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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeological_context&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological context">Archaeological context</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p> This page is a <b>glossary of <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a></b>, the study of the human past from material remains. </p> <div class="noprint"><div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <div id="toctitle" class="toctitle" style="text-align:center;"><span id="tocheading" style="font-weight:bold;">Contents</span></div> <div style="margin:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="#A">A</a></li> <li><a href="#B">B</a></li> <li><a href="#C">C</a></li> <li><a href="#D">D</a></li> <li><a href="#E">E</a></li> <li><a href="#F">F</a></li> <li><a href="#G">G</a></li> <li><a href="#H">H</a></li> <li><a href="#I">I</a></li> <li><a href="#J">J</a></li> <li><a href="#K">K</a></li> <li><a href="#L">L</a></li> <li><a href="#M">M</a></li> <li><a href="#N">N</a></li> <li><a href="#O">O</a></li> <li><a href="#P">P</a></li> <li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="#R">R</a></li> <li><a href="#S">S</a></li> <li><a href="#T">T</a></li> <li><a href="#U">U</a></li> <li><a href="#V">V</a></li> <li><a href="#W">W</a></li> <li><a href="#X">X</a></li> <li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li> <li><a href="#Z">Z</a> </li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <ul><li><a href="#See_also">See also</a></li> <li><a href="#Notes">Notes</a></li> <li><a href="#References">References</a></li> <li><a href="#External_links">External links</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A">A</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_archaeology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: A"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1228772891">.mw-parser-output .glossary dt{margin-top:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .glossary dt+dt{margin-top:-0.2em}.mw-parser-output .glossary .templatequote{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:-0.5em}</style> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="absolute_age"><dfn>absolute age</dfn></dt> <dd>The age of an object with reference to a fixed and specific time scale, as determined by some method of <a href="/wiki/Absolute_dating" title="Absolute dating">absolute dating</a>, e.g. 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a> or 1.9 <a href="/wiki/Million_years_ago" title="Million years ago">mya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKipfer20002"absolute_age"_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKipfer20002"absolute_age"-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="absolute_dating"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Absolute_dating" title="Absolute dating">absolute dating</a></dfn></dt> <dd>Ascertaining the age of an object with reference to a fixed and specific time scale (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Calendar_years" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar years">calendar years</a> or <a href="#radiocarbon_years"><span title="See entry on this page at § radiocarbon years" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">radiocarbon years</span></a>), as opposed to <a href="#relative_dating"><span title="See entry on this page at § relative dating" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">relative dating</span></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKipfer20002"absolute_dating"_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKipfer20002"absolute_dating"-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="aerial_archaeology"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Aerial_archaeology" title="Aerial archaeology">aerial archaeology</a></dfn></dt> <dd>Archaeological investigations conducted from the air, e.g. using <a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">aerial photography</a> or <a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">satellite imagery</a>.</dd> <dt id="antiquarian"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Antiquarian" title="Antiquarian">antiquarian</a></dfn></dt> <dt id="antiquary"><dfn>antiquary</dfn></dt> <dd>A person interested in the collection, curation and/or study of antiquities, particularly in reference to the intellectual tradition that developed in Europe in the 16th–17th centuries and is considered a precursor to <a href="/wiki/Modern_archaeology" title="Modern archaeology">modern archaeology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"antiquarian"_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"antiquarian"-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="antiquarianism"><dfn>antiquarianism</dfn></dt> <dd>An intellectual tradition of inquiry that developed in Europe in the 16th and early 17th centuries AD as a result of new interests in nature, antiquity, the Renaissance of learning, and the addition of time‐depth to people's view of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"antiquarianism"_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"antiquarianism"-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="antiquities"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Antiquities" title="Antiquities">antiquities</a></dfn></dt> <dd>Ancient artefacts, particularly in the context of their trade and collection.</dd> <dt id="antiquity"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">antiquity</a></dfn></dt> <dd>The ancient past, in particular the period of the earliest historic civilizations (see <a href="#classical_antiquity"><span title="See entry on this page at § classical antiquity" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">classical antiquity</span></a>).</dd> <dt id="archaeobotany"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Archaeobotany" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeobotany">archaeobotany</a></dfn></dt> <dd>Subdiscipline devoted to the analysis of plant remains in the archaeological record.</dd> <dt id="archaeozoology"><dfn>archaeozoology</dfn></dt> <dd><i>See <a href="#zooarchaeology"><span title="See entry on this page at § zooarchaeology" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">zooarchaeology</span></a></i>.</dd> <dt id="archaeologist"><dfn>archaeologist</dfn></dt> <dd>A person engaged in the study or profession of archaeology.</dd> <dt id="archaeology"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a></dfn></dt> <dt id="archeology"><dfn>archeology</dfn></dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Academic_discipline" title="Academic discipline">academic discipline</a> concerned with the study of the human past through material remains.</dd> <dt id="artefact"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artefact</a></dfn></dt> <dt id="artifact"><dfn>artifact</dfn></dt> <dd>A physical object made by humans.</dd> <dt id="assemblage"><dfn>assemblage</dfn></dt> <dd>A set of artefacts or ecofacts found together, from the same place and time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenfrewBahn2008578_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenfrewBahn2008578-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Can refer to the total assemblage from a site, or a specific type of artefact, e.g. lithic assemblage, zooarchaeological assemblage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeder200893_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeder200893-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="association"><dfn>association</dfn></dt> <dd>Two or more excavated objects that are thought to be related are said to be in association, e.g. artefacts discovered in close proximity within the same <a href="/wiki/Context_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Context (archaeology)">context</a>, or architectural features thought to have been standing at the same time.</dd> <dt id="avenue"><dfn>avenue</dfn></dt> <dd>Type of prehistoric monument found in the British Isles, consisting of two parallel lines of <a href="/wiki/Standing_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing stone">standing stones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobb1998note_6_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb1998note_6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge_Avenue" title="Stonehenge Avenue">Stonehenge Avenue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beckhampton_Avenue" title="Beckhampton Avenue">Beckhampton Avenue</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Kennet_Avenue" class="mw-redirect" title="West Kennet Avenue">West Kennet Avenue</a>.</dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="B">B</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_archaeology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: B"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moza-449.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Moza-449.jpg/220px-Moza-449.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Moza-449.jpg/330px-Moza-449.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Moza-449.jpg/440px-Moza-449.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="#wheeler–kenyon_method"><span title="See entry on this page at § Wheeler–Kenyon method" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">Wheeler–Kenyon method</span></a> is characterised by intact <a href="#baulks"><span title="See entry on this page at § baulks" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">baulks</span></a> (pictured here topped with white sandbags) between each excavation unit.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="backfill"><dfn>backfill</dfn></dt> <dd>1.  To re-fill a trench once an excavation has been completed.</dd> <dd>1A.  To re-fill a <a href="/wiki/Tunnel_construction#Cut-and-cover" title="Tunnel construction">cut and cover tunnels</a></dd> <dd>1B.  To re-fill unused <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a></dd> <dd>1C.  To re-fill <a href="/wiki/Trench" title="Trench">trenches</a> for <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_distribution_system" title="Water distribution system">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Underground_power_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground power lines">power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Undergrounding" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergrounding">communication</a> lines</dd> <dd>2.  Material used for backfilling, usually spoil from the original excavation.</dd> <dt id="baulk"><dfn>baulk</dfn></dt> <dt id="balk"><dfn>balk</dfn></dt> <dd>A wall of earth left in place between excavated areas in order to maintain the structural integrity of the trench and/or expose a <a href="/wiki/Section_(archaeology)" title="Section (archaeology)">section</a> to aid in interpretation.</dd> <dt id="bladelet"><dfn>bladelet</dfn></dt> <dd>Type of stone tool; a small <a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">blade</a> characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Palaeolithic_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Palaeolithic Europe">Upper Palaeolithic Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"bladelet"_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"bladelet"-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="box–grid_method"><dfn>box–grid method</dfn></dt> <dd><i>See <a href="#wheeler–kenyon_method"><span title="See entry on this page at § Wheeler–Kenyon method" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">Wheeler–Kenyon method</span></a></i>.</dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="C">C</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_archaeology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: C"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="c14_dating"><dfn>C14 dating</dfn></dt> <dd><i>See <a href="#radiocarbon_dating"><span title="See entry on this page at § radiocarbon dating" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">radiocarbon dating</span></a></i>.</dd> <dt id="context"><dfn>context</dfn></dt> <dd>1.  Information relating to where an artefact or feature was found and what it was found in association with.</dd> <dd>2.  In <a href="/wiki/Single_context_recording" title="Single context recording">single context excavation</a>, a well-defined stratigraphic unit relating to a single depositional event, used as the primary unit for recording and analysis.</dd> <dt id="culture"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></dfn></dt> <dd>An archaeological culture is a recurring assemblage of artifacts from a specific time and place that may constitute the material culture remains of a particular past human society.</dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="D">D</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_archaeology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: D"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="diagnostic"><dfn>diagnostic</dfn></dt> <dd>A term used for objects, particularly sherds of pottery, which can be dated to a particular chronological period, and so used to ascertain the date of a particular context.</dd> <dt id="dig"><dfn>dig</dfn></dt> <dd>An informal term for an archaeological excavation.</dd> <dt id="disturbance"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Disturbance_(archaeology)" title="Disturbance (archaeology)">disturbance</a></dfn></dt> <dd>Any change to an archaeological site due to events which occurred after the site was laid down.</dd> <dt id="dry_sieving"><dfn>dry sieving</dfn></dt> <dd>A method of sifting artefacts from excavated sediments by shaking it through sieves or meshes of varying sizes. As opposed to <a href="#wet_sieving"><span title="See entry on this page at § wet sieving" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">wet sieving</span></a>, which uses water.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000514"sieving"_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000514"sieving"-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="E">E</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_archaeology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: E"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="earthworks"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(archaeology)" title="Earthworks (archaeology)">earthworks</a></dfn></dt> <dd>Earthworks are artificial changes in land level, typically made from piles of artificially placed or sculpted rocks and soil</dd> <dt id="environmental_archaeology"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Environmental_archaeology" title="Environmental archaeology">environmental archaeology</a></dfn></dt> <dd>Environmental archaeology is the science of reconstructing the relationships between past societies and the environments they lived in.</dd> <dt id="evaluation"><dfn>evaluation</dfn></dt> <dd><i>See <a href="#trial_trenching"><span title="See entry on this page at § trial trenching" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">trial trenching</span></a></i>.</dd> <dt id="excavation"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Excavation_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excavation (archaeology)">excavation</a></dfn></dt> <dd>Excavation is the exposure, processing and recording of archaeological remains.</dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="F">F</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_archaeology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: F"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="fieldwork"><dfn>fieldwork</dfn></dt> <dd>Archaeological investigations taking place in the field, e.g. excavations or surveys.</dd> <dt id="finds"><dfn>finds</dfn></dt> <dd>An informal term for artifacts, features and other things discovered by archaeologists.</dd> <dt id="fill"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Fill_(archaeology)" title="Fill (archaeology)">fill</a></dfn></dt> <dd>Material that has accumulated, or been deposited, within a negative feature such as a <a href="#cut"><span title="See entry on this page at § cut" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">cut</span></a>, ditch, or a hollow in a building.</dd> <dt id="finds_processing"><dfn>finds processing</dfn></dt> <dd>The preparation of finds from an excavation for storage or further specialist analysis, typically including washing, labelling, sorting and listing in an inventory.</dd> <dt id="finds_specialist"><dfn>finds specialist</dfn></dt> <dd>An archaeologist who specialises in the analysis of a particular type of find, e.g. medieval pottery or prehistoric worked <a href="/wiki/Flint#Tools_or_cutting_edges" title="Flint">flint</a>.</dd> <dt id="flotation"><dfn>flotation</dfn></dt> <dd>Method of separating very small objects from excavated sediments using water. It is particularly important for the recovery of botanical remains and animal bones.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="forensic_archaeology"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Forensic_anthropology#Forensic_archaeology" title="Forensic anthropology">forensic archaeology</a></dfn></dt> <dd>Forensic archaeologists employ their knowledge of archaeological techniques and theory in a legal context. This broad description is necessary as forensic archaeology is practiced in a variety of ways around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="funerary_archaeology"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Funerary_archaeology" title="Funerary archaeology">funerary archaeology</a></dfn></dt> <dd>Funerary archaeology is the study of the treatment and commemoration of the dead. It includes the study of human remains, associated artefacts and monuments.</dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="G">G</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_archaeology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: G"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="geoarchaeology"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Geoarchaeology" title="Geoarchaeology">geoarchaeology</a></dfn></dt> <dd>The application of <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">earth science</a> techniques to archaeology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000205"geoarchaeology"_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000205"geoarchaeology"-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="geofact"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Geofact" title="Geofact">geofact</a></dfn></dt> <dd>Rocks or other naturally occurring minerals found in an archaeological context and presumed to have been transported there by humans, but not sufficiently modified to qualify as an <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artefact</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000205"geofact"_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000205"geofact"-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="geoglyph"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">geoglyph</a></dfn></dt> <dd>A form of <a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">rock art</a> produced on the ground, either by arranging material on the surface (a <b>positive geoglyph</b>) or removing part of it (a <b>negative geoglyph</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000205"geoglyph"_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000205"geoglyph"-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="governance_archaeology"><dfn>governance archaeology</dfn></dt><dd>Governance archaeology seeks to understand the myriad combinations of ways in which people have governed themselves throughout time. A goal in this endeavor is to better understand the full range of options available to modern humans and, to the extent possible, some of the opportunities and pitfalls of different governance characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="H">H</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_archaeology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: H"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_photograph_of_Maiden_Castle,_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aerial_photograph_of_Maiden_Castle%2C_1935.jpg/300px-Aerial_photograph_of_Maiden_Castle%2C_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aerial_photograph_of_Maiden_Castle%2C_1935.jpg/450px-Aerial_photograph_of_Maiden_Castle%2C_1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Aerial_photograph_of_Maiden_Castle%2C_1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maiden_Castle,_Dorset" title="Maiden Castle, Dorset">Maiden Castle</a> in England is one of the largest hillforts in Europe</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="henge"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">henge</a></dfn></dt> <dd>A type of Neolithic earthwork that has a ring-shaped bank and ditch, with the ditch inside the bank.</dd> <dt id="hillfort"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">hillfort</a></dfn></dt> <dd>A type of earthwork used as a fortified refuge or defended settlement.</dd> <dt id="homology"><dfn>homology</dfn></dt> <dt id="homolog"><dfn>homolog</dfn></dt> <dd>Similarity in style or form owing to a common origin, as opposed to an <a href="#analog"><span title="See entry on this page at § analog" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">analog</span></a>; see also <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homology (biology)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="I">I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_archaeology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="industrial_archaeology"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Industrial_archaeology" title="Industrial archaeology">industrial archaeology</a></dfn></dt> <dd>Subdiscipline devoted to the study of past <a href="/wiki/Industrial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial sector">industry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_heritage" title="Industrial heritage">industrial heritage</a>.</dd> <dt id="industry"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">industry</a></dfn></dt> <dd>A typological classification of stone tools, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Mousterian_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mousterian industry">Mousterian industry</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Acheulean_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Acheulean industry">Acheulean industry</a>.</dd> <dt id="in_situ"><dfn><a href="/wiki/In_situ#Archaeology" title="In situ">in situ</a></dfn></dt> <dd>Features, artefacts and other remains in their original depositional context, cf. <a href="#unstratified"><span title="See entry on this page at § unstratified" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">unstratified</span></a>.</dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="J">J</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_archaeology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: J"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="jar_burial"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">jar burial</a></dfn></dt> <dd><a href="#inhumation"><span title="See entry on this page at § Inhumation" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">Inhumation</span></a> of whole human remains in a ceramic vessel, as opposed to the more common <a href="#urn_burial"><span title="See entry on this page at § urn burial" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">urn burial</span></a>, where only ashes from <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremation</a> are interred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrayTrump1970117"jar_burial"_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrayTrump1970117"jar_burial"-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="K">K</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_archaeology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: K"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="k–ar_dating"><dfn><a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%93Ar_dating" title="K–Ar dating">K–Ar dating</a></dfn></dt> <dd>Potassium–argon dating; a radiometric dating method useful for samples older than 100,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000271"K–Ar_dating"_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000271"K–Ar_dating"-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="kerb"><dfn>kerb</dfn></dt> <dt id="kerbstone_circle"><dfn>kerbstone circle</dfn></dt> <dd>A circular retaining wall built around certain types of <a href="/wiki/Burial_mound" class="mw-redirect" title="Burial mound">burial mound</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000275"kerb"_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000275"kerb"-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="kill_site"><dfn>kill site</dfn></dt> <dd>A site where people slaughtered and/or butchered animals, especially in a Palaeolithic context, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Naco_Mammoth_Kill_Site" title="Naco Mammoth Kill Site">Naco Mammoth Kill Site</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Bison_Kill_Site" title="Cooper Bison Kill Site">Cooper Bison Kill Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000279"kill_site"_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000279"kill_site"-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="killed_object"><dfn>killed object</dfn></dt> <dd>An object which has been deliberately broken or damaged in such a way as to make it unusable.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="kiln_site"><dfn>kiln site</dfn></dt> <dd>In Southeast Asian archaeology, a site that was the centre for manufacture of particular <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_ware" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramic ware">ceramic ware</a>, e.g. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phnom_Kulen_(archaeological_site)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phnom Kulen (archaeological site) (page does not exist)">Phnom Kulen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buriram_(archaeological_site)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buriram (archaeological site) (page does not exist)">Buriram</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Go_Sanh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Go Sanh (page does not exist)">Go Sanh</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalong_(archaeological_site)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalong (archaeological site) (page does not exist)">Kalong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Historical_Park" title="Sukhothai Historical Park">Sukhothai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000279"kiln_site"_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000279"kiln_site"-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="L">L</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_archaeology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: L"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="locus"><dfn>locus</dfn></dt> <dd><i>See <a href="#context"><span title="See entry on this page at § context" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">context</span></a></i>.</dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="M">M</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_archaeology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: M"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="matrix"><dfn>matrix</dfn></dt> <dd>1.  The physical material in which finds and other cultural remains are found, e.g. soil or rock.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000339"matrix"_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000339"matrix"-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>2.  <a href="/wiki/Harris_matrix" title="Harris matrix">Harris matrix</a>; a diagram showing the <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy_(archaeology)" title="Stratigraphy (archaeology)">stratigraphic</a> relations between contexts.</dd> <dt id="megasite"><dfn>megasite</dfn></dt> <dt id="mega-site"><dfn>mega-site</dfn></dt> <dd>A site that is anomalously large in comparison to others from the same period and region, e.g. <a href="/wiki/PPNB_megasite" class="mw-redirect" title="PPNB megasite">PPNB megasites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trypillia_megasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Trypillia megasite">Trypillia megasites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="N">N</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_archaeology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: N"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="negative_geoglyph"><dfn>negative geoglyph</dfn></dt> <dd><i>See <a href="#geoglyph"><span title="See entry on this page at § geoglyph" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">geoglyph</span></a></i>.</dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="O">O</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_archaeology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: O"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="occupation_earth"><dfn>occupation earth</dfn></dt> <dd>set of deposits believed to represent in-situ settlement at an archaeological site, containing pottery sherds, ashes, animal remains, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="P">P</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_archaeology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: P"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siedlung_Rosdorf_M%C3%BChlengrund_Firstpfosten_Grundriss_XXVI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Siedlung_Rosdorf_M%C3%BChlengrund_Firstpfosten_Grundriss_XXVI.jpg/220px-Siedlung_Rosdorf_M%C3%BChlengrund_Firstpfosten_Grundriss_XXVI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Siedlung_Rosdorf_M%C3%BChlengrund_Firstpfosten_Grundriss_XXVI.jpg/330px-Siedlung_Rosdorf_M%C3%BChlengrund_Firstpfosten_Grundriss_XXVI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Siedlung_Rosdorf_M%C3%BChlengrund_Firstpfosten_Grundriss_XXVI.jpg/440px-Siedlung_Rosdorf_M%C3%BChlengrund_Firstpfosten_Grundriss_XXVI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="775" /></a><figcaption><a href="#profile"><span title="See entry on this page at § Profile" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">Profile</span></a> photograph of a <a href="#posthole"><span title="See entry on this page at § posthole" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">posthole</span></a> that has been <a href="#half-section"><span title="See entry on this page at § half-section" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">half-sectioned</span></a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="palaeoethnobotany"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Palaeoethnobotany" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeoethnobotany">palaeoethnobotany</a></dfn></dt> <dt id="paleoethnobotany"><dfn>paleoethnobotany</dfn></dt> <dd><i>See <a href="#archaeobotany"><span title="See entry on this page at § archaeobotany" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">archaeobotany</span></a></i>.</dd> <dt id="plan"><dfn>plan</dfn></dt> <dd>Horizontal exposure of an excavated area, <a href="#feature"><span title="See entry on this page at § feature" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">feature</span></a> or <a href="#artefact"><span title="See entry on this page at § artefact" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">artefact</span></a> (as seen from above); a drawing or photograph of the same.</dd> <dt id="ploughsoil"><dfn>ploughsoil</dfn></dt> <dd>The soil down to the level at which it will have been disturbed by ploughing.</dd> <dt id="pollen_diagram"><dfn>pollen diagram</dfn></dt> <dt id="pollen_profile"><dfn>pollen profile</dfn></dt> <dt id="pollen_spectrum"><dfn>pollen spectrum</dfn></dt> <dd>A series of side-by-side graphs, produced by <a href="/wiki/Archaeobotany" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeobotany">archaeobotanists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palynology" title="Palynology">palynologists</a>, showing the frequency of different types (species) of <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> in a soil sample by depth. Usually presented vertically, with the shallowest samples at the top and the deepest at the bottom, to represent a <a href="/wiki/Pollen_core" title="Pollen core">pollen core</a> or other stratified deposit. The depth of the sample corresponds roughly to how old it is, and therefore the vertical axis may also contain an estimate of its absolute age. Used to visualise the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_history" title="Environmental history">environmental history</a> of the place where the sample was taken.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="positive_geoglyph"><dfn>positive geoglyph</dfn></dt> <dd><i>See <a href="#geoglyph"><span title="See entry on this page at § geoglyph" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">geoglyph</span></a></i>.</dd> <dt id="posthole"><dfn>posthole</dfn></dt> <dd>Cut feature that once held an upright timber or stone structural member, which can be recognised even after the (wooden) post has decayed because its fill differs from the sediment around it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrayTrump1970185"post_hole"_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrayTrump1970185"post_hole"-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="postpipe"><dfn>postpipe</dfn></dt> <dd>Remains of an upright timber placed in a <a href="#posthole"><span title="See entry on this page at § posthole" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">posthole</span></a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd> <dt id="potassium–argon_dating"><dfn>potassium–argon dating</dfn></dt> <dd><i>See <a href="#k–ar_dating"><span title="See entry on this page at § K–Ar dating" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">K–Ar dating</span></a></i>.</dd> <dt id="potsherd"><dfn>potsherd</dfn></dt> <dd>A fragment of pottery.<sup id="cite_ref-kip_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kip-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In specialised usage <i>sherd</i> is preferred over the more common spelling <i>shard</i>, where <i>sherd</i> refers to ceramics and <i>shard</i> to glass.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="profile"><dfn>profile</dfn></dt> <dd>Vertical exposure of an excavated area, <a href="#feature"><span title="See entry on this page at § feature" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">feature</span></a> or <a href="#artefact"><span title="See entry on this page at § artefact" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">artefact</span></a> (as seen from the side), possibly also in <a href="#section"><span title="See entry on this page at § section" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">section</span></a>; a drawing or photograph of the same.</dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Q">Q</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_archaeology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Q"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="quarter_sectioning"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Section_(archaeology)#Quarter_sectioning" title="Section (archaeology)">quarter sectioning</a></dfn></dt> <dd>Sometimes called digging by quadrant, it is a procedure for excavating discrete features (especially those circular or ovoid in shape) where two diagonally opposite quadrants are removed, resulting in two complete cross-sections of a feature.</dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="R">R</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_archaeology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: R"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="radiocarbon_dating"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a></dfn></dt> <dd>absolute dating technique used to determine the age of organic materials less than 50,000 years old. Age is determined by examining the loss of the unstable carbon-14 isotope, which is absorbed by all living organisms during their lifespan. The rate of decay of this unstable isotope after the organism has died is assumed to be constant, and is measured in half-lives of 5730 + 40 years, meaning that the amount of carbon-14 is reduced to half the amount after about 5730 years. Dates generated by radiocarbon dating have to be calibrated using dates derived from other absolute dating methods, such as dendrochronology and ice cores.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="S">S</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_archaeology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: S"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="screening"><dfn>screening</dfn></dt> <dd><i>See <a href="#sieving"><span title="See entry on this page at § sieving" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">sieving</span></a></i></dd> <dt id="season"><dfn>season</dfn></dt> <dd>A period of time spent working on a particular site or field project.</dd> <dt id="section"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Section_(archaeology)" title="Section (archaeology)">section</a></dfn></dt> <dd>A section is a view of the archaeological sequence showing it in the vertical plane, as a cross section, showing the stratigraphy.</dd> <dt id="sherd"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Sherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherd">sherd</a></dfn></dt> <dd><i>See <a href="#potsherd"><span title="See entry on this page at § potsherd" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">potsherd</span></a></i></dd> <dt id="shovel_test_pit"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Shovel_test_pit" title="Shovel test pit">shovel test pit</a></dfn></dt> <dd>test holes, usually dug out by a shovel, in order to determine whether the soil contains any cultural remains that are not visible on the surface.</dd> <dt id="shovelbum"><dfn>shovelbum</dfn></dt> <dd>A colloquial term for professional excavators working in <a href="/wiki/Cultural_resources_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural resources management">cultural resources management</a> in the United States.</dd> <dt id="sieving"><dfn>sieving</dfn></dt> <dd>The use of <a href="/wiki/Sieve" title="Sieve">sieves</a>, screens, and meshes to improve the recovery rate of artefacts from excavated sediments (<a href="#spoil"><span title="See entry on this page at § spoil" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">spoil</span></a>). Can be divided into <a href="#dry_sieving"><span title="See entry on this page at § dry sieving" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">dry sieving</span></a> and <a href="#wet_sieving"><span title="See entry on this page at § wet sieving" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">wet sieving</span></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000514"sieving"_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000514"sieving"-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="spoil"><dfn>spoil</dfn></dt> <dd>Loose sediment excavated from a trench.</dd> <dt id="spoil_heap"><dfn>spoil heap</dfn></dt> <dd>A pile of sediment from an excavation, usually located next to a trench.</dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="T">T</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_archaeology&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: T"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="trial_trenching"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Trial_trenching" title="Trial trenching">trial trenching</a></dfn></dt> <dd>A method of archaeological evaluation used to estimate the archaeological potential of a site.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="typology"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Typology_(archaeology)" title="Typology (archaeology)">typology</a></dfn></dt> <dd>The classification of objects according to their physical characteristics.</dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U">U</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_archaeology&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: U"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scale_drawing_underwater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Scale_drawing_underwater.jpg/220px-Scale_drawing_underwater.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Scale_drawing_underwater.jpg/330px-Scale_drawing_underwater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Scale_drawing_underwater.jpg/440px-Scale_drawing_underwater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="#underwater_archaeology"><span title="See entry on this page at § underwater archaeology" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">underwater archaeologist</span></a> recording a <a href="#feature"><span title="See entry on this page at § feature" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">feature</span></a> in <a href="#plan"><span title="See entry on this page at § plan" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">plan</span></a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="underwater_archaeology"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">underwater archaeology</a></dfn></dt> <dd>Subdiscipline devoted to the study of archaeological remains submerged under seas, lakes, or rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"underwater_archaeology"_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"underwater_archaeology"-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="unenclosed"><dfn>unenclosed</dfn></dt> <dd><i>See <a href="#enclosure"><span title="See entry on this page at § enclosure" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">enclosure</span></a></i>.</dd> <dt id="uniface"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">uniface</a></dfn></dt> <dd>Stone tool or other artefact that has only been worked on one side, cf. <a href="#biface"><span title="See entry on this page at § biface" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">biface</span></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"unifacial_flaking"_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"unifacial_flaking"-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"unifacial_tool"_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"unifacial_tool"-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="unit"><dfn>unit</dfn></dt> <dd>1.  In stratigraphic excavation, a <a href="#context"><span title="See entry on this page at § context" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">context</span></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"unit"_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"unit"-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>2.  In British <a href="/wiki/Commercial_archaeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial archaeology">commercial archaeology</a>, a company providing archaeological services, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_University_Field_Archaeology_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham University Field Archaeology Unit">Birmingham University Field Archaeology Unit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"unit"_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"unit"-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="univallate"><dfn>univallate</dfn></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">Hillfort</a> or other enclosed settlement surrounded by a single line of walls or ramparts, cf. <a href="#multivallate"><span title="See entry on this page at § multivallate" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">multivallate</span></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"univallate_hillfort"_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"univallate_hillfort"-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="unurned"><dfn>unurned</dfn></dt> <dd>Cremation burial where the remains were not placed in a container (<a href="#urn"><span title="See entry on this page at § urn" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">urn</span></a>), typical of the Early to Middle Bronze Age in Northern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"unurned_cremation"_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"unurned_cremation"-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="updraught_kiln"><dfn>updraught kiln</dfn></dt> <dt id="updraft_kiln"><dfn>updraft kiln</dfn></dt> <dd>Type of <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_kiln" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramic kiln">ceramic kiln</a> which works by drawing hot air from a fire placed adjacent to or below the material to be fired.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"updraught_kiln"_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"updraught_kiln"-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="urban_archaeology"><dfn>urban archaeology</dfn></dt> <dd>Subdiscipline devoted to the study of archaeology in major cities and towns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"urban_archaeology"_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"urban_archaeology"-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="urn"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Urn" title="Urn">urn</a></dfn></dt> <dd>Pottery vessel in which cremated remains were placed for interment; sometimes specially made, but often a repurposed domestic container.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"urn"_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"urn"-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="urnfield"><dfn>urnfield</dfn></dt> <dd>Cemetery containing cremation burials in urns. Typical of Late Bronze Age Europe and the eponymous <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"urnfield"_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"urnfield"-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="use-wear"><dfn>use-wear</dfn></dt> <dd>Microscopic traces of wear, damage or residue left on the surface of an artefact from use. <a href="/wiki/Use-wear_analysis" title="Use-wear analysis">Use-wear analysis</a> involves studying these traces to discern the function of a tool.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"use-wear_(microwear)_analysis"_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"use-wear_(microwear)_analysis"-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="V">V</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_archaeology&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: V"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dt id="virtual_archaeology"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Virtual_archaeology" title="Virtual archaeology">virtual archaeology</a></dfn></dt> <dd>A subfield of <a href="/wiki/Digital_archeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital archeology">digital archeology</a> that creates and use virtual models and <a href="/wiki/Simulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Simulations">simulations</a> of archaeological sites, artifacts, and processes.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="W">W</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_archaeology&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: W"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washing-sieving,_samples_from_Calvero_de_la_Higuera,_Pinilla_del_Valle,_Madrid,_Spain_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Washing-sieving%2C_samples_from_Calvero_de_la_Higuera%2C_Pinilla_del_Valle%2C_Madrid%2C_Spain_02.JPG/220px-Washing-sieving%2C_samples_from_Calvero_de_la_Higuera%2C_Pinilla_del_Valle%2C_Madrid%2C_Spain_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Washing-sieving%2C_samples_from_Calvero_de_la_Higuera%2C_Pinilla_del_Valle%2C_Madrid%2C_Spain_02.JPG/330px-Washing-sieving%2C_samples_from_Calvero_de_la_Higuera%2C_Pinilla_del_Valle%2C_Madrid%2C_Spain_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Washing-sieving%2C_samples_from_Calvero_de_la_Higuera%2C_Pinilla_del_Valle%2C_Madrid%2C_Spain_02.JPG/440px-Washing-sieving%2C_samples_from_Calvero_de_la_Higuera%2C_Pinilla_del_Valle%2C_Madrid%2C_Spain_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="#wet_sieving"><span title="See entry on this page at § Wet sieving" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">Wet sieving</span></a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="watching_brief"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Watching_brief" title="Watching brief">watching brief</a></dfn></dt> <dd>A formal programme of observation and investigation conducted during any operation carried out for non-archaeological reasons.</dd> <dt id="wet_sieving"><dfn>wet sieving</dfn></dt> <dd>The use of flowing water to force excavated sediment through a screen or mesh and recover small artefacts. It is more effective than <a href="#dry_sieving"><span title="See entry on this page at § dry sieving" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">dry sieving</span></a> in heavier soils and, as part of the process of <a href="/wiki/Flotation_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flotation (archaeology)">flotation</a>, can be used to recover very small organic remains.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000514"sieving"_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000514"sieving"-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt id="wheeler–kenyon_method"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Wheeler%E2%80%93Kenyon_method" title="Wheeler–Kenyon method">Wheeler–Kenyon method</a></dfn></dt> <dt id="box–grid_method"><dfn>box–grid method</dfn></dt> <dd><a href="#excavation"><span title="See entry on this page at § Excavation" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">Excavation</span></a> strategy where an area is divided into a grid of square <a href="#trench"><span title="See entry on this page at § trench" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">trenches</span></a> and <a href="#baulk"><span title="See entry on this page at § baulk" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">baulks</span></a> are left between each square, exposing the site in both <a href="#plan"><span title="See entry on this page at § plan" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">plan</span></a> and <a href="#profile"><span title="See entry on this page at § profile" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom:1px dashed #86a1ff;color:initial;">profile</span></a>. Developed by <a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Wheeler" title="Mortimer Wheeler">Mortimer Wheeler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tessa_Wheeler" title="Tessa Wheeler">Tessa Wheeler</a> at <a href="/wiki/Verulamium" title="Verulamium">Verulamium</a> (1930–35) and refined by <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Kenyon" title="Kathleen Kenyon">Kathleen Kenyon</a> at <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a> (1952–58).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="X">X</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_archaeology&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: X"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="x-ray_fluorescence"><dfn><a href="/wiki/X-ray_fluorescence" title="X-ray fluorescence">X-ray fluorescence</a> (XRF)</dfn></dt> <dd>Method of analysing the chemical composition of an object by exposing it to <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> and examining the resulting secondary (fluorescent) X-rays emitted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrayTrump1970258"X-ray_fluorescence"_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrayTrump1970258"X-ray_fluorescence"-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Y">Y</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_archaeology&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Y"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="yield"><dfn>yield</dfn></dt> <dd>Information important in prehistory or history.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Z">Z</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_archaeology&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Z"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1228772891"> <dl class="glossary"> <dt id="zooarchaeology"><dfn><a href="/wiki/Zooarchaeology" title="Zooarchaeology">zooarchaeology</a></dfn></dt> <dd>Subdiscipline devoted to the analysis of animal remains in the archaeological record.</dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_archaeology&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_archaeology" title="Outline of archaeology">Outline of archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_years_in_archaeology" title="Table of years in archaeology">Table of years in archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_history" title="Glossary of history">Glossary of history</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_archaeology&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKipfer20002"absolute_age"-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKipfer20002"absolute_age"_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKipfer2000">Kipfer 2000</a>, p. 2, "absolute age".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKipfer20002"absolute_dating"-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKipfer20002"absolute_dating"_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKipfer2000">Kipfer 2000</a>, p. 2, "absolute dating".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"antiquarian"-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"antiquarian"_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarvill2009">Darvill 2009</a>, "antiquarian".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"antiquarianism"-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"antiquarianism"_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarvill2009">Darvill 2009</a>, "antiquarianism".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERenfrewBahn2008578-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERenfrewBahn2008578_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRenfrewBahn2008">Renfrew & Bahn 2008</a>, p. 578.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKipfer" class="citation web cs1">Kipfer, Barbara Ann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archaeologywordsmith.com/search.php?q=assemblage">"Assemblage"</a>. <i>Archaeology Wordsmith</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archaeology+Wordsmith&rft.atitle=Assemblage&rft.aulast=Kipfer&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchaeologywordsmith.com%2Fsearch.php%3Fq%3Dassemblage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+archaeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeder200893-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeder200893_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeder2008">Feder 2008</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobb1998note_6-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobb1998note_6_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobb1998">Robb 1998</a>, note 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"bladelet"-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"bladelet"_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarvill2009">Darvill 2009</a>, "bladelet".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000514"sieving"-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000514"sieving"_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000514"sieving"_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000514"sieving"_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKipfer2000">Kipfer 2000</a>, p. 514, "sieving".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170109021158/http://archaeology.about.com/od/fterms/g/flotation.htm">"Flotation Method in Archaeology"</a>. <i>About.com Education</i>. 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Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 69–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0897897327" title="Special:BookSources/978-0897897327"><bdi>978-0897897327</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Culture+historical+and+biological+approaches+to+identifying+homologous+traits&rft.btitle=Style+and+function%3A+Conceptual+issues+in+evolutionary+archaeology&rft.pages=69-89&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0897897327&rft.aulast=Lyman&rft.aufirst=R.+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+archaeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyman,_R._LeeO'Brien,_Michael_J.2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=R._Lee_Lyman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. Lee Lyman (page does not exist)">Lyman, R. Lee</a>; O'Brien, Michael J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/20177446">"The Direct Historical Approach, Analogical Reasoning, and Theory in Americanist Archaeology"</a>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory</i>. <b>8</b> (4): 303–342. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1013736416067">10.1023/A:1013736416067</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20177446">20177446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Method+and+Theory&rft.atitle=The+Direct+Historical+Approach%2C+Analogical+Reasoning%2C+and+Theory+in+Americanist+Archaeology&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=303-342&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1013736416067&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20177446%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Lyman%2C+R.+Lee&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+Michael+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20177446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+archaeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrayTrump1970117"jar_burial"-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrayTrump1970117"jar_burial"_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrayTrump1970">Bray & Trump 1970</a>, p. 117, "jar burial".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000271"K–Ar_dating"-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000271"K–Ar_dating"_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKipfer2000">Kipfer 2000</a>, p. 271, "K–Ar dating".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000275"kerb"-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000275"kerb"_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKipfer2000">Kipfer 2000</a>, p. 275, "kerb".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000279"kill_site"-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKipfer2000279"kill_site"_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKipfer2000">Kipfer 2000</a>, p. 279, "kill site".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2008" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Jenny L. (2008). "Beyond the Broken". In Rowan, Yorke M.; Ebling, Jennie R. (eds.). <i>New Approaches to Old Stones</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=pollen+diagram&rft.btitle=Archaeology+Wordsmith&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Kipfer&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Ann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeologywordsmith.com%2Flookup.php%3Fcategory%3D%26where%3Dheadword%26terms%3Dpollen%2Bdiagram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+archaeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jefpat.org/archeobotany/PollenDiagram.aspx">"How To Read A Pollen Diagram"</a>. <i>Maryland Archeobotany</i>. Jefferson Patterson Park and Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140408230345/http://www.archaeologywordsmith.com/lookup.php?terms=Sherd">"sherd"</a>. <i>Archaeology Wordsmith</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeologywordsmith.com/lookup.php?terms=Sherd">the original</a> on April 8, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=sherd&rft.btitle=Archaeology+Wordsmith&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Kipfer&rft.aufirst=Barbara+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeologywordsmith.com%2Flookup.php%3Fterms%3DSherd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+archaeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/shard">"shard"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=shard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fshard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+archaeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChartered_Institute_for_Archaeologists_(CIfA)2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institute_for_Archaeologists" title="Chartered Institute for Archaeologists">Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA)</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archaeologists.net/sites/default/files/CIfAS%26GFieldevaluation_2.pdf"><i>Standard and guidance for archaeological field evaluation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standard+and+guidance+for+archaeological+field+evaluation&rft.date=2020&rft.au=Chartered+Institute+for+Archaeologists+%28CIfA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeologists.net%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FCIfAS%2526GFieldevaluation_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+archaeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"underwater_archaeology"-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"underwater_archaeology"_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarvill2009">Darvill 2009</a>, "underwater archaeology".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"unifacial_flaking"-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"unifacial_flaking"_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarvill2009">Darvill 2009</a>, "unifacial flaking".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"unifacial_tool"-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"unifacial_tool"_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarvill2009">Darvill 2009</a>, "unifacial tool".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"unit"-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"unit"_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"unit"_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarvill2009">Darvill 2009</a>, "unit".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"univallate_hillfort"-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"univallate_hillfort"_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarvill2009">Darvill 2009</a>, "univallate hillfort".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"unurned_cremation"-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"unurned_cremation"_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarvill2009">Darvill 2009</a>, "unurned cremation".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"updraught_kiln"-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"updraught_kiln"_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarvill2009">Darvill 2009</a>, "updraught kiln".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"urban_archaeology"-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"urban_archaeology"_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarvill2009">Darvill 2009</a>, "urban archaeology".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"urn"-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"urn"_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarvill2009">Darvill 2009</a>, "urn".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"urnfield"-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"urnfield"_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarvill2009">Darvill 2009</a>, "urnfield".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"use-wear_(microwear)_analysis"-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarvill2009"use-wear_(microwear)_analysis"_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarvill2009">Darvill 2009</a>, "use-wear (microwear) analysis".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archaeological.org/virtual-education-resources/">"Educational & Virtual Tours Resources List"</a>. <i>archaeological.org</i>. Archaeological Institute of America<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archaeological.org&rft.atitle=Educational+%26+Virtual+Tours+Resources+List&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeological.org%2Fvirtual-education-resources%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+archaeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeverLance1982" class="citation book cs1">Dever, William G.; Lance, H. Darrell (1982). <i>Manual of Field Excavation: Handbook for Field Archaeologists</i>. New York: Jewish Institute of Religion. pp. 50–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780878203031" title="Special:BookSources/9780878203031"><bdi>9780878203031</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Field+Excavation%3A+Handbook+for+Field+Archaeologists&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=50-51&rft.pub=Jewish+Institute+of+Religion&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780878203031&rft.aulast=Dever&rft.aufirst=William+G.&rft.au=Lance%2C+H.+Darrell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+archaeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrayTrump1970258"X-ray_fluorescence"-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrayTrump1970258"X-ray_fluorescence"_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrayTrump1970">Bray & Trump 1970</a>, p. 258, "X-ray fluorescence".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.achp.gov/Section_106_Archaeology_Guidance/Questions%20and%20Answers/Determining_which_archaeological_sites_are_significant_Evaluation">"Determining which archaeological sites are significant: Evaluation"</a>. <i>achp.gov</i>. Advisory Council on Historic Preservation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=achp.gov&rft.atitle=Determining+which+archaeological+sites+are+significant%3A+Evaluation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.achp.gov%2FSection_106_Archaeology_Guidance%2FQuestions%2520and%2520Answers%2FDetermining_which_archaeological_sites_are_significant_Evaluation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+archaeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_archaeology&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrayTrump1970" class="citation book cs1">Bray, Warwick; Trump, David (1970). <i>A Dictionary of Archaeology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Allen_Lane" title="Allen Lane">Allen Lane</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0713901373" title="Special:BookSources/0713901373"><bdi>0713901373</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Archaeology&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0713901373&rft.aulast=Bray&rft.aufirst=Warwick&rft.au=Trump%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+archaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarvill2009" class="citation book cs1">Darvill, Timothy (2009). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001/acref-9780199534043"><i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology</i></a></span>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199534043.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780199534043.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191727139" title="Special:BookSources/9780191727139"><bdi>9780191727139</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Archaeology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199534043.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780191727139&rft.aulast=Darvill&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199534043.001.0001%2Facref-9780199534043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+archaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeder2008" class="citation book cs1">Feder, Kenneth (2008). <i>Linking to the Past: A Brief Introduction to Archaeology</i> (2nd updated ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533117-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533117-2"><bdi>978-0-19-533117-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linking+to+the+Past%3A+A+Brief+Introduction+to+Archaeology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd+updated&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533117-2&rft.aulast=Feder&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+archaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKipfer2000" class="citation book cs1">Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2000). <i>Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology</i>. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46158-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46158-3"><bdi>978-0-306-46158-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedic+Dictionary+of+Archaeology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic%2FPlenum+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-306-46158-3&rft.aulast=Kipfer&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+archaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearsall2008" class="citation book cs1">Pearsall, Deborah M., ed. (2008). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/referenceworks/9780123739629"><i>Encyclopedia of Archaeology</i></a></span>. Amsterdam: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780123739629" title="Special:BookSources/9780123739629"><bdi>9780123739629</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Archaeology&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780123739629&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Freferenceworks%2F9780123739629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+archaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenfrewBahn2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Renfrew" title="Colin Renfrew">Renfrew, Colin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bahn" title="Paul Bahn">Bahn, Paul</a> (2008). <i>Archaeology: Theories, Methods, and Practice</i> (5th updated ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28719-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28719-4"><bdi>978-0-500-28719-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/441377624">441377624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology%3A+Theories%2C+Methods%2C+and+Practice&rft.place=London&rft.edition=5th+updated&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F441377624&rft.isbn=978-0-500-28719-4&rft.aulast=Renfrew&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Bahn%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+archaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobb1998" class="citation journal cs1">Robb, John G. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01426399808706533">"The 'ritual landscape' concept in archaeology: a heritage construction"</a>. <i>Landscape Research</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 159–174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01426399808706533">10.1080/01426399808706533</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0142-6397">0142-6397</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Landscape+Research&rft.atitle=The+%27ritual+landscape%27+concept+in+archaeology%3A+a+heritage+construction&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159-174&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01426399808706533&rft.issn=0142-6397&rft.aulast=Robb&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F01426399808706533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+archaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShawJameson1999" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert, eds. (1999). <i>A Dictionary of Archaeology</i>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470753446">10.1002/9780470753446</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470753446" title="Special:BookSources/9780470753446"><bdi>9780470753446</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Archaeology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470753446&rft.isbn=9780470753446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+archaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Clare, ed. (2014). <i>Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology</i>. New York: Springer. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4419-0465-2">10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-0465-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-0465-2"><bdi>978-1-4419-0465-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220616743">220616743</a>.</cite><span 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