> <tr> <td>Е е </td> <td>Ё ё </td> <td>Ж ж </td> <td>З з </td> <td>И и </td> <td>Й й </td> <td>К к </td></tr> <tr> <td>Қ қ </td> <td>Л л </td> <td>М м </td> <td>Н н </td> <td>Ң ң </td> <td>О о </td> <td>Ө ө </td></tr> <tr> <td>П п </td> <td>Р р </td> <td>С с </td> <td>Т т </td> <td>У у </td> <td>Ұ ұ </td> <td>Ү ү </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ф ф </td> <td>Х х </td> <td>Һ һ </td> <td>Ц ц </td> <td>Ч ч </td> <td>Ш ш </td> <td>Щ щ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ъ ъ </td> <td>Ы ы </td> <td>І і </td> <td>Ь ь </td> <td>Э э </td> <td>Ю ю </td> <td>Я я </td></tr></tbody></table> The Kazakh Cyrillic alphabet is used in Kazakhstan, the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai Republic</a> in Russia, and the <a href="/wiki/Bayan-%C3%96lgiy_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayan-Ölgiy Province">Bayan-Ölgiy Province</a> in Mongolia. It is also used by Kazakh populations in Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, as well as diasporas in other countries of the former USSR. It was introduced during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> period in the 1800s, and then adapted by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1940.<a href="#cite_note-April2017change-4">[4]</a> In the 19th century, Kazakh educator <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Altynsarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Altynsarin">Ibrahim Altynsarin</a> first introduced a Cyrillic alphabet for transcribing Kazakh. Russian missionary activity, as well as Russian-sponsored schools, further encouraged the use of Cyrillic between the 19th and early 20th centuries. The alphabet was <a href="/wiki/Cyrillisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cyrillisation in the Soviet Union">reworked</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sarsen_Amanzholov" title="Sarsen Amanzholov">Sarsen Amanzholov</a> and was accepted in its current form in 1940. It contains 42 letters: 33 from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_alphabet" title="Russian alphabet">Russian alphabet</a> with 9 additional letters for sounds not found in Russian: ⟨ә, ғ, қ, ң, ө, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Short_U" title="Kazakh Short U">ұ</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a> ү, һ, і⟩. Initially, Kazakh letters came after Cyrillic letters shared by the Russian alphabet, but now they are placed after Cyrillic letters based on similar sound or shape. The letters ⟨в, ё,<a href="#cite_note-6">[b]</a> ф, ц, ч, ъ, ь, э⟩ are not used in native Kazakh words; of these, ⟨ё, ц, ч, ъ, ь, э⟩ are used solely in Russian loanwords. Due to Russian influence on Kazakh phonology, ⟨е⟩ palatalizes the preceding consonant and is pronounced as /je/. The letter ⟨һ⟩ is usually found in Perso-Arabic loanwords and is often pronounced /<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/, a non-native phoneme. In rapid conversation, ⟨қ⟩ can be pronounced like ⟨х⟩ intervocalically or when preceding stop consonants. The letter ⟨щ⟩ represents a long ⟨ш⟩ in three native words: ащы [ɑʃːə́] 'bitter', тұщы [tʰʊ̆ʃːʊ́] 'saltless', and кеще [cʰĕɕːé] 'stupid'), as well as in Russian loanwords. The letter ⟨и⟩ represents the diphthongs /əj/ ⟨ый⟩ in back-vowel words and /ɘj/ ⟨ій⟩ in front-vowel words. Similarly, ⟨у⟩ represents the glide /w/ next to vowels to form diphthongs, and the tense vowel /u/ between consonants. However, unlike ⟨и⟩, ⟨у⟩ as the infinitive marker in Kazakh verbs can be pronounced /ʊw/ ⟨ұу⟩, /ʉw/ ⟨үу⟩, /əw/ ⟨ыу⟩, and /ɘw/ ⟨іу⟩, depending on the preceding vowels in the verb stem. Additionally, the pronunciation of ⟨и⟩ and ⟨у⟩ are retained in Russian loanwords, representing /ˈi/ and /ˈu/ in stressed positions and /ɪ/ and /ʊ/ in unstressed positions, respectively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keyboard">Keyboard</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_alphabets&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Keyboard" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The standard <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a> <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_layout" title="Keyboard layout">keyboard layout</a> used for Cyrillic Kazakh in Kazakhstan is a modification of the standard Russian keyboard, with characters found in Kazakh but not in Russian located on the number keys. <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keyboard_KAZ.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Keyboard_KAZ.png/400px-Keyboard_KAZ.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="118" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="206"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 118px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Keyboard_KAZ.png/400px-Keyboard_KAZ.png" data-width="400" data-height="118" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Keyboard_KAZ.png/600px-Keyboard_KAZ.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Keyboard_KAZ.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Kazakh keyboard.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanization">Romanization</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_alphabets&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Romanization" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Prior to official Latin-alphabet developments in Kazakhstan, the Kazakh Cyrillic alphabet was <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanized</a> for accessibility to readers familiar with the Latin alphabet using the following systems: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC romanization</a> (American Library Association and Library of Congress), 1940 system, commonly used in English-language bibliographic cataloguing and in academic publishing<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization_of_Kazakh" title="BGN/PCGN romanization of Kazakh">BGN/PCGN romanization</a> (US Board on Geographic Names and Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use), 1979 system, commonly used in place names and mapping<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9:1995" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9:1995">ISO 9:1995</a> (International Organization for Standardization), 1995, an international system based on central European orthography that uses a single unique character for each letter.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background: #efefef;"> <th>Cyrillic letter </th> <th>ALA-LC </th> <th>BGN/PCGN </th> <th>ISO 9:1995 </th> <th>English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <td>А а </td> <td>A a</td> <td>A a </td> <td>A a </td> <td>Gulag </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ә ә </td> <td>Ă ă</td> <td>Ä ä </td> <td>A̋ a̋ </td> <td>Apple </td></tr> <tr> <td>Б б </td> <td>B b</td> <td>B b </td> <td>B b </td> <td>Boredom </td></tr> <tr> <td>В в </td> <td>V v</td> <td>V v </td> <td>V v </td> <td>Driveway </td></tr> <tr> <td>Г г </td> <td>G g</td> <td>G g </td> <td>G g </td> <td>Goal </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ғ ғ </td> <td>Gh gh</td> <td>Gh gh </td> <td>Ġ ġ </td> <td>Knight </td></tr> <tr> <td>Д д </td> <td>D d</td> <td>D d </td> <td>D d </td> <td>Doorway </td></tr> <tr> <td>Е е </td> <td>E e</td> <td>E e </td> <td>E e </td> <td>End </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ё ё </td> <td>Ë ë</td> <td>Yo yo </td> <td>Ë ë </td> <td>Yolk </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ж ж </td> <td>Zh zh</td> <td>Zh zh </td> <td>Ž ž </td> <td>Vision </td></tr> <tr> <td>З з </td> <td>Z z</td> <td>Z z </td> <td>Z z </td> <td>Zinc </td></tr> <tr> <td>И и </td> <td>I i</td> <td>Ī ī </td> <td>I i </td> <td>Inner </td></tr> <tr> <td>Й й </td> <td>Ĭ ĭ</td> <td>Y y </td> <td>J j </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>К к </td> <td>K k</td> <td>K k </td> <td>K k </td> <td>King </td></tr> <tr> <td>Қ қ </td> <td>Q q</td> <td>Q q </td> <td>K̦ k̦ </td> <td>Queen </td></tr> <tr> <td>Л л </td> <td>L l</td> <td>L l </td> <td>L l </td> <td>Luster </td></tr> <tr> <td>М м </td> <td>M m</td> <td>M m </td> <td>M m </td> <td>Millenia </td></tr> <tr> <td>Н н </td> <td>N n</td> <td>N n </td> <td>N n </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ң ң </td> <td>N͡g n͡g</td> <td>Ng ng </td> <td>N̦ n̦ </td> <td>Bring </td></tr> <tr> <td>О о </td> <td>O o</td> <td>O o </td> <td>O o </td> <td>Olden </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ө ө </td> <td>Ȯ ȯ</td> <td>Ö ö </td> <td>Ô ô </td> <td>Orc </td></tr> <tr> <td>П п </td> <td>P p</td> <td>P p </td> <td>P p </td> <td>Protect </td></tr> <tr> <td>Р р </td> <td>R r</td> <td>R r </td> <td>R r </td> <td>Ring but with rolled r's </td></tr> <tr> <td>С с </td> <td>S s</td> <td>S s </td> <td>S s </td> <td>Stall </td></tr> <tr> <td>Т т </td> <td>T t</td> <td>T t </td> <td>T t </td> <td>At </td></tr> <tr> <td>У у </td> <td>U u</td> <td>Ū ū </td> <td>U u </td> <td>Uber </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ұ ұ </td> <td>Ū ū</td> <td>U u </td> <td>U̇ u̇ </td> <td>Suit </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ү ү </td> <td>U̇ u̇</td> <td>Ü ü </td> <td>Ù ù </td> <td>Cook </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ф ф </td> <td>F f</td> <td>F f </td> <td>F f </td> <td>Fall </td></tr> <tr> <td>Х х </td> <td>Kh kh</td> <td>Kh kh </td> <td>H h </td> <td>Loch ness in scottish english </td></tr> <tr> <td>Һ һ </td> <td>Ḣ ḣ</td> <td>H h </td> <td>Ḥ ḥ </td> <td>Hinder </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ц ц </td> <td>T͡s t͡s</td> <td>Ts ts </td> <td>C c </td> <td>Artsy </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ч ч </td> <td>Ch ch</td> <td>Ch ch </td> <td>Č č </td> <td>Cheat </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ш ш </td> <td>Sh sh</td> <td>Sh sh </td> <td>Š š </td> <td>Share </td></tr> <tr> <td>Щ щ </td> <td>Shch shch</td> <td>Shch shch </td> <td>Ŝ ŝ </td> <td>Shall </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ъ ъ </td> <td>ʺ</td> <td>" </td> <td>ʺ </td> <td>" silent </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ы ы </td> <td>Y y</td> <td>Y y </td> <td>Y y </td> <td>Yell </td></tr> <tr> <td>І і </td> <td>Ī ī</td> <td>I i </td> <td>Ì ì </td> <td>Illness </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ь ь </td> <td>ʹ</td> <td>' </td> <td>ʹ </td> <td>' silent </td></tr> <tr> <td>Э э </td> <td>Ė ė</td> <td>Ė ė </td> <td>È è </td> <td>Cafe </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ю ю </td> <td>I͡u i͡u</td> <td>Yu yu </td> <td>Û û </td> <td>You </td></tr> <tr> <td>Я я </td> <td>I͡a i͡a</td> <td>Ya ya </td> <td>Â â </td> <td>Yard </td></tr></tbody></table> Since the introduction of the official Kazakh Latin alphabet, romanized place names have been gradually shifting to being rendered in the official Latin alphabet from being rendered in international romanization schemes. This practice can be seen in services like <a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Latin_script">Latin script</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_alphabets&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Latin script" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sotsijaldy_qazaqstan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sotsijaldy_qazaqstan.jpg/220px-Sotsijaldy_qazaqstan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="319"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 100px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sotsijaldy_qazaqstan.jpg/220px-Sotsijaldy_qazaqstan.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sotsijaldy_qazaqstan.jpg/330px-Sotsijaldy_qazaqstan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sotsijaldy_qazaqstan.jpg/440px-Sotsijaldy_qazaqstan.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A Kazakh newspaper Socialist Kazakhstan («Социалды Қазағыстан», Sotsialdy Qazağystan) in Latin script (1937)</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Selected-Works-of-Mao-Zedong-in-Kazakh-Title-page-3477.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Selected-Works-of-Mao-Zedong-in-Kazakh-Title-page-3477.jpg/220px-Selected-Works-of-Mao-Zedong-in-Kazakh-Title-page-3477.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Selected-Works-of-Mao-Zedong-in-Kazakh-Title-page-3477.jpg/220px-Selected-Works-of-Mao-Zedong-in-Kazakh-Title-page-3477.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Selected-Works-of-Mao-Zedong-in-Kazakh-Title-page-3477.jpg/330px-Selected-Works-of-Mao-Zedong-in-Kazakh-Title-page-3477.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Selected-Works-of-Mao-Zedong-in-Kazakh-Title-page-3477.jpg/440px-Selected-Works-of-Mao-Zedong-in-Kazakh-Title-page-3477.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Selected works of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> («Мау Зыдоң Таңдамалы Шығармалары», Mau Zydoñ Tañdamaly Şyğarmalary) in Latin-script Kazakh, published in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> in 1977</figcaption></figure> A number of Latin alphabets are in use to write the Kazakh language. A variant based on the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish alphabet</a> is unofficially used by the Kazakh diaspora in Turkey and in Western countries, as well as in Kazakhstan. As with other Central Asian <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a>, a Latin alphabet, the <a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%B1alif" title="Yañalif">Yañalif</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_(USSR)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinisation (USSR)">was introduced by the Soviets</a> and used from 1929 to 1940 when it was replaced with Cyrillic.<a href="#cite_note-April2017change-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nazarbayev-11">[9]</a> Moreover, a Latin alphabet based on <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> was used for <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">Kazakhs in China</a> during from 1964 to 1984. Later, the use of the Kazakh Arabic alphabet was restored in China.<a href="#cite_note-Minglang_Zhou_2003-12">[10]</a> <table class="standard" cellpadding="5" style="font-size: 1.6em; font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"> <caption style="font-family:'Arial Unicode MS', Arial, sans-serif;">1929 Latin alphabet (Çaꞑəlip) </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:3em;">A a </td> <td style="width:3em;">B ʙ </td> <td style="width:3em;">C c </td> <td style="width:3em;">Ç ç </td> <td style="width:3em;">D d </td> <td style="width:3em;">E e </td> <td style="width:3em;">Ə ə </td> <td style="width:3em;">G g </td> <td style="width:3em;">Ƣ ƣ </td> <td style="width:3em;">H h </td></tr> <tr> <td>I i </td> <td>J j </td> <td>K k </td> <td>L l </td> <td>M m </td> <td>N n </td> <td>Ꞑ ꞑ </td> <td>O o </td> <td>Ɵ ɵ </td> <td>P p </td></tr> <tr> <td>Q q </td> <td>R r </td> <td>S s </td> <td>T t </td> <td>U u </td> <td>V v </td> <td>Y y </td> <td>Z z </td> <td>Ь ь </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="standard" cellpadding="5" style="font-size: 1.6em; font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"> <caption style="font-family:'Arial Unicode MS', Arial, sans-serif;">1938 Latin alphabet (Çaꞑəljp) </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:3em;">A a </td> <td style="width:3em;">B ʙ </td> <td style="width:3em;">V v </td> <td style="width:3em;">G g </td> <td style="width:3em;">D d </td> <td style="width:3em;">E e </td> <td style="width:3em;">Ç ç </td> <td style="width:3em;">Z z </td> <td style="width:3em;">I i </td> <td style="width:3em;">J j </td> <td style="width:3em;">K k </td></tr> <tr> <td>L l </td> <td>M m </td> <td>N n </td> <td>O o </td> <td>P p </td> <td>R r </td> <td>S s </td> <td>T t </td> <td>U u </td> <td>F f </td> <td>X x </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ƣ ƣ </td> <td>Q q </td> <td>C c </td> <td>Ə ə </td> <td>H h </td> <td>Ꞑ ꞑ </td> <td>Ɵ ɵ </td> <td>Ū ū </td> <td>Y y </td> <td>Ь ь </td></tr></tbody></table> As part of a modernization program, the presidential decree No. 569 signed by President <a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev">Nursultan Nazarbayev</a> ordered the replacement of the Cyrillic script with a Latin script by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-April2017change-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Decree569-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> In 2007, Nazarbayev said that the transformation of the Kazakh alphabet from Cyrillic to Latin should not be rushed, as he noted: "For 70 years, the Kazakhstanis read and wrote in Cyrillic. More than 100 nationalities live in our state. Thus we need stability and peace. We should be in no hurry in the issue of alphabet transformation".<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> In 2015, the Minister of Culture and Sports <a href="/wiki/Arystanbek_Muhamediuly" title="Arystanbek Muhamediuly">Arystanbek Muhamediuly</a> announced that a transition plan was underway, with specialists working on the orthography to accommodate the phonological aspects of the language.<a href="#cite_note-ReplaceKazinform-16">[14]</a> On 12 April 2017, Nazarbayev published an article in state newspaper <a href="/wiki/Egemen_Qazaqstan" title="Egemen Qazaqstan">Egemen Qazaqstan</a> announcing a switchover to the Latin alphabet by 2025,<a href="#cite_note-Nazarbayev-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReplaceKazinform-16">[14]</a> a decision implemented by decree.<a href="#cite_note-Decree569-13">[11]</a> Nazarbayev later lamented that the "Kazakh language and culture have been devastated" during the period of Soviet rule, and that ending the use of Cyrillic is useful in re-asserting national identity.<a href="#cite_note-Nazarbayev-11">[9]</a> The new Latin alphabet is also a step to weaken the traditional Russian influence on the country, as the Russian language is the country's second official language.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> The initially proposed Latin alphabet tried to avoid <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> such as ⟨sh⟩ and <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> such as ⟨ş⟩. In fact, Nazarbayev had expressly stated that the new alphabet should contain "no hooks or superfluous dots".<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> Instead, this new alphabet would have used <a href="/wiki/Modifier_letter_apostrophe" title="Modifier letter apostrophe">apostrophes</a> to denote such letters where there was no direct Latin equivalent. It would have been similar to the <a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language#Writing_system" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_alphabet" title="Uzbek alphabet">Uzbek alphabets</a>. A revised version of the 2017 Latin alphabet was announced in February 2018. Presidential Decree 637 of 19 February 2018 amends the 2017 decree and the use of apostrophes was discontinued and replaced with diacritics and digraphs.<a href="#cite_note-Latin2018-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> This new alphabet was noted for the use of <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accents</a>. A few web applications and sites were launched to facilitate the switch to the Latin-based alphabet. One of them is a new web-based portal, Qazlatyn.kz, that uses the new Latin alphabet to report news and other information about Kazakhstan.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latest_developments">Latest developments</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_alphabets&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Latest developments" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="standard" cellpadding="5" style="font-size: 1.6em; font-family:'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;"> <caption style="font-family:'Arial Unicode MS', Arial, sans-serif;">Kazakh Latin alphabet (April 2021)<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:3em;">A a (А а) </td> <td style="width:3em;">Ä ä (Ә ә) </td> <td style="width:3em;">B b (Б б) </td> <td style="width:3em;">D d (Д д) </td> <td style="width:3em;">E e (Е е) </td> <td style="width:3em;">F f (Ф ф) </td> <td style="width:3em;">G g (Г г) </td> <td style="width:3em;">Ğ ğ (Ғ ғ) </td></tr> <tr> <td>H h (Х х,Һ һ) </td> <td>I ı (І і) </td> <td>İ i (Й й,И и) </td> <td>J j (Ж ж) </td> <td>K k (К к) </td> <td>L l (Л л) </td> <td>M m (М м) </td> <td>N n (Н н) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ñ ñ (Ң ң) </td> <td>O o (О о) </td> <td>Ö ö (Ө ө) </td> <td>P p (П п) </td> <td>Q q (Қ қ) </td> <td>R r (Р р) </td> <td>S s (С с) </td> <td>Ş ş (Ш ш) </td></tr> <tr> <td>T t (Т т) </td> <td>U u (У у) </td> <td>Ū ū (Ұ ұ) </td> <td>Ü ü (Ү ү) </td> <td>V v (В в) </td> <td>Y y (Ы ы) </td> <td>Z z (З з) </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> In 2020, the President <a href="/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev" title="Kassym-Jomart Tokayev">Kassym-Jomart Tokayev</a> called for another revision of the Latin alphabet with a focus on preserving the original sounds and pronunciation of the Kazakh language.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> This revision, presented to the public in November 2019 by academics from the Baitursynov Institute of Linguistics, and specialists belonging to the official working group on script transition, uses <a href="/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">umlauts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breve" title="Breve">breves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cedilla" title="Cedilla">cedillas</a> instead of digraphs and acute accents, and introduces spelling changes in order to reflect more accurately the phonology of Kazakh.<a href="#cite_note-:0-26">[24]</a> This revision deviated only slightly from the <a href="/wiki/Common_Turkic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Turkic Alphabet">Common Turkic Alphabet</a> (CTA), introducing the letter ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŋ">ŋ</a>⟩ in lieu of ⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%91" title="Ñ">ñ</a>⟩. As this version was awaiting approval, linguists had been in discussion as to which Latin letters were to be used in place of their corresponding Cyrillic letters ⟨ə, ғ, и, й, ң, ɵ, у, ұ, ү, ы, ч, ш, i⟩; a suggested alternative to the introduction of accented characters was to make greater use of digraphs, with ⟨ч⟩ being written as ⟨tş⟩, for example.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] In January 2021, a new revision of the Kazakh Latin alphabet was presented, introducing the letters ⟨ä, ö, ü, ğ, ū, ŋ, ş⟩<a href="#cite_note-jan2021rev-28">[26]</a> bringing it closer to the CTA. A subsequent revision on 22 April further narrowed this gap by replacing ⟨ŋ⟩ with ⟨ñ⟩,<a href="#cite_note-tengrinews_435370-29">[27]</a> which is also used in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_alphabet#Latin" title="Crimean Tatar alphabet">Crimean Tatar Latin alphabet</a>. Its presentation to the public was well received. This current Latin script has similarities especially with <a href="/wiki/Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_alphabet" title="Turkmen alphabet">Turkmen alphabets</a>. The transition is expected to be completed by 2031.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 250px;"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_Kazakh_Latin_Alphabet.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Initial proposed Latin alphabet for the Kazakh language, implemented by Presidential Decree 569 (26 October 2017),[11] later revised by Presidential Decree 637 of 19 February 2018, replacing the apostrophe with diacritics and digraphs"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/2017_Kazakh_Latin_Alphabet.png/180px-2017_Kazakh_Latin_Alphabet.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="1009"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/2017_Kazakh_Latin_Alphabet.png/180px-2017_Kazakh_Latin_Alphabet.png" data-alt="" data-width="180" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/2017_Kazakh_Latin_Alphabet.png/270px-2017_Kazakh_Latin_Alphabet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/2017_Kazakh_Latin_Alphabet.png/360px-2017_Kazakh_Latin_Alphabet.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Initial proposed Latin alphabet for the Kazakh language, implemented by Presidential Decree 569 (26 October 2017),<a href="#cite_note-Decree569-13">[11]</a> later revised by Presidential Decree 637 of 19 February 2018, replacing the apostrophe with diacritics and digraphs</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 250px;"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_Kazakh_Latin_alphabet_table_-_RU.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="2018 revision of the Kazakh Latin alphabet, used from 2018 to 2022[29]"><noscript><img alt="2018 revision of the Kazakh Latin alphabet, used from 2018 to 2022[29]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/2018_Kazakh_Latin_alphabet_table_-_RU.svg/180px-2018_Kazakh_Latin_alphabet_table_-_RU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="204" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="450"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 204px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/2018_Kazakh_Latin_alphabet_table_-_RU.svg/180px-2018_Kazakh_Latin_alphabet_table_-_RU.svg.png" data-alt="2018 revision of the Kazakh Latin alphabet, used from 2018 to 2022[29]" data-width="180" data-height="204" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/2018_Kazakh_Latin_alphabet_table_-_RU.svg/270px-2018_Kazakh_Latin_alphabet_table_-_RU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/2018_Kazakh_Latin_alphabet_table_-_RU.svg/360px-2018_Kazakh_Latin_alphabet_table_-_RU.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">2018 revision of the Kazakh Latin alphabet, used from 2018 to 2022<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 250px;"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_Kazakh_Latin_alphabet_2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Proposed new version of the Kazakh Latin alphabet presented in 2019"><noscript><img alt="2019 new version of the Kazakh Latin alphabet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/2019_Kazakh_Latin_alphabet_2.png/124px-2019_Kazakh_Latin_alphabet_2.png" decoding="async" width="124" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1225" data-file-height="2169"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 124px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/2019_Kazakh_Latin_alphabet_2.png/124px-2019_Kazakh_Latin_alphabet_2.png" data-alt="2019 new version of the Kazakh Latin alphabet" data-width="124" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/2019_Kazakh_Latin_alphabet_2.png/186px-2019_Kazakh_Latin_alphabet_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/2019_Kazakh_Latin_alphabet_2.png/248px-2019_Kazakh_Latin_alphabet_2.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Proposed new version of the Kazakh Latin alphabet presented in 2019</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 250px;"><a href="/wiki/File:2021.4_Kazakh_Latin_alphabet_table_-_RU.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="2021 revision of the Kazakh Latin alphabet, officially used starting 2023[26]"><noscript><img alt="2021 revision of the Kazakh Latin alphabet, officially used starting 2023[26]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/2021.4_Kazakh_Latin_alphabet_table_-_RU.svg/180px-2021.4_Kazakh_Latin_alphabet_table_-_RU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="204" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="450"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 204px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/2021.4_Kazakh_Latin_alphabet_table_-_RU.svg/180px-2021.4_Kazakh_Latin_alphabet_table_-_RU.svg.png" data-alt="2021 revision of the Kazakh Latin alphabet, officially used starting 2023[26]" data-width="180" data-height="204" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/2021.4_Kazakh_Latin_alphabet_table_-_RU.svg/270px-2021.4_Kazakh_Latin_alphabet_table_-_RU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/2021.4_Kazakh_Latin_alphabet_table_-_RU.svg/360px-2021.4_Kazakh_Latin_alphabet_table_-_RU.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">2021 revision of the Kazakh Latin alphabet, officially used starting 2023<a href="#cite_note-jan2021rev-28">[26]</a></div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Arabic_script">Arabic script</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_alphabets&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Arabic script" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazakh_ArabicScript_AhmetB.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kazakh_ArabicScript_AhmetB.png/500px-Kazakh_ArabicScript_AhmetB.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="281" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5333" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 500px;height: 281px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kazakh_ArabicScript_AhmetB.png/500px-Kazakh_ArabicScript_AhmetB.png" data-width="500" data-height="281" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kazakh_ArabicScript_AhmetB.png/750px-Kazakh_ArabicScript_AhmetB.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kazakh_ArabicScript_AhmetB.png/1000px-Kazakh_ArabicScript_AhmetB.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Kazakh Arabic Script as developed by the father of Kazakh linguistics, Akhmet Baitursynov. It is a true alphabet as opposed to the original basic Arabic <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Arabic script is the official alphabet for Kazakhs in the <a href="/wiki/Ili_Kazakh_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture">Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region</a><a href="#cite_note-Minglang_Zhou_2003-12">[10]</a> of China. It was first introduced to the territory of Kazakhstan in the eleventh century and was traditionally used to write Kazakh until the introduction of a Latin alphabet in 1929. In 1924, Kazakh intellectual <a href="/wiki/Akhmet_Baitursynov" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhmet Baitursynov">Akhmet Baitursynov</a> attempted to reform the Arabic script to better suit Kazakh. The letters <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><a href="/wiki/%DB%86" class="mw-redirect" title="ۆ">ۆ</a>‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%DA%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="گ">گ</a>‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%DA%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ڭ">ڭ</a>‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%D9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="پ">پ</a>‎ and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><a href="/wiki/%DA%86" class="mw-redirect" title="چ">چ</a>‎ are used to represent sounds not found in the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> language. A modified Arabic script is also used in Iran and Afghanistan, based on the alphabet used for Kazakh before 1929. The Kazakh Arabic alphabet contains 29 letters and one digit, the 'upper hamza' used at the beginnings of words to create <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowels</a> throughout the word. The direction the alphabet is written in is right to left. Unlike the original Arabic script, which is an <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a>, the Kazakh Arabic script functions more like a true alphabet, as each sound has its own letter and every sound in each word is spelt out in the written form of the language. The reform of the Arabic script from an abjad to an alphabet was carried out by the early 20th-century linguist <a href="/wiki/Akhmet_Baitursynov" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhmet Baitursynov">Akhmet Baitursynov</a>. Kazakhs living in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and other countries of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> mainly use the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_alphabets&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vowels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the Kazakh Arabic alphabet, 9 vowels are defined.<a href="#cite_note-%E5%93%88%E6%B1%89%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8-32">[30]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">Rounded</a> </th> <th colspan="4">Unrounded </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <th colspan="3">Close </th> <th colspan="2">Open </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th> <th>Arabic </th> <td><big>ـۇ‎ / ۇ‎</big> </td> <td><big>ـو‎ / و‎</big> </td> <td colspan="2"><big>ىـ / ـى / ى‎</big> </td> <td colspan="2"><big>ا / ‍ـا</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Cyrillic (Latin) </th> <td>Ұ ұ (Ū ū) </td> <td>О о (O o) </td> <td colspan="2">Ы ы (Y y) </td> <td colspan="2">А а (A a) </td></tr> <tr> <th>IPA </th> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>] </td> <td>[wʊ~<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a>] </td> <td colspan="2">[ə] </td> <td colspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th>Arabic </th> <td><big>ٴـۇ‎ / ‎ٴۇ</big> </td> <td><big>ٴـو‎/ ٴو‎</big> </td> <td colspan="1"><big>ٴىـ / ٴـى / ٴى‎</big> </td> <td colspan="2"><big>ە / ـە</big> </td> <td><big>ٴا / ‍ٴـا</big> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Cyrillic (Latin) </th> <td>Ү ү (Ü ü) </td> <td>Ө ө (Ö ö) </td> <td colspan="1">І і (I ı) </td> <td colspan="2">Е е / Э э (E e) </td> <td>Ә ә (Ä ä) </td></tr> <tr> <th>IPA </th> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">ʏ</a>] </td> <td>[wʏ~<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ɵ</a>] </td> <td colspan="1">[ɪ] </td> <td colspan="2">[jɪ] </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>] </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_hamza">Use of hamza</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_alphabets&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Use of hamza" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">hamza</a> has a unique role in Kazakh, a role not seen in other Arabic alphabets. The Kazakh Arabic alphabet makes use of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>U+0674 ٴ ARABIC LETTER HIGH HAMZA, and it can only ever come at the beginning of words. It never comes in the middle or end of words. The hamza does not represent any sound in Kazakh; instead, it indicates that the vowels in the word will be the following <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowels</a>: <ul><li>Ә ә / Ä ä</li> <li>І і / I ı</li> <li>Ө ө / Ö ö</li> <li>Ү ү / Ü ü</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Dagger_alif" title="Dagger alif">Dagger alif</a> played a similar but inverse role in <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%B1a_iml%C3%A2_alphabet" title="Yaña imlâ alphabet">Yaña imlâ alphabet</a>, marking that vowels in a word will be <a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">back vowels</a>. There are exceptions in the Kazakh orthography, such as in front-vowel words without hamza. Words that contain the vowel /e/ (indicated as ە), which itself is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowel</a>, automatically indicates that all other vowels are also front; ergo, the hamza is not written. For example, the word түйіс [tʰʉjʉ́s] 'knot' is written with the hamza, as ٴتۇيىس; however, in its plural form түйістер [tʰʉjʉstɵ́r] 'knots', it is written as تۇيىستەر without the hamza.<a href="#cite_note-%E5%93%88%E6%B1%89%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8-32">[30]</a> Another exception is when words that contain the uvular consonants /q/ (ق) and /ʁ/ (ع), the vowels are pronounced as back and are thus not written with the hamza. In contrast, their velar counterparts /g/ (گ) and /k/ (ک) can only be accompanied by front vowels, and they act as indicators that vowels are front; thus eliminating a need for the hamza. For example, the word түйір [tʰʉjʉ́r] 'granule' is written as ٴتۇيىر, whereas a derivative such as түйіршік [tʰʉjʉrʃʉ́k] 'granular' is written as تۇيىرشىك.<a href="#cite_note-%E5%93%88%E6%B1%89%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8-32">[30]</a> Pursuant to these rules, suffixes are formed in pairs as well. For example, words with back vowels take suffixes -лық (‑لىق) / -дық (‑دىق) / -тық (‑تىق), and words with <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowels</a>, take suffixes -лік (‫‑لىك‬) / -дік (‫‑دىك‬) / -тік (‫‑تىك‬).<a href="#cite_note-%E5%93%88%E6%B1%89%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8-32">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glyph_forms">Glyph forms</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_alphabets&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Glyph forms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable sortable; mw-collapsible"> <caption>List of Kazakh Arabic Script Letters<a href="#cite_note-%E5%93%88%E6%B1%89%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8-32">[30]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a> </th> <th>Name in Kazakh </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>Isolated </th> <th>Final </th> <th>Medial </th> <th>Initial </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Аа </td> <td>älıf ٴالىپ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ا‎ </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـا‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ا‎ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Әә </td> <td>hämzä-älıp ٴحامزا-ٴالىپ </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ٴا‎ </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ٴـا‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ٴا‎ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Бб </td> <td>ba با </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ب‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـب‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـبـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">بـ‎ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Пп </td> <td>pa پا </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">پ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـپ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـپـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">پـ‎ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Тт </td> <td>ta تا </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ت‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـت‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـتـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">تـ‎ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Жж </td> <td>jim جيم </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ج‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـج‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـجـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">جـ‎ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Чч </td> <td>ha üş noqat حا ٴۇش نوقات </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">چ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـچ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـچـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">چـ‎ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Хх </td> <td>xa حا </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ح‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـح‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـحـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">حـ‎ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Дд </td> <td>däl ٴدال </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">د‎ </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـد‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">د‎ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Рр </td> <td>ra را </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ر‎ </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـر‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ر‎ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Зз </td> <td>zain زاين </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ز‎ </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـز‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ز‎ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Сс </td> <td>sin سين </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">س‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـس‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـسـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">سـ‎ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Шш </td> <td>şin شين </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ش‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـش‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـشـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">شـ‎ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Ғғ </td> <td>ain اين </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_plosive" title="Voiced uvular plosive">ɢ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ع‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـع‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـعـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">عـ‎ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Фф </td> <td>fa فا </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ف‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـف‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـفـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">فـ‎ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Ққ </td> <td>qaf قاف </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ق‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـق‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـقـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">قـ‎ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Кк </td> <td>käf کاف </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ك‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـك‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـكـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">كـ‎ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Гг </td> <td>gäf گاف </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">گ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـگ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـگـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">گـ‎ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Ңң </td> <td>käf üş noqat كاف ٴۇش نوقات </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>~<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_nasal" title="Voiced uvular nasal">ɴ</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڭ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـڭ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـڭـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڭـ‎ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Лл </td> <td>läm ٴلام </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>~<a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ل‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـل‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـلـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">لـ‎ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Мм </td> <td>mim ميم </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">م‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـم‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـمـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">مـ‎ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Нн </td> <td>nun نۋن </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ن‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـن‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـنـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">نـ‎ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Ее </td> <td>hä ٴحا </td> <td>[jɪ] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ە‎ </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـە‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ە‎ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Һһ </td> <td>hä ekı köz ٴحا ەكى كوز </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ھ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـھ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـھـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ھـ‎ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Оо </td> <td>uau ۋاۋ </td> <td>[wʊ~<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">و‎ </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـو‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">و‎ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Өө </td> <td>hämzä-uau ٴحامزا-ۋاۋ </td> <td>[wʏ~<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ɵ</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ٴو‎ </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ٴـو‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ٴو‎ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Ұұ </td> <td>uau damma ۋاۋ دامما </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ۇ‎ </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـۇ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ۇ‎ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Үү </td> <td>hämzä-uau damma ٴحامزا-ۋاۋ دامما </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">ʏ</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ٴۇ‎ </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ٴـۇ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ٴۇ‎ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Уу </td> <td>uau üş noqat ۋاۋ ٴۇش نوقات </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>], [ʊw], [ʏw] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ۋ‎ </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـۋ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ۋ‎ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Вв </td> <td>uau qūsbelgı ۋاۋ قۇسبەلگى </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ۆ‎ </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـۆ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ۆ‎ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Ыы </td> <td>ia يا </td> <td>[ə] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ى‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـى‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـىـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ىـ‎ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Іі </td> <td>hämzä-ia ٴحامزا-يا </td> <td>[ɪ] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ٴى‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ٴـى‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ٴـىـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ٴىـ‎ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Йй, Ии </td> <td>ia ekı noqat يا ەكى نوقات </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>], [ɪj], [əj] </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ي‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـي‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ـيـ‎ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">يـ‎ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Ъъ, Ьь </td> <td>hämzä ٴحامزا </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ء‎ </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Correspondence_chart">Correspondence chart</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_alphabets&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Correspondence chart" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Here is the correspondence chart of the official writing scripts: <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsable" style="font-feature-settings:'cv50' 1;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">IPA</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Cyrillic </th> <th colspan="3">Latin </th> <th colspan="2">Arabic </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Braille</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>2021<a href="#cite_note-tengrinews_435370-29">[27]</a> </th> <th>2018<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a></th> <th>2017</th> <th>Letter</th> <th>Name </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[ɑ]</a> </td> <td>А а </td> <td colspan="3">A a</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ا‎</td> <td>Alif</td> <td>⠁ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[æ]</a> </td> <td>Ә ә</td> <td>Ä ä</td> <td>Á á</td> <td>A' a'</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ٵ‎</td> <td>Hamza + Alif</td> <td>⠜ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[b̥]</a> </td> <td>Б б</td> <td colspan="3">B b</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ب‎</td> <td>Ba</td> <td>⠃ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[v]</a> </td> <td>В в</td> <td colspan="3">V v</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ۆ‎</td> <td>Waw with Haček</td> <td>⠺ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[g̊]</a> </td> <td>Г г</td> <td colspan="3">G g</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">گ‎</td> <td>Gaf</td> <td>⠛ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[ʁ]</a> </td> <td>Ғ ғ</td> <td>Ğ ğ</td> <td>Ǵ ǵ</td> <td>G' g'</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">غ‎</td> <td>Ghain</td> <td>⠻ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[d̥]</a> </td> <td>Д д</td> <td colspan="3">D d</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">د‎</td> <td>Dal</td> <td>⠙ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[e]</a> </td> <td>Е е </td> <td colspan="3">E e</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ە‎</td> <td>Ha</td> <td>⠑ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[jo]</a> </td> <td>Ё ё</td> <td>İo io</td> <td>Io ıo</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">يو‎</td> <td>Ya + Waw</td> <td>⠡ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[ʒ]</a> </td> <td>Ж ж</td> <td colspan="3">J j</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ج‎</td> <td>Jeem</td> <td>⠚ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[z]</a> </td> <td>З з</td> <td colspan="3">Z z</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ز‎</td> <td>Za</td> <td>⠵ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[əj, ɘj]</a> </td> <td>И и</td> <td rowspan="2">İ i</td> <td rowspan="2">I ı</td> <td rowspan="2">I' i'</td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"> ي‎</td> <td rowspan="2">Ya</td> <td>⠊ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[j]</a> </td> <td>Й й</td> <td>⠽ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[kʰ]</a> </td> <td>К к</td> <td colspan="3">K k</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ك‎</td> <td>Kaf</td> <td>⠅ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[q~χ]</a> </td> <td>Қ қ</td> <td colspan="3">Q q</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ق‎</td> <td>Qaf</td> <td>⠹ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[l]</a> </td> <td>Л л</td> <td colspan="3">L l</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ل‎</td> <td>Lam</td> <td>⠇ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[m]</a> </td> <td>М м</td> <td colspan="3">M m</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">م‎</td> <td>Meem</td> <td>⠍ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[n]</a> </td> <td>Н н</td> <td colspan="3">N n</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ن‎</td> <td>Noon</td> <td>⠝ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[ŋ~ɴ]</a> </td> <td>Ң ң</td> <td>Ñ ñ</td> <td>Ń ń</td> <td>N' n'</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ڭ‎</td> <td>Kaf with three dots</td> <td>⠩ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[o]</a> </td> <td>О о </td> <td colspan="3">O o</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">و‎</td> <td>Waw</td> <td>⠕ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[ɵ]</a> </td> <td>Ө ө</td> <td>Ö ö</td> <td>Ó ó</td> <td>O' o'</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ٶ‎</td> <td>Hamza + Waw</td> <td>⠣ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[pʰ]</a> </td> <td>П п</td> <td colspan="3">P p</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">پ‎</td> <td>Pa</td> <td>⠏ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[r]</a> </td> <td>Р р</td> <td colspan="3">R r</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ر‎</td> <td>Ra</td> <td>⠗ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[s]</a> </td> <td>С с</td> <td colspan="3">S s</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">س‎</td> <td>Seen</td> <td>⠎ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[tʰ]</a> </td> <td>Т т</td> <td colspan="3">T t</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ت‎</td> <td>Ta</td> <td>⠞ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[w, u]</a> </td> <td>У у</td> <td>U u</td> <td>Ý ý</td> <td>Y' y'</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ۋ‎</td> <td>Waw with 3 dots</td> <td>⠥ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[ʊ]</a> </td> <td>Ұ ұ</td> <td>Ū ū</td> <td colspan="2">U u</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ۇ‎</td> <td>Waw with damma</td> <td>⠌ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[ʉ]</a> </td> <td>Ү ү</td> <td>Ü ü</td> <td>Ú ú</td> <td>U' u'</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ٷ‎</td> <td>Hamza + Waw with damma</td> <td>⠬ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[f]</a> </td> <td>Ф ф</td> <td colspan="3">F f</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ف‎</td> <td>Fa</td> <td>⠋ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[h]</a> </td> <td>Һ һ</td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">H h</td> <td>هـ</td> <td>Ha</td> <td>⠓ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[χ]</a> </td> <td>Х х</td> <td>خ</td> <td>Kha</td> <td>⠓ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[ts]</a> </td> <td>Ц ц</td> <td>Ts ts</td> <td>S s</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">تس‎</td> <td>Ta + Seen</td> <td>⠉ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[tɕ]</a> </td> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>Tş tş</td> <td>Ch ch</td> <td>C' c'</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">چ‎</td> <td>Cheem</td> <td>⠟ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[ʃ]</a> </td> <td>Ш ш</td> <td>Ş ş</td> <td>Sh sh</td> <td>S' s'</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ش‎</td> <td>Sheen</td> <td>⠱ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[ɕː]</a> </td> <td>Щ щ</td> <td>Ştş ştş</td> <td>Shch shch</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">شش‎</td> <td>Sheen + Sheen</td> <td>⠭ </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Ъ ъ</td> <td colspan="5" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>⠷ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[ə]</a> </td> <td>Ы ы</td> <td colspan="3">Y y</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ى‎</td> <td>Alif maqṣūrah</td> <td>⠮ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[ɘ]</a> </td> <td>І і</td> <td>I ı</td> <td colspan="2">I i</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ئ‎</td> <td>Hamza + Ya</td> <td>⠊ </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Ь ь</td> <td colspan="5" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td>⠾ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[ɛ]</a> </td> <td>Э э</td> <td colspan="2">E e</td> <td rowspan="3" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">ە‎</td> <td>Ha</td> <td>⠪ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[jʊ]</a> </td> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>İu iu</td> <td>Iý ıý</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"> يۇ‎ ‎</td> <td>Ya + Waw with damma</td> <td>⠳ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[jɑ]</a> </td> <td>Я я</td> <td>İa ia</td> <td>Ia ıa</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315">يا‎</td> <td>Ya + Alif</td> <td>⠫ </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_alphabets&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sample text" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>:<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="table-layout:fixed;width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Kazakh in Cyrillic script </th> <th>Kazakh in Arabic script </th> <th>English translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>Барлық адамдар тумысынан азат және қадір-қасиеті мен құқықтары тең болып дүниеге келеді. Адамдарға ақыл-парасат, ар-ождан берілген, сондықтан олар бір-бірімен туыстық, бауырмалдық қарым-қатынас жасаулары тиіс. </td> <td dir="rtl">بارلىق ادامدار تۋمىسىنان ازات جانە ٴقادىر-قاسيەتى مەن قۇقىقتارى تەڭ بولىپ دۇنيەگە كەلەدى. ادامدارعا اقىل-پاراسات، ار-وجدان بەرىلگەن، سوندىقتان ولار ٴبىر-بىرىمەن تۋىستىق، باۋىرمالدىق قارىم-قاتىناس جاساۋلارى تيىس. </td> <td>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Kazakh in Latin script (approved by Nazarbayev in 2017, revised 2018) </th> <th>Kazakh in Latin script (version by <a href="/wiki/Kazinform" title="Kazinform">Kazinform</a>, used by <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Wikipedia" title="Kazakh Wikipedia">Kazakh Wikipedia</a>) </th> <th>The 2017 Kazakh alphabet, also known as the "apostrophe alphabet" </th></tr> <tr> <td>Barlyq adamdar týmysynan azat jáne qadir-qasıeti men quqyqtary teń bolyp dúnıege keledi. Adamdarǵa aqyl-parasat, ar-ojdan berilgen, sondyqtan olar bir-birimen týystyq, baýyrmaldyq qarym-qatynas jasaýlary tıis. </td> <td>Barlıq adamdar twmısınan azat jäne qadir-qasïeti men quqıqtarı teñ bolıp dünïege keledi. Adamdarğa aqıl-parasat, ar-ojdan berilgen, sondıqtan olar bir-birimen twıstıq, bawırmaldıq qarım-qatınas jasawları tïis. </td> <td>Barlyq adamdar ty'mysynan azat ja'ne qadir-qasi'eti men quqyqtary ten' bolyp du'ni'ege keledi. Adamdarg'a aqyl-parasat, ar-ojdan berilgen, sondyqtan olar bir-birimen ty'ystyq, bay'yrmaldyq qarym-qatynas jasay'lary ti'is. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Kazakh in <a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%B1alif" title="Yañalif">Yañalif</a> (1929 variant) </th> <th>Kazakh in Yañalif (1938 variant) </th> <th>Kazakh in <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a> (1964–1984) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Barlьq adamdar tuvmьsьnan azat çəne qadir-qasijeti men quqьqtarь teꞑ ʙolьp dynijege keledi. Adamdarƣa aqьl-parasat, ar-oçdan ʙerilgen, sondьqtan olar ʙir-ʙirimen tuvьstьq, ʙavьrmaldьq qarьm-qatьnas çasavlarь tijis. </td> <td>Barlьq adamdar tumьsьnan azat çəne qadjr-qasietj men qūqьqtarь teꞑ ʙolьp dyniege keledj. Adamdarƣa aqьl-parasat, ar-oçdan ʙerjlgen, sondьqtan olar ʙjr-ʙjrjmen tuьstьq, ʙauьrmaldьq qarьm-qatьnas çasaularь tijs. </td> <td>Barleⱪ adamdar tuwmesenan azat jənê ⱪadir-ⱪasiyêti mên ⱪuⱪeⱪtare têng bolep düniyêgê kêlêdi. Adamdarƣa aⱪel-parasat, ar-ojdan bêrilgên, sondeⱪtan olar bir-birimên tuwesteⱪ, bawermaldeⱪ ⱪarem-ⱪatenas jasawlare tiyis. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Kazakh in Latin (January 2021 variant) </th> <th>Kazakh in Latin (April 2021 variant) </th> <th>Kazakh in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Barlyq adamdar tumysynan azat jäne qadır-qasietı men qūqyqtary teŋ bolyp düniege keledı. Adamdarğa aqyl-parasat, ar-ojdan berılgen, sondyqtan olar bır-bırımen tuystyq, bauyrmaldyq qarym-qatynas jasaulary tiıs. </td> <td>Barlyq adamdar tumysynan azat jäne qadır-qasietı men qūqyqtary teñ bolyp düniege keledı. Adamdarğa aqyl-parasat, ar-ojdan berılgen, sondyqtan olar bır-bırımen tuystyq, bauyrmaldyq qarym-qatynas jasaulary tiıs. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">[b̥ɑrɫə́q ɑd̥ɑmd̥ɑ́r tʰumʊ́sʊnɑ́n ɑzɑ́t ʒæɲé qɑd̥ɘ́r qɑsijetʰɘ́ mʲen qʊχʊ́χtʰɑrə́ tʰʲéŋ b̥oɫʊ́p d̥ʉnʉjɵɣɵ́ cʰeʎed̥ɘ́ ‖ ɑd̥ɑ́md̥ɑrʁɑ́(‿)ɑχə́ɫ pʰɑrɑsɑ́t ɑ́r‿woʒd̥ɑ́n b̥ʲerɘʎɟ̊én | sond̥əχtʰɑ́n woɫɑ́r b̥ɘr b̥ɘrɘmʲén tʰʊwʊstə́q | b̥ɑwə́rmɑɫd̥ə́q qɑrə́m qɑtʰənɑ́s ʒɑsɑ́wɫɑrə́ tʰijís]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_alphabets&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Until 1951 ⟨ӯ⟩ was used instead of ⟨ұ⟩.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Since 1957. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_alphabets&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://egemen.kz/article/nursultan-nazarbaev-bolashaqqa-baghdar-rukhani-zhanhghyru">the original</a> on 28 June 2017. 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Retrieved 26 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5+%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%81+%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83&rft.pub=President+of+the+Republic+of+Kazakhstan&rft.date=2017-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.akorda.kz%2Fru%2Flegal_acts%2Fdecrees%2Fo-perevode-alfavita-kazahskogo-yazyka-s-kirillicy-na-latinskuyu-grafiku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakh+alphabets" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/26/kazakhstan-switch-official-alphabet-cyrillic-latin">"Alphabet soup as Kazakh leader orders switch from Cyrillic to Latin letters"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 26 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171028001847/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/26/kazakhstan-switch-official-alphabet-cyrillic-latin">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2017 – via <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Alphabet+soup+as+Kazakh+leader+orders+switch+from+Cyrillic+to+Latin+letters&rft.date=2017-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Foct%2F26%2Fkazakhstan-switch-official-alphabet-cyrillic-latin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakh+alphabets" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Kazakhstan should be in no hurry in Kazakh alphabet transformation to Latin: Nazarbayev". <a href="/wiki/Kazinform" title="Kazinform">Kazinform</a>. 13 December 2007,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kazinform&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan+should+be+in+no+hurry+in+Kazakh+alphabet+transformation+to+Latin%3A+Nazarbayev&rft.date=2007-12-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakh+alphabets" class="Z3988"> cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pinyin.info/news/2007/kazakhstan-backtracks-on-move-from-cyrillic-to-roman-alphabet/">"Kazakhstan backtracks on move from Cyrillic to Roman alphabet?"</a>. Pinyin News. 14 December 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140929210213/http://pinyin.info/news/2007/kazakhstan-backtracks-on-move-from-cyrillic-to-roman-alphabet/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pinyin+News&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan+backtracks+on+move+from+Cyrillic+to+Roman+alphabet%3F&rft.date=2007-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpinyin.info%2Fnews%2F2007%2Fkazakhstan-backtracks-on-move-from-cyrillic-to-roman-alphabet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakh+alphabets" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReplaceKazinform-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReplaceKazinform_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReplaceKazinform_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2741711">"Kazakh language to be converted to Latin alphabet – MCS RK"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kazinform" title="Kazinform">Kazinform</a>. 30 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170219113151/http://www.inform.kz/en/kazakh-language-to-be-converted-to-latin-alphabet-mcs-rk_a2741711">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kazinform&rft.atitle=Kazakh+language+to+be+converted+to+Latin+alphabet+%26ndash%3B+MCS+RK&rft.date=2015-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inform.kz%2Feng%2Farticle%2F2741711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakh+alphabets" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-41800186">"Kazakhstan to Qazaqstan: Why would a country switch its alphabet?"</a>. BBC News. 31 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan+to+Qazaqstan%3A+Why+would+a+country+switch+its+alphabet%3F&rft.date=2017-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-41800186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakh+alphabets" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmailova2017" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Smailova, Damira (14 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ktk.kz/ru/news/video/2017/09/14/81047">"Назарбаев обсудил с журналистами девальвацию, "saebiz", ЭКСПО и Головкина"</a> [Nazarbayev discussed <a href="/wiki/Devaluation" title="Devaluation">devaluation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carrot" title="Carrot">"saebiz"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Expo_2017" title="Expo 2017">Expo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gennady_Golovkin" title="Gennady Golovkin">Golovkin</a> with journalists] (in Russian). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kommercheskiy_Televizionyy_Kanal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kommercheskiy Televizionyy Kanal (page does not exist)">KTK</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171027231901/http://www.ktk.kz/ru/news/video/2017/09/14/81047">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D1%81+%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8E%2C+%22saebiz%22%2C+%D0%AD%D0%9A%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%9E+%D0%B8+%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.date=2017-09-14&rft.aulast=Smailova&rft.aufirst=Damira&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ktk.kz%2Fru%2Fnews%2Fvideo%2F2017%2F09%2F14%2F81047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakh+alphabets" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Latin2018-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Latin2018_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astanatimes.com/2018/02/kazakhstan-adopts-new-version-of-latin-based-kazakh-alphabet/">"Kazakhstan adopts new version of Latin-based Kazakh alphabet"</a>. The Astana Times. 26 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Astana+Times&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan+adopts+new+version+of+Latin-based+Kazakh+alphabet&rft.date=2018-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fastanatimes.com%2F2018%2F02%2Fkazakhstan-adopts-new-version-of-latin-based-kazakh-alphabet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakh+alphabets" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.akorda.kz/ru/legal_acts/decrees/o-vnesenii-izmeneniya-v-ukaz-prezidenta-respubliki-kazahstan-ot-26-oktyabrya-2017-goda-569-o-perevode-alfavita-kazahskogo-yazyka-s-kirillicy">"О внесении изменения в Указ Президента Республики Казахстан от 26 октября 2017 года № 569 «О переводе алфавита казахского языка с кириллицы на латинскую графику» — Официальный сайт Президента Республики Казахстан"</a>. Akorda.kz (in Russian). Retrieved 22 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Akorda.kz&rft.atitle=%D0%9E+%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%BE%D1%82+26+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F+2017+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%E2%84%96+569+%C2%AB%D0%9E+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5+%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%81+%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83%C2%BB+%E2%80%94+%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.akorda.kz%2Fru%2Flegal_acts%2Fdecrees%2Fo-vnesenii-izmeneniya-v-ukaz-prezidenta-respubliki-kazahstan-ot-26-oktyabrya-2017-goda-569-o-perevode-alfavita-kazahskogo-yazyka-s-kirillicy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakh+alphabets" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caspiannews.com/news-detail/kazakhstan-launches-easy-to-use-apps-for-new-latin-alphabet-2019-2-11-0/">"Kazakhstan Launches Easy-To-Use Apps For New Latin Alphabet"</a>. caspiannews.com. Retrieved 8 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=caspiannews.com&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan+Launches+Easy-To-Use+Apps+For+New+Latin+Alphabet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcaspiannews.com%2Fnews-detail%2Fkazakhstan-launches-easy-to-use-apps-for-new-latin-alphabet-2019-2-11-0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKazakh+alphabets" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatubaldina2021" class="citation web cs1">Satubaldina, Assel (1 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astanatimes.com/2021/02/kazakhstan-presents-new-latin-alphabet-plans-gradual-transition-through-2031/">"Kazakhstan Presents New Latin Alphabet, Plans Gradual Transition Through 2031"</a>. Kazakhstan's Independence: 30 Years, Nation. The Astana Times. 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External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051217055645/http://www.primavista.ru/dictionary/abc/kazakh.htm">Kazakh alphabet (in Russian)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kazakh.htm">Kazakh language, alphabet and pronunciation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transliteration.kpr.eu/kk/">Kazakh Cyrillic–Arabic–Latin converter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.audarma.com">ALASH Cyrillic–Latin–Arabic–Runic online converter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baltoslav.eu/lat/index.php?j=kz">Cyrillic–Latin 2018 online converter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kazakh.people.com.cn/">Official Kazakh version (in Arabic script) of the People's Daily Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://type.today/en/journal/kazakh">Kazakh: extended Latin and Cyrillic</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_alphabets&oldid=1260608981">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_alphabets&oldid=1260608981</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakh_alphabets&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 1 December 2024, at 18:19 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="أبجدية كازاخية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبجدية كازاخية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_j%C4%AB-bi%C3%B3" title="Kazakh jī-bió – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kazakh jī-bió" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D2%99%D0%B0%D2%A1_%D1%8F%D2%99%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Ҡаҙаҡ яҙмаһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡаҙаҡ яҙмаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Казахска писменост – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Казахска писменост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasachisches_Alphabet" title="Kasachisches Alphabet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kasachisches Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetos_kazajos" title="Alfabetos kazajos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabetos kazajos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%82%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C" title="الفبای قزاقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الفبای قزاقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%9E%90%ED%9D%90%EC%96%B4_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="카자흐어 문자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카자흐어 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaza%C4%8Dka_abeceda" title="Kazačka abeceda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kazačka abeceda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabeti_kazaki" title="Alfabeti kazaki – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabeti kazaki" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D2%9B_%D3%99%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%96" title="Қазақ әліпбиі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қазақ әліпбиі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazak_%C3%A1b%C3%A9c%C3%A9" title="Kazak ábécé – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kazak ábécé" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Казашка азбука – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Казашка азбука" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazachse_alfabetten" title="Kazachse alfabetten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kazachse alfabetten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B6%E3%83%95%E8%AA%9E%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="カザフ語アルファベット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カザフ語アルファベット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qozoq_alifbosi" title="Qozoq alifbosi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qozoq alifbosi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet_kazachski" title="Alfabet kazachski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alfabet kazachski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escritas_cazaques" title="Escritas cazaques – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escritas cazaques" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Казахская письменность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Казахская письменность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazak_alfabesi" title="Kazak alfabesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kazak alfabesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Казахська абетка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Казахська абетка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="哈薩克字母 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哈薩克字母" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 December 2024, at 18:19 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless 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