CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Medical school - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"8e8755e3-8732-438e-aaac-807006cd69bc","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Medical_school","wgTitle":"Medical school","wgCurRevisionId":1276194236,"wgRevisionId":1276194236,"wgArticleId":465584,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1: unfit URL","CS1 European Portuguese-language sources (pt-pt)","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles that may be too long from July 2023","All articles that may be too long","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021", "Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2017","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from July 2016","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024","Articles containing Indonesian-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from November 2017","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023","All articles with minor POV problems","Articles with minor POV problems from February 2023","Articles to be expanded from May 2008","All articles to be expanded","Articles containing Danish-language text","Articles needing additional references from January 2025","All articles needing additional references","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2024", "Articles containing French-language text","Articles containing German-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018","Articles needing additional references from March 2020","Articles containing Swedish-language text","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023","Articles to be expanded from January 2013","Vague or ambiguous time from May 2021","Articles needing additional references from November 2009","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024","Commons category link from Wikidata","Articles prone to spam from August 2012","Articles prone to spam from August 2013","Articles with excerpts","Medical schools","School types"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Medical_school","wgRelevantArticleId":465584,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q494230","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Medical school - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_school"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_school"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Medical_school rootpage-Medical_school skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Medical+school" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Medical+school" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Medical+school" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Medical+school" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Africa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Africa subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ghana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ghana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kenya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kenya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Kenya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kenya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Nigeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Sudan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tanzania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanzania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Tanzania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanzania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Uganda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zimbabwe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zimbabwe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Zimbabwe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zimbabwe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_and_Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_and_Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Asia and Oceania</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Asia_and_Oceania-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Asia and Oceania subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Asia_and_Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Bangladesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cambodia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambodia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Cambodia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambodia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Fiji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kyrgyzstan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kyrgyzstan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Kyrgyzstan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kyrgyzstan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myanmar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myanmar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Myanmar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myanmar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.15</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.16</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.17</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.18</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.19</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.20</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caribbean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caribbean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Caribbean</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Caribbean-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Caribbean subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Caribbean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Curaçao" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curaçao"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Curaçao</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curaçao-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominican_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominican_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Dominican Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominican_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Haiti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Europe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Albania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belarus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belarus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Belarus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belarus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium_and_Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium_and_Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Belgium and Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium_and_Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Bosnia and Herzegovina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Croatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Croatia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Czech Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Georgia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.15</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iceland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iceland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.16</span> <span>Iceland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iceland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.17</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.18</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithuania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithuania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.19</span> <span>Lithuania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithuania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.20</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.21</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.22</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.23</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.24</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.25</span> <span>Serbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.26</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.27</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.28</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.29</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.30</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Latin America</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Latin America subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-El_Salvador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#El_Salvador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>El Salvador</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-El_Salvador-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bolivia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolivia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Bolivia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolivia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Colombia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guyana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guyana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Guyana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guyana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Panama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uruguay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uruguay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Uruguay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uruguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venezuela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venezuela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Venezuela</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venezuela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Middle East subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Iraq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jordan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jordan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Jordan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jordan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lebanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Lebanon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Saudi Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Syria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tunisia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunisia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Tunisia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tunisia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-North_America-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle North America subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_students" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_students"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Medical students</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medical_students-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Medical students subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Medical_students-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abuse_in_Medical_School" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abuse_in_Medical_School"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Abuse in Medical School</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abuse_in_Medical_School-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Medical school</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B7%D8%A8" title="كلية طب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كلية طب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="চিকিৎসা শিক্ষাপ্রতিষ্ঠান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চিকিৎসা শিক্ষাপ্রতিষ্ঠান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ka%C5%99sk%C3%A1_fakulta" title="Lékařská fakulta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lékařská fakulta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medizinische_Fakult%C3%A4t" title="Medizinische Fakultät – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Medizinische Fakultät" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facultad_de_medicina" title="Facultad de medicina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Facultad de medicina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="دانشکده پزشکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشکده پزشکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facult%C3%A9_de_m%C3%A9decine" title="Faculté de médecine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Faculté de médecine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%AE-ho%CC%8Dk-yen" title="Yî-ho̍k-yen – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yî-ho̍k-yen" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%98%EA%B3%BC%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99" title="의과대학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="의과대학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%AA%D5%B7%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%BA%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%81" title="Բժշկական դպրոց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բժշկական դպրոց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinala_skolo" title="Medicinala skolo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Medicinala skolo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekolah_kedokteran" title="Sekolah kedokteran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sekolah kedokteran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94" title="בית ספר לרפואה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בית ספר לרפואה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D" title="മെഡിക്കൽ കോളേജ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മെഡിക്കൽ കോളേജ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E9%83%A8" title="医学部 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="医学部" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculdade_de_Medicina" title="Faculdade de Medicina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Faculdade de Medicina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facultatea_de_Medicin%C4%83" title="Facultatea de Medicină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Facultatea de Medicină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakulteti_i_Mjek%C3%ABsis%C3%AB" title="Fakulteti i Mjekësisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fakulteti i Mjekësisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Medical school" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinska_fakulteta" title="Medicinska fakulteta – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Medicinska fakulteta" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="قوتابخانەی پزیشکی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="قوتابخانەی پزیشکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinski_fakultet" title="Medicinski fakultet – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Medicinski fakultet" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="மருத்துவக் கல்லூரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மருத்துவக் கல்லூரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B3%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2" title="వైద్య కళాశాల – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వైద్య కళాశాల" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%B1p_fak%C3%BCltesi" title="Tıp fakültesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tıp fakültesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3_%DA%AF%D8%A7%DB%81" title="طبی درس گاہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="طبی درس گاہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_y" title="Trường y – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trường y" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2" title="醫學院 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="醫學院" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q494230#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Medical_school" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Medical_school"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Medical_school"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Medical_school" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Medical_school" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&oldid=1276194236" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Medical_school&id=1276194236&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMedical_school"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMedical_school"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Medical_school&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Medical_higher_education_institutions" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Medical_school" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q494230" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tertiary educational institution teaching and granting degrees in medicine</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a broad outline, see <a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">Medical education</a>. For a list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="List of medical schools">List of medical schools</a>. For trade association, see <a href="/wiki/Medical_association" title="Medical association">Medical association</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Med school" redirects here. For the experimental music label, see <a href="/wiki/Hospital_Records" title="Hospital Records">Hospital Records</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Very_long plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-very_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">too long</a> to read and navigate comfortably</b>. When this tag was added, its <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SIZERULE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SIZERULE">readable prose size</a> was 19,000 words.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> content into sub-articles, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">condensing</a> it, or adding <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections" title="Help:Section">subheadings</a>. Please discuss this issue on the article's <a href="/wiki/Talk:Medical_school" title="Talk:Medical school">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>medical school</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary educational</a> institution, <a href="/wiki/Professional_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional school">professional school</a>, or forms a part of such an institution, that teaches medicine, and awards a professional degree for physicians. Such <a href="/wiki/Medical_degree" title="Medical degree">medical degrees</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</a> (MBBS, MBChB, MBBCh, BMBS), <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Medicine" title="Master of Medicine">Master of Medicine</a> (MM, MMed), <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a> (MD), or <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a> (DO). Many medical schools offer additional degrees, such as a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy</a> (PhD), master's degree (MSc) or other post-secondary education. </p><p>Medical schools can also carry out medical research and operate <a href="/wiki/Teaching_hospital" title="Teaching hospital">teaching hospitals</a>. Around the world, criteria, structure, teaching methodology, and nature of medical programs offered at medical schools vary considerably. Medical schools are often highly competitive, using <a href="/wiki/Standardized_test" title="Standardized test">standardized entrance examinations</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Grading_in_education" title="Grading in education">grade point averages</a> and leadership roles, to narrow the selection criteria for candidates. In most countries, the study of medicine is completed as an undergraduate degree not requiring prerequisite undergraduate coursework. However, an increasing number of places are emerging for graduate entrants who have completed an undergraduate degree including some required courses. In the United States and Canada, almost all medical degrees are <a href="/wiki/Second_entry_degree" title="Second entry degree">second-entry degrees</a>, and require several years of previous study at the university level. </p><p>Medical degrees are awarded to medical students after the completion of their degree program, which typically lasts five or more years for the undergraduate model and four years for the graduate model. Many modern medical schools integrate clinical education with basic sciences from the beginning of the curriculum (e.g.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). More traditional curricula are usually divided into preclinical and clinical blocks. In preclinical sciences, students study subjects such as biochemistry, genetics, pharmacology, pathology, anatomy, physiology and medical microbiology, among others. Subsequent clinical rotations usually include internal medicine, general surgery, pediatrics, psychiatry, and obstetrics and gynecology, among others. </p><p>Although medical schools confer upon graduates a medical degree, a physician typically may not legally practice medicine until licensed by the local government authority.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Licensing may also require passing a test, undergoing a criminal background check, checking references, paying a fee, and undergoing several years of <a href="/wiki/Residency_(medicine)" title="Residency (medicine)">postgraduate training</a>. Medical schools are regulated by each country and appear in the <a href="/wiki/World_Directory_of_Medical_Schools" title="World Directory of Medical Schools">World Directory of Medical Schools</a> which was formed by the merger of the <a href="/wiki/WHO_Directory_of_Medical_Schools" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO Directory of Medical Schools">AVICENNA Directory for Medicine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/FAIMER" class="mw-redirect" title="FAIMER">FAIMER</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Medical_Education_Directory" title="International Medical Education Directory">International Medical Education Directory</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa">Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Africa" title="List of medical schools in Africa">List of medical schools in Africa</a>.</div> <p>By 2005 there were more than 100 medical schools across Africa, most of which had been established after 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ghana">Ghana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ghana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are seven medical schools in Ghana: The University of Ghana Medical School in Accra, the KNUST School of Medical Sciences in Kumasi, University for Development Studies School of Medicine in Tamale, University of Cape Coast Medical School and the University of Allied Health Sciences in Ho, Volta Region, the private Accra College of Medicine,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Family Health University College(Accra), another private medical school.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Basic Medical education lasts 6 years in all medical schools. Entry into these medical schools is highly competitive and it is usually based on successful completion of the Senior High School Examinations. The University of Ghana Medical School and the University of Cape Coast have, however, introduced a graduate entry medical program to admit students with mainly science-related degrees into a 4-year medical school program (four and half years for the University of Cape Coast). </p><p>Students graduating from any of these medical schools get the MBChB degree and the title "Dr". For the first 3 years, students are awarded BSc in the field of Medical Sciences from the University of Ghana medical school; and Human biology for KNUST and UDS medical schools. The University of Ghana Medical School and KNUST School of Medical Sciences in Kumasi use a traditional medical education model whiles the University for Development Studies School of Medicine and School of Medical science of the University of Cape Coast use the <a href="/wiki/Problem-based_learning" title="Problem-based learning">problem-based learning</a> model. </p><p>Medical graduates are then registered provisionally with the Medical and Dental Council (MDC) of Ghana as House Officers (Interns). Upon completion of the mandatory 2-year housemanship, these medical doctors are permanently registered with the MDC and can practice as medical officers (General Practitioners) anywhere in the country. The housemanship training is done only in hospitals accredited for such purposes by the Medical and Dental Council of Ghana. </p><p>Following the permanent registration with the Medical and Dental Council, doctors can specialize in any of the various fields that is organized by either the West African College of Physicians and Surgeons or the Ghana College of Physician and Surgeons. </p><p>Medical officers are also sometimes hired by the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Health_Service" title="Ghana Health Service">Ghana Health Service</a> to work in the District/Rural areas as Primary Care Physicians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kenya">Kenya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kenya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Kenya, medical schools are faculties of a university. Medical education lasts for 6 years after which the student graduates with an undergraduate (<a href="/wiki/MBChB" class="mw-redirect" title="MBChB">MBChB</a>) degree. This is followed by a mandatory 12-month full-time internship at an approved hospital after which one applies for registration with the <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Medical_Practitioners_and_Dentists_Board" title="Kenya Medical Practitioners and Dentists Board">Kenya Medical Practitioners and Dentists Board</a> if they intend to practice medicine in the country. The first two years of medical school cover the basic medical (preclinical) sciences while the last four years are focused on the clinical sciences and internship. </p><p>Completion of formal specialty training in Kenya is followed by two years of supervised clinical work before one can apply for recognition as a specialist, in their respective field, by the medical board. </p><p>There are no medical school entry examinations or interviews and admission is based on the student's performance in the high school exit examination (<a href="/wiki/Kenya_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" title="Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education">Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education</a> - KCSE). Students who took the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Subsidiary_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Subsidiary level">AS Level</a> or the <a href="/wiki/SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a> can also apply but there is a very strict quota limiting the number of students that get accepted into public universities. This quota does not apply to private universities. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Africa#Kenya" title="List of medical schools in Africa">List_of_medical_schools_in_Africa § Kenya</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nigeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several medical schools in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. Entrance into these schools is highly competitive. Candidates graduating from high school must attain high scores on the West African Examination Council's (WAEC) <a href="/wiki/West_African_Senior_School_Certificate_Examination" title="West African Senior School Certificate Examination">Senior School Certificate Exam</a> (SSCE/GCE) and high scores in five subjects (Physics, Mathematics, English, Chemistry, and Biology) in the University Matriculation Examination (UME). Students undergo rigorous training for 6 years and culminate with a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS/MBChB). The undergraduate program is six years and one year of work experience in government hospitals. After medical school, graduates are mandated to spend one year of housemanship (internship) and one year of community service before they are eligible to be fully licensed by the Medical and Dental Council. Candidates are required to score at least 280 in the UME. Though this score may vary due to different performances per year and it also depends on the college standards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of medical schools in South Africa">List of medical schools in South Africa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_South_Africa" title="Healthcare in South Africa">Healthcare in South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Teaching_hospitals_in_South_Africa" title="Category:Teaching hospitals in South Africa">Category:Teaching hospitals in South Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dental_degree#South_Africa" title="Dental degree">Dental degree § South Africa</a></div> <p>There are eleven medical schools in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, each under the auspices of a public university. As the country is a former British colony, most institutions follow the British-based undergraduate method of instruction, admitting students directly from high school into 6 or 5-year programs. Some universities such as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand" title="University of the Witwatersrand">University of the Witwatersrand</a> in Johannesburg have started offering <a href="/wiki/Graduate_Medical_Program" title="Graduate Medical Program">post-graduate medical degrees</a> that run concurrently with their undergraduate programs. In this instance, a student having completed an appropriate undergraduate degree with basic sciences can enter into a four-year postgraduate program. </p><p>South African medical schools award the <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery#South_Africa" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">MB ChB</a> degree, except the University of the Witwatersrand, which styles its degree <a href="/wiki/MB_BCh" class="mw-redirect" title="MB BCh">MB BCh</a>. Some universities allow students to earn an intercalated degree, completing a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree#Medical_and_health_sciences" title="Bachelor's degree">BSc (Medical)</a> with an additional year of study after the second or third year of the MBChB. The University of Cape Town, in particular, has spearheaded a recent effort to increase the level of medical research training and exposure of medical students through an Intercalated <a href="/wiki/Honours_degree#South_Africa" title="Honours degree">Honours</a> Programme, with the option to extend this to a PhD.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following successful completion of study, all South African medical graduates must complete a two-year internship as well as a further year of community service in order to register with the Health Professions Council and practice as a doctor in the country. </p><p>Specialisation is usually a five- to seven-year training process (depending on the specialty) requiring registering as a medical registrar attached to an academic clinical department in a large teaching hospital with appropriate examinations. The specialist qualification may be conferred as a Fellowship by the independent <a href="/wiki/Colleges_of_Medicine_of_South_Africa" title="Colleges of Medicine of South Africa">Colleges of Medicine of South Africa</a> (CMSA), following British tradition, or as a <a href="/wiki/Master_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Master degree">Magisterial degree</a> by the university (usually the M Med, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Medicine" title="Master of Medicine">Master of Medicine</a>, degree). The Medical schools and the CMSA also offer <a href="/wiki/Higher_Diploma" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher Diploma">Higher Diplomas</a> in many fields. Research degrees are the MMed and <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> or <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine#United_Kingdom,_Ireland_and_some_Commonwealth_countries" title="Doctor of Medicine">MD</a>, depending on the university. </p><p>Medical students from all over the world come to South Africa to gain practical experience in the country's many teaching hospitals and rural clinics. The language of instruction is English but a few indigenous languages are studied briefly. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Free_State" title="University of the Free State">University of the Free State</a> has a parallel medium policy, meaning all English classes are also presented in Afrikaans, therefore students who choose to study in Afrikaans, do so separately from the English class. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sudan">Sudan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sudan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, a medical school is a faculty of a university. Medical school is usually 5–6 years, and by the end of the 5–6 years, the students acquire a bachelor's degree in Medicine and Surgery. Post graduating there is a mandatory one-year full-time internship at one of the universities or Government Teaching hospitals in the four major Specialty in 3 months rotation, then a license is issued after a written exam conducted by the Sudan medical council (SMC). </p><p>During the first 3–4 years the curriculum is completed, and throughout the next 2 years it is repeated with clinical training. Students with high grades in high school are accepted for free in Government Universities. Private faculty accept low grades than governmental faculty but their grades still high. Students who take foreign examinations other than the Sudanese High School Examination are also accepted in Universities, students taking IGCSE/SATs and other Arabian countries. All medical students who want to be enrolled in an internship program should undergo registration under the Sudanese Medical Council. Postgraduate training is conducted by Sudan medical specialisation board (SMSB) and the degree obtained is <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">medical doctor</a> (MD). The duration of training varies from 4–6 years depend on the scientific Council of the specific speciality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tanzania">Tanzania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tanzania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, medical school is a school within a university or can be an independent university dealing with health related courses only affiliated with a large sized hospital. Medical education lasts for 5 years after which the student graduates with an undergraduate (MD) degree. This is followed by a mandatory 12-month full-time internship at an approved hospital after which one applies for registration with the Medical Council of Tanzania (MCT) if they intend to practice medicine in the country. The first two years of medical school cover the Bio medical sciences or simply basic (pre-clinical) sciences while the last three years are focused on the clinical sciences.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are no medical school entry examinations or interviews and admission is based on students' performance in the high school exit examination (Advanced Certificate of Secondary Education Examination - ACSEE). Alternatively are student who took diploma in clinical medicine with an average of G.P.A 3.5 distinction who have very few seats.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uganda">Uganda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Uganda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medical_school_in_Uganda" title="Medical school in Uganda">Medical school in Uganda</a></div> <p>As of April 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there are nine accredited medical schools in <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Training leading to the award of the degree of <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine_and_Bachelor_of_Surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery</a> (<a href="/wiki/MBChB" class="mw-redirect" title="MBChB">MBChB</a>) lasts five years, if there are no re-takes. After graduating, a year of internship in a hospital designated for that purpose, under the supervision of a specialist in that discipline is required before an unrestricted license to practice medicine and surgery is granted by the Uganda Medical and Dental Practitioners Council (UMDPC). </p><p>There is Postgraduate training such as the degree of <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Medicine" title="Master of Medicine">Master of Medicine</a> (<a href="/wiki/MMed" class="mw-redirect" title="MMed">MMed</a>) which is a three-year programme, available at <a href="/wiki/Makerere_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Makerere University School of Medicine">Makerere University School of Medicine</a> in several disciplines. <a href="/wiki/Makerere_University_School_of_Public_Health" title="Makerere University School of Public Health">Makerere University School of Public Health</a>, offers the degree of <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Public_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Public Health">Master of Public Health</a> (MPH) following a 22-month period of study, which includes field work.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Zimbabwe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, there are three medical schools is offering Medical degrees. For undergrads, these are University of Zimbabwe - College of Health Sciences {MBChB}, National University of Science and Technology (NUST) Medical school {MBBS} and Midlands State University (MSU) {MBChB}. Only UZ is offering postgrad degrees in the Medical faculty. </p><p>Training lasts <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> years. The curriculum is as follows: </p> <ul><li>Part 1 (1 year) – Biochemistry, Communication Skills for Academic Purposes, Anatomy, Physiology and Behavioral Sciences. Professional exams are written in the first two and failure to attain a pass in Biochemistry warranties a repeat of first year.</li> <li>Part 2 (1 year) – Communication Skills for Professional Purposes, Anatomy, Physiology, Behavioral Sciences. Professional exams are written at the end of second year and failure to attain a passmark in any of the last three courses on the list warranties a repeat of the year. Communication Skills can be carried to the next year, but the student should pass the course before graduation.</li> <li>Part 3 (1.5 years) – Pathology (Histopathology), Medical Microbiology, Chemical Pathology, Hematology, Forensic Pathology, Immunology and Toxicology. A professional exam is written at the end of the third year and the student has to pass to proceed. There are also surgery and medicine rotations during the year. Also, the students cover most of the basic Pharmacology during the third stage of the degrees.</li> <li>Part 4 (1 year) – Community Medicine, Psychiatry and Clinical Pharmacology</li> <li>Part 5 (1 year) – Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics</li></ul> <p>Internships are two years in duration, with the first year spent in medicine and surgery and the second year doing pediatrics, anesthesia/psychiatry and obstetrics and gynecology. Thereafter one can apply for MMED at the university which last 4–5 years depending on specialty. Currently no subspecialist education is available. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia_and_Oceania">Asia and Oceania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Asia and Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Medical_education_in_Australia" title="Medical education in Australia">Medical education in Australia</a></div> <p>Historically, <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Australia" title="List of medical schools in Australia">Australian medical schools</a> have followed the British tradition by conferring the degrees of <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine_and_Bachelor_of_Surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery</a> (MBBS) to its graduates whilst reserving the title of Doctor of Medicine (MD) for their research training degree, analogous to the <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>, or for their <a href="/wiki/Honorary_doctorates" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary doctorates">honorary doctorates</a>. Although the majority of Australian MBBS degrees have been graduate programs since the 1990s, under the previous <a href="/wiki/Australian_Qualifications_Framework" title="Australian Qualifications Framework">Australian Qualifications Framework</a> (AQF) they remained categorised as Level 7 Bachelor degrees together with other undergraduate programs. </p><p>The latest version of the AQF includes the new category of Level 9 Master's (Extended) degrees which permits the use of the term 'Doctor' in the styling of the degree title of relevant professional programs. As a result, various Australian medical schools have replaced their MBBS degrees with the MD to resolve the previous anomalous nomenclature.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the introduction of the Master's level MD, universities have also renamed their previous medical research doctorates. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a> was the first to introduce the MD in 2011 as a basic medical degree, and has renamed its research degree to Doctor of Medical Science (DMedSc).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bangladesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_colleges_in_Bangladesh" title="List of medical colleges in Bangladesh">List of medical colleges in Bangladesh</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, admission to medical colleges is organized by the Governing Body of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dhaka" title="University of Dhaka">University of Dhaka</a>. A single admission test is held for government and private colleges. Due to the highly competitive nature of these exams, the total number of applicants across the country is around 78 times the number of students accepted.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Admission is based on the entrance examination, as well as students' individual academic records.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The entrance examination has a time limit of one hour. 100 marks are allocated based on objective questions, in which the mark allocation is distributed between a variety of subjects. Biology questions carry 30 marks, Chemistry carries 25, Physics carries 20, English carries 15, and general knowledge carries 10. </p><p>Additionally, students' previous SSC (Secondary School Certificate) scores carry up to 75 and HSC (Higher Secondary School Certificate) scores carry up to 125 marks towards the overall examination result. </p><p>English students prepare themselves for the admission exam ahead of time. This is because as the <a href="/wiki/GCSE" title="GCSE">GCSE</a> and <a href="/wiki/A-Level" class="mw-redirect" title="A-Level">A-Level</a> exams do not cover parts of the Bangladesh syllabus.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The undergraduate program consists of five years study, followed by a one-year internship. The degrees granted are Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (<a href="/wiki/Bachelors_of_Medicine_and_Surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelors of Medicine and Surgery">MBBS</a>). Further postgraduate qualifications may be obtained in the form of Diplomas or Degrees (MS or MD), <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Philosophy" title="Master of Philosophy">MPhil</a> and FCPS (Fellowship of the College of Physicians and Surgeons). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dhaka" title="University of Dhaka">University of Dhaka</a> launched <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2016)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> a new BSc in "Radiology and Imaging Technology," offering 30 students the opportunity to contribute towards their entrance exam grade. For students who have passed the HSC, this course contributes towards 25% of the mark. The course contributes up to 75% for Diploma-holding students. The duration of the course is four years (plus 12 weeks for project submission). The course covers a variety of topics, including behavioural science, radiological ethics, imaging physics and general procedure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cambodia">Cambodia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cambodia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After six years of general medical education (a foundation year + 5 years), all students will graduate with a Bachelor of Medical Sciences (BMedSc) (<i>បរិញ្ញាប័ត្រ វិទ្យាសាស្រ្តវេជ្ជសាស្ត្រ</i>). This degree does not allow graduates to work independently as Physician, but it is possible for those who wish to continue to master's degrees in other fields relating to medical sciences such as Public Health, Epidemiology, Biomedical Science, Nutrition. </p><p>Medical graduates, who wish to be fully qualified as physicians or specialists must meet these conditions: </p> <ul><li>General Practitioner's (GP) course is 8 years (BMedSc + 2-year internship). Clinical rotation in the internship is modulated within 4 main disciplines (general medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics). The medical degree awarded is the Doctor of Medicine (MD) (<i>សញ្ញាប័ត្រ វេជ្ជបណ្ឌិត</i>), equivalent to a master's degree.</li> <li>After graduating with BMedSc; any students, who wishes to enter Residency Training Programs, are required to sit for a rigorous and Entrance Exam. The duration of residency programs lasts from 3 to 4 years after BMedSc (BMedSc + 3–4 years of specialization). Once the graduates, after successful defense of their practicum thesis, are officially awarded the Degree of Specialized Doctor (MD-with specialization) (<i>សញ្ញាប័ត្រវេជ្ជបណ្ឌិតឯកទេស</i>) "Professional Doctorate".</li></ul> <p>All Medical graduates must complete a thesis defense and pass the national exit exam (<i>ប្រឡងចេញថ្នាក់ជាតិក្នុងវិស័យសុខាភិបាល</i>) to become a GP or a medical or surgical specialist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_China" title="List of medical schools in China">List of medical schools in China</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Gate_of_Peking_University_Health_Science_Center_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_Gate_of_Peking_University_Health_Science_Center_2.jpg/220px-West_Gate_of_Peking_University_Health_Science_Center_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_Gate_of_Peking_University_Health_Science_Center_2.jpg/330px-West_Gate_of_Peking_University_Health_Science_Center_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_Gate_of_Peking_University_Health_Science_Center_2.jpg/440px-West_Gate_of_Peking_University_Health_Science_Center_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peking_University_Health_Science_Center" title="Peking University Health Science Center">Peking University Health Science Center</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Medical education is normally a five-year <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor degree">Bachelor degree</a>, including a one-year internship (or clinical rotation, during which students are actively involved in patient care) before the final degree is awarded. Although some medical schools run three-year programs, hospitals tend to recruit physicians who have graduated from five-year programs. Students who graduate from medical school must work 1–3 years in a university-affiliated hospital, after which the student is eligible to take the National Medical Licensing Examination (NMLE) for physician certification, which is conducted by the National Medical Examination Center (NMEC). Candidates who pass are certified as physicians by the Ministry of Health.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinical specialization usually involves a two-or three-year <a href="/wiki/Master_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Master degree">Master degree</a>. Acceptance is based on the national entrance examination used for all universities. In all over China, the <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery</a> (MBBS) Degree courses have been always taught in Chinese medium. There are a few colleges that teach in English and accept foreign medical students. Some of those universities have increased their course duration to 6 years. The degree conferred is known as Bachelor of Clinical Medicine (BCM). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiji">Fiji</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fiji"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medical education is normally a six-year Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery degree, including a one-year of trainee internship (or clinical rotation, during which students are actively involved in patient care) before the final degree is awarded. Students who graduate from medical school must complete an year of graduate training in a government hospital, after which they are eligible to practice medicine. </p><p>There are two accredited medical schools in Fiji: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_National_University" title="Fiji National University">Fiji National University</a>, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences (Formerly, Fiji School of Medicine).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Fiji" title="University of Fiji">University of Fiji</a>, Umanand Prasad School Medicine and Health Sciences.</li></ul> <p>Clinical specialization usually involves a three-year master's degree. Acceptance into Medical School is based on the Fiji Year 13 Certificate Examination used for all universities. In all over Fiji, the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) Degree courses have been always taught in English medium. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medical_education_in_Hong_Kong" title="Medical education in Hong Kong">Medical education in Hong Kong</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_University_of_Hong_Kong_Li_Ka_Shing_Faculty_of_Medicine_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_University_of_Hong_Kong_Li_Ka_Shing_Faculty_of_Medicine_1.jpg/220px-The_University_of_Hong_Kong_Li_Ka_Shing_Faculty_of_Medicine_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_University_of_Hong_Kong_Li_Ka_Shing_Faculty_of_Medicine_1.jpg/330px-The_University_of_Hong_Kong_Li_Ka_Shing_Faculty_of_Medicine_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_University_of_Hong_Kong_Li_Ka_Shing_Faculty_of_Medicine_1.jpg/440px-The_University_of_Hong_Kong_Li_Ka_Shing_Faculty_of_Medicine_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Li_Ka_Shing_Faculty_of_Medicine" title="Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine">Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong" title="University of Hong Kong">University of Hong Kong</a>, among the oldest western medicine schools in the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, medical programmes are <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degrees</a> with a usual duration of six years, leading to the degrees of <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students are eligible upon graduating secondary school, and sitting the local <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Diploma_of_Secondary_Education_Examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education Examination">Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education Examination</a> (HKDSE) (<a href="/wiki/JUPAS" title="JUPAS">JUPAS</a> candidates) or other international examinations such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Baccalaureate" title="International Baccalaureate">International Baccalaureate</a> and <a href="/wiki/GCE_A-Level" class="mw-redirect" title="GCE A-Level">GCE A-Level</a> (non-JUPAS candidates). </p><p>There are two medical schools in Hong Kong: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ka_Shing_Faculty_of_Medicine" title="Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine">Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong" title="University of Hong Kong">University of Hong Kong</a> (HKU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUHK_Faculty_of_Medicine" title="CUHK Faculty of Medicine">Faculty of Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="The Chinese University of Hong Kong">The Chinese University of Hong Kong</a> (CUHK)</li></ul> <p>Both medical faculties are also the sole two institutes offering <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">pharmacy</a> programmes. Meanwhile, other healthcare programmes (like <a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">nursing</a>) can also be found in universities which do not host a medical faculty. </p><p>The CUHK Faculty of Medicine offers the Dynamic Year 2 (DY2) option, which allows high-achieving students who have acquired a certain minimum level in relevant academic qualifications to be admitted directly to Year 2.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the introduction of the HKDSE in 2012, both medical programmes had a duration of five years for students taking the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Advanced_Level_Examination" title="Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination">Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination (HKALE)</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Admission to a medical program is highly competitive as the number of intakes each year is limited. As of 2024, the first year intake of each program is 295 (590 in total).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, candidates need to attain an excellent examination result and good performance in interviews. The schools put a great emphasis on students' languages (both Chinese and English) and communication skills as they need to communicate with other healthcare professionals and patients or their families in the future.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During their studies at the medical schools, students need to accumulate enough clinical practicing hours in addition before their graduation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>To obtain full registration as registered medical practitioners, medical graduates must undertake and complete at least one year of supervised practice in approved hospitals, generally known as an <a href="/wiki/Internship_(medicine)" title="Internship (medicine)">internship</a>, with satisfactory performance.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this year, interns (house officers) are rotated to four specialties (medicine, surgery, and two of the following: <a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">obstetrics and gynaecology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paediatrics" class="mw-redirect" title="Paediatrics">paediatrics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthopaedics" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopaedics">orthopaedics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traumatology" title="Traumatology">traumatology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">emergency medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">ophthalmology</a>). Each of them lasts three months. There is no work hour limit in Hong Kong and interns are expected to work 80–100 hours per week.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medical_college_in_India" title="Medical college in India">Medical college in India</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_colleges_in_India" title="List of medical colleges in India">List of medical Colleges in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AIIMS_-New_Delhi%27s_Ward_Block.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/AIIMS_-New_Delhi%27s_Ward_Block.jpg/220px-AIIMS_-New_Delhi%27s_Ward_Block.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/AIIMS_-New_Delhi%27s_Ward_Block.jpg/330px-AIIMS_-New_Delhi%27s_Ward_Block.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/AIIMS_-New_Delhi%27s_Ward_Block.jpg/440px-AIIMS_-New_Delhi%27s_Ward_Block.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2389" data-file-height="1216" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences,_New_Delhi" title="All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi">All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi</a>, India.</figcaption></figure> <p>In India, admission to medical colleges is organized by the central government by <a href="/wiki/National_Testing_Agency" title="National Testing Agency">NTA</a> (National Testing Agency) through tests known as <a href="/wiki/National_Eligibility_cum_Entrance_Test_(Undergraduate)" title="National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)">NEET</a> <a href="/wiki/Entrance_examination" title="Entrance examination">entrance examination</a>. Students who have successfully completed their 10+2 (Physics, Chemistry and Biology Marks are considered and PCB is mandatory) education (higher secondary school) can appear for the tests the same year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Eligibility_cum_Entrance_Test_(Undergraduate)" title="National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)">NEET-UG</a> (National Eligibility cum Entrance Test) for filling up of 15% of total <a href="/wiki/MBBS" class="mw-redirect" title="MBBS">MBBS</a> seats in India, conducted by <a href="/wiki/National_Testing_Agency" title="National Testing Agency">NTA</a> (National Testing Agency) 1 time in a year in the month of May intakes about only 65,000 students out of a total applicants of over 15,00,000.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court Of India">Supreme Court Of India</a> has mandated the necessity of <a href="/wiki/Entrance_examination" title="Entrance examination">entrance examination</a> based upon multiple choice questions and negative marking for wrong answers with subsequent merit over 50% for selection into MBBS as well as higher medical education. The entrance exams are highly <a href="/wiki/Competitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Competitive">competitive</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The graduate program consists of three professionals consisting of 9 semesters, followed by one-year internship (rotating housemanship). The degree granted is Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (<a href="/wiki/Bachelors_of_Medicine_and_Surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelors of Medicine and Surgery">MBBS</a>) of five years and six months.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The graduate degree of MBBS is divided into three professionals, with each professional ending with a professional exam conducted by the <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a> (a single university may have up to dozens of medical colleges offering various graduate/post-graduate/<a href="/wiki/Post-doctoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-doctoral">post-doctoral</a> degrees). After clearing this the student moves into the next professional. Each professional exam consists of a theory exam and a practical exam conducted not only by the same college but also external examiners. The exams are tough and many students are unable to clear them, thereby prolonging their degree time. The first professional is for 1 year and includes preclinical subjects, anatomy, physiology and biochemistry. The second professional is for <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> years and has subjects pathology, pharmacology, microbiology (including immunology) and forensic medicine. Clinical exposure starts in the second professional. The third professional is divided into two parts. Part 1 consists of ophthalmology, <a href="/wiki/Otorhinolaryngology" title="Otorhinolaryngology">ENT</a>, and PSM (<a href="/wiki/Preventive_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Preventive care">preventive and social medicine</a>) and part 2 consists of general-medicine (including dermatology, psychiatry as short subjects), general surgery (including radiology, anaesthesiology and orthopaedics as short subjects) and pediatrics and gynaecology and obstetrics. This is followed by one-year of <a href="/wiki/Internship" title="Internship">internship</a> (<a href="/wiki/Compulsory_Rotating_Medical_Internship" title="Compulsory Rotating Medical Internship">house-surgeonship</a>). After internship, the degree of MBBS is awarded by the respective university. Some states have made rural service compulsory for a certain period of time after MBBS.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Selection for higher medical education is through <a href="/wiki/Entrance_examination" title="Entrance examination">entrance examinations</a> as mandated by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court Of India">Supreme Court Of India</a>. Further postgraduate qualifications may be obtained as <a href="/wiki/Post-graduate" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-graduate">Post-graduate</a> <a href="/wiki/Diploma" title="Diploma">Diploma</a> of two years residency or <a href="/wiki/Doctoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctoral">Doctoral</a> <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Degree</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Surgery" title="Master of Surgery">MS</a>: Master of Surgery, or <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">MD</a>) of three years of residency under the aegis of the Medical Council of India. The MD/MS seats in India are filled up through NEET PG Examination conducted by the <a href="/wiki/National_Board_of_Examinations" class="mw-redirect" title="National Board of Examinations">National Board of Examinations</a> (NBE) under the supervision of the Directorate General Of Health Services. Theses/Dissertations are mandatory to be submitted and cleared by university along with examinations (written and clinicals) to obtain MD/MS degree. Further sub-speciality <a href="/wiki/Post-doctoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-doctoral">post-doctoral</a> qualification (DM - <a href="/wiki/Doctorate_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctorate of Medicine">Doctorate of Medicine</a>, or <a href="/wiki/MCh" class="mw-redirect" title="MCh">MCh</a> - Magister of Chirurgery) of three years of residency followed by university examinations may also be obtained.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PG (post-graduate) qualification is equivalent to MD/MS, consisting of two/three-years residency after <a href="/wiki/MBBS" class="mw-redirect" title="MBBS">MBBS</a>. A PG diploma may also be obtained through the National Board of Examinations (NBE), which also offers three-years residency for sub-specialisation. All degrees by NBE are called DNB (<a href="/wiki/Diplomate_of_National_Board" title="Diplomate of National Board">Diplomate of National Board</a>). DNB's are awarded only after clearance of theses/dissertations and examinations. DNBs equivalent to DM/MCh have to clear examinations mandatorily.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Indonesia" title="List of medical schools in Indonesia">List of medical schools in Indonesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medstudentindonesia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Medstudentindonesia.jpg/220px-Medstudentindonesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Medstudentindonesia.jpg/330px-Medstudentindonesia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Medstudentindonesia.jpg/440px-Medstudentindonesia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="842" /></a><figcaption>A group of Indonesian medical students at <a href="/wiki/Trisakti_University" title="Trisakti University">Trisakti University</a> trains with an obstetric mannequin</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, high school graduates who aspires to enroll in public medical schools must apply to medicine undergraduate program available in certain public universities. Most common ways to apply to public universities are SNBP (Achievement-based National Selection, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Seleksi Nasional Berdasarkan Prestasi</i>, organized without test, using high school evaluation reports) and <a href="/wiki/SNBT" title="SNBT">SNBT</a> (Test-Based National Selection, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Seleksi Nasional Berdasarkan Tes</i>, organized with test), both administered by Institution of Higher Education Admissions Test under The Indonesian Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology. Another way with fewer places are available through entrance exam conducted autonomously by each university (known as independent admission). These admissions are highly competitive for medicine, especially in prestigious institutions such as <a href="/wiki/University_of_Indonesia" title="University of Indonesia">University of Indonesia</a> in Jakarta, <a href="/wiki/Airlangga_University" title="Airlangga University">Airlangga University</a> in Surabaya, and <a href="/wiki/Gadjah_Mada_University" title="Gadjah Mada University">Gadjah Mada University</a> in Yogyakarta. For private medical schools, almost all places offer seats through independently run admission tests.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The standard Indonesian medical school curriculum is six years long. The four years long undergraduate program is composed mainly of classroom education, continued with the last two years in professional program which primarily includes rotations in clinical settings where students learn patient care firsthand. If they pass the undergraduate program, they will be granted the title "S.Ked" (Bachelor of Medicine) and if they finish the professional program and pass the national examination arranged by IDI (Indonesian Medical Association) they will become general physician and be assigned the prefix, "dr. (doctor)".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Upon graduation, a physician planning to become a specialist in a specific field of medicine must complete a <a href="/wiki/Residency_(medicine)" title="Residency (medicine)">residency</a>, which is a supervised training with periods ranging from three to four years. A physician who sub-specializes or who desires more supervised experience may complete a <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_(medicine)" title="Fellowship (medicine)">fellowship</a>, which is an additional one to three years of supervised training in his/her area of expertise.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Japan" title="List of medical schools in Japan">List of medical schools in Japan</a></div> <p>In Japan, medical schools are faculties of universities and thus they are undergraduate programs that generally last for six years. Admission is based on an exam taken at the end of high school and an entrance exam at the university itself, which is the most competitive. </p><p>Medical students study Liberal Arts and Sciences for the first 1–2 years, which include Physics, Mathematics, Chemistry, and Foreign Languages, followed by 2 years of Basic Medicine (Anatomy, Physiology, Pharmacology, Immunology), Clinical Medicine, <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Forensics" class="mw-redirect" title="Forensics">Forensics</a>. </p><p>Medical students train at the University Hospital for the last two years. Clinical training is a part of the curriculum. Upon completion of the graduation examination, students are awarded an MD Medical graduates are titled as Doctor, as are PhD holders. The university does have an MD/PhD program that enables Doctors of Medicine to become PhD holders, as well. </p><p>At the end, Medical students take the National Medical License examination and, if they pass it, become a Physician and register in the record in the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health,_Labour_and_Welfare" title="Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare">Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare</a>. The scope of this exam encompasses every aspect of medicine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Kyrgyzstan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, the government university Kyrgyz State Medical Academy offers 6 years duration undergraduate (bachelor's degree) program whereas the other institutions mostly private such as the International School of Medicine at the International University of Kyrgyzstan<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offers a five-year medical program, with a requisite for English knowledge, that is recognized by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/General_Medical_Council" title="General Medical Council">General Medical Council</a>, and <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. The medical school is also partnered with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Florida" title="University of South Florida">University of South Florida School of Medicine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Heidelberg">University of Heidelberg</a> (Germany), the Novosibirsk Medical University (Russia), and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sharjah" title="University of Sharjah">University of Sharjah</a> (UAE). </p><p>Other medical schools located in Kyrgyzstan include the 5 years duration MD/MBBS undergraduate degree program at International University of Science and Business or Mezhdunarodnyy Universitet Nauki i Biznesa, Kyrgyzstan<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others are the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Medical_Institute,_Kyrgyzstan" title="Asian Medical Institute, Kyrgyzstan">Asian Medical Institute, Kyrgyzstan</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Medical_Institute,_Osh_State_University" title="Medical Institute, Osh State University">Medical Institute, Osh State University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Malaysia" title="List of medical schools in Malaysia">List of medical schools in Malaysia</a></div> <p>In Malaysia, getting into medical school is regarded as difficult, due to high fees and a rigorous selection process.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some new medical schools do offer a foundation in medicine course before admission into a full-time medical programme. Most government, and some private medical schools offer MD, and others mostly offer MBBS degrees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Myanmar">Myanmar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Myanmar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools#Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="List of medical schools">List of medical schools in Myanmar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_view_of_Lanmadaw_campus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Panorama_view_of_Lanmadaw_campus.jpg/440px-Panorama_view_of_Lanmadaw_campus.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Panorama_view_of_Lanmadaw_campus.jpg/660px-Panorama_view_of_Lanmadaw_campus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Panorama_view_of_Lanmadaw_campus.jpg/880px-Panorama_view_of_Lanmadaw_campus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>A panoramic view of Lanmadaw Campus</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2015, there are six medical institutions in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> - UM 1, UM 2, DSMA, UM Mdy, UM Mgy and the newly established UMTG. Myanmar medical schools are government-funded and require Myanmar citizenship for eligibility. No private medical school exist at this moment. In <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, admission to medical colleges is organized under the Department of Health Science, which is the branch of Ministry of Health and Sport of Myanmar. </p><p>A student can join one of the six medical universities of Myanmar if he gets the highest scores in the science combination of the matriculation examination. This exam is highly competitive. Entrance is solely based on this examination and academic records have very minor consequences on an application. The undergraduate program is five years plus one year for work experience in government hospitals. After medical school, Myanmar medical graduates are under contract to spend one year of internship and three years of tenure in rural areas before they are eligible for most residency positions. The degree granted is Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (<a href="/wiki/Bachelors_of_Medicine_and_Surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelors of Medicine and Surgery">MBBS</a>). Further postgraduate qualifications may be obtained as a degree (MMedSc) and (DrMedSc). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nepal">Nepal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Nepal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Asia#Nepal" title="List of medical schools in Asia">List of medical schools in Nepal</a></div> <p>As of 2020, Nepal had 23 medical schools (6 public and 17 private). <sup id="cite_ref-Sigdel_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sigdel-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medical studies start at undergraduate level and are taught by mostly Indian and Nepalese faculty.<sup id="cite_ref-Shankar_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shankar-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies typically take four and a half years followed by a one-year internship.<sup id="cite_ref-Shankar_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shankar-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Graduates are conferred the <a href="/wiki/MBBS" class="mw-redirect" title="MBBS">MBBS</a> degree.<sup id="cite_ref-Shankar_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shankar-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholarships are provided to between 10 and 20% of students.<sup id="cite_ref-Shankar_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shankar-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon graduation, scholarship students have to serve in health facilities in rural Nepal for two years after graduation.<sup id="cite_ref-Shankar_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shankar-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn, self financing students tend to come from upper socioeconomic status due to the high cost of medical education in Nepal<sup id="cite_ref-Shankar_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shankar-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are four main medical bodies in Nepal:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribhuvan_University" title="Tribhuvan University">Tribhuvan University</a> (own college: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Medicine,_Nepal" title="Institute of Medicine, Nepal">Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj</a>, affiliated colleges: <a href="/wiki/National_Medical_College,_Birgunj,_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="National Medical College, Birgunj, Nepal">National Medical College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janaki_Medical_College" title="Janaki Medical College">Janaki Medical College</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universal_College_of_Medical_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universal College of Medical Sciences (page does not exist)">Universal College of Medical Sciences</a>, Gandaki Medical College, Chitwan Medical College, Kist Medical College, Nepal Army Institute of Health Science)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_University" title="Kathmandu University">Kathmandu University</a> (own college: <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_University_School_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences">Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences</a> (KUSMS), Affiliated colleges: <a href="/wiki/Manipal_College_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Manipal College of Medical Sciences">Manipal College of Medical Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Medical_College" title="Kathmandu Medical College">Kathmandu Medical College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Medical_College" title="Nepal Medical College">Nepal Medical College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepalgunj_Medical_College" title="Nepalgunj Medical College">Nepalgunj Medical College</a>, <a href="/wiki/College_of_Medical_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="College of Medical Sciences">College of Medical Sciences</a>, Nobel Medical College, Lumbini Medical College, Birat Medical College, Devdaha Medical College)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B.P._Koirala_Institute_of_Health_Sciences" title="B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences">B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patan_Academy_of_Health_Sciences" title="Patan Academy of Health Sciences">Patan Academy of Health Sciences</a></li></ul> <p>The Medical Education Commission was established in 2017 with the goal of improving the quality of medical education in Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-Sigdel_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sigdel-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Medical_Council" title="Nepal Medical Council">Nepal Medical Council</a> (NMC) was established in 2020 with the primary role of registering qualified doctors.<sup id="cite_ref-nmc_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nmc-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools#New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="List of medical schools">List of medical schools in New Zealand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faculty_of_Medical_and_Health_Sciences,_University_of_Auckland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Faculty_of_Medical_and_Health_Sciences%2C_University_of_Auckland.jpg/220px-Faculty_of_Medical_and_Health_Sciences%2C_University_of_Auckland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Faculty_of_Medical_and_Health_Sciences%2C_University_of_Auckland.jpg/330px-Faculty_of_Medical_and_Health_Sciences%2C_University_of_Auckland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Faculty_of_Medical_and_Health_Sciences%2C_University_of_Auckland.jpg/440px-Faculty_of_Medical_and_Health_Sciences%2C_University_of_Auckland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Auckland School of Medicine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uni_of_Otago_medical_school.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Uni_of_Otago_medical_school.jpg/220px-Uni_of_Otago_medical_school.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Uni_of_Otago_medical_school.jpg/330px-Uni_of_Otago_medical_school.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Uni_of_Otago_medical_school.jpg/440px-Uni_of_Otago_medical_school.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Otago School of Medicine</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> medical programs are undergraduate-entry programs of six years duration. Students are considered for acceptance only after a year of undergraduate basic sciences or, as alternative, following the completion of a bachelor's degree. There are two main medical schools in New Zealand: the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Auckland,_Faculty_of_Medical_and_Health_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Auckland, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences">University of Auckland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Otago_Dunedin_School_of_Medicine" title="University of Otago Dunedin School of Medicine">University of Otago</a>. Each of these has subsidiary medical schools such as Otago's <a href="/wiki/University_of_Otago_Wellington_School_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Otago Wellington School of Medicine">Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences</a> and Auckland's <a href="/wiki/University_of_Auckland,_Faculty_of_Medical_and_Health_Sciences#Waikato_Clinical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Auckland, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences">Waikato Clinical School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first year of the medical degree is the basic sciences year, which comprises study in chemistry, biology, physics, and biochemistry as well as population health and behavioural sciences. The following two years are spent studying human organ systems and pathological processes in more detail as well as professional and communication development. Toward the end of the third year, students begin direct contact with patients in hospital settings. </p><p>The clinical years begin fully at the beginning of year 4, where students rotate through various areas of general clinical medicine with rotation times varying from between two and six weeks. Year 5 continues this pattern, focusing more on specialized areas of medicine and surgery. Final medical school exams (exit exams) are actually held at the end of year 5, which is different from most other countries, where final exams are held near the very end of the medical degree. Final exams must be passed before the student is allowed to enter year 6.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final year (Year 6) of medical school is known as the "Trainee Intern" year, wherein a student is known as a "Trainee Intern" (commonly referred to in the hospitals as a "T.I."). Trainee interns repeat most rotations undertaken in years 4 and 5 but at a higher level of involvement and responsibility for patient care.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trainee interns receive a stipend grant from the New Zealand government (not applicable for international students). At the current time, this is $NZ 26,756/year (about $US 18,500).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trainee interns have responsibility under supervision for the care of about one-third the patient workload of a junior doctor. However, all prescriptions and most other orders (e.g., radiology requests and charting of IV fluids) made by trainee interns must be countersigned by a registered doctor. </p><p>New Zealand medical schools currently award the degrees of <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of Medicine">Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery</a> (MBChB).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon completion of the sixth year, students go on to become "House Officers," also known as "House Surgeons" for 1–2 years where they rotate through specialities in the first year and then begin to narrow down to what they'd like to do for speciality training in the second year. After 2 years of house officer work they apply to get into a training scheme and start to train towards the speciality.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of medical schools in the Philippines">List of medical schools in the Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medical_education_in_the_Philippines" title="Medical education in the Philippines">Medical education in the Philippines</a></div> <p>The Dominicans, under the Spanish Government, established the oldest medical school in the Philippines in 1871, known as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas_Faculty_of_Medicine_and_Surgery" title="University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Medicine and Surgery">Faculty of Medicine and Surgery</a> (at that time was one with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas_Faculty_of_Pharmacy" title="University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy">University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy</a>, also considered the oldest pharmacy school in the Philippines) of the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_and_Royal_University_of_Santo_Tomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas">Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas</a> in Intramuros, Manila. </p><p>Medical education in the Philippines became widespread under the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> administration. The Americans, led by the insular government's Secretary of the Interior, <a href="/wiki/Dean_Worcester" class="mw-redirect" title="Dean Worcester">Dean Worcester</a>, built the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_College_of_Medicine" title="University of the Philippines College of Medicine">University of the Philippines College of Medicine</a> and Surgery in 1905. By 1909, nursing instruction was also begun at the Philippine Normal School. </p><p>At present there are a number of medical schools in the Philippines, notable examples include the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_College_of_Medicine" title="University of the Philippines College of Medicine">University of the Philippines College of Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Fatima_University" title="Our Lady of Fatima University">Our Lady of Fatima University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_University_%E2%80%93_Nicanor_Reyes_Medical_Foundation" title="Far Eastern University – Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation">Far Eastern University – Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_University_International_School_of_Medicine" title="Saint Louis University International School of Medicine">Saint Louis University International School of Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_La_Salle_Medical_and_Health_Sciences_Institute" title="De La Salle Medical and Health Sciences Institute">De La Salle Medical and Health Sciences Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas_Faculty_of_Medicine_and_Surgery" title="University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Medicine and Surgery">University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Medicine and Surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamantasan_ng_Lungsod_ng_Maynila" title="Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila">Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila</a>, <a href="/wiki/UERMMMC_College_of_Medicine" title="UERMMMC College of Medicine">UERMMMC College of Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebu_Doctors%27_University" title="Cebu Doctors' University">Cebu Doctors' University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebu_Institute_of_Medicine" title="Cebu Institute of Medicine">Cebu Institute of Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_University_-_Matias_H._Aznar_Memorial_College_of_Medicine_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern University - Matias H. Aznar Memorial College of Medicine Inc.">Southwestern University - Matias H. Aznar Memorial College of Medicine Inc.</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Visayas_State_University" title="West Visayas State University">West Visayas State University</a> in Iloilo City, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Northern_Philippines" title="University of Northern Philippines">University of Northern Philippines</a> in Vigan. </p><p>In 1994, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ateneo_de_Zamboanga_University-School_of_Medicine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ateneo de Zamboanga University-School of Medicine (page does not exist)">Ateneo de Zamboanga University-School of Medicine</a>, then known as Zamboanga Medical School Foundation was established. By 2003, it became the first medical school in the country to offer a double degree program leading to the degrees <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Public_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Public Health">Master of Public Health</a>. </p><p>Any college graduate may apply for medical school given that they satisfy the requirements set by the institutions. There is also a test known as the <a href="/wiki/National_Medical_Admission_Test_(Philippines)" title="National Medical Admission Test (Philippines)">National Medical Admission Test</a> or NMAT. Scores are given on a percentile basis and a high ranking is a must to enter the top medical schools in the country. </p><p>In most institutions, medical education lasts for four years. Basic subjects are taken up in the first and second years, while clinical sciences are studied in the second and third years. In their fourth year, students rotate in the various hospital departments, spending up to two months each in the fields of internal medicine, surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, and pediatrics, and several weeks in the other specialties. After this, students graduate with a Doctorate in Medicine and apply for postgraduate internship (PGI) in an accredited hospital of their choice. After PGI, the student is eligible to take the Medical Licensure Examination. Passing the examinations confers the right to practice medicine as well as to apply in a Residency Training Program. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three medical schools in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>. Two of them offer undergraduate (5 years degree) and the other offers postgraduate (4 years) entry. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yong_Loo_Lin_School_of_Medicine" title="Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine">Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine</a> (undergraduate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke%E2%80%93NUS_Medical_School" title="Duke–NUS Medical School">Duke–NUS Medical School</a> (postgraduate)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kong_Chian_School_of_Medicine" title="Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine">Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine</a> (undergraduate)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools#South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of medical schools">List of medical schools in South Korea</a></div> <p>There are 41 medical schools in <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medical programs in South Korea are undergraduate direct-entry programs akin to those in the United Kingdom, taking a total of six years to complete. </p><p>In 1996, the South Korean government started discussions to shift undergraduate medical programs to graduate-level institutions, with the hopes of eventually implementing a system resembling that of the United States and Canada. This change would require applicants to possess an undergraduate degree to be eligible. This proposal was highly controversial, namely due to public distrust regarding fairness and equal opportunity. In 2005, despite substantial opposition, the reforms were enacted, but to alleviate tensions, institutions were allowed to maintain their undergraduate medical programs along with postgraduate programs, and the adoption of postgraduate medical programs was made optional.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After about a decade of a two-tiered system, many schools opted to revert to undergraduate medical colleges, abolishing graduate-level medical schools from their institutions. As of 2023, <a href="/wiki/CHA_university,_School_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="CHA university, School of Medicine">Cha University School of Medicine</a> is the only institution in South Korea to offer a postgraduate medical program. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools#Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="List of medical schools">List of medical schools in Sri Lanka</a></div> <p>There are eight medical schools in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> that teach evidence based (sometimes called "western") medicine. The oldest medical school is the <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Medicine,_University_of_Colombo" title="Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo">Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo</a>, established as Ceylon Medical School in 1870. There are medical faculties in Peradeniya, Kelaniya, Sri Jayawardanepura, Galle, Batticaloa, Jaffna and Rajarata as well. </p><p>Kelaniya Medical Faculty initially started as the <a href="/wiki/North_Colombo_Medical_College" title="North Colombo Medical College">North Colombo Medical College</a> (NCMC), a private medical institution. It was one of the earliest private higher educational institutions (1980). Heavy resistance by the medical professionals, university students and other professionals led to its nationalization and to its renaming as the Kelaniya Medical Faculty. </p><p>Faculty of Health-Care Sciences is the faculty that offers MBBS together with other para-medical courses. It is an entity of the Eastern University - Sri Lanka. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_Institute_of_Medicine" title="Postgraduate Institute of Medicine">Postgraduate Institute of Medicine</a> (PGIM) is the only institution that provides specialist training of medical doctors. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Indigenous_Medicine" title="Institute of Indigenous Medicine">Institute of Indigenous Medicine</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colombo" title="University of Colombo">University of Colombo</a>, the Gampaha Wickramarachchi Ayurvedhic Medicine Institute of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kelaniya" title="University of Kelaniya">University of Kelaniya</a> and the Faculty of Siddha Medicine, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jaffna" title="University of Jaffna">University of Jaffna</a> teach <a href="/wiki/Ayurvedha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayurvedha">Ayurvedha</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Unani" class="mw-redirect" title="Unani">Unani</a> / <a href="/wiki/Siddha" title="Siddha">Siddha</a> Medicine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Taiwan" title="List of medical schools in Taiwan">List of medical schools in Taiwan</a></div> <p>The medical education in the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> is usually 7 years (6-year learning plus 1-year internship) in duration, starting right after high schools. The first 2 years in the 7-year system is composed of basic sciences and liberal art courses. Doctor-patient classes are emphasized, and most schools require compulsory amounts of volunteer hours. Clinical sciences are compressed into a two-year program in the third and fourth years. The duration of clerkships and internships varies from school to school, but all of them end at the seventh grade. Taiwan's medical education began in 1897 and is over 100 years old now. Students graduate with a Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree. Starting from the year 2013, incoming students will have a 6+2 year curriculum, in which the first 6 years are oriented similarly as before and the last two years are Post Graduate Years; this change aims to increase primary care capabilities of medical school graduates.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thailand">Thailand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Thailand" title="List of medical schools in Thailand">List of medical schools in Thailand</a></div> <p>The first medical school in Thailand was established back in 1890 at <a href="/wiki/Siriraj_Hospital" title="Siriraj Hospital">Siriraj Hospital</a>, which is now become <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Medicine_Siriraj_Hospital,_Mahidol_University" title="Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University">Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University</a>. Currently, there are 26<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (November 2017)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup> medical programs offered nationwide. Most of the Thai medical schools are government-funded and require Thai citizenship for eligibility. Two private medical schools exist at the moment. Some Thais choose to attend private medical schools or attend a medical school in a foreign country due to relatively few openings and extremely competitive entrance examination scores required for enrollment in public medical schools. </p><p>The Thai medical education is a six-year system, consisting of one year in basic-science, two years in pre-clinical training, and three years for clinical training. Upon graduation, all medical students must pass national medical licensing examinations and a university-based comprehensive test. After medical school, newly graduated doctors are under contract to spend a year of internship and 2 years of tenure in rural areas before they are eligible for any other residency positions or specialized training, mostly in locations outside <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>. </p><p>Students will receive <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a> (MD) degree at the end of the process. This degree is equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a> in Thailand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caribbean">Caribbean</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Caribbean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_the_Caribbean" title="List of medical schools in the Caribbean">List of medical schools in the Caribbean</a></div> <p>In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/International_Medical_Education_Directory" title="International Medical Education Directory">International Medical Education Directory</a> listed 59 current medical schools in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, including 54 grant the MD degree, 3 grant the MBBS degree, and 2 grant either the MD or MBBS degree. </p><p>30 of the medical schools in the Caribbean are regional, which train students to practice in the country or region where the school is located. The remaining 29 Caribbean medical schools are known as <a href="/wiki/Offshore_Medical_School_in_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore Medical School in the Caribbean">offshore schools</a>, which primarily train students from the United States and Canada who intend to return home for residency and clinical practice after graduation.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At most offshore schools, <a href="/wiki/Basic_medical_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic medical sciences">basic sciences</a> are completed in the Caribbean while <a href="/wiki/Clerkship_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerkship (medicine)">clinical clerkships</a> are completed at teaching hospitals in the United States. </p><p>Several agencies may also <a href="/wiki/Educational_accreditation" title="Educational accreditation">accredit</a> Caribbean medical schools, as listed in the FAIMER Directory of Organizations that Recognize/Accredit Medical Schools (DORA). 25 of the 29 regional medical schools in the Caribbean are accredited, while 14 of the 30 offshore medical schools are accredited. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Curaçao"><span id="Cura.C3.A7ao"></span>Curaçao</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Curaçao"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2021, <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a> has five medical schools registered in the <a href="/wiki/World_Directory_of_Medical_Schools" title="World Directory of Medical Schools">World Directory of Medical Schools</a>: <a href="/wiki/Avalon_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Avalon University School of Medicine">Avalon University School of Medicine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Avalon_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avalon-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Medical_University" title="Caribbean Medical University">Caribbean Medical University</a> School of Medicine,<sup id="cite_ref-CMU_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMU-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_University_School_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy University School of Medicine">John F. Kennedy University School of Medicine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-JFK_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JFK-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New York Medical University School of Medicine<sup id="cite_ref-NYU_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYU-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/St._Martinus_University_Faculty_of_Medicine" title="St. Martinus University Faculty of Medicine">St. Martinus University Faculty of Medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stmart_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stmart-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All are located within the city of <a href="/wiki/Willemstad" title="Willemstad">Willemstad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Avalon_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avalon-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JFK_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JFK-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CMU_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMU-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYU_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYU-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stmart_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stmart-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These schools provide education in Basic Medical Science (BMS) which goes towards the degree of Medical Doctor or Doctor of Medicine. Presently, none of the medical schools offer other degrees, such as MBBS or PhD (2016).<sup id="cite_ref-Avalon_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avalon-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JFK_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JFK-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CMU_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMU-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYU_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYU-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stmart_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stmart-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All students after completing their medical school's Basic Medical Science program in Curaçao; will then have to apply to either take USMLE Step Exams, the Canadian or British Board Exams.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dominican_Republic">Dominican Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Dominican Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Centro_Hospitalario_UCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Centro_Hospitalario_UCE.jpg/220px-Centro_Hospitalario_UCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Centro_Hospitalario_UCE.jpg/330px-Centro_Hospitalario_UCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Centro_Hospitalario_UCE.jpg/440px-Centro_Hospitalario_UCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption>Centro Hospitalario at the <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Central_del_Este" title="Universidad Central del Este">Eastern Central University</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Pedro_de_Macor%C3%ADs" title="San Pedro de Macorís">San Pedro de Macorís</a>, Dominican Republic.</figcaption></figure> <p>Medical studies in the Dominican Republic start after graduation from high school. The programs typically take around 6 years to complete and are generally in Spanish with a few U.S.-style 4-year programs in English geared to American students (e.g. <a href="/wiki/UNIBE" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIBE">UNIBE</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Programs are typically divided into pre-medicine, basic sciences and clinical sciences (also called pre-internship).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the pre-internship period the aspiring doctors need to complete a 1-year compulsory internship in a Dominican hospital to obtain their medical license.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haiti">Haiti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Haiti"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medical schools in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> conduct training in French. The universities offering medical training in Haiti are the Université Notre Dame d'Haïti, <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Quisqueya" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Quisqueya">Université Quisqueya</a>, Université d'Etat d'Haïti and Université Lumière. </p><p>The Université Notre Dame d'Haïti (UNDH) is a private Catholic university established by the Episcopal Conference of Haiti. According to the UNDH website, "the UNDH is not just about academic degrees, it is mainly the formation of a new type of Haiti, which includes in its culture and moral values of the Gospel, essential for serious and honest people that the country needs today." </p><p>The other two private schools offering medical degrees are Université Quisqueya and Université Lumière. The Université d'Etat d'Haïti is a <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">public school</a>. </p><p>Attending medical school in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> may be less expensive than attending medical universities located in other parts of the world, but the impact of the country's political unrest should be considered, as it affects the safety of both visitors and Haitians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:EDITORIALIZING" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:EDITORIALIZING"><span title="A statement that draws an independent conclusion. (February 2023)">editorializing</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albania">Albania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Albania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools#Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of medical schools">List of medical schools in Albania</a></div> <p>There are two Medical Schools (Fakultete të Mjekësisë) in Albania: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Medicine,_Tirana" title="University of Medicine, Tirana">The University of Medicine, Tirana,</a> Faculty of Medicine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Good_Counsel_University" title="Our Lady of Good Counsel University">Catholic University "Our Lady of Good Counsel",</a> Faculty of Medicine</li></ul> <p>These medical schools are usually affiliated with regional hospitals. The course of study lasts 6 years. Students are conferred degree Doctor of Medicine (MD) upon graduation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria">Austria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_University_of_Vienna" title="Medical University of Vienna">Medical University of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud_University_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigmund Freud University Vienna">Sigmund Freud University Vienna</a>, Medical School</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_University_of_Graz" title="Medical University of Graz">Medical University of Graz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_University_of_Innsbruck" title="Medical University of Innsbruck">Medical University of Innsbruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracelsus_Medical_University" title="Paracelsus Medical University">Paracelsus Medical University</a>, Salzburg</li> <li>The Faculty of Medicine at the <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler_University_Linz" title="Johannes Kepler University Linz">Johannes Kepler University Linz</a></li> <li>Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences (Karl Landsteiner Privatuniversität für Gesundheitswissenschaften), <a href="/wiki/Krems_an_der_Donau" title="Krems an der Donau">Krems</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belarus">Belarus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Belarus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools#Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of medical schools">List of medical schools in Belarus</a></div> <p>There are four medical schools (Medical Universities) in <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_State_Medical_University" title="Belarusian State Medical University">Belarusian State Medical University</a>, Minsk (<i>belarusian: Беларускі дзяржаўны медыцынскі ўніверсітэт; Russian: Белорусский государственный медицинский университет</i>) - which contains the famous Bosef Institute for AIDS Research.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomel_State_Medical_University" title="Gomel State Medical University">Gomel State Medical University</a> (<i>belarusian: Гомельскі дзяржаўны медыцынскі ўніверсітэт; Russian: Гомельский государственный медицинский университет</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grodno_State_Medical_University" title="Grodno State Medical University">Grodno State Medical University</a> (<i>belarusian: Гродненскі дзяржаўны медыцынскі ўніверсітэт; Russian: Гродненский государственный медицинский университет</i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitebsk_State_Order_of_Peoples%27_Friendship_Medical_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitebsk State Order of Peoples' Friendship Medical University (page does not exist)">Vitebsk State Order of Peoples' Friendship Medical University</a> (<i>belarusian: Віцебскі дзяржаўны медыцынскі ўніверсітэт; Russian: Витебский государственный ордена Дружбы народов медицинский университет</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium_and_Netherlands">Belgium and Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Belgium and Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Europe#Netherlands" title="List of medical schools in Europe">List of medical schools in Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Europe#Belgium" title="List of medical schools in Europe">List of medical schools in Belgium</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, medical students receive 6 years of university education prior to their graduation. </p><p>In the Netherlands, students used to receive four years of preclinical training, followed by two years of clinical training (<i>co-assistentschappen</i>, or <i>co-schappen</i> for short) in hospitals. However, for a number of medical schools this has recently changed to three years of preclinical training, followed by three years of clinical training. At least one medical faculty, that of the <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_University" title="Utrecht University">Utrecht University</a>, clinical training already begins in the third year of medical school. After 6 years, students graduate as <i>basisartsen</i> (comparable to <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctors of Medicine</a>). As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Bologna process">Bologna process</a>, medical students in the Netherlands now receive a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> after three years in medical school and a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a> upon graduation. Prospective students can apply for medical education directly after finishing the highest level of secondary school, <a href="/wiki/Voorbereidend_wetenschappelijk_onderwijs" title="Voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs">vwo</a>; previous undergraduate education is not a precondition for admittance. </p><p>The Belgian medical education is much more based on theoretical knowledge than the Dutch system. In the first 3 years, which are very theoretical and lead to a university <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor degree">bachelor degree</a>, general scientific courses are taken such as chemistry, biophysics, physiology, biostatistics, anatomy, virology, etc. To enter the bachelor course in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a>, prospective students have to pass an exam, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus">numerus clausus</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French-speaking part</a> of Belgium, only the best students that pass the first year of the bachelor course in medicine are admitted to the second and third year. </p><p>After the bachelor courses, students are allowed to enter the 'master in medicine' courses, which consist of 4 years of theoretical and clinical study. In general, the first 2 master years are very theoretical and teach the students in human pathology, diseases, pharmacology. The third year is a year full of internships in a wide range of specialities in different clinics. The seventh, final year serves as a kind of 'pre-specialization' year in which the students are specifically trained in the specialty they wish to pursue after medical school. This contrasts with the Dutch approach, in which graduates are literally 'basic doctors' (<i>basisartsen</i>) who have yet to decide on a specialty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bosnia_and_Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Bosnia and Herzegovina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools#Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="List of medical schools">List of medical schools in Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></div> <p>There are five Medical Schools in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Banja_Luka" title="University of Banja Luka">University of Banja Luka</a> School of Medicine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sarajevo" title="University of Sarajevo">University of Sarajevo</a> Medical School</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Tuzla" title="University of Tuzla">University of Tuzla</a> Medical School</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_East_Sarajevo" title="University of East Sarajevo">University of East Sarajevo</a> Medical School (Foca)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Mostar" title="University of Mostar">University of Mostar</a> Medical School</li></ul> <p>These medical schools are usually affiliated with regional hospitals. </p><p>The course of study lasts 6 years or 12 semesters. Students are conferred degree Doctor of Medicine (MD) upon graduation. </p> <dl><dt>Admissions</dt></dl> <p>Entry to BH Medical Schools are very competitive due to limited places imposed by the government quota. Students are required to complete <a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_School_Leaving_Diploma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary School Leaving Diploma (page does not exist)">Secondary School Leaving Diploma</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gimnazija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gimnazija (page does not exist)">Gimnazija</a>-<a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium (school)</a> or Medicinska skola <a href="/wiki/Matura" title="Matura">matura</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Svedocanstvo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svedocanstvo (page does not exist)">svedocanstvo</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Svjedodzba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svjedodzba (page does not exist)">svjedodzba</a>). </p><p>Entrance examination is usually held in June/July. Combined score of Secondary School Diploma assessment (on scale 1–5, with 2 minimum passing grade and 5 maximum grade) and entrance examination is taken into consideration. Usually, 5 in Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics, and Physics are required for entry to medicine. </p> <dl><dt>Curriculum</dt></dl> <p>Course structure is more traditional and divided in pre-clinical (year 1–3) /clinical part (year 3–6) and subject-based. </p><p>Practical examinations are held throughout the degree (Anatomy, Biochemistry, Pathology, Physiology practicals etc.). Dissection is part of all medical curricula in Bosnian and Herz. Medical Schools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools#Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of medical schools">List of medical schools § Bulgaria</a>.</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, a medical school is a type of college or a faculty of a university. The medium of instruction is officially in Bulgarian. A six- to one-year course in Bulgarian language is required prior to admittance to the medical program. For European candidates, an exam in Biology and Chemistry in Bulgarian is also required. While a number of Bulgarian medical schools have now started offering medical programmes in English, Bulgarian is still required during the clinical years.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Students join medical school after completing high-school. Admission offers are made by individual medical schools. Bulgarian applicants have to pass entrance examinations in the subjects of Biology and Chemistry. The competitive result of every candidate is the based on their marks these exams plus their secondary-school certificate marks in the same subjects. Those applicants with the highest results achieved are classified for admission. </p><p>The course of study is offered as a six-year program. The first two years are pre-clinical, the next three years are clinical training and the sixth year is the internship year, during which students work under supervision at the hospitals. During the sixth year, students have to appear for 'state exams' in the five major subjects of Internal Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Pediatrics and Social Medicine (also, includes Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology and Hygiene and Medical Ecology, forming part of the grade for this subject). Upon successful completion of the six years of study and the state exams the degree of 'Physician' is conferred and the students obtain an 'MD'. The exams are tough as the overall grade for most subjects is determined by the performance of an Oral/Spoken Exam and many students are unable to clear them, thereby prolonging their degree time. </p><p>For specialization, graduates have to appear for written tests and interviews to obtain a place in a specialization program. For specialization in general medicine, general practice lasts three years, cardiology lasts four years, internal medicine lasts five years, and general surgery lasts five years. </p><p>There are four dedicated medical universities in Bulgaria - <a href="/wiki/Medical_University,_Sofia" title="Medical University, Sofia">Medical University, Sofia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_University_of_Varna" title="Medical University of Varna">Medical University of Varna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv_Medical_University" title="Plovdiv Medical University">Plovdiv Medical University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medical_University_Pleven" title="Medical University Pleven">Medical University Pleven</a>. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Sofia_University" title="Sofia University">Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski"</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trakia_University" title="Trakia University">Trakia University</a> also offer medical programmes.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Croatia">Croatia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Croatia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Europe#Croatia" title="List of medical schools in Europe">List of medical schools in Croatia</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, there are four out of seven universities that offer a medical degree, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Zagreb" title="University of Zagreb">University of Zagreb</a> (offers medical studies in English), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rijeka" title="University of Rijeka">University of Rijeka</a> (offers medical studies in English), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Split" title="University of Split">University of Split</a> (also offers medical studies in English), and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Osijek" title="University of Osijek">University of Osijek</a>. The Medical schools are a faculties of those four universities. Medical students enroll into medical school after finishing secondary education, typically after a <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium</a>, or after a five-year nursing school, or any other high school lasting four years. During the application process, their high school grades, and the grades of their matriculation exam at the end of high school (<a href="/wiki/Matura" title="Matura">Matura</a>) and the score at the obligatory admission exam are taken into account, and the best students are enrolled. </p><p>The course of study lasts 6 years or 12 semesters. During the first 3 years, students are engaged in pre-clinical courses (Anatomy, Histology, Chemistry, Physics, Cell Biology, Genetics, Physiology, Biochemistry, Immunology, Pathologic Physiology And Anatomy, Pharmacology, Microbiology, etc.). Contact with patients begins at the third year. The remaining 3 years are composed of rotations at various departments, such as Internal Medicine, Neurology, Radiology, Dermatology, Psychiatry, Surgery, Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Anesthesiology, and others. During each academic year, students also enroll into two or three elective courses. After each rotation, the students take a total of about 60 exams. In the end, the students must pass a final multiple-choice exam comprising questions about clinical courses, after which they finally gain an MD, and the title of Doctor of Medicine, which they put after their name. Now the doctors must complete a one-year, supervised, paid internship in a hospital of their choice, after which they take the state (license) examination, which is an eight-part oral examination containing the eight most important clinical branches. After that, the doctors are eligible to practice medicine as general practitioners. Residencies are offered at various hospitals throughout Croatia, and at numerous medical specialities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Czech Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medical study in <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> has a long tradition dating from the 14th century, with the first medical school starting at the <a href="/wiki/First_Faculty_of_Medicine,_Charles_University_in_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague">First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague</a> in 1348, making it the 11th oldest in the world. Students from all over the world are attracted to study medicine in Czech Republic because of the high standards of education provided. Most Czech Universities offer a 6-year General Medicine program in Czech and in English separately for international students. </p><p>The admission to medical studies in Czech Republic is based on the performance in high school diploma (Biology, Chemistry and Physics), English proficiency and performance in the entrance exams. Entrance examination is conducted at the university and by some representative offices abroad. After the entrance exams, successful candidates are further scrutinised by conducting interviews. </p><p>Most of the international students studying medicine in the Czech Republic originate from United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Norway, Sweden, Germany, Israel, Malaysia and the Middle East. </p><p>Most faculties of Medicine in Czech Republic have been approved by the U.S. Department of Education for participation in Federal Student Financial Aid Programs and is listed in the Directory of Postsecondary Institutions published by the U.S. Department of Education. The qualifications are also approved in Canada by the Canadian Ministry of Education and Training, and in the UK by the <a href="/wiki/General_Medical_Council" title="General Medical Council">General Medical Council</a>. Most medical schools are globally recognised. </p><p>There are nine public government owned medical schools in the Czech Republic: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Faculty_of_Medicine,_Charles_University_in_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague">First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Faculty_of_Medicine,_Charles_University_in_Prague&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague (page does not exist)">Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Faculty_of_Medicine,_Charles_University_in_Prague&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague (page does not exist)">Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faculty_of_Medicine_in_Plze%C5%88,_Charles_University_in_Prague&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faculty of Medicine in Plzeň, Charles University in Prague (page does not exist)">Faculty of Medicine in Plzeň, Charles University in Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faculty_of_Medicine_in_Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9,_Charles_University_in_Prague&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague (page does not exist)">Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faculty_of_Medicine,_Masaryk_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University (page does not exist)">Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faculty_of_Medicine_and_Dentistry,_Palack%C3%BD_University_Olomouc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc (page does not exist)">Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faculty_of_Medicine,_University_of_Ostrava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava (page does not exist)">Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava</a></li></ul> <p>There is one military medical school, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faculty_of_Military_Health_Sciences,_University_of_Defence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence (page does not exist)">Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Europe#Denmark" title="List of medical schools in Europe">List of medical schools in Denmark</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, basic medical education is given in four universities: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">University of Copenhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aarhus_University" title="Aarhus University">Aarhus University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_Denmark" title="University of Southern Denmark">University of Southern Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aalborg_University" title="Aalborg University">Aalborg University</a>. The study consists of three years of bachelor and three years of candidate studies, roughly reflecting the preclinical and clinical fields. After six years, the title of <a href="/wiki/Candidate_of_Medicine" title="Candidate of Medicine">Candidate of Medicine</a> (MD) is attained, and after swearing the Danish medical pledge upon graduation, a text from 1815 inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Hippocratic_Oath" title="Hippocratic Oath">Hippocratic Oath</a>, the medical license (<a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>: <i lang="da">autorisation</i>) is issued by the <a href="/wiki/Sundhedsstyrelsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sundhedsstyrelsen">Department of Health</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Medical school is usually followed by a year of <a href="/wiki/Residency_(medicine)" title="Residency (medicine)">residency</a> called clinical basic education (<a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>: <i lang="da">klinisk basisuddannelse</i> or <i>KBU</i>) which upon completion grants the right to practice medicine without supervision. After this, the doctor can pursue one of 38 <a href="/wiki/Residency_(medicine)" title="Residency (medicine)">specialisations</a> which must start within five years after completing the clinical basic education. If the MD pursues a research or university career, sometimes he or she will skip the clinical basic education and remain a basic MD without the right to practice medicine independently. </p><p>The Danish word for a licensed physician is <span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">læge</i></span>. The word 'doktor' for a physician is used only in <a href="/wiki/Sociolect" title="Sociolect">demotic speech</a>, but is by some people erroneously assumed to be a title prefix of all physicians. The title of doctor (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_Medicinae_(Danish_and_Norwegian_degree)" title="Doctor Medicinae (Danish and Norwegian degree)">dr.med.</a> or in full <i>doctor medicinæ</i>) is not equivalent to an MD in the English language, but reserved for candidates of medicine who have attained a <a href="/wiki/Higher_doctorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher doctorate">higher doctorate</a>. The Danish/Norwegian <i>dr.med.</i> title is a degree above the PhD and above the German <i>Dr.med.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools#Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of medical schools">List of medical schools in Finland</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, basic medical education is given in five universities: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Helsinki" title="University of Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kuopio" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Kuopio">Kuopio</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oulu" title="University of Oulu">Oulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tampere" title="University of Tampere">Tampere</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Turku" title="University of Turku">Turku</a>. Admission is regulated by an entrance examination. Studies involve an initial two-year preclinical period of mainly theoretical courses in anatomy, biochemistry, pharmacology etc. However, students have contact with patients from the beginning of their studies. The preclinical period is followed by a four-year clinical period, when students participate in the work of various hospitals and health care centres, learning necessary medical skills. Some Finnish universities have integrated clinical and preclinical subjects along the six-year course, diverging from the traditional program. A problem-based learning method is widely used, and inclusion of clinical cases in various courses and preclinical subjects is becoming common. All medical schools have research programs for students who wish to undertake scientific work. The duration of basic medical education is six years and the course leads to the degree of Licentiate of Medicine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Medical_school" title="Special:EditPage/Medical school">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medical_school_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical school in France">Medical school in France</a></div> <p>Medical studies in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> are organized as follows: Right after graduating from high school with a <a href="/wiki/Baccalaureat" class="mw-redirect" title="Baccalaureat">baccalaureat</a>, any student can register at a university of medicine (there are about 30 of them throughout the country). At the end of first year, an internal ranking examination takes place in each of these universities in order to implement the <a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus">numerus clausus</a>. First year consists mainly of theoretical classes such as <a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">biophysics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a>. Passing first year is commonly considered as challenging and requires hard and continuous work. Each student can only try twice. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Université René Descartes">Université René Descartes</a> welcomes about 2000 students in first year and only 300 after numerus clausus. </p><p>The second and third year are usually mainly quite theoretical although the teachings are often accompanied by placements in the field (e.g. internships as nurses or in the emergency room, depending on the university). </p><p>During fourth, fifth and sixth years, medical students get a special status called 'Externe' (In some universities, such as Pierre et Marie Curie, the 'Externe' status is given starting in the third year). They work as interns every morning at the hospital plus a few night shifts a month and study in the afternoon. Each internship lasts between 3 and 4 months and takes place in a different department. Med students get five weeks off per year. </p><p>At the end of sixth year, they need to pass a national ranking exam, which will determine their specialty. The students are then allowed to choose their specialty in order of their ranking. During the fifth and sixth years, students split their time between actual practice at the hospital and some theoretical courses. The average wage of medical students in their fifth and sixth year amounts to between €100 and €300 a month <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>After that ranking exams, students can start as residents in the specialty they have been able to pick. That is the point from which they also start getting paid. </p><p>Towards the end of the medical program, French <a href="/wiki/Medical_students" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical students">medical students</a> are provided with more responsibilities and are required to defend a <a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">thesis</a>. At the conclusion of the thesis defense, French medical students receive a State Diploma of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a> (MD) or "<i><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Diplôme d'Etat de Docteur en Médecine</span></span></i>" for general medicine. For those who are in speciality training will also receive a Diploma of Specialized Studies (DES = <i><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Diplôme d'Études Specialisées</span></span></i>) to mark their specialties. Some students may also receive a Diploma of Specialized Complementary Studies (DESC = <i><span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Diplôme d'Études Specialisées Complementaires</span></span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Georgia">Georgia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Georgia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98-(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98-%281%29.jpg/220px-%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98-%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98-%281%29.jpg/330px-%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98-%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98-%281%29.jpg/440px-%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98-%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/European_University_(Georgia)" title="European University (Georgia)">European University (Georgia)</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, a medical school is a particular kind of college or faculty inside a university. The official teaching language is <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>, although programs in English are available. </p><p>Enrolment admission requirements in Georgia are not as strict as in other countries, as some medical schools do not require entrance exams in <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> or <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>. In addition, less importance is placed on overall secondary school grades and more on the interview process and science subjects. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/International_student" title="International student">international students</a> from Europe, Asia, and Africa choose to study medicine in Georgia due to the low tuition fees in the country. The high level of <a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">medical education</a> and internationally recognized degrees are also important deciding factors for international students. </p><p>The study program is available as a six-year <a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">curriculum</a>. Pre-clinical training lasts for the first two years, clinical training for the next three, and <a href="/wiki/Internship_(medicine)" title="Internship (medicine)">internship training</a> for the sixth year, which involves students working in hospitals under the supervision of doctors. Students must take "state examinations" in the five primary disciplines of <a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">internal medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gynecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynecology">gynecology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">obstetrics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_medicine" title="Social medicine">social medicine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">pediatrics</a> after their sixth year of study. The title of "<a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">Physician</a>" is awarded upon completing six years of education and the state examinations. </p><p>Graduates who choose to specialize must take written exams and interviews in order to be accepted into a program. Three years are spent in general practice, four in <a href="/wiki/Cardiology" title="Cardiology">cardiology</a>, five in internal medicine, and five in general surgery while specializing in general medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Europe#Germany" title="List of medical schools in Europe">List of medical schools in Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UniKlinik_(Freiburg)_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/UniKlinik_%28Freiburg%29_4.jpg/220px-UniKlinik_%28Freiburg%29_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/UniKlinik_%28Freiburg%29_4.jpg/330px-UniKlinik_%28Freiburg%29_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/UniKlinik_%28Freiburg%29_4.jpg/440px-UniKlinik_%28Freiburg%29_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2742" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg_Faculty_of_Medicine" title="University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine">University of Freiburg Faculty of Medicine</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, admission to medical schools is currently administered jointly by the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Stiftung für Hochschulzulassung</i></span></i> (SfH), a centralized federal organization, and the universities themselves. The most important criterion for admission is the <a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus">Numerus clausus</a>, the final <a href="/wiki/GPA" class="mw-redirect" title="GPA">GPA</a> scored by the applicant on the <a href="/wiki/Abitur" title="Abitur">Abitur</a> (highest secondary school diploma). However, in light of the recent gain in influence of medical schools in regards to applicant selection, additional criteria are being used to select students for admission. These criteria vary among medical faculties and the final Abitur GPA is always a core indicator and strongly influences admission. Admission remains highly competitive. A very small number of slots per semester are reserved for selected applicants which already hold a university degree (Zweitstudium) and for medical officer candidates (Sanitätsoffizieranwärter). </p><p>The first two years of medical school consist of the so-called pre-clinical classes. During this time, the students are instructed in the basic sciences (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>, etc.) and must pass a federal medical exam (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Erster Abschnitt der ärztlichen Prüfung</i></span></i>), administered nationally. Upon completion, the students advance to the clinical stage, where they receive three years of training and education in the clinical subjects (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">internal medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">obstetrics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gynecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynecology">gynecology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">pediatrics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">pathology</a>, etc.). After these three years, they have to pass the second federal medical exam (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Zweiter Abschnitt der ärztlichen Prüfung</i></span></i>) before continuing with the sixth and final year. The last year of medical school consists of the so-called "practical year" (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Praktisches Jahr, PJ</i></span>)</i>. Students are required to spend three four-month clerkships, two of them in a hospital (internal medicine and surgery) as well as one elective, which can be one of the other clinical subjects (e.g. family medicine, anesthesiology, neurology, pediatrics, radiology etc.). </p><p>After at least six years of medical school, the students graduate with a final federal medical exam (<i>Dritter Abschnitt der ärztlichen Prüfung</i>). Graduates receive the license to practice medicine or dentistry and the professional title of <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Arzt</i></span></i>) or <a href="/wiki/Dentist" title="Dentist">dentist</a> (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Zahnarzt</i></span></i>). The academic degrees <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dr._med." class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. med.">Dr. med.</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Dental_degree" title="Dental degree">Doctor of Dental Medicine</a> (Dr. med. dent.) are awarded if the graduate has, in addition, successfully completed a scientific study and dissertation. It is a doctoral degree and therefore different from the MD or DDS degrees in the U.S., which as professional degrees are awarded after passing the final exams and do not require additional scientific work. Many medical students opt to perform their thesis during their studies at medical school, but only a fraction of them is able to finish the dissertation-process during their studies. The requirements for getting a Dr. med. degree across the board are not as hard as for the doctor in natural science (Dr. rer. nat.). Therefore, many critics advocate to adopt a system similar to that of the Anglo-Saxon countries with an MD as a professional degree and a PhD showing additional scientific qualification. If physicians wish to open up a doctor's office, they are required to further complete <a href="/wiki/Residency_(medicine)" title="Residency (medicine)">residency</a> in order to fulfill the federal requirements of becoming <a href="/w/index.php?title=Facharzt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Facharzt (page does not exist)">Facharzt</a> (specialized in a certain field of medicine like internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics etc.). Oral and maxillofacial surgeons must complete both studies, medicine and dentistry, then afterwards specializing another 5 years. </p><p>There are 36 medical faculties in Germany.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, medical schools are faculties within public universities offering undergraduate and postgraduate medical education. <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> is the primary language of instruction; however, several medical schools now provide English-taught programs tailored for international students, particularly those aiming to attract students from across Europe and beyond. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> has four medical schools. The best known is <a href="/wiki/Semmelweis_University" title="Semmelweis University">Semmelweis University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> which is a specialized university in the area of medicine and health sciences. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Debrecen" title="University of Debrecen">University of Debrecen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_P%C3%A9cs" title="University of Pécs">University of Pécs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Szeged" title="University of Szeged">University of Szeged</a> also has medical faculties. General medicine training takes six years to complete, of which the last year is a practical year. Students receive the degree Dr. med. Univ. or Dr. for short, equivalent to the MD degree upon graduation, after which a graduated physician can start specialist training. All Hungarian medical schools have programs fully taught in English. The diplomas issued by Hungarian Medical Schools are accepted by all European Union countries and several other countries (Norway, United States, Canada, Israel etc.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iceland">Iceland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Iceland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, admission to medical school requires passing an organized test, controlled by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Iceland" title="University of Iceland">University of Iceland</a>, which anyone with a <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasium</a> degree can take. Only the top 48 scores on the exam are granted admission each year. Medical school in Iceland takes 6 years to complete. Students receive a <a href="/wiki/Cand.med." class="mw-redirect" title="Cand.med.">cand.med.</a> degree upon graduation. Following this, Icelandic regulations require 12 months of clinical internship before granting a full medical license.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This internship consists of internal medicine (4 months), surgery (2 months), family medicine (3 months) and a three-month elective period. Upon receiving a license to practice, a physician can start specialist training, in Iceland or abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Europe#Ireland" title="List of medical schools in Europe">List of medical schools in Ireland</a></div> <p>There are six medical schools in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. They are at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_in_Ireland" title="Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland">Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_College_Dublin" title="University College Dublin">University College Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_College_Cork" title="University College Cork">University College Cork</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Limerick" title="University of Limerick">University of Limerick</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland,_Galway" class="mw-redirect" title="National University of Ireland, Galway">National University of Ireland, Galway</a> (the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland" title="National University of Ireland">National University of Ireland</a> is the degree-awarding institution for all except the University of Limerick and Trinity College). Training lasts four, five or six years, with the last two years in the affiliated teaching hospitals (UCD - St. Vincents University Hospital, <a href="/wiki/Mater_Misericordiae_University_Hospital" title="Mater Misericordiae University Hospital">Mater Misericordiae University Hospital</a>) (Trinity - <a href="/wiki/St._James%27s_Hospital" title="St. James's Hospital">St. James's Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tallaght_University_Hospital" title="Tallaght University Hospital">Tallaght University Hospital</a>) (UCC - <a href="/wiki/Cork_University_Hospital" title="Cork University Hospital">Cork University Hospital</a>) (RCSI - <a href="/wiki/Beaumont_Hospital,_Dublin" title="Beaumont Hospital, Dublin">Beaumont Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connolly_Hospital" title="Connolly Hospital">Connolly Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_Hospital_Waterford" title="University Hospital Waterford">University Hospital Waterford</a>). </p><p>For Programmes that are six years in length, entry is based on secondary school qualifications.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Programmes that are four years in length require previous university degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and the University of Limerick were the first medical institutions to offer <a href="/wiki/Graduate_Entry_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate Entry Medicine">Graduate Entry Medicine</a> of four years duration in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is now also offered in University College Dublin and University College Cork. The National University of Ireland, Galway also launched a graduate entry programme in 2010. </p><p>Medical education is regulated by the Irish Medical Council, the statutory body that is also responsible for maintaining a register of medical practitioners.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After graduation with the degrees of BM BS (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) or MB BCh BAO (Medicinae Baccalaureus, Baccalaureus in Chirurgia, Baccalaureus in Arte Obstetricia), a doctor is required to spend one year as an <a href="/wiki/Internship_(medicine)#Republic_of_Ireland" title="Internship (medicine)">intern</a> under supervision before full registration is permitted. Graduates of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_in_Ireland" title="Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland">Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland</a> also receive the traditional "Licenciate of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons and Physicians in Ireland" (LRCP&SI), which was awarded before the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland became an Affiliate of the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland" title="National University of Ireland">National University of Ireland</a> and thus was allowed grant degrees, under the Medical Practitioners Act (1978). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, the contents of the medical school admission test is decided each year by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Universities_and_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education, Universities and Research">Ministry of Education, Universities and Research</a> (MIUR) and consists of sixty questions divided in five categories: <a href="/wiki/Logics" class="mw-redirect" title="Logics">logics</a> and "general education" ("<i>cultura generale</i>"), <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>. Results are expressed in a national ranking. </p><p>As a general rule, all state-run medical schools in the country administer it on the same day, whereas all privately run medical schools administer it on another day, so that a candidate may take the test once for state-run schools and once for a private school of his or her choice, but no more. </p><p>Some universities in Italy provide an international degree course in medicine taught entirely in English for both Italian and non-Italian students. A number of these medical schools are at public universities, and have relatively low tuition fees compared to the English-speaking world, because the cost of the medical education is subsidized by the state for both Italian and non-Italian students. These public medical schools include the <a href="/wiki/International_Medical_School,_University_of_Milan" title="International Medical School, University of Milan">International Medical School</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Milan" title="University of Milan">University of Milan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Padua" title="University of Padua">University of Padua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome" title="Sapienza University of Rome">Rome "La Sapienza"</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rome_Tor_Vergata" title="University of Rome Tor Vergata">Rome "Tor Vergata"</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Naples_Federico_II" title="University of Naples Federico II">Naples Federico II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seconda_Universit%C3%A0_degli_Studi_di_Napoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli">Second University of Naples</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Messina" title="University of Messina">University of Messina</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bari" title="University of Bari">University of Bari</a>. These universities require applicants to rank highly on the <a href="/wiki/International_Medical_Admissions_Test" title="International Medical Admissions Test">International Medical Admissions Test</a>. Italy also has private or parochial, more expensive English-language medical schools such as <a href="/wiki/Vita-Salute_San_Raffaele_University" title="Vita-Salute San Raffaele University">Vita-Salute San Raffaele University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_Campus_Bio-Medico" title="Università Campus Bio-Medico">Università Campus Bio-Medico</a> in Rome and <a href="/wiki/Humanitas_University" title="Humanitas University">Humanitas University</a> in Milan, and at the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_Cattolica_del_Sacro_Cuore" title="Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore">Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore</a> <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> campus. </p><p>Medicine is one of the university faculties implementing <a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus">numerus clausus</a> ("<i>numero chiuso</i>"): the overall number of medical students admitted every year is constant, as each medical school is assigned a maximum number of new admission per year by MIUR. </p><p>Medical school lasts 6 years (12 semesters). Traditionally, the first three years are devoted to "biological" subjects (physics, chemistry, biology, biochemistry, genetics, anatomy, physiology, immunology, pathophysiology, microbiology, and usually English language courses), whereas the later three years are devoted to "clinical" subjects. However, most schools are increasingly devoting the second semester of the third year to clinical subjects and earlier patient contact. In most schools, there are about 36 exams over the 6-year cycle, as well as a number of compulsory rotations and elective activities. </p><p>At the end of the cycle, students have to discuss a final thesis before a board of professors; the subject of this thesis may be a review of academic literature or an experimental work, and usually takes more than a year to complete, with most students beginning an <i>internato</i> (internship) in the subject of their choice in their fifth or sixth year. The title awarded at the end of the discussion ceremony is that of "<i>Dottore Magistrale</i>", styled in English as a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a>, which in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Bologna process">Bologna process</a> is comparable with a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a> qualification or a US MD. </p><p>Until 2020, after graduating, new doctors had to complete a three-month, unpaid, supervised <i>tirocinio post-laurea</i> ("post-degree placement") consisting of two months in their university hospital (one month in a medical service and one in a surgical service) as well as one month shadowing a <a href="/wiki/General_practitioner" title="General practitioner">general practitioner</a>. After getting a statement of successful completion of each month from their supervisors, new doctors took the <i>esame di stato</i> ("state exame") to obtain a full license to practise medicine. Starting from 2020 the three-month postgraduate internship and the state exam are no longer necessary. </p><p>New doctors have to register with one of the branches of the <i>Ordine dei Medici</i> ("Order of Physicians"), which are based in each of the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces of Italy</a>. Registration makes new doctors legally able to practice medicine without supervision. They will then have to choose between various career paths, each usually requiring a specific admission exam: most either choose to train as general practitioner (a 3-year course run by each <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Region</a>, including both general practice and rotation at non-university hospitals), or to enter a <i>Scuola di Specializzazione</i> ("specialty school") at a university hospital 4-year or 5-year course. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lithuania">Lithuania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Lithuania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> has two medical schools, in <a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>. Studies are of six years, of which the last year is a practical year. All Lithuanian medical schools have programs in English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medical education in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> begins with a six- to six-and-a-half-year undergraduate university program. Admission requires a very high GPA from secondary school - medicine consistently ranks as the most difficult university programme to be admitted to in Norway. Furthermore, certain high school subjects are required for admission (chemistry, mathematics and physics). The first two years consists almost wholly of preclinical science subjects, followed by integration of clinical training the remaining four years in a <a href="/wiki/Spiral_approach" title="Spiral approach">spiral approach</a>. Upon completion, students are awarded a candidatus/candidata medicinae (<a href="/wiki/Candidate_of_Medicine" title="Candidate of Medicine">cand. med.</a>) degree (corresponding to e.g. and MD in the US) and medical license. Those completing a research programme (Forskerlinje) get this added to their degree. Following this, a minimum of 18 months of internship (turnustjeneste) is required before applying on a specialist training in Norway. The internship consist of 6 months of internal medicine, 6 months of surgery and 6 months family medicine. There are currently 43 recognized medical specialties in Norway. Optionally it is possible to pursue the title of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Medicinae_(Danish_and_Norwegian_degree)" title="Doctor Medicinae (Danish and Norwegian degree)">doctor medicinae</a> (Dr. med.), by publishing multiple research papers through a university research group followed by completing a <a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">dissertation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, medicine is taught as an undergraduate degree. After a six-year course graduates are awarded the title of <i>lekarz</i> (doctor), equivalent to a master's degree. Furthermore, medical graduates must complete 13 month long, postgraduate internship to gain full registration to practice medicine. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_schools_in_Poland" title="Category:Medical schools in Poland">Category:Medical schools in Poland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Medical_school" title="Special:EditPage/Medical school">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, the medical course is a postgraduate degree, so a prior graduation from an undergraduate course (3 to 4 years) in areas involving health such as biology, nursing and pharmaceutical sciences, among others, is necessary for applying for the Master's in Medicine (3 years).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most students (≈80%) enter Medical School by joining an integrated master's degree in medicine, this course is composed by an undergraduate course in "Basic Health Sciences" ("Licenciatura em Ciencias Basicas da Saude") (3 years) that involves chemistry, general biology and health and, after that, the master's (three years) which is the clinical course. Access to the Integrated Master's Course in Medicine is gained through National Exams in Biology, Chemistry and Mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After obtaining their master's degree, students must register with Order of Medics (the national medical association) and take a final examination: the students with the best grades are accepted into the medical specialty of their choice. The rest can either wait another year and retake the exam, do less specialized work or seek a residency program abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the exam, all students must complete a one-year general internship program that enables them to practice medicine autonomously. </p><p>This is the list of all Medical Schools in Portugal: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universidade_do_Minho" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidade do Minho">Universidade do Minho</a>, Braga</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universidade_do_Algarve" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidade do Algarve">Universidade do Algarve</a>, Faro</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faculdade_de_Medicina_da_Universidade_de_Coimbra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra (page does not exist)">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra</a>, Coimbra</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faculdade_de_Ci%C3%AAncias_da_Sa%C3%BAde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde (page does not exist)">Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde</a>, Covilhã</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faculdade_de_Medicina_da_Universidade_de_Lisboa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa (page does not exist)">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa</a>, Lisboa</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faculdade_de_Ci%C3%AAncias_M%C3%A9dicas_da_Universidade_Nova_de_Lisboa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa (page does not exist)">Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa</a>, Lisboa</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faculdade_de_Medicina_da_Universidade_do_Porto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (page does not exist)">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto</a>, Porto</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Salazar_Biomedical_Sciences_Institute" title="Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute">Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute</a>, Porto</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools#Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of medical schools">List of medical schools in Romania</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, medical school is a department of a medical university, which typically includes Dentistry and Pharmacy departments as well. The name <i>facultate</i> is used for departments in their universities too, but the Medicine departments distinguish themselves by the length of studies (6 years), which grants to graduates a status equivalent to that of a Master in Science. The Medicine departments are also marked by reduced flexibility - in theory, a student in a regular university can take courses from different departments, like Chemistry and Geography (although it usually does not happen, majors being clearly defined), while the medical universities do not have any extra offers for their students, due to their specialization. Admission to medical faculty is usually awarded by passing a Human Biology, Organic Chemistry and/or Physics test. The program lasts 6 years, with first 2 years being preclinical and last 4 years being mostly clinical. After these six years, one has to take the national licence exam (which consists of mostly clinically oriented questions, but some questions also deal with basic sciences) and has to write a thesis in any field he/she studied. Final award is <i>Doctor-Medic (titlu onorific)</i> (shortened Dr.), which is not an academic degree (similar to Germany). All graduates have to go through residency and specialization exams after that in order to practice, although older graduates had different requirements and training (e.g., clinical rotations similar to sub-internship) and might still be able to practice Family Medicine / General Medicine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Europe#Russia" title="List of medical schools in Europe">List_of_medical_schools_in_Europe § Russia</a></div> <p>Medical schools in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> offer a 6-year curriculum leading to award <b>Doctor of Medicine (MD)</b> "Physician". Russian medical authorities reluctantly agrees with inclusion in list of international medical schools FAIMER-IMED. FAIMER cannot include medical schools without cooperation from Russia. For example, Orel State University Medical Institute is not included in this list. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbia">Serbia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Serbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, medical school is a division of a medical university, which also frequently houses schools of dentistry and pharmacy. In their institutions, departments are also referred to as faculties. However, the medical departments stand out due to the length of their programs - six years - which confer on their graduates a standing similar to a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">Master of Science</a>. </p><p>Passing a test in <a href="/wiki/Human_biology" title="Human biology">human biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> is typically required for admission to medical school. If the student is to study in a program taught in English instead of <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>, and their mother tongue is not English, universities may also require a certificate of proficiency. Official certificates include <a href="/wiki/International_English_Language_Testing_System" title="International English Language Testing System">IELTS</a> or <a href="/wiki/Test_of_English_as_a_Foreign_Language" title="Test of English as a Foreign Language">TOEFL</a>. </p><p>The English language medical programs in Serbia have proven popular with students from Europe, Asia, and Africa due to the low tuition fees and internationally recognized degrees. </p><p>The six-year <a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">curriculum</a> is divided into two pre-clinical years and four primarily clinical years. After these six years, one must complete a thesis in any study area and the national license test, which is primarily clinically focused but also includes some questions on basic sciences. Doctor-Medic (abbreviated Dr.) is the final designation but is not considered an academic title.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Europe#Sweden" title="List of medical schools in Europe">List of medical schools in Sweden</a></div> <p>Medical education in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> begins with a five-and-a-half-year undergraduate university program leading to the degree "Master of Science in Medicine" (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">Läkarexamen</i>). Following this, the <a href="/wiki/National_Board_of_Health_and_Welfare_(Sweden)" title="National Board of Health and Welfare (Sweden)">National Board of Health and Welfare</a> requires a minimum of 18 months of clinical internship (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">Allmäntjänstgöring</i>) before granting a medical license to be fully qualified as <i>Medical Doctor (MD)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This internship consists of surgery (3–6 months), internal medicine (3–6 months), psychiatry (three months) and family medicine (six months). Upon receiving a license to practice, a physician is able to apply for a post to start specialist training. There are currently 52 recognized medical specialties in Sweden. The specialist training has a duration of minimum five years, which upon completion grants formal qualification as a specialist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are eight universities granting medical degrees in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and six <a href="/wiki/University_hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="University hospital">university hospitals</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Faculty of Medicine of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Basel" title="University of Basel">University of Basel</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/University_Hospital_of_Basel" title="University Hospital of Basel">University Hospital of Basel</a>)</li> <li>Faculty of Medicine of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bern" title="University of Bern">University of Bern</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/University_Hospital_of_Bern" class="mw-redirect" title="University Hospital of Bern">University Hospital of Bern</a>)</li> <li>Faculty of Sciences and Medicine <a href="/wiki/University_of_Fribourg" title="University of Fribourg">University of Fribourg</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/University_of_Fribourg" title="University of Fribourg">University of Fribourg</a>)</li> <li>Faculty of Medicine of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Geneva" title="University of Geneva">University of Geneva</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/University_Hospital_of_Geneva" class="mw-redirect" title="University Hospital of Geneva">University Hospital of Geneva</a>)</li> <li>Faculty of Biology and Medicine of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lausanne" title="University of Lausanne">University of Lausanne</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/University_Hospital_of_Lausanne" class="mw-redirect" title="University Hospital of Lausanne">University Hospital of Lausanne</a>)</li> <li>Faculty of Medicine of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Zürich">University of Zürich</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/University_Hospital_of_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="University Hospital of Zürich">University Hospital of Zürich</a>, includes Tracks for <a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Luzern</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a>)</li> <li>Faculty of Biomedical Sciences of the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_della_Svizzera_italiana" title="Università della Svizzera italiana">Università della Svizzera italiana</a></li> <li>Faculty of Biology and Medicine of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lausanne" title="University of Lausanne">University of Lausanne</a></li> <li>Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology of the <a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">ETH Zurich</a> (offers the bachelor's degree but not the master in medicine)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All high school graduates who wish to pursue further education are required to take an MCQ exam. The exam covers most of the high school and secondary school curricula. </p><p>A student who scores high enough gets a place in a faculty of his/her desire. Entrance to medical schools is extremely competitive, only very top scoring students are accepted to medical schools. </p><p>Medical education in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> follows a specific policy and is regulated by the Ministry of Health and the Council of Higher Education (YÖK). Medical education takes six years, first three years being Pre-clinical years and the latter three being Clinical years. During the "clinical" phase, students rotate through various clinical departments, such as internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology, psychiatry, and more. Right after graduation, graduates can either work as GPs or take another exam called TUS (Medical Specialization Examination) to do residency in a particular department of a particular hospital. </p><p>Most of the medical schools in Turkey are state schools but the number of private schools is on the rise. MCQ exam (TYT and AYT) scores required to be accepted to private medical schools are lower compared to their public counterparts. The language of instruction is, in general, Turkish, but few universities also offer schools with English as the language of instruction. This makes Turkey a popular place to study medicine for students from nearby areas like the Balkans, the Middle East, and to a lesser extent North Africa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medical degrees in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> were offered only in institutions called medical universities, which are separate from traditional universities. However, some medical schools are now associated with classical universities. These include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ternopil_State_Medical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Ternopil State Medical University">Ternopil State Medical University</a></li> <li>Donetsk National Medical University</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danylo_Halytsky_Lviv_National_Medical_University" title="Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University">Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_National_Medical_University" title="Kharkiv National Medical University">Kharkiv National Medical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnipro_State_Medical_University" title="Dnipro State Medical University">Dnipro State Medical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk_National_Medical_University" title="Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University">Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovinian_State_Medical_University" title="Bukovinian State Medical University">Bukovinian State Medical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporizhia_State_Medical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaporizhia State Medical University">Zaporizhia State Medical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Medical_Stomatological_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy">Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_National_Medical_University" title="Donetsk National Medical University">Donetsk National Medical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomolets_National_Medical_University_Of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogomolets National Medical University Of Ukraine">Bogomolets National Medical University Of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea_State_Medical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimea State Medical University">Crimea State Medical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_State_Medical_University" title="Luhansk State Medical University">Luhansk State Medical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa_National_Medical_University" title="Odesa National Medical University">Odesa National Medical University</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vinnytsia_National_Pirogov_Memorial_Medical_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vinnytsia National Pirogov Memorial Medical University (page does not exist)">Vinnytsia National Pirogov Memorial Medical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kharkiv" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Kharkiv">School of Medicine of V N Karazin Kharkiv National University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumy_State_University" title="Sumy State University">Medical Faculty of Sumy State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzhhorod_National_University" title="Uzhhorod National University">Medical Faculty of Uzhhorod University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oles_Honchar_Dnipro_National_University" title="Oles Honchar Dnipro National University">Medical Faculty of Dnipro National University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Medical_University_of_UAFM" title="Kyiv Medical University of UAFM">Kyiv Medical University of UAFM</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medical_school_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Medical school in the United Kingdom">Medical school in the United Kingdom</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of medical schools in the United Kingdom">List of medical schools in the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kings_College_London_Guys_Campus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kings_College_London_Guys_Campus.jpg/220px-Kings_College_London_Guys_Campus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kings_College_London_Guys_Campus.jpg/330px-Kings_College_London_Guys_Campus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kings_College_London_Guys_Campus.jpg/440px-Kings_College_London_Guys_Campus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Shepherd's House at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London_School_of_Medicine_and_Dentistry" class="mw-redirect" title="King's College London School of Medicine and Dentistry">King's College London School of Medicine and Dentistry</a> in London</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the code for higher education, first degrees in medicine comprise an integrated programme of study and professional practice spanning several levels. While the final outcomes of the qualifications themselves typically meet the Expectations of the descriptor for higher education qualification at <b>level 7 (the UK master's degree)</b>. These degrees may retain, for historical reasons, "Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery" and are abbreviated to MBChB or MBBS.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are currently <a href="/wiki/Medical_school_(United_Kingdom)#List_of_medical_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical school (United Kingdom)">32 institutions</a> that offer medical degrees in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Completion of a medical degree in the UK results in the award of the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery. Admission requirements to the schools varies; most insist on solid A-Levels/Highers, a good performance in an aptitude test such as the <a href="/wiki/UKCAT" class="mw-redirect" title="UKCAT">UKCAT</a>, the <a href="/wiki/BMAT" class="mw-redirect" title="BMAT">BMAT</a> or the <a href="/wiki/GAMSAT" class="mw-redirect" title="GAMSAT">GAMSAT</a>, and usually an interview. As of 2008 the UK has approximately 8000 places for medical students.<sup id="cite_ref-statistics_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistics-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Methods of education range from courses that offer a problem-based learning approach (alongside lectures etc.), and others having a more traditional pre-clinical/clinical structure. Others combine several approaches in an integrated approach. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medical_School,_Teviot_Place,_University_of_Edinburgh,_exterior_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Medical_School%2C_Teviot_Place%2C_University_of_Edinburgh%2C_exterior_2.jpg/193px-Medical_School%2C_Teviot_Place%2C_University_of_Edinburgh%2C_exterior_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Medical_School%2C_Teviot_Place%2C_University_of_Edinburgh%2C_exterior_2.jpg/289px-Medical_School%2C_Teviot_Place%2C_University_of_Edinburgh%2C_exterior_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Medical_School%2C_Teviot_Place%2C_University_of_Edinburgh%2C_exterior_2.jpg/385px-Medical_School%2C_Teviot_Place%2C_University_of_Edinburgh%2C_exterior_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh_Medical_School" title="University of Edinburgh Medical School">University of Edinburgh Medical School</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Following qualification, UK doctors enter a generalised two-year, competency-based "<a href="/wiki/Modernising_Medical_Careers" title="Modernising Medical Careers">foundation programme</a>", gaining full GMC (<a href="/wiki/General_Medical_Council" title="General Medical Council">General Medical Council</a>) registration at the end of foundation year one, and applying for specialist training (in medicine, surgery, general practice etc.) after foundation year two. </p><p>Many medical schools offer intercalated degree programmes to allow students to focus on an area of research outside their medical degree for a year. </p><p>Some medical schools offer graduate entry programmes, which are four years long. The name refers to the fact that students on these courses already have a degree in another subject (i.e. they are graduates). Due to the shorter length of the course, the timetable of these degrees are more intense and the holidays are shorter, compared to students on the 5-year course. In terms of entrance requirements, the 4-year degree restricts entry to those who already hold a first degree, and have previously worked in an area of healthcare. The first degree does not necessarily have to be a BSc degree (this is the criteria for some of the medical schools), whereas other medical schools specify that the prior degree has to be in a science subject. Competition for this course is fierce, with students having to also sit an entrance exam prior to being considered for an interview. </p><p>Medical schools typically admit more students into undergraduate programmes than into graduate entry programmes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaza_Houssay_Av_C%C3%B3rdoba_Facultad_Medicina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Plaza_Houssay_Av_C%C3%B3rdoba_Facultad_Medicina.jpg/220px-Plaza_Houssay_Av_C%C3%B3rdoba_Facultad_Medicina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Plaza_Houssay_Av_C%C3%B3rdoba_Facultad_Medicina.jpg/330px-Plaza_Houssay_Av_C%C3%B3rdoba_Facultad_Medicina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Plaza_Houssay_Av_C%C3%B3rdoba_Facultad_Medicina.jpg/440px-Plaza_Houssay_Av_C%C3%B3rdoba_Facultad_Medicina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2134" /></a><figcaption>The Faculty of Medical Sciences at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Buenos_Aires" title="University of Buenos Aires">University of Buenos Aires</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1821, the first school of medicine was formed in the capital city <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, where the bulk of the medical schools are located.<sup id="cite_ref-Centeno_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Centeno-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scielo_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scielo-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2006, there were 29 medical schools in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Centeno_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Centeno-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medical degree programs in Argentina typically are six years long,<sup id="cite_ref-Centeno_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Centeno-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some universities opting for 7 year programs.<sup id="cite_ref-scielo_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scielo-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The six years usually consist of 3 years of basic sciences, 2 years of clinical sciences, and one internship year (in Spanish "internado anual rotatorio"). The internship is completed in a Hospital associated with the university.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarin_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarin-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Centeno_72-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Centeno-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some provinces (especially round the more developed South) there are government-funded hospitals who pay for the internship<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Some universities have cultural exchange programmes that allow a medical student in their final year to serve their community time overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Argentina, there are public and private medical schools.<sup id="cite_ref-Centeno_72-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Centeno-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By law entrance into public institutions is open and tuition-free to all who have a high school diploma, and universities are expressly forbidden<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from restricting access with difficult entrance exams. Point in case, in 2016 the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_La_Plata" title="National University of La Plata">National University of La Plata</a> was forced by governing bodies to stop forcing its students to write an entrance exam. As a result, that university experienced a major increase in the size of its student population. Another consequence is that schools have a high drop-out rate during the first years<sup id="cite_ref-Centeno_72-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Centeno-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that approach 90%. When it comes to educational quality, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Buenos_Aires" title="University of Buenos Aires">University of Buenos Aires</a> <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Medical_Sciences,_University_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Buenos Aires">Faculty of Medical Sciences</a>, a public university, is widely recognised as the top medical school in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon graduation, one of the following degrees is obtained, according to the university: Doctor of Medicine, or both Doctor of Medicine and Doctor of Surgery. Public universities usually confer both degrees, and private universities bestow only a Doctor of Medicine. In daily practice, however, there is no substantial difference between what a Doctor of Medicine or a Doctor of Medicine and Doctor of Surgery are allowed to do. When the degree is obtained, a record is created for that new doctor in the index of the National Ministry of Education (<i>Ministerio Nacional de Educación</i>), and the physician is given their corresponding medical practitioner's ID, which is a number that identifies him and his academic achievements. In addition, there is a provincial ID, i.e. a number to identify doctors in the province they practice medicine in.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Completion of a residency program is not required for medical licensing.<sup id="cite_ref-Centeno_72-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Centeno-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no central system for applying for medical residency. Doctors wishing to pursue a <a href="/wiki/Specialty_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialty (medicine)">specialty</a> must take rigorous entrance exams at the public/private institution of their choice that offers them. Programs admit approximately half of each year's graduates after a lengthy selection process.<sup id="cite_ref-Centeno_72-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Centeno-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most specialty courses last four years, depending on the branch of medicine the physician has chosen.<sup id="cite_ref-Centeno_72-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Centeno-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clarin_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarin-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="El_Salvador">El Salvador</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: El Salvador"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Facultad_de_Medicina_de_la_Universidad_de_El_Salvador,_vista_nordeste_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Facultad_de_Medicina_de_la_Universidad_de_El_Salvador%2C_vista_nordeste_%281%29.jpg/220px-Facultad_de_Medicina_de_la_Universidad_de_El_Salvador%2C_vista_nordeste_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Facultad_de_Medicina_de_la_Universidad_de_El_Salvador%2C_vista_nordeste_%281%29.jpg/330px-Facultad_de_Medicina_de_la_Universidad_de_El_Salvador%2C_vista_nordeste_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Facultad_de_Medicina_de_la_Universidad_de_El_Salvador%2C_vista_nordeste_%281%29.jpg/440px-Facultad_de_Medicina_de_la_Universidad_de_El_Salvador%2C_vista_nordeste_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Main building at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=School_of_Medicine_of_the_University_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="School of Medicine of the University of El Salvador (page does not exist)">School of Medicine of the University of El Salvador</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_El_Salvador" title="University of El Salvador">University of El Salvador</a>) has a program lasting eight years for students who want to study medicine. The first six years are organized in a two semesters fashion, the seventh year is used for a rotating internship through the major specialty areas in a 10-week periods fashion (psychiatry and public health share a period) and the eighth year is designated for Social service in locations approved by the Ministry of Health (usually as attending physician in Community Health Centers or non-profit organizations). The graduates receive the degree of MD and must register in the Public Health Superior Council to get the medical license and a registered national number that allows them to prescribe barbiturates and other controlled drugs. </p><p>In order to attend further studies, including surgery, internal medicine, G/OB, pediatrics, or psychiatry, students in the year of social service or graduates of any Salvadorian university must apply independently for the residency at the hospital of choice; the preliminary selection process is based on the results of clinical knowledge tests, followed by psychiatric evaluations and interviews with the hospital medical and administrative staff. The basic residencies mentioned above commonly last 3 years; at the last trimester of the third year, the residents can apply to the position of Chief of residents (1 year) or follow further studies as residents (3 years) of a specialty (for example orthopedic surgery, urology, neurology, endocrinology...). No further studies are offered to date; therefore, specialists looking for training or practice in a specific area (For example, a neurosurgeon looking for a specialty in endovascular neurosurgery, spine surgery or pediatric neurosurgery) must attend studies in other countries and apply for such positions independently.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bolivia">Bolivia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Bolivia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, all medical schools are Faculties within a university and follow the European model<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (February 2023)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> of a six-year curriculum (9 000 ECTS or more) divided into three cycles. The first two years are called the biomedical or pre-clinical cycle. During this time students are instructed in the basic sciences (anatomy, anthropology, biochemistry, biophysics, cell biology, embryology, histology, physiology, pharmacology, biostatistics, etc.). The next three years are the clinical cycle and consist of medical specialties instruction at the faculty and hospital practice. The last year consists of an internship for 3 months each of <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">internal medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gynecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynecology">gynecology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">pediatrics</a>. To acquire the license from the government to practice medicine, at the end of the internship an Honorary Mandatory Socialist Service (SSSRO) must be done in a rural area of the country for at least three months.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After getting the degree and license as "Graduate of Medicine and Surgery" or Médico Cirujano (MC) may take a post-graduate residency from 3 to 6 years in order to acquire a specialty.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_schools_in_Brazil" title="Category:Medical schools in Brazil">Category:Medical schools in Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faculdade_de_Medicina_USP_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Faculdade_de_Medicina_USP_10.jpg/220px-Faculdade_de_Medicina_USP_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Faculdade_de_Medicina_USP_10.jpg/330px-Faculdade_de_Medicina_USP_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Faculdade_de_Medicina_USP_10.jpg/440px-Faculdade_de_Medicina_USP_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2340" /></a><figcaption>The Faculty of Medicine at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="University of São Paulo">University of São Paulo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Brazilian medical schools follow the European model<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (February 2023)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> of a six-year curriculum, divided into three cycles of two years each.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first two years are called basic cycle (<i>ciclo básico</i>). During this time students are instructed in the basic sciences (<a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">immunology</a>, etc.) with activities integrated with the medical specialties, allowing the student an overview of the practical application of such content. After its completion, the students advance to the clinical cycle (<i>ciclo clinico</i>). At this stage contact with patients intensify and work with tests and diagnostics, putting into practice what was learned in the first two years. The last two are called internships <i>(internato</i>). In this last step, the students focus on clinical practice, through training in teaching hospitals and clinics. The teaching of this last step reflects an axis of increasing complexity, enabling students to make decisions and participate effectively in form and operative care under the direct supervision of faculty and qualified to act as teaching aids physicians. </p><p>After six years of training, students graduate and are awarded the title of <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> (<i>Médico</i>) allowing them to register with the Regional Council of Medicine (<i>Conselho Regional de Medicina</i>). The recent graduate will be able to exercise the medical profession as a <a href="/wiki/General_practitioner" title="General practitioner">general practitioner</a> and may apply to undertake postgraduate training. In 2012, the Regional Council of Medicine of São Paulo (<i>Conselho Regional de Medicina do Estado de São Paulo</i>) established that physicians who graduate this year must pass a test to obtain professional registration. Passing the exam, however, is not linked to obtaining registration. It required only the presence of the candidate and the test performance. Already at the national level, there is a pending Senate bill creating the National Proficiency Examination in Medicine (<i>Exame Nacional de Proficiência em Medicina</i>), which would make the race a prerequisite for the exercise of the profession. </p><p>Physicians who want to join a specialization program must undergo a new selection examination considered as competitive as that required to join a medical school. The specialization programs are divided into two categories: direct access and prerequisite. The specialties with direct access are those in which the doctor can enroll without having any prior expertise. Any physician can apply to examinations for these specialties, regardless of the time of training or prior experience. To apply to proprietary pre-requisite, the doctor should have already completed a specialty prior. The programs may range from 2 to 6 years. Brazil currently recognizes by the Federal Council of Medicine, the Brazilian Medical Association and the National Commission of Medical Residency 53 residency programs. Fully complied with, gives the title of a resident physician specialist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chile">Chile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hospital_Regional_de_Concepci%C3%B3n.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hospital_Regional_de_Concepci%C3%B3n.JPG/220px-Hospital_Regional_de_Concepci%C3%B3n.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hospital_Regional_de_Concepci%C3%B3n.JPG/330px-Hospital_Regional_de_Concepci%C3%B3n.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hospital_Regional_de_Concepci%C3%B3n.JPG/440px-Hospital_Regional_de_Concepci%C3%B3n.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3408" data-file-height="4031" /></a><figcaption>The Dr. Guillermo Grant Benavente Regional Clinical Hospital at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="University of Concepción">University of Concepción</a> in Chile</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, there are 21 medical schools. Principal medical schools are <a href="/wiki/Universidad_de_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad de Chile">Universidad de Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontificia_Universidad_Cat%C3%B3lica_de_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile">Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universidad_de_Concepci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad de Concepción">Universidad de Concepción</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universidad_de_Valpara%C3%ADso" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad de Valparaíso">Universidad de Valparaíso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universidad_de_Santiago_de_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad de Santiago de Chile">Universidad de Santiago de Chile</a>. The pre-grade studies are distributed over 7 years, where the last 2 are the internship, which include at least <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">internal medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gynecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynecology">gynecology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">pediatrics</a>. After getting the degree of Licenciate in Medicine (General Medicine) the MD must pass a medicine knowledge exam called the Unique National Exam of Medical Knowledge (EUNACOM "Examen Único Nacional de Conocimientos de Medicina" in Spanish) and can take a direct specialty or work before in primary attention in order to gain access to a residency.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colombia">Colombia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Colombia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_schools_in_Colombia" title="Category:Medical schools in Colombia">Category:Medical schools in Colombia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FacultaddemedicinaUNAL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/FacultaddemedicinaUNAL.jpg/220px-FacultaddemedicinaUNAL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/FacultaddemedicinaUNAL.jpg/330px-FacultaddemedicinaUNAL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/FacultaddemedicinaUNAL.jpg/440px-FacultaddemedicinaUNAL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>The College of Medicine at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_University_of_Colombia_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National University of Colombia College (page does not exist)">National University of Colombia College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, there are 50 medical schools listed in the World Directory of Medical Schools, 27 of which have active programs and are currently registered and accredited as high-quality programs by the Colombian Ministry of Education.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The main medical programs are offered by the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Colombia" title="National University of Colombia">Universidad Nacional de Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Xavierian_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Xavierian University">Pontificia Universidad Javeriana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Del_Rosario_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Del Rosario University">Universidad del Rosario</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Bosque_University" title="El Bosque University">Universidad El Bosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Los_Andes_(Colombia)" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Los Andes (Colombia)">Universidad de los Andes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universidad_del_Valle_(Colombia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad del Valle (Colombia)">Universidad del Valle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universidad_de_Antioquia" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad de Antioquia">Universidad de Antioquia</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santander" title="University of Santander">Universidad de Santander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universidad_del_Norte_(Colombia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad del Norte (Colombia)">Universidad del Norte</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_La_Sabana" title="University of La Sabana">Universidad de la Sabana</a>. Most programs require 6–7 years of study, and all offer a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a> (MD) degree. In some cases, the school also allows for a second degree to be studied for at the same time (this is chosen by the student, though most students end up needing to do alternate semesters between their degrees, and mostly in careers like <a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">microbiology</a> or <a href="/wiki/Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">biomedical engineering</a>). For example, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Los_Andes_(Colombia)" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Los Andes (Colombia)">Universidad de los Andes</a> has a program whereby the medical student could graduate with both an MD and a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">Master of Business Administration</a> (MBA) degree or an MD and a master's degree in <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a>. Admission to medical school varies with the school but is usually dependent on a combination of a general application to the university, an entrance exam, a personal statement or interview, and secondary (high) school performance mostly as reflected on the <a href="/wiki/ICFES_Examination" class="mw-redirect" title="ICFES Examination">ICFES</a> score (the grade received on the state exam in the final year of secondary/high school).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In most medical programs, the first two years deal with basic scientific courses (cellular and molecular biology, chemistry, organic chemistry, mathematics, and physics), and the core medical sciences (anatomy, embryology, histology, physiology, and biochemistry). The following year may change in how it is organized in different schools but is usually organ system-based pathophysiology and therapeutics (general and systems pathology, pharmacology, microbiology, parasitology, immunology, and medical genetics are also taught in this block). In the first two years, the programs also usually begin the courses in the epidemiology track (which may or may not include biostatistics), a clinical skills track (semiology and the clinical examination), a social medicine/public health track, and a medical ethics and communication skills track. Modes of training vary but are usually based on lectures, simulations, standardized-patient sessions, problem-based learning sessions, seminars, and observational clinical experiences. By year three, most schools have begun the non-elective, clinical-rotation block with accompanying academic courses (these include but are not limited to <a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">internal medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">pediatrics</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_surgery" title="General surgery">general surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">anaesthesiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthopaedics" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopaedics">orthopaedics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">gynaecology and obstetrics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">emergency medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">oncology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">urology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation" title="Physical medicine and rehabilitation">physical medicine and rehabilitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">ophthalmology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Otorhinolaryngology" title="Otorhinolaryngology">otorhinolaryngology</a>). Elective rotations are usually introduced in the fourth or fifth year, though as in the case of the non-elective rotations, <i>the hospitals the medical students may be placed in or apply to for a given rotation depend entirely on the medical schools</i>. This is important in terms of medical training, given the particular distinction of patients, pathologies, procedures, and skills seen and learned in private vs. public hospitals in Colombia. Most schools, however, have placements in both types of hospitals for many specialties. </p><p>The final year of medical school in Colombia is referred to as the internship year ("internado"). The internship year is usually divided into two semesters. The first semester is made up of obligatory rotations that every student does though in different orders, and the <a href="/wiki/Internship_(medicine)" title="Internship (medicine)">medical intern</a> serves in 5–7 different specialties, typically including internal medicine, paediatrics, general surgery, anaesthesiology, orthopaedics, gynaecology and obstetrics, and emergency medicine. The extent of the responsibilities of the intern varies with the hospital, as does the level of supervision and teaching, but generally, medical interns in Colombia extensively take, write, and review clinical histories, answer and discuss referrals with their seniors, do daily progress notes for the patients under their charge, participate in the service rounds, present and discuss patients at rounds, serve shifts, assist in surgical procedures, and assist in general administrative tasks. Sometimes, they are charged with ordering diagnostic testing, but, under Colombian law, they cannot prescribe medication as they are not graduate physicians. This, of course, are to be completed in addition to their academic responsibilities. The second semester is made up of elective rotations, which can be at home or abroad, in the form of clerkships or observerships. A final graduation requirement is to sit a standardized exam, the State Exam for Quality in Higher Education ("Examen de Estado de Calidad de la Educación Superior" or ECAES, also known as SABER PRO) specific to medicine, which tests, for example, knowledge in public health and primary care.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After graduation, the physician is required to register with the Colombian Ministry of Health, in order to complete a year of obligatory social service ("servicio social obligatorio"), after which they qualify for a professional license to practice general medicine and apply for a medical residency within Colombia. If, however, the student wishes to practice general medicine abroad or continue onto their postgraduate studies, for example, they can independently begin the appropriate application/equivalency process, <i>without</i> doing their obligatory social service. In this case, they would not be licensed to practise medicine in Colombia and if they wish to do so, will have to register with the Ministry of Health. N.B. If the graduate physician gets accepted immediately into a residency within Colombia in internal medicine, paediatrics, family medicine, gynecology and obstetrics, general surgery or anaesthesiology, they are allowed to complete a 6-month-long social service <i>after</i> their residency.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In contrast with most countries, residencies in Colombia are not paid positions, since one applies for the program through the university offering the post, which requires a tuition. However, on 9 May 2017, legislation was formally introduced in Congress that would seek to regulate payment for medical residents, regulate their tuitions, and advocate for their vacation time and working hours. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>As in other countries, the length of residency training depends upon the specialty chosen, and, following its completion, the physician may choose to apply for a fellowship (subspecialty) at home or abroad depending on the availability of their desired training programs, or practice in their specialty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guyana">Guyana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Guyana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_schools_in_Guyana" title="Category:Medical schools in Guyana">Category:Medical schools in Guyana</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, the medical school is accredited by the National Accreditation Council of Guyana. The medical program ranges from 4 years to 6 years. Students are taught the basic sciences aspect of the program within the first 2 years of medical school. In the clinical sciences program, students are introduced to the hospital setting where they gain hands-on training from the qualifying physicians and staff at the various teaching hospitals across Guyana. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texila_American_University" title="Texila American University">Texila American University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_International_School_of_Medicine" title="American International School of Medicine">American International School of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Guyana" title="University of Guyana">University of Guyana</a></li></ul> <p>Students graduating from the University of Guyana are not required to sit for board exams before practicing medicine in Guyana. Students graduating from the American International School of Medicine sit the USMLE, PLAB or CAMC exams. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panama">Panama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Panama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2013</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medical_education_in_Panama" title="Medical education in Panama">Medical education in Panama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ULAT_PA-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/ULAT_PA-2.jpg/220px-ULAT_PA-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/ULAT_PA-2.jpg/330px-ULAT_PA-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/ULAT_PA-2.jpg/440px-ULAT_PA-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, or the Faculty of Health Sciences, the medical school at the <a href="/wiki/Latin_University_of_Panama" title="Latin University of Panama">Latin University of Panama</a> in <a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The system of Medical education in <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> usually takes students from high school directly into Medical School for a 6-year course, typically with a two-year internship.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In order to practice medicine in the Republic, or enter a residency program in Panama it is required to be a Panamanian citizen.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other requirements include: </p> <ul><li>First year rotatory <a href="/wiki/Internship" title="Internship">Internship</a>: Qualified medical practitioners must successfully undertake and complete one year of supervised practice, generally known as an internship. The internship is undertaken in <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospital</a> positions accredited for this purpose.</li> <li>2 year rural Internship: Upon successful conclusion of the first intern year, doctors are required to undertake and complete a second year of internship at an assigned government health institution. Once this requirement is fulfilled the <a href="/wiki/Medical_practitioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical practitioner">medical practitioners</a> qualify for full registration in the Medical Board and are <a href="/wiki/Medical_license" title="Medical license">licensed</a> to engage in independent medical practice in Panama.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uruguay">Uruguay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Uruguay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hospital_de_Cl%C3%ADnicas_Uruguay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Hospital_de_Cl%C3%ADnicas_Uruguay.jpg/220px-Hospital_de_Cl%C3%ADnicas_Uruguay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Hospital_de_Cl%C3%ADnicas_Uruguay.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="216" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hospital_Clinic_Manuel_Quintela" title="Hospital Clinic Manuel Quintela">Hospital Clinic Manuel Quintela</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Republic_(Uruguay)" title="University of the Republic (Uruguay)">University of the Republic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Uruguay, three universities offer a medical degree. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Republic_(Uruguay)" title="University of the Republic (Uruguay)">University of the Republic</a> (UdelaR) is the oldest and largest institution in the country, with its Faculty of Medicine dating back to 1875. The program at this university has a duration of seven years.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The faculty also operates the <a href="/wiki/Hospital_Clinic_Manuel_Quintela" title="Hospital Clinic Manuel Quintela">Hospital Clinic Manuel Quintela</a> as its <a href="/wiki/Teaching_hospital" title="Teaching hospital">teaching hospital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other two institutions offering medical studies are the <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Center_for_Human_Economy" title="Latin American Center for Human Economy">Latin American Center for Human Economy</a> (CLAEH) in <a href="/wiki/Punta_del_Este" title="Punta del Este">Punta del Este</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Uruguay" title="Catholic University of Uruguay">Catholic University of Uruguay</a>, both of which offer a six-year program plus a mandatory internship.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venezuela">Venezuela</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Venezuela"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hospital_Universitario-UCV.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Hospital_Universitario-UCV.JPG/220px-Hospital_Universitario-UCV.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Hospital_Universitario-UCV.JPG/330px-Hospital_Universitario-UCV.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Hospital_Universitario-UCV.JPG/440px-Hospital_Universitario-UCV.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hospital_Cl%C3%ADnico_Universitario" title="Hospital Clínico Universitario">Hospital Universitario de Caracas</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Central_University_of_Venezuela" title="Central University of Venezuela">Central University of Venezuela</a> in <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>These are the universities with a medical school in Venezuela:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_University_of_Venezuela" title="Central University of Venezuela">Central University of Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Andes_(Venezuela)" title="University of the Andes (Venezuela)">University of the Andes (Venezuela)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Zulia" title="University of Zulia">University of Zulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Carabobo" title="University of Carabobo">University of Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universidad_de_Oriente" title="Universidad de Oriente">Universidad de Oriente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universidad_Centroccidental_Lisandro_Alvarado" title="Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado">Universidad Centroccidental Lisandro Alvarado</a></li> <li>Universidad Nacional Experimental Francisco de Miranda</li> <li>Universidad Nacional Experimental de Los Llanos Centrales Rómulo Gallegos</li> <li>Bolivarian University of Venezuela</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medical schools in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> are five-year programs. Education is conducted in English and leads to a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine</a> and Surgery (MBBCh). Graduates must finish a two-year internship program at the end of their studies to obtain their general practitioner license. Clinical training happens in each school teaching hospital with few exceptions. A small number of schools use Ministry of Health hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-EgyptScienceDirect_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EgyptScienceDirect-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Admission into Egyptian private and public medical schools is centrally managed by the government. After students submit their applications, they are distributed among different institutions according to both their order of preference and their high school performance.<sup id="cite_ref-EgyptScienceDirect_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EgyptScienceDirect-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Egypt, there are two main pathways to postgraduate studies in medicine. The academic pathway, leading to a scientific degree: either MSc. or PhD The second is the Fellowship of the Egyptian Board (FEB) program. About 20% of medical graduates pursue post-graduate studies, the rest join the healthcare workforce as general practitioners.<sup id="cite_ref-EgyptScienceDirect_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EgyptScienceDirect-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>General medicine education in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> takes 7 to 7.5 years. Students enter the university after high school. Students study basic medical science (such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, histology, biophysics, embryology, etc.) for 2.5 years. At the end of this period they should pass a "basic science" exam. Those who passed the exam will move on to study physiopathology of different organs in the next 1.5 years. The organ-based learning approach emphasizes critical thinking and clinical application. In the next period of education students enter clinics and educational hospitals for two years. During this period, they will also learn practical skills such as history taking and physical examination. Students should then pass the "pre-internship" exam to enter the last 1.5 years of education in which medical students function as interns. During this period, medical students participate in all aspects of medical care of the patients and they take night calls. At the end of these 7.5 years students are awarded an MD degree. MD doctors can continue their educations through residency and fellowship.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraq">Iraq</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: Iraq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, medical <i>colleges</i> (commonly referred to as medical <i>schools</i> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a>) typically offer a 6-year curriculum that is presented in the English language, similar to that of European countries. It is completely free for students with exceptionally high grades on 6th preparatory exams (standardized 12th grade exams), which are held by Iraq's Ministry of Education.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are paid options for students with lower grades. Medical education can commence immediately after the 6th preparatory class (equivalent to 12th grade in a K-12 system) in preparatory school (high school).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024, there are 33 medical colleges in Iraq, both public (<a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq" title="Governorates of Iraq">governorate/province</a>-funded and/or government-funded) and private, acknowledged by the <a href="/wiki/World_Directory_of_Medical_Schools" title="World Directory of Medical Schools">World Directory of Medical Schools</a>. </p><p>Generally, the first year is introductory, with students studying basic human biology as well as non-medical subjects such as Human Rights, Arabic and English. These are foundational subjects. They are taught in every college in Iraq in the first or second year no matter the field, and they are deemed so by the Iraqi Ministry of Higher Education. The subsequent two years are pre-clinical and are similar to those of medical schools in other countries. The 4th and 5th years have clinical rotations and are clinical years. The 6th year is the last. During this year, students are primarily engaged in hospital rotations with less emphasis on academic material. </p><p>Throughout the 6 years, students may have to attend exams that more than one medical college participates in, although the specific timing and frequency of these exams vary between colleges. However, most colleges have a standardized exam at the end of year 6, which alone typically accounts for 30% of the cumulative grade. Upon completion of the program, graduates are awarded a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (M.B.Ch.B.)</a> degree.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The job title for those who hold the degree is "Rotating Resident Physician".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>What follows is an exemplary curriculum from one of Iraq's medical colleges. This curriculum follows a "system-wise approach" where subjects are taught within the context of each system before transitioning to the next system.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Year 1: (5% of cumulative grade)</li></ul> <p>The first semester includes Human and Cell Biology, Biochemistry, Medical Physics, Computer Science, English, and Human Rights; while the second semester includes Human and Cell Biology, Arabic, English, Medical Basics (Medical Ethics) and Immunology and Microbiology. </p> <ul><li>Year 2: (5% of cumulative grade) includes Musculoskeletal System, Hematology, Cardiology and Pulmonology.</li> <li>Year 3: (5% of cumulative grade) includes Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT), Genitourinary Tract (GUT), Neurology and Endocrinology.</li> <li>Year 4: (20% of cumulative grade) includes Internal Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Community Medicine (Epidemiology) and Urology.</li> <li>Year 5: (25% of cumulative grade) includes Internal Medicine, Surgery, Forensic Medicine, Psychiatry, Ophthalmology, Dermatology and Otorhinolaryngology (ENT).</li> <li>Year 6: (40% of cumulative grade; 1% for a research project, 9% for courses exams, 30% for year 6 final exam) includes Family Medicine, Internal Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics and Obstetrics and Gynecology.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The aforementioned year 6 exam tests the contents of not only the courses in year 6, but most courses in every year before it as well, with a major emphasis on clinical courses. After graduating, graduates have a grace period of 1 year before going into Rotating Residency. Graduates with the 10 (variable per year, according to the ministry) highest cumulative grades can voluntarily (and in some years, involuntarily, according to the ministry’s orders) become <a href="/wiki/Teaching_assistant" title="Teaching assistant">teaching assistants</a> where they teach medical students in the same college they graduated in. The cumulative grade also decides what a student can match into in Senior Residency.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Residents can choose whether to apply for the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Board_of_Health_Specializations" title="Arab Board of Health Specializations">Arab Board</a> or the Iraqi Board, the latter being generally cheaper for Iraqi citizens. </p><p>Graduates of medical colleges must undergo additional training before being permitted to practice medicine independently.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Rotating Residency lasts for one year and takes place in public hospitals within the resident's province/governorate. It typically involves rotations in internal medicine, general surgery, emergency medicine and obstetrics and gynecology. After this, a resident can begin Gradation.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_87-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gradation lasts for one year and usually requires the resident to serve in an underserved rural area within their province/governorate. Rotations are similar to that of Rotating Residency. After this, residents can specialize in a medical field of their choosing in Senior Residency.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_87-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Senior Residency (equivalent to "<a href="/wiki/Internship_(medicine)" title="Internship (medicine)">internship</a>" in the US) allows the resident to choose a specialty to be trained in privately for one year before going into Specialization. Specialties may be matched into based on the resident's cumulative grade in medical college. A cumulative grade of 85% is considered high and would permit the graduate to choose from most, if not all, medical specialties. Prior to 2022, the medical cumulative grade was assessed on a national scale. Starting in 2022, it has been evaluated at the provincial level, meaning students from lacking governorates no longer have to compete with students from other, better governorates. During senior residency, physicians are titled "Senior Resident Physician" in their respective medical specialty.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_87-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Specialization (equivalent to "<a href="/wiki/Residency_(medicine)" title="Residency (medicine)">residency</a>" in the US) is the period where a resident thoroughly studies and practices a specific specialty in medicine, with most specialties completing 4 years of training. All who complete specialization are titled "Specialized Physician" in their respective medical specialty and can practice medicine freely.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_87-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are five university medical schools in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Rappaport_Faculty_of_Medicine" title="Rappaport Faculty of Medicine">Rappaport Faculty of Medicine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Technion_%E2%80%93_Israel_Institute_of_Technology" title="Technion – Israel Institute of Technology">Technion</a> in Haifa, the Joyce and Irving Goldman Medical School at <a href="/wiki/Ben_Gurion_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Gurion University">Ben Gurion University</a> in Be'er Sheva, the <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University_Faculty_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Aviv University Faculty of Medicine">Faculty of Medicine</a> (former name "Sackler Faculty of Medicine") at <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a>, the Hadassah School of Medicine at the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University</a> in Jerusalem and the Azrieli Faculty of Medicine at <a href="/wiki/Bar-Ilan_University" title="Bar-Ilan University">Bar-Ilan University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ramat_Gan" title="Ramat Gan">Ramat Gan</a>. These all follow the European 6-year model except <a href="/wiki/Bar-Ilan_University" title="Bar-Ilan University">Bar-Ilan University</a> which has a four-year program similar to the US system.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Technion Medical School, Ben Gurion University, and Tel Aviv University Faculty of Medicine<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offer 4-year MD programs for American Bachelor's graduates who have taken the <a href="/wiki/MCAT" class="mw-redirect" title="MCAT">MCAT</a>, interested in completing rigorous medical education in Israel before returning to the US or Canada. </p><p>The entrance requirements of the various schools of medicine are very strict. Israeli students require a <a href="/wiki/Bagrut" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagrut">high school Baccalaureate</a> average above 100 and <a href="/wiki/Psychometric_Entrance_Test" title="Psychometric Entrance Test">psychometric examination</a> grade over 700. </p><p>The degree of Doctor of Medicine (MD) is legally considered to be equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a> within the Israeli Educational System.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All medical school graduates must then pass a medical licensing exam and successfully complete a one-year internship.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two kinds of internships: </p> <ul><li>Straight internship is done in internal medicine, pediatrics or surgery. Interns spend two months in surgery, two months in pediatrics, one month in emergency medicine, and six consecutive months (the second half of the year) in a chosen specialty.</li> <li>Rotating internship offers a schedule that rotates through all major specialties—including three months of internal medicine (1 month may be substituted for <a href="/wiki/Geriatrics" title="Geriatrics">geriatrics</a>), two months of pediatrics (1 month may be substituted for a pediatric subspecialty), two months of surgery (1 month may be substituted for a surgical subspecialty), one month of emergency medicine, one month of anesthesiology and intensive care, and two elective months.</li></ul> <p>After completing their internship, graduates may practice general medicine or go into a specialty program. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jordan">Jordan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: Jordan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine_and_Surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery</a> (<a href="/wiki/MBBS" class="mw-redirect" title="MBBS">MBBS</a>) degree is awarded in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> after completion of six years comprising three years of <a href="/wiki/Medical_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical sciences">medical sciences</a> and three <a href="/wiki/Clinic" title="Clinic">clinical</a> years.<sup id="cite_ref-Amimi_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amimi-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, six <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">state supported universities</a> include a medical school and grant the degree, which are:<sup id="cite_ref-Amimi_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amimi-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Jordan University of Science and Technology">Jordan University of Science and Technology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Irbid" title="Irbid">Irbid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Jordan" title="University of Jordan">University of Jordan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutah_University" title="Mutah University">Mutah University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Al_Karak" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Karak">Al Karak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashemite_University" title="Hashemite University">Hashemite University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zarqa" title="Zarqa">Zarqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_University" title="Yarmouk University">Yarmouk University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Irbid" title="Irbid">Irbid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Balqa%CA%BC_Applied_University" title="Al-Balqaʼ Applied University">Al-Balqaʼ Applied University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salt,_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt, Jordan">Salt</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>'s undergraduate medical education started in the 1970s with the establishment<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the first medical school in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jordan" title="University of Jordan">University of Jordan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Amimi_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amimi-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their medical education system is well regarded in the region, thus attracting foreign students especially from around the Middle East (more than a third of all students).<sup id="cite_ref-Amimi_93-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amimi-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sole admission criterion is a satisfactory mark in the high school national exam. Students with the highest mark gain admission through the general competition system (≈6% of applicants and ≈50% of all admissions).<sup id="cite_ref-Amimi_93-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amimi-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are rewarded with partially subsidized inexpensive tuition fees. The rest of the admitted students are either foreigners or students that achieved high school marks of 85% or greater.<sup id="cite_ref-Amimi_93-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amimi-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The curricula is divided into an initial 3-year pre-clinical stage followed by 3 clinical years for a total of 6 years of education.<sup id="cite_ref-Amimi_93-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amimi-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pre-clinical curriculum includes basic sciences, medical sciences and university required courses. In turn, the clinical curriculum includes <a href="/wiki/Clinical_clerkship" title="Clinical clerkship">clerkship rotations</a> lasting from 2 to 12 weeks. At the end of the sixth year, students undergo a written theoretical assessment as well as a supervised clinical assessment. Passing students are awarded a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor's in Medicine and Surgery</a><sup id="cite_ref-Amimi_93-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amimi-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lebanon">Lebanon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: Lebanon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, there are two programs of medical education followed: the American system (4 years) and the European system (6 years). Programs are offered in English and French. Admission requirements to the American system requires a candidate to complete a bachelor's degree along with specific pre-medical courses during the undergraduate years, and writing the MCAT examination. European programs usually requires a candidate to complete 1 year of general science followed by a selection exam by the end of the year. </p><p>Schools following the American system (MD degree) are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Beirut" title="American University of Beirut">American University of Beirut</a>: located in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> and is the oldest medical school in Lebanon (established 1867).<sup id="cite_ref-AUB_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AUB-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Training takes place at the American University of Beirut Medical center (AUBMC) in Beirut. It graduates ≈85 physicians per year.<sup id="cite_ref-AUB_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AUB-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_American_University" title="Lebanese American University">Lebanese American University</a> (LAU Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine): This program started in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-LAUWDOMS_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAUWDOMS-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LAU Medical school is located in <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a> and has a 10-year affiliation<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> with <a href="/wiki/Partners_Harvard_Medical_International" title="Partners Harvard Medical International">Partners Harvard Medical International</a>. Training takes place at the University Medical center - Rizk Hospital (UMC-RH) located in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>. It is also affiliated with Clemenceau Medical Center and <a href="/wiki/Rafik_Hariri_University_Hospital" title="Rafik Hariri University Hospital">Rafik Hariri University Hospital</a>. It graduates ≈50 physicians per year.<sup id="cite_ref-LAUWDOMS_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAUWDOMS-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Balamand" title="University of Balamand">University of Balamand</a>: This program started in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-BalaWDOMS_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BalaWDOMS-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is located in <a href="/wiki/Koura_District" title="Koura District">Koura</a>, north Lebanon. Training takes place at the Saint George University Medical center in Beirut. It graduates ≈70 physicians per year.<sup id="cite_ref-BalaWDOMS_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BalaWDOMS-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The language of instruction in all three is English. </p><p>Schools following the European system (<a href="/wiki/MBBS" class="mw-redirect" title="MBBS">MBBS</a> degree) are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_University" title="Lebanese University">Lebanese University</a>: languages of instruction are French and English. Training takes place at the <a href="/wiki/Rafik_Hariri_University_Hospital" title="Rafik Hariri University Hospital">Rafik Hariri University Hospital</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>. It is a 7-year program and graduates ≈120 physicians per year.<sup id="cite_ref-LebUni_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LebUni-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Joseph University">Saint Joseph University</a>: language of instruction is French. Training takes place in <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel-Dieu_de_France" title="Hôtel-Dieu de France">Hôtel-Dieu de France</a> hospital located in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>. It is a 7-year program established in 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut_Arab_University" title="Beirut Arab University">Beirut Arab University</a>: language of instruction is English. Training takes place at Hammoud Hospital UMC located in <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rafik_Hariri_University_Hospital" title="Rafik Hariri University Hospital">Rafik Hariri University Hospital</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>. It is a 6-year program.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_University_of_Kaslik" title="Holy Spirit University of Kaslik">Holy Spirit University of Kaslik</a>: Located in <a href="/wiki/Jounieh" title="Jounieh">Jounieh</a>, languages of instruction are French and English. Training takes place at the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Hospitalier_Universitaire_Notre_Dame_des_Secours" title="Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Notre Dame des Secours">Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Notre Dame des Secours</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a>. It is a newer school established in 2002 and has a 7-year program<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=84" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medical_school_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical school in Pakistan">Medical school in Pakistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Pakistan%27-KE_Med_Univ-Sep_2016_(8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%27Pakistan%27-KE_Med_Univ-Sep_2016_%288%29.jpg/220px-%27Pakistan%27-KE_Med_Univ-Sep_2016_%288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%27Pakistan%27-KE_Med_Univ-Sep_2016_%288%29.jpg/330px-%27Pakistan%27-KE_Med_Univ-Sep_2016_%288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%27Pakistan%27-KE_Med_Univ-Sep_2016_%288%29.jpg/440px-%27Pakistan%27-KE_Med_Univ-Sep_2016_%288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_Medical_University" title="King Edward Medical University">King Edward Medical University</a>, fourth oldest medical school in South Asia</figcaption></figure> <p>In Pakistan a medical school is more often referred to as a medical college. A medical college is affiliated with a university as a department. There are however several medical universities and medical institutes with their own medical colleges. All medical colleges and universities are regulated by the respective provincial department of health. They however have to be recognized after meeting a set criteria by a central regulatory authority called <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Medical_and_Dental_Council" title="Pakistan Medical and Dental Council">Pakistan Medical and Dental Council</a> (PMDC) in <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>. There are almost equal number of government and private medical colleges and universities, with their number exceeding 50. Admission to a government medical college is highly competitive. Entrance into the medical colleges is based on merit under the guidelines of PMDC. Both the academic performance at the college (high school, grades 11–12) level and an entrance test like MCAT are taken into consideration for the eligibility to enter most of the medical colleges. After successfully completing five years of academic and clinical training in the medical college and affiliated teaching hospitals the graduates are awarded a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine_and_Bachelor_of_Surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery</a> (<a href="/wiki/MBBS" class="mw-redirect" title="MBBS">MBBS</a>) degree. The graduates are then eligible to apply for a medical license from the PMDC. A house job of one-year duration is mandatory in a teaching hospital after completing five years of academic and clinical training in the medical college. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=85" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools#Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of medical schools">List of medical schools in Saudi Arabia</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> medical education is free for all Saudi citizens. A medical student must pass an entrance examination and complete a 1-year pre-medical course containing some basic medical subjects including: Biology, Organic Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Physics, Medical Biostatistics, and English for medical uses. Passing this year is commonly considered as the most challenging. It offers an MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery) degree. after one pre-medical course, five medical years and one training year. By 2010, there are 24 medical schools in KSA- 21 nonprofit and three private medical schools. The last college opened was Sulaiman AlRajhi Colleges with its partnership with Maastricht in the Netherlands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syria">Syria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=86" title="Edit section: Syria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medical education in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> consists of 6 years of training after high school. The first three include the <a href="/wiki/Basic_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic sciences">basic sciences</a> subjects, followed by 2 years of <a href="/wiki/Clinical_clerkships" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical clerkships">clinical clerkships</a>. The sixth year also include clerkships in main specialties.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, medical students are required to pass a standardized medical exam for graduation. Placement into residency programs is based on their scores in the exit exam in addition to their medical school cumulative grades in the context of their desires.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tunisia">Tunisia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=87" title="Edit section: Tunisia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tunisia" title="Education in Tunisia">Education in Tunisia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Medical_school" title="Special:EditPage/Medical school">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, education is free for all Tunisian citizens and for foreigners who have scholarships. The oldest Medical school is the <a href="/wiki/Medicine_School_of_Tunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicine School of Tunis">Medicine School of Tunis</a>. There are four medicine faculties situated in the major cities of <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sfax" title="Sfax">Sfax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sousse" title="Sousse">Sousse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monastir,_Tunisia" title="Monastir, Tunisia">Monastir</a>. Admission is bound to the success and score in the <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Baccalaureate" title="Tunisian Baccalaureate">Tunisian Baccalaureate</a> examination. Admission score threshold is very high, based on competition among all applicants throughout the nation. Medical school curriculum consists of seven years; five years as an 'extern' and two years of internship or 'intern trainee' :<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Two years are medical theory, containing all basic sciences related to medicine. The curriculum is more focused on theoretical than on practical learning.</li> <li>Three years during which the student receives both theoretical and practical training with total immersion in the hospital environment, it consists of clinical issues related to all medical specialties. During these three years, the student has to attend at the university hospital every day, rotating around all wards. Every period is followed by a clinical exam regarding the student's knowledge in that particular specialty.</li> <li>Two years on internship, in which the student is a physician but under the supervision of the chief doctor; the student rotates over the major and most essential specialties during period of four months each. After that, student has the choice of either passing the residency national exam or extending his internship for another year, after which he gains the status of family physician.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The residency program consists of four to five years in the specialty he qualifies, depending on his score in the national residency examination under the rule of highest score chooses first. Whether the student chooses to be a family doctor or a specialist, he has to make a doctorate thesis, which he will be defending in front of a jury, after which he gains his degree of Doctor of Medicine (MD).</li></ul> <p>In contrast, studies in dental medicine (general practitioner) and pharmaceutical studies last only 6 years. Courses throughout the university curriculum in both medicine and pharmacy are taught in French. </p><p>There are four universities of general medicine: the <a href="/wiki/Medicine_School_of_Tunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicine School of Tunis">Faculty of Medicine of Tunis</a>, the Faculty of Medicine Ibn El Jazzar of Sousse, the Faculty of Medicine of Monastir and the Faculty of Medicine of Sfax. </p><p>On the other hand, there is only one university of dentistry and pharmacy in Monastir: <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Dental_Medicine_of_Monastir" title="Faculty of Dental Medicine of Monastir">the faculty of dentistry of Monastir</a><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Pharmacy_of_Monastir" title="Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir">the faculty of pharmacy of Monastir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_America">North America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=88" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=89" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medical_school_in_Canada" title="Medical school in Canada">Medical school in Canada</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Canada" title="List of medical schools in Canada">List of medical schools in Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McMurrichBuildingUniversityofTorontoCanada.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/McMurrichBuildingUniversityofTorontoCanada.JPG/220px-McMurrichBuildingUniversityofTorontoCanada.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/McMurrichBuildingUniversityofTorontoCanada.JPG/330px-McMurrichBuildingUniversityofTorontoCanada.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/McMurrichBuildingUniversityofTorontoCanada.JPG/440px-McMurrichBuildingUniversityofTorontoCanada.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1311" data-file-height="1198" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toronto_Faculty_of_Medicine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toronto Faculty of Medicine (page does not exist)">Toronto Faculty of Medicine</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Medical_Colleges" title="Association of American Medical Colleges">Association of American Medical Colleges</a> lists 17 accredited MD-granting medical schools in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. </p><p>In Canada, a medical school is a faculty or school of a university that offers a three- or four-year <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a> (MD) degree. Generally, medical students begin their studies after receiving a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> in another field, often one of the biological sciences. However, admittance can still be granted during the third and fourth year. Minimum requirements for admission vary by region from two to four years of post-secondary study. The Association of Faculties of Medicine of Canada publishes a detailed guide to admission requirements of Canadian faculties of medicine on a yearly basis. </p><p>Admission offers are made by individual medical schools, generally on the basis of a personal statement, undergraduate record (GPA), scores on the <a href="/wiki/Medical_College_Admission_Test" title="Medical College Admission Test">Medical College Admission Test</a> (MCAT), and interviews. <a href="/wiki/Volunteering" title="Volunteering">Volunteer</a> work is often an important criterion considered by admission committees. All four medical schools in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> schools (the University of Ottawa, Northern Ontario School of Medicine) do not require the MCAT. McMaster requires that the MCAT be written, though they only look for particular scores (6 or better) on the verbal reasoning portion of the test. </p><p>The first half of the medical curriculum is dedicated mostly to teaching the basic sciences relevant to medicine. Teaching methods can include traditional <a href="/wiki/Lecture" title="Lecture">lectures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Problem-based_learning" title="Problem-based learning">problem-based learning</a>, laboratory sessions, <a href="/wiki/Simulated_patient" title="Simulated patient">simulated patient</a> sessions, and limited clinical experiences. The remainder of medical school is spent in <a href="/wiki/Medical_clerkship" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical clerkship">clerkship</a>. Clinical clerks participate in the day-to-day management of patients. They are supervised and taught during this clinical experience by residents and fully licensed <a href="/wiki/Attending_physician" title="Attending physician">staff physicians</a>. </p><p>Students enter into the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Resident_Matching_Service" title="Canadian Resident Matching Service">Canadian Resident Matching Service</a>, commonly abbreviated as <i>CaRMS</i> in the fall of their final year. Students rank their preferences of hospitals and specialties. A computerized matching system determines placement for <a href="/wiki/Residency_(medicine)" title="Residency (medicine)">residency positions</a>. 'Match Day' usually occurs in March, a few months before graduation.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The length of post-graduate training varies with choice of specialty. </p><p>During the final year of medical school, students complete part 1 of the Medical Council of Canada Qualifying Examination (MCCQE). Upon completion of the final year of medical school, students are awarded the degree of MD Students then begin training in the residency program designated to them by CaRMS. Part 2 of the MCCQE, an <a href="/wiki/Objective_Structured_Clinical_Examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Objective Structured Clinical Examination">Objective Structured Clinical Examination</a>, is taken following the completion of twelve months of residency training. After both parts of the MCCQE are successfully completed, the resident becomes a <i>Licentiate of the Medical Council of Canada</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to practice independently, however, the resident must complete the residency program and take a board examination pertinent to his or her intended scope of practice. In the final year of residency training, residents take an exam administered by either the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Family_Physicians_of_Canada" title="College of Family Physicians of Canada">College of Family Physicians of Canada</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_of_Canada" title="Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada">Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada</a>, depending on whether they are seeking certification in family medicine or another specialty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=90" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medical_school_in_the_United_States" title="Medical school in the United States">Medical school in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_the_United_States" title="List of medical schools in the United States">List of medical schools in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial-Picture-of-Jackson-e1445995779731.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Aerial-Picture-of-Jackson-e1445995779731.jpg/220px-Aerial-Picture-of-Jackson-e1445995779731.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Aerial-Picture-of-Jackson-e1445995779731.jpg/330px-Aerial-Picture-of-Jackson-e1445995779731.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Aerial-Picture-of-Jackson-e1445995779731.jpg/440px-Aerial-Picture-of-Jackson-e1445995779731.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2589" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Memorial_Hospital" title="Jackson Memorial Hospital">Jackson Memorial Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, the primary teaching hospital of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">University of Miami</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Miller_School_of_Medicine" title="Miller School of Medicine">Miller School of Medicine</a> and the largest hospital in the United States, with 1,547 beds<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_University_School_of_Medicine2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Washington_University_School_of_Medicine2.jpg/220px-Washington_University_School_of_Medicine2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Washington_University_School_of_Medicine2.jpg/330px-Washington_University_School_of_Medicine2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Washington_University_School_of_Medicine2.jpg/440px-Washington_University_School_of_Medicine2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Washington_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Washington University School of Medicine">Washington University Medical School</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pcom2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Pcom2.jpg/220px-Pcom2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Pcom2.jpg/330px-Pcom2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Pcom2.jpg/440px-Pcom2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine">Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Medical_Colleges" title="Association of American Medical Colleges">Association of American Medical Colleges</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Colleges_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine">American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine</a> listed 154 accredited MD-granting<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 36 accredited DO-granting medical schools<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the United States. </p><p>There are two doctorate-level degrees conferred onto physicians in training in the United States, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a> (MD) and <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a> (DO).<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both entitle the awardee to train for and receive medical licensing through an accredited residency training program.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Admission to medical school in the United States is based mainly on a GPA, MCAT score, admissions essay, interview, clinical work experience, and volunteering activities, along with research and leadership roles in an applicant's history. While obtaining an undergraduate degree is not an explicit requirement for a few medical schools, virtually all admitted students have earned at least a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a>. A few medical schools offer pre-admittance to students directly from high school by linking a joint 3-year accelerated undergraduate degree and a standard 4-year medical degree with certain undergraduate universities, sometimes referred to as a "7-year program", where the student receives a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> after their first year in medical school.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Typically, undergraduates students are expected to complete a series of prerequisites, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> (general chemistry and <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a>). Many medical schools have additional requirements including <a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">calculus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_studies" title="English studies">English</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a> classes. In addition to meeting the <a href="/wiki/Pre-medical" title="Pre-medical">pre-medical</a> requirements, medical school applicants must take and report their scores on the <a href="/wiki/MCAT" class="mw-redirect" title="MCAT">Medical College Admission Test (MCAT)</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Standardized_test" title="Standardized test">standardized test</a> that measures a student's knowledge of the sciences and the English language. </p><p>In the 19th century, there were over 400 medical schools in the United States. By 1910, the number was reduced to 148 medical schools and by 1930 the number totaled only 76. Many early medical schools were criticized for not sufficiently preparing their students for medical professions, leading to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a> in 1847 for the purpose of self-regulation of the profession. Abraham Flexner (who in 1910 released the <a href="/wiki/Flexner_report" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexner report">Flexner report</a> with the Carnegie Foundation), the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a>, and the AMA are credited with laying the groundwork for what is now known as the modern medical curriculum.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The standard U.S. medical school curriculum is four years long. Traditionally, the first two years are composed mainly of classroom basic science education, while the final two years primarily include rotations in clinical settings where students learn patient care firsthand. Today, clinical education is spread across all four years with the final year containing the most clinical rotation time.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Medicare_and_Medicaid_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services">Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services</a> (CMS) of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Health and Human Services">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services</a> (HHS) has published mandatory rules, obliging all inpatient and outpatient teaching settings, laying down the guidelines for what medical students in the United States may do, if they have not completed a clerkship or sub-internship. These rules apply when they are in the clinical setting in school, not when they are, for example, helping staff events or in other non-formal educational settings, even if they are helping provide certain clinical services along with nurses and the supervising physicians- for example, certain basic screening procedures.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Upon successful completion of medical school, students are granted the title of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a> (MD) or <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a> (DO).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Each year, thousands of recent graduates and seniors from American medical schools, as well as foreign trained physicians participate in the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) to secure <a href="/wiki/Residency_(medicine)" title="Residency (medicine)">clinical training positions</a> in U.S. teaching hospitals. In 2023, a total of 42,952 active applicants competed for 37,425 PGY-1 positions and 2,950 PGY-2 positions.<sup id="cite_ref-BytheNumbers_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BytheNumbers-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, more than half of all medical schools had a four-year attendance cost exceeding $275,000, with 19 schools surpassing $350,000. This substantial financial burden impacts medical students as they pursue their education and training.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_students">Medical students</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=91" title="Edit section: Medical students"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MMSA_Checking_Blood_Pressure.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MMSA_Checking_Blood_Pressure.JPG/220px-MMSA_Checking_Blood_Pressure.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MMSA_Checking_Blood_Pressure.JPG/330px-MMSA_Checking_Blood_Pressure.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MMSA_Checking_Blood_Pressure.JPG/440px-MMSA_Checking_Blood_Pressure.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A medical student checking <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> on an awareness drive</figcaption></figure> <p>A person accepted into a medical school and enrolled in an educational program in medicine, with the goal of becoming a medical doctor, is referred to as a <i>medical student</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abuse_in_Medical_School">Abuse in Medical School</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=92" title="Edit section: Abuse in Medical School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_medicine" title="Bullying in medicine">Bullying in medicine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Stress_in_medical_students" title="Stress in medical students">Stress in medical students</a></div> <p>Medical students face verbal abuse, humiliation, and harassment in clinical settings, impacting their mental health and learning. Depressive symptoms affect 24–29% of medical students and 25–33% of resident physicians. Approximately 14% of students experience moderate to severe depression, with 5% having suicidal thoughts during training. German and South Korean medical students have even higher depression rates. Seeking treatment is challenging due to faculty judgment and lack of social support. The COVID-19 pandemic worsened mental health issues among medical students.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schwenk2010_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwenk2010-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=93" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Medical_College_Application_Service" title="American Medical College Application Service">American Medical College Application Service</a> (AMCAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Bimaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexner_Report" title="Flexner Report">Flexner Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAMSAT" class="mw-redirect" title="GAMSAT">Graduate Australian Medical Schools Admissions Test</a> (GAMSAT) [UK, Australia, Ireland]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_medical_graduate" title="International medical graduate">International medical graduate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="List of medical schools">List of medical schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_university_hospitals" title="List of university hospitals">List of university hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_College_Admission_Test" title="Medical College Admission Test">Medical College Admission Test</a> (MCAT) [United States, Canada]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_Medicine_and_Health_Sciences_Admission_Test" title="Undergraduate Medicine and Health Sciences Admission Test">Undergraduate Medicine and Health Sciences Admission Test</a> (UMAT) [Australia]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Clinical_Aptitude_Test" title="University Clinical Aptitude Test">University Clinical Aptitude Test</a> (UCAT) [UK, Australia, New Zealand]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=94" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrownBarnesSilverWilliams2015" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Menna; Barnes, Jacob; Silver, Katie; Williams, Nicholas; Newton, Philip M. (2015). "The Educational Impact of Exposure to Clinical Psychiatry Early in an Undergraduate Medical Curriculum". <i>Academic Psychiatry</i>. <b>40</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">274–</span>281. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40596-015-0358-1">10.1007/s40596-015-0358-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26077010">26077010</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13274934">13274934</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academic+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+Educational+Impact+of+Exposure+to+Clinical+Psychiatry+Early+in+an+Undergraduate+Medical+Curriculum&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E274-%3C%2Fspan%3E281&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13274934%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26077010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40596-015-0358-1&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Menna&rft.au=Barnes%2C+Jacob&rft.au=Silver%2C+Katie&rft.au=Williams%2C+Nicholas&rft.au=Newton%2C+Philip+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittlewood2005" class="citation journal cs1">Littlewood, S. (13 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1184253">"Early practical experience and the social responsiveness of clinical education: systematic review"</a>. <i>BMJ</i>. <b>331</b> (7513): <span class="nowrap">387–</span>391. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.331.7513.387">10.1136/bmj.331.7513.387</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1184253">1184253</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16096306">16096306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Early+practical+experience+and+the+social+responsiveness+of+clinical+education%3A+systematic+review&rft.volume=331&rft.issue=7513&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E387-%3C%2Fspan%3E391&rft.date=2005-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1184253%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16096306&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.331.7513.387&rft.aulast=Littlewood&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1184253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sphcm.med.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/sphcm/Centres_and_Units/SI_licensing_Report.pdf">Centres and Units: SI Licensing Report</a> (PDF) sphcm.med.unsw.edu.au</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Accreditation of medical education institutions. Report of a technical meeting. Schæffergården, Copenhagen, Denmark, 4–6 October 2004</i>. WHO-WFME Task Force on Accreditation. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-4-159273-7" title="Special:BookSources/92-4-159273-7"><bdi>92-4-159273-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accreditation+of+medical+education+institutions.+Report+of+a+technical+meeting.+Sch%C3%A6fferg%C3%A5rden%2C+Copenhagen%2C+Denmark%2C+4%E2%80%936+October+2004&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=WHO-WFME+Task+Force+on+Accreditation&rft.isbn=92-4-159273-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Accra College of Medicine, www.acm.edu.gh</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdcghana.org/medical-and-dental-training-schools/">"Medical and Dental Training Schools"</a>. <i>Medical & Dental Council</i>. Ghana. 2022-08-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medical+%26+Dental+Council&rft.atitle=Medical+and+Dental+Training+Schools&rft.date=2022-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdcghana.org%2Fmedical-and-dental-training-schools%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatzFutterMayosi2013" class="citation journal cs1">Katz, Arieh A; Futter, Merle; Mayosi, Bongani M (9 December 2013). "The intercalated BSc (Med) Honours/MB ChB and integrated MB ChB/PhD tracks at the University of Cape Town: Models for a national medical student research training programme". <i>South African Medical Journal</i>. <b>104</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">111–</span>3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7196%2FSAMJ.7639">10.7196/SAMJ.7639</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24893538">24893538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+intercalated+BSc+%28Med%29+Honours%2FMB+ChB+and+integrated+MB+ChB%2FPhD+tracks+at+the+University+of+Cape+Town%3A+Models+for+a+national+medical+student+research+training+programme&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.date=2013-12-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7196%2FSAMJ.7639&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24893538&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Arieh+A&rft.au=Futter%2C+Merle&rft.au=Mayosi%2C+Bongani+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://umdpc.com/resources.php">"Resources"</a>. Uganda Medical and Dental Practitioners Council<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resources&rft.pub=Uganda+Medical+and+Dental+Practitioners+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fumdpc.com%2Fresources.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.healthtraining.org/schools/kampala.php">Healthtraining.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100501173319/http://www.healthtraining.org/schools/kampala.php">Archived</a> 2010-05-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, MPH Degree Requirements at Makerere</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307144411/http://www.amc.org.au/joomla-files/images/Accreditation/MD-Program-Template-for-medical-schools-proposing-a-Level-9-Extended-December-2012.pdf">"Additional areas for consideration for accredited education providers proposing implementation of a Masters Degree (Extended) level primary medical degree"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Medical_Council" title="Australian Medical Council">Australian Medical Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amc.org.au/joomla-files/images/Accreditation/MD-Program-Template-for-medical-schools-proposing-a-Level-9-Extended-December-2012.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Additional+areas+for+consideration+for+accredited+education+providers+proposing+implementation+of+a+Masters+Degree+%28Extended%29+level+primary+medical+degree&rft.pub=Australian+Medical+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amc.org.au%2Fjoomla-files%2Fimages%2FAccreditation%2FMD-Program-Template-for-medical-schools-proposing-a-Level-9-Extended-December-2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medicine.unimelb.edu.au/study-here/md">"Doctor of Medicine (MD)"</a>. University of Melbourne. 15 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doctor+of+Medicine+%28MD%29&rft.pub=University+of+Melbourne&rft.date=2014-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedicine.unimelb.edu.au%2Fstudy-here%2Fmd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160630120927/http://www.nmec.org.cn/English/english.htm">"错误"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmec.org.cn/English/english.htm">the original</a> on 2016-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmec.org.cn%2FEnglish%2Fenglish.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jupas.edu.hk/en/programme/cuhk/JS4501/">"JS4501 Medicine (MBChB) Programme"</a>. <i>Joint University Programmes Admissions System (JUPAS)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Joint+University+Programmes+Admissions+System+%28JUPAS%29&rft.atitle=JS4501+Medicine+%28MBChB%29+Programme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jupas.edu.hk%2Fen%2Fprogramme%2Fcuhk%2FJS4501%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jupas.edu.hk/en/programme/hku/JS6456/">"JS6456 Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery"</a>. <i>Joint University Programmes Admissions System (JUPAS)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Joint+University+Programmes+Admissions+System+%28JUPAS%29&rft.atitle=JS6456+Bachelor+of+Medicine+and+Bachelor+of+Surgery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jupas.edu.hk%2Fen%2Fprogramme%2Fhku%2FJS6456%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.med.cuhk.edu.hk/study/prospective-students/undergraduate-study/programme-and-admission/mbchb-and-gps/admissions/dy2">"DY2"</a>. <i>Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Faculty+of+Medicine%2C+The+Chinese+University+of+Hong+Kong&rft.atitle=DY2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.med.cuhk.edu.hk%2Fstudy%2Fprospective-students%2Fundergraduate-study%2Fprogramme-and-admission%2Fmbchb-and-gps%2Fadmissions%2Fdy2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mchk.org.hk/english/registration/full_registration.html">"Registration of Medical Practitioners: Registration Requirements"</a>. <i>The Medical Council of Hong Kong</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Medical+Council+of+Hong+Kong&rft.atitle=Registration+of+Medical+Practitioners%3A+Registration+Requirements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mchk.org.hk%2Fenglish%2Fregistration%2Ffull_registration.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/number-of-2019-neet-aspirants-increases-by-2-lakh-to-a-record-15-lakh/articleshow/67069274.cms#aoh=15775986823599&csi=1&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s">"Number of 2019 NEET aspirants increases by 2 lakh to a record 15 lakh"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 13 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Number+of+2019+NEET+aspirants+increases+by+2+lakh+to+a+record+15+lakh&rft.date=2018-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fnumber-of-2019-neet-aspirants-increases-by-2-lakh-to-a-record-15-lakh%2Farticleshow%2F67069274.cms%23aoh%3D15775986823599%26csi%3D1%26referrer%3Dhttps%253A%252F%252Fwww.google.com%26amp_tf%3DFrom%2520%25251%2524s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091103231727/http://www.mciindia.org/">"Medical Council of India: Home Page"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mciindia.org/">the original</a> on 2009-11-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medical+Council+of+India%3A+Home+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mciindia.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090330030921/http://www.natboard.nic.in/">"Natboard.nic.in"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://natboard.nic.in/">the original</a> on 2009-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2005-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Natboard.nic.in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnatboard.nic.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100905213007/http://www.iuk-ism-kg.com/">"เว็บตรงกับเว็บเอเย่นต์ 2022"</a>. Archived from the original on September 5, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiuk-ism-kg.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iuk-ism.mega.kg">IUK-ISM.MEGA.kg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100209004430/http://iuk-ism.mega.kg/">Archived</a> 2010-02-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://munib.org/">"munib.org"</a>. <i>munib.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=munib.org&rft.atitle=munib.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmunib.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091204130720/http://ami.edu.kg/">"Affordable MBBS Study at Asian Medical institute in Kyrgyzstan"</a>. <i>Asmikg</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ami.edu.kg/">the original</a> on December 4, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asmikg&rft.atitle=Affordable+MBBS+Study+at+Asian+Medical+institute+in+Kyrgyzstan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ami.edu.kg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071008165853/http://www.oshmed.com/">"Medical Institute, Osh State University"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oshmed.com/">the original</a> on 2007-10-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medical+Institute%2C+Osh+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oshmed.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sigdel-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sigdel_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sigdel_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSigdelOzakiDhakalPradhan2021" class="citation journal cs1">Sigdel, Shailendra; Ozaki, Akihiko; Dhakal, Rachana; Pradhan, Bishwas; Tanimoto, Tetsuya (March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FACM.0000000000003888">"Medical Education in Nepal: Impact and Challenges of the COVID-19 Pandemic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Academic_Medicine_(journal)" title="Academic Medicine (journal)">Academic Medicine</a></i>. <b>96</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">340–</span>342. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FACM.0000000000003888">10.1097/ACM.0000000000003888</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33332910">33332910</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229318030">229318030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academic+Medicine&rft.atitle=Medical+Education+in+Nepal%3A+Impact+and+Challenges+of+the+COVID-19+Pandemic&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E340-%3C%2Fspan%3E342&rft.date=2021-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A229318030%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33332910&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FACM.0000000000003888&rft.aulast=Sigdel&rft.aufirst=Shailendra&rft.au=Ozaki%2C+Akihiko&rft.au=Dhakal%2C+Rachana&rft.au=Pradhan%2C+Bishwas&rft.au=Tanimoto%2C+Tetsuya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252FACM.0000000000003888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shankar-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shankar_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shankar_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shankar_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shankar_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shankar_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shankar_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShankar_PR2011" class="citation journal cs1">Shankar PR (1 Oct 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3195801">"Undergraduate medical education in Nepal: one size fits all"</a>. <i>Journal of Educational Evaluation for Health Professions</i>. <b>8</b> (9): 9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3352%2Fjeehp.2011.8.9">10.3352/jeehp.2011.8.9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3195801">3195801</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22025935">22025935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Educational+Evaluation+for+Health+Professions&rft.atitle=Undergraduate+medical+education+in+Nepal%3A+one+size+fits+all&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2011-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3195801%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22025935&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3352%2Fjeehp.2011.8.9&rft.au=Shankar+PR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3195801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nmc-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nmc_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nmc.org.np/">"|| Nepal Medical Council ||"</a>. Nmc.org.np. 2021-12-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%26%23124%3B%26%23124%3B+Nepal+Medical+Council+%26%23124%3B%26%23124%3B&rft.pub=Nmc.org.np&rft.date=2021-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnmc.org.np%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.auckland.ac.nz/en/fmhs/about-the-faculty/our-faculty/our-history.html">"Our history - The University of Auckland"</a>. <i>www.auckland.ac.nz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.auckland.ac.nz&rft.atitle=Our+history+-+The+University+of+Auckland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.auckland.ac.nz%2Fen%2Ffmhs%2Fabout-the-faculty%2Four-faculty%2Four-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.auckland.ac.nz/en/study/study-options/find-a-study-option/bachelor-of-medicine-and-bachelor-of-surgery-mbchb.html">"Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery - The University of Auckland"</a>. <i>www.auckland.ac.nz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.auckland.ac.nz&rft.atitle=Bachelor+of+Medicine+and+Bachelor+of+Surgery+-+The+University+of+Auckland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.auckland.ac.nz%2Fen%2Fstudy%2Fstudy-options%2Ffind-a-study-option%2Fbachelor-of-medicine-and-bachelor-of-surgery-mbchb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180301104125/https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/read-the-journal/all-issues/2010-2019/2010/vol-123-no-1318/special-series-tweed">"How the trainee intern year can ease the transition from undergraduate education to postgraduate practice - New Zealand Medical Journal"</a>. <i>www.nzma.org.nz</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/read-the-journal/all-issues/2010-2019/2010/vol-123-no-1318/special-series-tweed">the original</a> on 2018-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nzma.org.nz&rft.atitle=How+the+trainee+intern+year+can+ease+the+transition+from+undergraduate+education+to+postgraduate+practice+-+New+Zealand+Medical+Journal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzma.org.nz%2Fjournal%2Fread-the-journal%2Fall-issues%2F2010-2019%2F2010%2Fvol-123-no-1318%2Fspecial-series-tweed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tec.govt.nz/funding/funding-and-performance/funding/fund-finder/medical-trainee-intern-grant/">"Medical Trainee Intern Grant"</a>. <i>Tertiary Education Commission</i>. 19 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tertiary+Education+Commission&rft.atitle=Medical+Trainee+Intern+Grant&rft.date=2016-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tec.govt.nz%2Ffunding%2Ffunding-and-performance%2Ffunding%2Ffund-finder%2Fmedical-trainee-intern-grant%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fmhs.auckland.ac.nz/en/faculty/for/future-undergraduates/undergraduate-study-options.html">"Undergraduate study options - The University of Auckland"</a>. <i>www.fmhs.auckland.ac.nz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fmhs.auckland.ac.nz&rft.atitle=Undergraduate+study+options+-+The+University+of+Auckland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmhs.auckland.ac.nz%2Fen%2Ffaculty%2Ffor%2Ffuture-undergraduates%2Fundergraduate-study-options.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyTuition" class="citation news cs1">MyTuition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.mytuition.nz/high-school/a-guide-to-studying-medicine-in-new-zealand#step4">"A guide to studying medicine in NZ"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+guide+to+studying+medicine+in+NZ&rft.au=MyTuition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.mytuition.nz%2Fhigh-school%2Fa-guide-to-studying-medicine-in-new-zealand%23step4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111101053804/http://iime.org/database/pacific/skorea.htm">"Directory of Medical Schools in Republic of Korea"</a>. Institute for International Medical Education. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iime.org/database/pacific/skorea.htm">the original</a> on 1 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Directory+of+Medical+Schools+in+Republic+of+Korea&rft.pub=Institute+for+International+Medical+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iime.org%2Fdatabase%2Fpacific%2Fskorea.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071124103138/http://www.kma.org/contents/academy/infor02.html">KMA.org</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea_Medical_Association" title="Korea Medical Association">Korea Medical Association</a>(KMA) website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ntumc-studentambassadors.blogspot.com/2012/12/introduction-of-taiwanese-medical-system.html">"臺灣大學醫學校區青年大使團: Introduction of the Taiwanese Medical System[中文+英文]"</a>. December 8, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1%E5%8D%80%E9%9D%92%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A7%E4%BD%BF%E5%9C%98%3A+Introduction+of+the+Taiwanese+Medical+System%5B%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%2B%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87%5D&rft.date=2012-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fntumc-studentambassadors.blogspot.com%2F2012%2F12%2Fintroduction-of-taiwanese-medical-system.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Thailand" title="List of medical schools in Thailand">List of medical schools in Thailand</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michigan.gov/documents/healthcareworkforcecenter/FSMB_Intl_Accreditation_Webinar6-09_286726_7.pdf">"Accreditation of International Medical Schools: An Update from FAIMER and CAAM-HP"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>michigan.gov</i>. Federation of State Medical Boards. 2009-06-18. p. 32<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=michigan.gov&rft.atitle=Accreditation+of+International+Medical+Schools%3A+An+Update+from+FAIMER+and+CAAM-HP&rft.pages=32&rft.date=2009-06-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.michigan.gov%2Fdocuments%2Fhealthcareworkforcecenter%2FFSMB_Intl_Accreditation_Webinar6-09_286726_7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Avalon-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Avalon_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avalon_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avalon_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.wdoms.org/home/SchoolDetail/F0000591">"School Detail"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=School+Detail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.wdoms.org%2Fhome%2FSchoolDetail%2FF0000591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMU-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CMU_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMU_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMU_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.wdoms.org/home/SchoolDetail/F0002431">"School Detail"</a>. <i>search.wdoms.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.wdoms.org&rft.atitle=School+Detail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.wdoms.org%2Fhome%2FSchoolDetail%2FF0002431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JFK-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JFK_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JFK_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JFK_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.wdoms.org/home/SchoolDetail/F0003392">"School Detail"</a>. <i>search.wdoms.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.wdoms.org&rft.atitle=School+Detail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.wdoms.org%2Fhome%2FSchoolDetail%2FF0003392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYU-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYU_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYU_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYU_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.wdoms.org/home/SchoolDetail/F0004929">"School Detail"</a>. <i>search.wdoms.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.wdoms.org&rft.atitle=School+Detail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.wdoms.org%2Fhome%2FSchoolDetail%2FF0004929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stmart-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stmart_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stmart_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stmart_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.wdoms.org/home/SchoolDetail/F0000044">"School Detail"</a>. <i>search.wdoms.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.wdoms.org&rft.atitle=School+Detail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.wdoms.org%2Fhome%2FSchoolDetail%2FF0000044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intec.edu.do/downloads/documents/programas-academicos/locales/grado/plan_de_estudio/Ciencias-de-la-salud/MED_2020_C0N_NOTA_ACLARATORIA.pdf">Ciencias de la Salud</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504212417/https://cibertarea.net/pensum-de-medicina-uasd/">"Pensum de medicina uasd 2021 - CiberTarea"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cibertarea.net/pensum-de-medicina-uasd/">the original</a> on 2021-05-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pensum+de+medicina+uasd+2021+-+CiberTarea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcibertarea.net%2Fpensum-de-medicina-uasd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medicina.pucmm.edu.do/admision/programa-de-la-carrera/">"Escuela de medicina"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Escuela+de+medicina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedicina.pucmm.edu.do%2Fadmision%2Fprograma-de-la-carrera%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unibe.edu.do/programa/medicina/">"Medicina - UNIBE"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medicina+-+UNIBE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unibe.edu.do%2Fprograma%2Fmedicina%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msp.gob.do/web/?page_id=5759">"Exequátur de Ley - Ministerio de Salud Pública"</a>. Msp.gob.do<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exequ%C3%A1tur+de+Ley+-+Ministerio+de+Salud+P%C3%BAblica&rft.pub=Msp.gob.do&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msp.gob.do%2Fweb%2F%3Fpage_id%3D5759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Medical University of Pleven - English Programme <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euromedschool.com/main/pleven-medical-school-bulgaria">Euromedschool.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101113104857/http://www.euromedschool.com/main/pleven-medical-school-bulgaria">Archived</a> 2010-11-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Medical University of Varna - English Programme <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euromedschool.com/main/varna-medical-school-bulgaria">Euromedschool.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101113104947/http://www.euromedschool.com/main/varna-medical-school-bulgaria">Archived</a> 2010-11-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medlinkstudents.com/universities/study-medicine-in-bulgaria/">"Study Medicine in Bulgaria in English"</a>. <i>Medlink Students</i>. 3 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medlink+Students&rft.atitle=Study+Medicine+in+Bulgaria+in+English&rft.date=2021-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medlinkstudents.com%2Funiversities%2Fstudy-medicine-in-bulgaria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220528/http://www.laeger.dk/portal/page/portal/LAEGERDK/Laegerdk/Servicemenu/ENGLISH/TITLES_IN_ENGLISH">"Titles in English"</a>. <i>www.laeger.dk</i>. <a href="/wiki/Danish_Medical_Association" title="Danish Medical Association">Danish Medical Association</a>. 5 February 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laeger.dk/portal/page/portal/LAEGERDK/Laegerdk/Servicemenu/ENGLISH/TITLES_IN_ENGLISH">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.laeger.dk&rft.atitle=Titles+in+English&rft.date=2001-02-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laeger.dk%2Fportal%2Fpage%2Fportal%2FLAEGERDK%2FLaegerdk%2FServicemenu%2FENGLISH%2FTITLES_IN_ENGLISH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151019031848/http://af-ksa.com/system/application/uploads/choose_france.pdf">"University and degree systems in France"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://af-ksa.com/system/application/uploads/choose_france.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-10-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+and+degree+systems+in+France&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faf-ksa.com%2Fsystem%2Fapplication%2Fuploads%2Fchoose_france.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medlinkstudents.com/universities/study-medicine-in-georgia-europe/">"Study Medicine in Georgia in English"</a>. <i>www.medlinkstudents.com</i>. Medlink Students. 3 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.medlinkstudents.com&rft.atitle=Study+Medicine+in+Georgia+in+English&rft.date=2021-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medlinkstudents.com%2Funiversities%2Fstudy-medicine-in-georgia-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090630061926/http://www.hi.is/is/heilbrigdisvisindasvid_deildir/laeknadeild/nam/laeknisfraedi_1">"University of Iceland - Faculty of Medicine"</a>. University of Iceland. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hi.is/is/heilbrigdisvisindasvid_deildir/laeknadeild/nam/laeknisfraedi_1">the original</a> on 2009-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Iceland+-+Faculty+of+Medicine&rft.pub=University+of+Iceland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhi.is%2Fis%2Fheilbrigdisvisindasvid_deildir%2Flaeknadeild%2Fnam%2Flaeknisfraedi_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reglugerd.is/interpro/dkm/WebGuard.nsf/b7fd33650490f8cf00256a07003476bb/7e0a237d9055258400256a080031b1ec?OpenDocument">"Regulation 305/1997, 13. May. Regulation on granting medical and speciality training licenses"</a>. Icelandic Ministry of Health<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regulation+305%2F1997%2C+13.+May.+Regulation+on+granting+medical+and+speciality+training+licenses.&rft.pub=Icelandic+Ministry+of+Health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reglugerd.is%2Finterpro%2Fdkm%2FWebGuard.nsf%2Fb7fd33650490f8cf00256a07003476bb%2F7e0a237d9055258400256a080031b1ec%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/519959">"Medical Education in Iceland"</a>. Medscape.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medical+Education+in+Iceland&rft.pub=Medscape.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medscape.com%2Fviewarticle%2F519959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsi.com/dublin/undergraduate/medicine/entry-requirements#anchor_1516626670615">"Undergraduate Medicine Course at RCSI Dublin - Entry requirements - Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland"</a>. <i>www.rcsi.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rcsi.com&rft.atitle=Undergraduate+Medicine+Course+at+RCSI+Dublin+-+Entry+requirements+-+Royal+College+of+Surgeons+in+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcsi.com%2Fdublin%2Fundergraduate%2Fmedicine%2Fentry-requirements%23anchor_1516626670615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsi.com/dublin/undergraduate/gem/entry-requirements">"Graduate Entry Medicine Course at RCSI Dublin - Entry requirements - Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland"</a>. <i>www.rcsi.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rcsi.com&rft.atitle=Graduate+Entry+Medicine+Course+at+RCSI+Dublin+-+Entry+requirements+-+Royal+College+of+Surgeons+in+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcsi.com%2Fdublin%2Fundergraduate%2Fgem%2Fentry-requirements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsi.com/dublin/undergraduate/gem/why-rcsi-dublin">"Graduate Entry Medicine Course at RCSI Dublin - Why RCSI Dublin? - Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland"</a>. <i>www.rcsi.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rcsi.com&rft.atitle=Graduate+Entry+Medicine+Course+at+RCSI+Dublin+-+Why+RCSI+Dublin%3F+-+Royal+College+of+Surgeons+in+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcsi.com%2Fdublin%2Fundergraduate%2Fgem%2Fwhy-rcsi-dublin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medicalcouncil.ie/About-Us/">"About Us"</a>. <i>www.medicalcouncil.ie</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.medicalcouncil.ie&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicalcouncil.ie%2FAbout-Us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dges.gov.pt/pt/pagina/concurso-especial-para-acesso-medicina-por-licenciados-0">"Concurso Especial para Acesso a Medicina por Licenciados"</a>. <i>DGES</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DGES&rft.atitle=Concurso+Especial+para+Acesso+a+Medicina+por+Licenciados&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dges.gov.pt%2Fpt%2Fpagina%2Fconcurso-especial-para-acesso-medicina-por-licenciados-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uc.pt/fmuc/ensino/mim">"Mestrado Integrado em Medicina"</a>. <i>UC</i>. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UC&rft.atitle=Mestrado+Integrado+em+Medicina&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uc.pt%2Ffmuc%2Fensino%2Fmim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uniarea.com/medicina-guia-candidatura/">"Medicina - Guia de Candidatura 2018/2019"</a>. <i>Uniarea</i> (in European Portuguese). 2018-07-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uniarea&rft.atitle=Medicina+-+Guia+de+Candidatura+2018%2F2019&rft.date=2018-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funiarea.com%2Fmedicina-guia-candidatura%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medlinkstudents.com/universities/study-medicine-in-serbia/">"Study Medicine in Serbia in English"</a>. <i>www.medlinkstudents.com</i>. Medlink Students. 9 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.medlinkstudents.com&rft.atitle=Study+Medicine+in+Serbia+in+English&rft.date=2021-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medlinkstudents.com%2Funiversities%2Fstudy-medicine-in-serbia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321033725/http://www.socialstyrelsen.se/applicationforswedishlicencetopractiseothercountries/doctorofmedicine">"License to practice medicine in Sweden"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialstyrelsen.se/applicationforswedishlicencetopractiseothercountries/doctorofmedicine">the original</a> on 2015-03-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=License+to+practice+medicine+in+Sweden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialstyrelsen.se%2Fapplicationforswedishlicencetopractiseothercountries%2Fdoctorofmedicine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swissuniversities.ch/fileadmin/swissuniversities/Dokumente/Lehre/Medizin/220101_Studienplatzvergabe.pdf">"Selektionsverfahren zum Medizinstudium - Regelung der Studienplatzvergabe"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>swissuniversities</i>. 1 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=swissuniversities&rft.atitle=Selektionsverfahren+zum+Medizinstudium+-+Regelung+der+Studienplatzvergabe&rft.date=2022-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissuniversities.ch%2Ffileadmin%2Fswissuniversities%2FDokumente%2FLehre%2FMedizin%2F220101_Studienplatzvergabe.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unil.ch/formations/en/home/menuinst/masters/medecine.html">"Master of Medicine (MMed)"</a>. <i>www.unil.ch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.unil.ch&rft.atitle=Master+of+Medicine+%28MMed%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unil.ch%2Fformations%2Fen%2Fhome%2Fmenuinst%2Fmasters%2Fmedecine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130620065316/http://www.bris.ac.uk/esu/assessment/annex/annex-level7descriptor.html">"The UK quality code for higher education"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bris.ac.uk/esu/assessment/annex/annex-level7descriptor.html">the original</a> on 2013-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+UK+quality+code+for+higher+education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bris.ac.uk%2Fesu%2Fassessment%2Fannex%2Fannex-level7descriptor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UK Medical Schools - www.ukmedicalschools.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statistics-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-statistics_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180708045716/http://www.study-medicine.co.uk/index.php?pageid=stats">"Study medicine - British Medical School Statistics"</a>. Study-medicine.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.study-medicine.co.uk/index.php?pageid=stats">the original</a> on 2018-07-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Study+medicine+-+British+Medical+School+Statistics&rft.pub=Study-medicine.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.study-medicine.co.uk%2Findex.php%3Fpageid%3Dstats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Centeno-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Centeno_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Centeno_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Centeno_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Centeno_72-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Centeno_72-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Centeno_72-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Centeno_72-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Centeno_72-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Centeno_72-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngel_M_Centeno2006" class="citation journal cs1">Angel M Centeno (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.ACM.0000246700.88093.6b">"The programs and context of medical education in Argentina"</a>. <i>Academic Medicine</i>. <b>81</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">1081–</span>1084. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.ACM.0000246700.88093.6b">10.1097/01.ACM.0000246700.88093.6b</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17122474">17122474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academic+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+programs+and+context+of+medical+education+in+Argentina&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1081-%3C%2Fspan%3E1084&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.ACM.0000246700.88093.6b&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17122474&rft.au=Angel+M+Centeno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252F01.ACM.0000246700.88093.6b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scielo-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scielo_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scielo_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁngel_M._Centeno,_Soledad_Campos2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ángel M. Centeno, Soledad Campos (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2014-98322017000600003">"Medical education in Argentina"</a>. <i>Revista de la Fundación Educación Médica</i>. <b>20</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">265–</span>271. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33588%2Ffem.206.924">10.33588/fem.206.924</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+la+Fundaci%C3%B3n+Educaci%C3%B3n+M%C3%A9dica&rft.atitle=Medical+education+in+Argentina&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E265-%3C%2Fspan%3E271&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.33588%2Ffem.206.924&rft.au=%C3%81ngel+M.+Centeno%2C+Soledad+Campos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscielo.isciii.es%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_arttext%26pid%3DS2014-98322017000600003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarin-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clarin_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarin_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clarin.com/sociedad/internado-residencia_0_BkCecsvlRte.html">"El internado y la residencia"</a>. 16 July 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+internado+y+la+residencia&rft.date=2001-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarin.com%2Fsociedad%2Finternado-residencia_0_BkCecsvlRte.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fmed.uba.ar/index.php/internado-anual-rotatorio-iar/iar-en-el-exterior">"IAR en el exterior | Facultad de Medicina UBA"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IAR+en+el+exterior+%26%23124%3B+Facultad+de+Medicina+UBA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmed.uba.ar%2Findex.php%2Finternado-anual-rotatorio-iar%2Fiar-en-el-exterior&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dillon, Alfredo (30 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clarin.com/sociedad/universidad-gratuita_0_B1U2xbYDXg.html">"Prohíben el arancel y el examen de ingreso en las universidades"</a>. <i>www.clarin.com</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.clarin.com&rft.atitle=Proh%C3%ADben+el+arancel+y+el+examen+de+ingreso+en+las+universidades&rft.date=2015-10-30&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Alfredo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarin.com%2Fsociedad%2Funiversidad-gratuita_0_B1U2xbYDXg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2016">"QS World University Rankings 2016"</a>. <i>Top Universities</i>. 2016-08-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Top+Universities&rft.atitle=QS+World+University+Rankings+2016&rft.date=2016-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuniversities.com%2Funiversity-rankings%2Fworld-university-rankings%2F2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuarez-Kurtz" class="citation web cs1">Suarez-Kurtz, Guilherme. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202838/http://casemed.case.edu/gradprog/capes/Brazilian_ed_summary.pdf">"A brief description of medical school curricula in Brazil"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Case Western Reserve University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://casemed.case.edu/gradprog/capes/Brazilian_ed_summary.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+brief+description+of+medical+school+curricula+in+Brazil&rft.pub=Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.aulast=Suarez-Kurtz&rft.aufirst=Guilherme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcasemed.case.edu%2Fgradprog%2Fcapes%2FBrazilian_ed_summary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcn.cl/histley/lfs/hdl-20261/HL20261.pdf">Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile</a> bcn.cl</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240720210101/https://www.fmed.edu.uy/ensenanza/carreras-de-grado/dr-en-medicina">"Dr. En Medicina | Facultad de Medicina"</a>. <i>www.fmed.edu.uy</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fmed.edu.uy/ensenanza/carreras-de-grado/dr-en-medicina">the original</a> on 2024-07-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fmed.edu.uy&rft.atitle=Dr.+En+Medicina+%7C+Facultad+de+Medicina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmed.edu.uy%2Fensenanza%2Fcarreras-de-grado%2Fdr-en-medicina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elpais.com.uy/informacion/politica/hubo-acuerdo-entre-asse-y-el-hospital-de-clinicas-que-recibira-el-pago-de-99-millones">"Hubo acuerdo entre ASSE y el Hospital de Clínicas, que recibirá el pago de $99 millones"</a>. <i>EL PAIS</i>. 2020-11-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EL+PAIS&rft.atitle=Hubo+acuerdo+entre+ASSE+y+el+Hospital+de+Cl%C3%ADnicas%2C+que+recibir%C3%A1+el+pago+de+%2499+millones&rft.date=2020-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elpais.com.uy%2Finformacion%2Fpolitica%2Fhubo-acuerdo-entre-asse-y-el-hospital-de-clinicas-que-recibira-el-pago-de-99-millones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elpais.com.uy/negocios/universidad-claeh-ya-ofrece-carreras-con-doble-titulacion-medicina-y-logistica">"Universidad Claeh ya ofrece carreras con doble titulación: Medicina y Logística"</a>. <i>EL PAIS</i>. 2022-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EL+PAIS&rft.atitle=Universidad+Claeh+ya+ofrece+carreras+con+doble+titulaci%C3%B3n%3A+Medicina+y+Log%C3%ADstica&rft.date=2022-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elpais.com.uy%2Fnegocios%2Funiversidad-claeh-ya-ofrece-carreras-con-doble-titulacion-medicina-y-logistica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elobservador.com.uy/nota/salud-en-la-ucu-once-carreras-interdisciplina-y-formacion-interprofesional--2021121515550#:~:text=A%20la%20apertura%20en%202020,la%20transversalidad%20y%20la%20interdisciplinariedad%E2%80%9D.">"Salud en la UCU: once carreras, interdisciplina y formación interprofesional"</a>. <i>El Observador</i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-02-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Observador&rft.atitle=Salud+en+la+UCU%3A+once+carreras%2C+interdisciplina+y+formaci%C3%B3n+interprofesional&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elobservador.com.uy%2Fnota%2Fsalud-en-la-ucu-once-carreras-interdisciplina-y-formacion-interprofesional--2021121515550%23%3A~%3Atext%3DA%2520la%2520apertura%2520en%25202020%2Cla%2520transversalidad%2520y%2520la%2520interdisciplinariedad%25E2%2580%259D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EgyptScienceDirect-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EgyptScienceDirect_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EgyptScienceDirect_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EgyptScienceDirect_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdel_AbdelazizSalah_Eldin_KassaAsma_AbdelnasserSomaya_Hosny2018" class="citation journal cs1">Adel Abdelaziz; Salah Eldin Kassa; Asma Abdelnasser; Somaya Hosny (December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.hpe.2017.12.007">"Medical Education in Egypt: Historical Background, Current Status, and Challenges"</a>. <i>Health Professions Education</i>. <b>4</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">236–</span>244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.hpe.2017.12.007">10.1016/j.hpe.2017.12.007</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10576%2F44620">10576/44620</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:80180068">80180068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Professions+Education&rft.atitle=Medical+Education+in+Egypt%3A+Historical+Background%2C+Current+Status%2C+and+Challenges&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E236-%3C%2Fspan%3E244&rft.date=2018-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10576%2F44620&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A80180068%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.hpe.2017.12.007&rft.au=Adel+Abdelaziz&rft.au=Salah+Eldin+Kassa&rft.au=Asma+Abdelnasser&rft.au=Somaya+Hosny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.hpe.2017.12.007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wenr.wes.org/2017/10/education-in-iraq">"Education in Iraq"</a>. <i>WENR</i>. 2017-10-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WENR&rft.atitle=Education+in+Iraq&rft.date=2017-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwenr.wes.org%2F2017%2F10%2Feducation-in-iraq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.med.uobasrah.edu.iq/students/degree-requirements,%20https://en.med.uobasrah.edu.iq/students/degree-requirements">"M.B.Ch.B. Requirements"</a>. <i>en.med.uobasrah.edu.iq</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.med.uobasrah.edu.iq&rft.atitle=M.B.Ch.B.+Requirements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.med.uobasrah.edu.iq%2Fstudents%2Fdegree-requirements%2C%2520https%3A%2F%2Fen.med.uobasrah.edu.iq%2Fstudents%2Fdegree-requirements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_87-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_87-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_87-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_87-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://saturnmedic.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9-saturn-medic/medical-specialities/general-medicine/">"دراسة الطب العام | الاختصاصات الطبية في العراق"</a>. <i>Saturn Medic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saturn+Medic&rft.atitle=%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85+%7C+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsaturnmedic.com%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B5%25D9%2581%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A6%25D9%258A%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-saturn-medic%2Fmedical-specialities%2Fgeneral-medicine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irapa.org/updates-in-medical-colleges-curriculum-in-iraq/">"Updates in Medical Colleges' Curriculum in Iraq – International Research and Publishing Academy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.48112%2Fbcs.v2i1.318">10.48112/bcs.v2i1.318</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Updates+in+Medical+Colleges%27+Curriculum+in+Iraq+%E2%80%93+International+Research+and+Publishing+Academy&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.48112%2Fbcs.v2i1.318&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firapa.org%2Fupdates-in-medical-colleges-curriculum-in-iraq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medicine.biu.ac.il/en/node/3">"About | Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee Bar-Ilan University"</a>. Medicine.biu.ac.il<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+%26%23124%3B+Faculty+of+Medicine+in+the+Galilee+Bar-Ilan+University&rft.pub=Medicine.biu.ac.il&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedicine.biu.ac.il%2Fen%2Fnode%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sacklermedicine.us/">"Home | Sackler Faculty of Medicine"</a>. Sacklermedicine.us. 2013-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+%26%23124%3B+Sackler+Faculty+of+Medicine&rft.pub=Sacklermedicine.us&rft.date=2013-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsacklermedicine.us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150807030219/http://handouts.aacrao.org/am08/finished/T1100a_T_Schumacher.pdf">"Medical degrees in Israeli Educational System"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://handouts.aacrao.org/am08/finished/T1100a_T_Schumacher.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-08-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medical+degrees+in+Israeli+Educational+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhandouts.aacrao.org%2Fam08%2Ffinished%2FT1100a_T_Schumacher.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.health.gov.il/English/Services/MedicalAndHealthProfessions/GeneralMedicine/Pages/stage.aspx">Internship in Medicine in Israel</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amimi-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amimi_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amimi_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amimi_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amimi_93-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amimi_93-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amimi_93-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amimi_93-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amimi_93-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_Faleh_Tamimi" class="citation web cs1">Ahmad Faleh Tamimi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291521953">"Medical Education in Jordan"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medical+Education+in+Jordan&rft.au=Ahmad+Faleh+Tamimi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F291521953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsmet" class="citation web cs1">Esmet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medicine.ju.edu.jo/Home.aspx">":: School of Medicine :: The University of Jordan :: Amman :: Jordan"</a>. Medicine.ju.edu.jo<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%3A%3A+School+of+Medicine+%3A%3A+The+University+of+Jordan+%3A%3A+Amman+%3A%3A+Jordan&rft.pub=Medicine.ju.edu.jo&rft.au=Esmet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedicine.ju.edu.jo%2FHome.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AUB-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AUB_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AUB_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.wdoms.org/home/SchoolDetail/F0001871">"School Detail"</a>. Search.wdoms.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=School+Detail&rft.pub=Search.wdoms.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.wdoms.org%2Fhome%2FSchoolDetail%2FF0001871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LAUWDOMS-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LAUWDOMS_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAUWDOMS_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.wdoms.org/home/SchoolDetail/F0002403">"School Detail"</a>. Search.wdoms.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=School+Detail&rft.pub=Search.wdoms.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.wdoms.org%2Fhome%2FSchoolDetail%2FF0002403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BalaWDOMS-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BalaWDOMS_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BalaWDOMS_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.wdoms.org/home/SchoolDetail/F0000195">"School Detail"</a>. Search.wdoms.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=School+Detail&rft.pub=Search.wdoms.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.wdoms.org%2Fhome%2FSchoolDetail%2FF0000195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LebUni-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LebUni_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.wdoms.org/home/SchoolDetail/F0000760">"School Detail"</a>. Search.wdoms.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=School+Detail&rft.pub=Search.wdoms.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.wdoms.org%2Fhome%2FSchoolDetail%2FF0000760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.wdoms.org/home/SchoolDetail/F0001872">"School Detail"</a>. Search.wdoms.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=School+Detail&rft.pub=Search.wdoms.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.wdoms.org%2Fhome%2FSchoolDetail%2FF0001872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.wdoms.org/home/SchoolDetail/F0001271">"School Detail"</a>. Search.wdoms.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=School+Detail&rft.pub=Search.wdoms.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.wdoms.org%2Fhome%2FSchoolDetail%2FF0001271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.wdoms.org/home/SchoolDetail/F0002045">"School Detail"</a>. Search.wdoms.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=School+Detail&rft.pub=Search.wdoms.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.wdoms.org%2Fhome%2FSchoolDetail%2FF0002045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawafAbbasIdrisAl_Saadi2018" class="citation journal cs1">Sawaf, Bisher; Abbas, Fatima; Idris, Amr; Al Saadi, Tareq; Ibrahim, Nazir (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5857144">"Specialty preference and intentions to study abroad of Syrian medical students during the crisis"</a>. <i>BMC Medical Education</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12909-018-1146-x">10.1186/s12909-018-1146-x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5857144">5857144</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29548290">29548290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Medical+Education&rft.atitle=Specialty+preference+and+intentions+to+study+abroad+of+Syrian+medical+students+during+the+crisis&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5857144%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29548290&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12909-018-1146-x&rft.aulast=Sawaf&rft.aufirst=Bisher&rft.au=Abbas%2C+Fatima&rft.au=Idris%2C+Amr&rft.au=Al+Saadi%2C+Tareq&rft.au=Ibrahim%2C+Nazir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5857144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmr_IdrisTareq_Al_SaadiBasel_EdrisBisher_Sawaf2016" class="citation journal cs1">Amr Idris; Tareq Al Saadi; Basel Edris; Bisher Sawaf; Mhd. Ismael Zakaria; Mahmoud Alkhatib; Tarek Turk (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4849187">"Self-reported study habits for enhancing medical students' performance in the National Medical Unified Examination"</a>. <i>Avicenna Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>6</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Syrian_American_Medical_Society" title="Syrian American Medical Society">Syrian American Medical Society</a>: <span class="nowrap">39–</span>46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F2231-0770.179553">10.4103/2231-0770.179553</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2231-0770">2231-0770</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4849187">4849187</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27144140">27144140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Avicenna+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Self-reported+study+habits+for+enhancing+medical+students%27+performance+in+the+National+Medical+Unified+Examination&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4849187%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2231-0770&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27144140&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F2231-0770.179553&rft.au=Amr+Idris&rft.au=Tareq+Al+Saadi&rft.au=Basel+Edris&rft.au=Bisher+Sawaf&rft.au=Mhd.+Ismael+Zakaria&rft.au=Mahmoud+Alkhatib&rft.au=Tarek+Turk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4849187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhaled" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Khaled. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.remede.org/documents/etudes-de-medecine-en-tunisie.html">"Etudes de médecine en Tunisie"</a>. <i>Remede.org</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Remede.org&rft.atitle=Etudes+de+m%C3%A9decine+en+Tunisie&rft.au=Khaled&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.remede.org%2Fdocuments%2Fetudes-de-medecine-en-tunisie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latunisiemedicale.com/article-medicale-tunisie_1837_fr">"Article medicale Tunisie, Article medicale"</a>. <i>www.latunisiemedicale.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.latunisiemedicale.com&rft.atitle=Article+medicale+Tunisie%2C+Article+medicale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latunisiemedicale.com%2Farticle-medicale-tunisie_1837_fr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mosaiquefm.net/fr/actualite-national-tunisie/124956/medecin-de-famille-bientot-une-specialite-a-part-entiere">"Médecin de Famille: bientôt une spécialité à part entière"</a>. <i>MosaiqueFM</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MosaiqueFM&rft.atitle=M%C3%A9decin+de+Famille%3A+bient%C3%B4t+une+sp%C3%A9cialit%C3%A9+%C3%A0+part+enti%C3%A8re&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mosaiquefm.net%2Ffr%2Factualite-national-tunisie%2F124956%2Fmedecin-de-famille-bientot-une-specialite-a-part-entiere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fmdm.rnu.tn/">"FMDM - Faculté de Médecine Dentaire de Monastir"</a>. <i>www.fmdm.rnu.tn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fmdm.rnu.tn&rft.atitle=FMDM+-+Facult%C3%A9+de+M%C3%A9decine+Dentaire+de+Monastir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmdm.rnu.tn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fphm.rnu.tn/">"Présentation | Faculté de pharmacie"</a>. <i>www.fphm.rnu.tn</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fphm.rnu.tn&rft.atitle=Pr%C3%A9sentation+%7C+Facult%C3%A9+de+pharmacie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fphm.rnu.tn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070519093752/http://www.carms.ca/eng/operations_future_match_e.shtml">"CaRMS – Operations – Future Matches"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carms.ca/eng/operations_future_match_e.shtml">the original</a> on May 19, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CaRMS+%E2%80%93+Operations+%E2%80%93+Future+Matches&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carms.ca%2Feng%2Foperations_future_match_e.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070701223129/http://www.mcc.ca/english/registration/index.html">"Medical Council of Canada - Licentiate - LMCC Introduction"</a>. 1 July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcc.ca/english/registration/index.html">the original</a> on 2007-07-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medical+Council+of+Canada+-+Licentiate+-+LMCC+Introduction&rft.date=2007-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcc.ca%2Fenglish%2Fregistration%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/100-of-the-largest-hospitals-and-health-systems-in-america-2021.html">"100 of the largest hospitals and health systems in America,"</a> <i>Becker's Hospital Review</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130812102623/https://www.aamc.org/about/medicalschools/">"Medical Schools"</a>. Association of American Medical Colleges. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aamc.org/news-insights/press-releases/us-medical-school-enrollment-surpasses-expansion-goal">the original</a> on 12 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medical+Schools&rft.pub=Association+of+American+Medical+Colleges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aamc.org%2Fnews-insights%2Fpress-releases%2Fus-medical-school-enrollment-surpasses-expansion-goal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141026184622/http://www.aacom.org/about/colleges/Pages/default.aspx">"U.S. Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine - AACOM"</a>. <i>www.aacom.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aacom.org/become-a-doctor/u-s-colleges-of-osteopathic-medicine">the original</a> on 2014-10-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aacom.org&rft.atitle=U.S.+Colleges+of+Osteopathic+Medicine+-+AACOM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aacom.org%2Fbecome-a-doctor%2Fu-s-colleges-of-osteopathic-medicine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/expert-answers/osteopathic-medicine/faq-20058168">"M.D. or D.O.: Which doctor is right for you?"</a>. <i>Mayo Clinic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mayo+Clinic&rft.atitle=M.D.+or+D.O.%3A+Which+doctor+is+right+for+you%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinic.org%2Fhealthy-lifestyle%2Fconsumer-health%2Fexpert-answers%2Fosteopathic-medicine%2Ffaq-20058168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511055954/http://www.op.nysed.gov/prof/med/medlic.htm">"NYS Medicine:License Requirements"</a>. <i>www.op.nysed.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.op.nysed.gov/prof/med/medlic.htm">the original</a> on 2021-05-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.op.nysed.gov&rft.atitle=NYS+Medicine%3ALicense+Requirements&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.op.nysed.gov%2Fprof%2Fmed%2Fmedlic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ackerknecht, Erwin. A Short History of Medicine. Baltimore: The <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>, 1982.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutz2024" class="citation web cs1">Rutz, Jarek (2024-01-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/education/best-graduate-schools/articles/how-hard-is-medical-school-and-what-is-the-med-school-curriculum">"How Hard Is Medical School and What Is the Med School Curriculum?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241215160704/https://www.usnews.com/education/best-graduate-schools/articles/how-hard-is-medical-school-and-what-is-the-med-school-curriculum">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=How+Hard+Is+Medical+School+and+What+Is+the+Med+School+Curriculum%3F&rft.date=2024-01-30&rft.aulast=Rutz&rft.aufirst=Jarek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Feducation%2Fbest-graduate-schools%2Farticles%2Fhow-hard-is-medical-school-and-what-is-the-med-school-curriculum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BytheNumbers-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BytheNumbers_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrmp.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2023-Match-by-the-Numbers-FINAL.pdf">"2023 Main Residency Match® By the Numbers*"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2023+Main+Residency+Match%C2%AE+By+the+Numbers%2A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrmp.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F03%2F2023-Match-by-the-Numbers-FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Youngclaus, J., & Fresne, J. A. (2020). Physician Education Debt and the Cost to Attend Medical School: 2020 Update. Washington, DC: AAMC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.aamc.org/data-reports/students-residents/report/physician-education-debt-and-cost-attend-medical-school">https://www.aamc.org/data-reports/students-residents/report/physician-education-debt-and-cost-attend-medical-school</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/nrs-medical-college-junior-doctors-assaulted/cid/1692258">"NRS Medical College junior doctors assaulted"</a>. <i>www.telegraphindia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.telegraphindia.com&rft.atitle=NRS+Medical+College+junior+doctors+assaulted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Fwest-bengal%2Fnrs-medical-college-junior-doctors-assaulted%2Fcid%2F1692258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/doctor-assaulted-over-death-of-covid-19-patient/article31230546.ece">"Doctor assaulted over death of COVID-19 patient"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 2020-04-01. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Doctor+assaulted+over+death+of+COVID-19+patient&rft.date=2020-04-01&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftelangana%2Fdoctor-assaulted-over-death-of-covid-19-patient%2Farticle31230546.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalita2021" class="citation web cs1">Kalita, Kangkan (June 2, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/doctors-boycott-opd-in-protest-against-assam-doctor-assault/articleshow/83182444.cms">"Assam: Doctors boycott OPD to protest assault on colleague"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Assam%3A+Doctors+boycott+OPD+to+protest+assault+on+colleague&rft.date=2021-06-02&rft.aulast=Kalita&rft.aufirst=Kangkan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fguwahati%2Fdoctors-boycott-opd-in-protest-against-assam-doctor-assault%2Farticleshow%2F83182444.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwenk2010-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schwenk2010_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwenkDavisWimsatt2010" class="citation journal cs1">Schwenk TL, Davis L, Wimsatt LA (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medscape.com/medline/abstract/20841531">"Depression, stigma, and suicidal ideation in medical students"</a>. <i>JAMA</i>. <b>304</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">1181–</span>1190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2010.1300">10.1001/jama.2010.1300</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20841531">20841531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Depression%2C+stigma%2C+and+suicidal+ideation+in+medical+students&rft.volume=304&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1181-%3C%2Fspan%3E1190&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.2010.1300&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20841531&rft.aulast=Schwenk&rft.aufirst=TL&rft.au=Davis%2C+L&rft.au=Wimsatt%2C+LA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medscape.com%2Fmedline%2Fabstract%2F20841531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamiar-K._Rueckert2016" class="citation conference cs1">Kamiar-K. Rueckert (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298419251"><i>Depression and Quality of Life in German Medical Students At Foreign Universities</i></a>. RSU International Conference Health and Social Science. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13140%2FRG.2.1.3727.0008">10.13140/RG.2.1.3727.0008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Depression+and+Quality+of+Life+in+German+Medical+Students+At+Foreign+Universities&rft.pages=168&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13140%2FRG.2.1.3727.0008&rft.au=Kamiar-K.+Rueckert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F298419251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMedical+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&action=edit&section=95" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Medical_higher_education_institutions" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Medical higher education institutions">Medical higher education institutions</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Medical_school" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Medical school">Medical school</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amsa.org/">American Medical Student Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aamc.org/">Association of American Medical Colleges</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifmsa.org">International Federation of Medical Students' Associations (IFMSA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medschools.ac.uk/">The Medical Schools Council (UK)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medicine685" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medicine" title="Template:Medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medicine" title="Template talk:Medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medicine685" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialties</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Subspecialty" title="Subspecialty">subspecialties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_surgery" title="Cardiac surgery">Cardiac surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiothoracic_surgery" title="Cardiothoracic surgery">Cardiothoracic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_surgery" title="Endocrine surgery">Endocrine surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_surgery" title="Eye surgery">Eye surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_surgery" title="General surgery">General surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_surgery" title="Colorectal surgery">Colorectal surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_surgery" title="Digestive system surgery">Digestive system surgery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery" title="Oral and maxillofacial surgery">Oral and maxillofacial surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery" title="Orthopedic surgery">Orthopedic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_surgery" title="Hand surgery">Hand surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otorhinolaryngology" title="Otorhinolaryngology">Otolaryngology</a> <ul><li><small>ENT</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_surgery" title="Pediatric surgery">Pediatric surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">Plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_surgery" title="Reproductive surgery">Reproductive surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_oncology" title="Surgical oncology">Surgical oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplant surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_surgery" title="Trauma surgery">Trauma surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_surgery" title="Vascular surgery">Vascular surgery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">Internal<br />medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">Allergy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiology" title="Angiology">Angiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiology" title="Cardiology">Cardiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">Endocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterology" title="Gastroenterology">Gastroenterology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatology" title="Hepatology">Hepatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatrics" title="Geriatrics">Geriatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">Hematology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases_(medical_specialty)" title="Infectious diseases (medical specialty)">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrology" title="Nephrology">Nephrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">Oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">Pulmonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatology" title="Rheumatology">Rheumatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">Obstetrics and<br />gynaecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynecologic_oncology" title="Gynecologic oncology">Gynecologic oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal%E2%80%93fetal_medicine" title="Maternal–fetal medicine">Maternal–fetal medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility" title="Reproductive endocrinology and infertility">Reproductive endocrinology and infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urogynecology" title="Urogynecology">Urogynecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">Radiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interventional_radiology" title="Interventional radiology">Interventional radiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroradiology" title="Neuroradiology">Neuroradiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">Nuclear medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">Anatomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">Clinical pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_microbiology" title="Medical microbiology">Medical microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_medicine" title="Transfusion medicine">Transfusion medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_medicine" title="Adolescent medicine">Adolescent medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesiology" title="Anesthesiology">Anesthesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_anesthesiology" title="Obstetric anesthesiology">Obstetric anesthesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgical_anesthesia" title="Neurosurgical anesthesia">Neurosurgical anesthesiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_medicine" title="Aviation medicine">Aviation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatology" title="Dermatology">Dermatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_medicine" title="Disaster medicine">Disaster medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_gathering_medicine" title="Mass gathering medicine">Mass gathering medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_medicine" title="Family medicine">Family medicine</a> / <a href="/wiki/General_practice" title="General practice">General practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_medicine" title="Intensive care medicine">Intensive care medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_genetics" title="Medical genetics">Medical genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcology" title="Narcology">Narcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neurophysiology" title="Clinical neurophysiology">Clinical neurophysiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Occupational medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_medicine" title="Oral medicine">Oral medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">Pain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neonatology" title="Neonatology">Neonatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlebologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlebologist">Phlebology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation" title="Physical medicine and rehabilitation">Physical medicine and rehabilitation</a> (PM&R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_healthcare" title="Prison healthcare">Prison healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_psychiatry" title="Addiction psychiatry">Addiction psychiatry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venereology" title="Venereology">Venereology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">Sleep medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">Sports medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplantation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_medicine" title="Tropical medicine">Tropical medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travel_medicine" title="Travel medicine">Travel medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">Medical<br />education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Medical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Bachelor of Medical Sciences">Bachelor of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Medicine" title="Master of Medicine">Master of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Surgery" title="Master of Surgery">Master of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MD%E2%80%93PhD" title="MD–PhD">MD–PhD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Scientist_Training_Program" title="Medical Scientist Training Program">Medical Scientist Training Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_health_professions" title="Allied health professions">Allied health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_oncology" title="Molecular oncology">Molecular oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_medicine" title="Personalized medicine">Personalized medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_health" title="Rural health">Rural health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">Physician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_physician" title="Chief physician">Chief physician</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Medicine" title="Category:Medicine">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Medicine" class="extiw" title="commons:Medicine">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine">Wikiproject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_medicine" title="Outline of medicine">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Health_care641" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Health_care" title="Template:Health care"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Health_care" title="Template talk:Health care"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Health_care" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Health care"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Health_care641" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">Health care</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical equipment">Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_guideline" title="Medical guideline">Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_healthcare" title="Philosophy of healthcare">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_policy" title="Health policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_provider" title="Health care provider">Providers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHO%27s_ranking_of_health_care_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO's ranking of health care systems">Ranking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_reform" title="Health care reform">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare science">Healthcare science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">Dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_health_professions" title="Allied health professions">Allied health professions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_information_management" title="Health information management">Health information management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_living" title="Assisted living">Assisted living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinic" title="Clinic">Clinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_home" title="Nursing home">Nursing home</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Medical school</a> (<a href="/wiki/Academic_health_science_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic health science centre">Academic health science centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teaching_hospital" title="Teaching hospital">Teaching hospital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_school" title="Pharmacy school">Pharmacy school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Care</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_care" title="Acute care">Acute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_care" title="Chronic care">Chronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-life_care" title="End-of-life care">End-of-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice" title="Hospice">Hospice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overutilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Overutilization">Overutilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_care" title="Primary care">Primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-care" title="Self-care">Self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_care" title="Total care">Total</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skills / training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctor-patient_relationship#Bedside_manner" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor-patient relationship">Bedside manner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_competence_in_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural competence in health care">Cultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_precautions" title="Universal precautions">Universal precautions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Health_technology" title="Health technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_bioprinting" title="3D bioprinting">3D bioprinting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare" title="Artificial intelligence in healthcare">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connected_health" title="Connected health">Connected health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_health" title="Digital health">Digital health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_health_record" title="Electronic health record">Electronic health records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHealth" title="MHealth">mHealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemedicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Telemedicine">Telemedicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Health_informatics" title="Health informatics">Health informatics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_image_computing" title="Medical image computing">Medical image computing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imaging_informatics" title="Imaging informatics">imaging informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_healthcare" title="Artificial intelligence in healthcare">Artificial intelligence in healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroinformatics" title="Neuroinformatics">Neuroinformatics</a> in healthcare</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavior_informatics" title="Behavior informatics">Behavior informatics</a> in healthcare</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a> in healthcare</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translational_bioinformatics" title="Translational bioinformatics">Translational bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translational_medicine" title="Translational medicine">Translational medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_information_technology" title="Health information technology">health information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemedicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Telemedicine">Telemedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_informatics" title="Public health informatics">Public health informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_information_management" title="Health information management">Health information management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_health_informatics" title="Consumer health informatics">Consumer health informatics</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Health_care_systems_by_country" title="Health care systems by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_public_health_in_the_United_States" title="History of public health in the United States">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_reform_debate_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare reform debate in the United States">reform debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Healthcare in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Australia" title="Health care in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_New_Zealand" title="Healthcare in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Health_care" title="Category:Health care">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Glossaries_of_science_and_engineering45" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Glossaries_of_science_and_engineering" title="Template:Glossaries of science and engineering"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Glossaries_of_science_and_engineering" title="Template talk:Glossaries of science and engineering"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glossaries_of_science_and_engineering" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Glossaries of science and engineering"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Glossaries_of_science_and_engineering45" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Glossaries of <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering" title="Glossary of aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture" title="Glossary of agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_architecture" title="Glossary of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Glossary of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy" title="Glossary of astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_biology" title="Glossary of biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_calculus" title="Glossary of calculus">Calculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_cell_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of cell biology">Cell biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chemistry_terms" title="Glossary of chemistry terms">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_civil_engineering" title="Glossary of civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_clinical_research" title="Glossary of clinical research">Clinical research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_computer_hardware_terms" title="Glossary of computer hardware terms">Computer hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_computer_science" title="Glossary of computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_developmental_biology" title="Glossary of developmental biology">Developmental and reproductive biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ecology" title="Glossary of ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_economics" title="Glossary of economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering" title="Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering">Electrical and electronics engineering</a></li> <li>Engineering <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_engineering:_A%E2%80%93L" title="Glossary of engineering: A–L">A–L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_engineering:_M%E2%80%93Z" title="Glossary of engineering: M–Z">M–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_entomology_terms" title="Glossary of entomology terms">Entomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_environmental_science" title="Glossary of environmental science">Environmental science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_genetics_and_evolutionary_biology" title="Glossary of genetics and evolutionary biology">Genetics and evolutionary biology</a></li> <li>Cellular and molecular biology <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_cellular_and_molecular_biology_(0%E2%80%93L)" title="Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (0–L)">0–L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_cellular_and_molecular_biology_(M%E2%80%93Z)" title="Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (M–Z)">M–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li>Geography <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A%E2%80%93M)" title="Glossary of geography terms (A–M)">A–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N%E2%80%93Z)" title="Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)">N–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Arabic_toponyms" title="Glossary of Arabic toponyms">Arabic toponyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hebrew_toponyms" title="Glossary of Hebrew toponyms">Hebrew toponyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikonyms_in_Western_and_South_Asia" title="Oikonyms in Western and South Asia">Western and South Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_geology" title="Glossary of geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ichthyology" title="Glossary of ichthyology">Ichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_machine_vision" title="Glossary of machine vision">Machine vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_areas_of_mathematics" title="Glossary of areas of mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mechanical_engineering" title="Glossary of mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_medicine" title="Glossary of medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_meteorology" title="Glossary of meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mycology" title="Glossary of mycology">Mycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_nanotechnology" title="Glossary of nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms" title="Glossary of bird terms">Ornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_physics" title="Glossary of physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_probability_and_statistics" title="Glossary of probability and statistics">Probability and statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry" title="Glossary of psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_quantum_computing" title="Glossary of quantum computing">Quantum computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_robotics" title="Glossary of robotics">Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_scientific_naming" title="Glossary of scientific naming">Scientific naming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_structural_engineering" title="Glossary of structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_virology" title="Glossary of virology">Virology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1264" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q494230#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85082898">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Facultés de médecine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11961320s">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Facultés de médecine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11961320s">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="lékařské fakulty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph122509&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007560499805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&oldid=1276194236">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&oldid=1276194236</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_schools" title="Category:Medical schools">Medical schools</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:School_types" title="Category:School types">School types</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit URL">CS1: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_European_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt-pt)" title="Category:CS1 European Portuguese-language sources (pt-pt)">CS1 European Portuguese-language sources (pt-pt)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_be_too_long_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles that may be too long from July 2023">Articles that may be too long from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_be_too_long" title="Category:All articles that may be too long">All articles that may be too long</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_April_2017" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2017">Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_July_2016" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from July 2016">Vague or ambiguous time from July 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Indonesian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Indonesian-language text">Articles containing Indonesian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_November_2017" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from November 2017">Articles lacking reliable references from November 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_minor_POV_problems" title="Category:All articles with minor POV problems">All articles with minor POV problems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_minor_POV_problems_from_February_2023" title="Category:Articles with minor POV problems from February 2023">Articles with minor POV problems from February 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_May_2008" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from May 2008">Articles to be expanded from May 2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Danish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Danish-language text">Articles containing Danish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2025" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2025">Articles needing additional references from January 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_March_2020" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2020">Articles needing additional references from March 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Swedish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Swedish-language text">Articles containing Swedish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_February_2023" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2023">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from February 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_January_2013" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from January 2013">Articles to be expanded from January 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_May_2021" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from May 2021">Vague or ambiguous time from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_November_2009" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2009">Articles needing additional references from November 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_prone_to_spam_from_August_2012" title="Category:Articles prone to spam from August 2012">Articles prone to spam from August 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_prone_to_spam_from_August_2013" title="Category:Articles prone to spam from August 2013">Articles prone to spam from August 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 February 2025, at 12:36<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_school&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Medical school</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>28 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-75b5784f78-4sjl8","wgBackendResponseTime":181,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.763","walltime":"1.997","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17220,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":387333,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":28325,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":66,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":452713,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1615.085 1 -total"," 35.17% 567.974 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.34% 296.220 90 Template:Cite_web"," 17.74% 286.547 39 Template:Citation_needed"," 17.15% 276.927 45 Template:Fix"," 9.77% 157.725 11 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.97% 128.756 3 Template:Navbox"," 6.51% 105.128 86 Template:Category_handler"," 6.19% 99.902 45 Template:Delink"," 6.13% 99.071 6 Template:Langx"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.025","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22977705,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","200","17.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","10.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","100","8.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","80","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpensiveData","60","5.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","5.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","5.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","40","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","40","3.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","40","3.6"],["[others]","320","28.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-698c79758b-bxwzs","timestamp":"20250225120632","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Medical school","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medical_school","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q494230","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q494230","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-02-12T03:37:57Z","dateModified":"2025-02-17T12:36:32Z","headline":"tertiary educational institution, or part of such an institution, that teaches medicine and awards a professional degree for physicians and surgeons"}</script> </body> </html>