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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control_and_navigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control_and_navigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Control and navigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control_and_navigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chain_driver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chain_driver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Chain driver</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chain_driver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drum_winch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drum_winch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Drum winch</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Drum_winch-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Drum winch subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Drum_winch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chain_grip-wheel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chain_grip-wheel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Chain grip-wheel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chain_grip-wheel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electromagnetic_drum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electromagnetic_drum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Electromagnetic drum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electromagnetic_drum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about boats that haul themselves along a river using a chain. For boats using a chain to cross rivers, see <a href="/wiki/Chain_ferry" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain ferry">Chain ferry</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toueur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Toueur.jpg/220px-Toueur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Toueur.jpg/330px-Toueur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Toueur.jpg/440px-Toueur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1688" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption>Chain boat and <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barges</a> on the <a href="/wiki/River_Seine" class="mw-redirect" title="River Seine">River Seine</a> in France in the early 20th century</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>chain boat</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JM_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JM-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>chain tug</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>chain-ship</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a type of <a href="/wiki/River_craft" class="mw-redirect" title="River craft">river craft</a>, used in the second half of the 19th century and first half of the 20th century on many European rivers,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that made use of a steel chain laid along the riverbed for its propulsion.<sup id="cite_ref-JM_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JM-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lex_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lex-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haas_2009_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haas_2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chain was engaged using a <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engine</a> mounted on board and enabled the boat to tow a string of <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JM_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JM-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lex_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lex-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, such a boat was variously referred to as a <i>Kettenschleppschiff</i>, <i>Kettenschlepper</i>, <i>Kettendampfer</i> or <i>Kettenschiff</i> and in France as a <i>toueur</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lex_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lex-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chain was raised out of the water over a boom at the <a href="/wiki/Bow_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow (ship)">bow</a> of the ship and led over the <a href="/wiki/Deck_(ship)" title="Deck (ship)">deck</a> along the ship's axis to the chain engine amidships. The transfer of power from the steam engine to the chain was usually achieved using a drum winch. From there the chain was led over the deck to another boom at the <a href="/wiki/Stern_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stern (ship)">stern</a> and lowered once more into the river. By moving the stern boom and the two <a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">rudders</a>, front and aft, from side to side it was possible to replace the chain in the centre of the river again, even when negotiating river bends.<sup id="cite_ref-Haas_2009_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haas_2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chain_boat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konstr_Kettenschiff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Konstr_Kettenschiff.jpg/220px-Konstr_Kettenschiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Konstr_Kettenschiff.jpg/330px-Konstr_Kettenschiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Konstr_Kettenschiff.jpg/440px-Konstr_Kettenschiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1676" /></a><figcaption>Blueprint of the French chain boat, <i>La Ville de Sens</i> (1850)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Chain_boat_navigation" title="Chain boat navigation">Chain boat navigation</a> revolutionised inland shipping during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> in the second half of the 19th century in Europe and superseded the hitherto commonplace haulage of barges by <a href="/wiki/Draught_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Draught animal">draught animals</a> or people. The chain drive of these <a href="/wiki/Riverboat" title="Riverboat">riverboats</a> made optimal use of still relatively low-powered steam engines of that period. In addition, the boats were especially well suited to the difficult condition of river navigation that pertained at that time: many rivers were shallow or fast-flowing and effectively precluded the use of <a href="/wiki/Paddle_steamer" title="Paddle steamer">paddle steamers</a>. As a result, chain boats were soon being used on many rivers across Europe. But by the first half of the 20th century they were increasingly threatened by competition from ever more powerful <a href="/wiki/Paddle_steamer" title="Paddle steamer">paddle steamers</a>, something that was aided by the <a href="/wiki/River_engineering#Canalization_of_rivers" title="River engineering">canalization of rivers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dietze_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dietze-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first designs and early technical stages in the development of chain boats took place in the mid-19th century, especially in France. The <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototype</a> of all later chain boats on the rivers <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neckar" title="Neckar">Neckar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Main_(river)" title="Main (river)">Main</a> was the French <a href="/wiki/Steamboat" title="Steamboat">steamboat</a> <i>La Ville de Sens</i>, which was built by the German engineer, M Dietz, around 1850 in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> and plied the upper <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> between <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montereau-Fault-Yonne" title="Montereau-Fault-Yonne">Montereau</a>. Its technically very advanced operating principle and its engineering features were adopted by all the later European chain steamers.<sup id="cite_ref-Haas_2009_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haas_2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chain_boat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kettenschlepper_KBKS_No_V-14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Kettenschlepper_KBKS_No_V-14.jpg/440px-Kettenschlepper_KBKS_No_V-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Kettenschlepper_KBKS_No_V-14.jpg/660px-Kettenschlepper_KBKS_No_V-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Kettenschlepper_KBKS_No_V-14.jpg/880px-Kettenschlepper_KBKS_No_V-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1035" /></a><figcaption>Model of the Bavarian chain boat, K.B.K.S. No. V</figcaption></figure> <p>The hull of these symmetrically-designed boats was almost level with the surface of the water at the bow and stern. This design reduced the power needed to lift the tow chain onto the bow of the boat and also reduced the draught at the bow.<sup id="cite_ref-VDI_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VDI-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The greater height of the boat in the centre made it easier to accommodate the steam engine. This deck shape - low at the bow and stern, and higher in the centre - is typical of all subsequently built chain boats. </p><p>Chain boats were favoured on shallow rivers with fast currents. This was the reason for the flat, shallow draught of their keels. Chain boats optimized for particularly shallow water had a <a href="/wiki/Draught_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Draught (ship)">draught</a> of only 40 to 50 centimetres (16 to 20 in) when unladen. Even fully laden with coal, their draught was only about 70 to 75 centimetres (28 to 30 in).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This shallow draught enabled river transportation even in the dry summer months when the water level of rivers could be very low. </p><p>Shorter chain boats - with lengths from 30 to 40 metres (100 to 130 ft), and widths from 5 to 6 metres (15 to 20 ft) - were more manoeuvrable and well suited to narrow rivers with many bends, for example on the <a href="/wiki/Saale" title="Saale">Saale</a>. Longer craft - with lengths from 45 to 55 metres (150 to 180 ft), and widths from 7 to 10 metres (25 to 35 ft) - were more suited to relatively deep rivers such as the Elbe. The deeper a waterway was, the greater the power needed to lift the heavy chain. The bow of the ship was pulled down further. On larger boats this effect is less.<sup id="cite_ref-Bauwesen_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauwesen-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hull itself was made of iron or wood and could withstand light impacts with the riverbed. If, however, it was holed the hull was compartmentalized internally by several waterproof <a href="/wiki/Bulkhead_(partition)" title="Bulkhead (partition)">bulkheads</a> that prevented the craft from sinking. Below deck were the steam engine, the coal bunkers and the crew accommodation.<sup id="cite_ref-Haas_2009_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haas_2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kettenschiff_Schematische_Darstellung_des_Kettenverlaufs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Kettenschiff_Schematische_Darstellung_des_Kettenverlaufs.png/770px-Kettenschiff_Schematische_Darstellung_des_Kettenverlaufs.png" decoding="async" width="770" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Kettenschiff_Schematische_Darstellung_des_Kettenverlaufs.png/1155px-Kettenschiff_Schematische_Darstellung_des_Kettenverlaufs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Kettenschiff_Schematische_Darstellung_des_Kettenverlaufs.png/1540px-Kettenschiff_Schematische_Darstellung_des_Kettenverlaufs.png 2x" data-file-width="2163" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Schematic view of the chain system on a Bavarian chain boat: Boom (green), rudder (pink), guide rollers (blue), chain drive (orange)</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Control_and_navigation">Control and navigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chain_boat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Control and navigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bugansicht_mit_Ausleger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bugansicht_mit_Ausleger.jpg/330px-Bugansicht_mit_Ausleger.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bugansicht_mit_Ausleger.jpg/495px-Bugansicht_mit_Ausleger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bugansicht_mit_Ausleger.jpg/660px-Bugansicht_mit_Ausleger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1429" data-file-height="838" /></a><figcaption>Front view of a chain boat with its boom</figcaption></figure> <p>In chain boat navigation the chain was simply laid "loose" on the riverbed for long distances of up to several hundred kilometres. Only the deadweight of the massive chain, which weighed about 15 kilograms per metre (30 lb/yd) or 15 tonnes per kilometre (27 ton/mi), and its natural snagging on the sand and stones of the riverbed provided resistance, so that the chain boat and its attached barges could haul themselves along the chain. The water bore the weight of the boats and barges, whilst the chain only had to cope with the power of the engine. The chain was only anchored at its two ends so that boats could continue to haul themselves to the end of the chain route.<sup id="cite_ref-Bauwesen_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauwesen-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A problem was caused by sideways displacement of the chain. At bends in the river there was a tendency for the chain, that was laid in a curve, to increasingly pull itself straight and so move towards the inside of the bend. In order to prevent this, chain boats were fitted, fore and aft, with large, powerful rudders.<sup id="cite_ref-Bauwesen_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauwesen-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These rudders sometimes had a length of over four metres and were worked with the aid of control wheels on the deck. </p><p>At the bow and stern of the boat the chain was led along a boom that projected well beyond the end of the deck. This prevented the chain from hitting the long rudders. The booms were movable and could be swung sideways using a hand crank. The boat could thereby be oriented at an angle to the direction of the chain. This also improved the chances of replacing the chain back in the centre of the river.<sup id="cite_ref-Bauwesen_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauwesen-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The boom was also fitted with chain interception equipment so that, in the event of the chain breaking, it would not be able to run away. If the chain catch was not quick enough to hook into the chain, it would simply run away and disappear into the river. It then had to be painstakingly located with a drag anchor and salvaged.<sup id="cite_ref-Berninger_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berninger-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chain_driver">Chain driver</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chain_boat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chain driver"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the first generation of chain boats the chain ran over chain drums at the side of the boat. In fast-flowing currents or when there were problems lifting the chain due to silting or obstacles on the riverbed such as large rocks, the boat could swing off-course markedly and list to one side. As a result, on later chain boats, the chain drive was always located on the centerline of the boat.<sup id="cite_ref-Bauwesen_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauwesen-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drum_winch">Drum winch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chain_boat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Drum winch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antrieb_Kettenschiff_Trommelwindwerk.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antrieb_Kettenschiff_Trommelwindwerk.png/220px-Antrieb_Kettenschiff_Trommelwindwerk.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Antrieb_Kettenschiff_Trommelwindwerk.png 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="258" /></a><figcaption>Drum winch (1866)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riqueval_touage_1b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Riqueval_touage_1b.jpg/220px-Riqueval_touage_1b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Riqueval_touage_1b.jpg/330px-Riqueval_touage_1b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Riqueval_touage_1b.jpg/440px-Riqueval_touage_1b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="815" /></a><figcaption>Drum winch of a French chain boat at the Riqueval Tunnel on the <a href="/wiki/Canal_de_Saint-Quentin" title="Canal de Saint-Quentin">Canal de Saint-Quentin</a> (Musée du touage)</figcaption></figure> <p>The older chain boats on the Elbe, the <a href="/wiki/Chain_boat_navigation_on_the_Neckar" title="Chain boat navigation on the Neckar">chain steamers on the Neckar</a> and the three craft on the Main belonging to the Hessian <i>Mainkette</i> company used a drum winch to transfer power. In order to ensure the necessary traction on the chain on the driving drums, the chain was wound several times around two traction drums placed one behind the other in the centre of the boat. The chain ran in four to five grooves and was alternately wound over the front and rear drums.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The disadvantage of this method was that the chain frequently broke. This did not simply occur due to the overloading of the chain by the length of the barge train. It has been calculated that even if the chain links wore down to half their original cross-section, this force would not have led to a break.<sup id="cite_ref-Busley_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busley-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather the problem lay in the fact that frictional wear on the forward traction drum was much heavier than on the rear. And once the diameters of the two drums became unequal, more chain wrapped around the after drum than could be handled by the forward one. This could produce tensions both on the drums and between them that were so large that the chain links could not withstand the tensile load and their fracture limit was exceeded.<sup id="cite_ref-Lueger_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lueger-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This effect became even more pronounced if the chain became twisted, <i>e.g.</i>, the chain was pulled to one side or had even formed knots. This increased the turn radius by up to 25%, whereby the 5% elastic limit of the chain was reached. </p><p>The transfer of tractive force from the drums to the chain was only achieved by friction. If frost or ice built up, the chain could slip. In such events, hot water was poured over the drums.<sup id="cite_ref-Berninger_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berninger-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another problem with drum winches was the relatively large length of chain – 30 to 40 metres (100 to 130 ft) – that had to be wound several times around the two drums. If the chain boat was only used to haul barges upstream, it could not simply reduce the amount of chain needed for the drums on the way back otherwise, after a certain time, the surplus chain would pile up at the head of the operating section and there would be no slack at the start. In order to try to avoid this problem, the chain boat always carried the corresponding section of chain with it downstream and dropped it at the start of the chain route.<sup id="cite_ref-Schromm_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schromm-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, there was a continual movement of the chain, that made control more difficult in more dangerous sections of the river, such as <a href="/wiki/Rapids" title="Rapids">rapids</a>. In particular, reinforced chain sections that were deliberately used, moved continually upstream. Also jettisoning the chain temporarily when two chain boats met was relatively difficult due to the multiple windings of the chain round the two drums.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the chain steamers without their own auxiliary engines had different gearing for moving upstream and downstream. When travelling upstream, it was designed for higher traction; when travelling downstream it was engineered for faster speed.<sup id="cite_ref-Zesewitz_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zesewitz-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chain_grip-wheel">Chain grip-wheel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chain_boat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chain grip-wheel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antrieb_Kettenschiff_Kettengreifrad_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Antrieb_Kettenschiff_Kettengreifrad_1.png/220px-Antrieb_Kettenschiff_Kettengreifrad_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Antrieb_Kettenschiff_Kettengreifrad_1.png/330px-Antrieb_Kettenschiff_Kettengreifrad_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Antrieb_Kettenschiff_Kettengreifrad_1.png/440px-Antrieb_Kettenschiff_Kettengreifrad_1.png 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>Diagram 1: Path of the chain over the grip-wheel</figcaption></figure> <p>The chain grip-wheel<sup id="cite_ref-Dietze_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dietze-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<i>Kettengreifrad</i>) was designed in May 1892 by Ewald Bellingrath, the director general of the German Elbe shipping company, <i>Kette</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Maschinenbauanstalt_%C3%9Cbigau" title="Maschinenbauanstalt Übigau">Übigau</a>, in order to overcome the problem of continual chain breakages. This device was used in various chain ships on the Elbe as well as the eight chain boats of the Royal Bavarian Chain Boat Company on the River Main. The idea of the mechanism was to use just one drum or wheel for the actual drive and not to wrap the chain around it several times, but to wind it only partially over the wheel (Diagram 1). The design was supposed to engage the chain securely without letting it slip. It was also supposed to work with different chain thicknesses and lengths of chain link, and independently of their orientation (e.g. angled or on their side). Even if a knot formed in the chain the design was supposed to respond without a problem.<sup id="cite_ref-Busley_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busley-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chain was engaged in the transmission area by many movable side pins that hooked the chain from the left and right hand sides (Diagram 2). Critics were initially concerned that the many individual moving components of the "catcher" would quickly wear. This fear was allayed, however, by a three-year-long trial that began in May 1892. On the contrary, by using a catcher, the transmission of power was improved so that more barges could be hauled in one string. As a consequence all new chain boats built by <i>Kette</i> in Übigau were fitted with catchers.<sup id="cite_ref-Busley_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Busley-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the River Main, however, the chain grip-wheels were replaced by drum winches again in 1924, because the first ones were too prone to failure.<sup id="cite_ref-Berninger_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berninger-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antrieb_Kettenschiff_Kettengreifrad_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Antrieb_Kettenschiff_Kettengreifrad_2.png/770px-Antrieb_Kettenschiff_Kettengreifrad_2.png" decoding="async" width="770" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Antrieb_Kettenschiff_Kettengreifrad_2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="233" /></a><figcaption>Diagram 2. Engagement of the chain by the catcher</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electromagnetic_drum">Electromagnetic drum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chain_boat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Electromagnetic drum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another attempt to reduce the frequency of chain breakages and the movement of the chain in the river came from France and was introduced in November 1892 on the Lower <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> near <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schromm_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schromm-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its inventor, <i>de Bovet</i>, developed a technique to increase the friction on the transmission drum by magnetic force. Here, too, the chain was only wound three-quarters of the way around the traction drum. The engagement of the chain on the traction drum was achieved by magnetic force created by <a href="/wiki/Electromagnet" title="Electromagnet">electromagnets</a> that were built into it. The electric current needed for this was generated by its own engine and a ca. 3 HP <a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">dynamo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lueger_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lueger-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The magnetic force was sufficient, despite the short length for which the chain was wrapped around the drum, on a trial with an old, 9 kg/m (18 lb/yd) chain to generate a tractive force of around 6,000 kilograms-force (13,000 lbf).<sup id="cite_ref-Lueger_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lueger-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Auxiliary_engines">Auxiliary engines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chain_boat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Auxiliary engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the main engine for hauling the chain, most of the later chain boats had an auxiliary engine. This enabled boats to be driven without needing to use the chain, and was mainly used when travelling downstream.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Downstream journey times were thus reduced because of the higher boat speeds that could be attained and because it was no longer necessary to follow the time-consuming and complicated passing procedure when boats travelling in opposite directions on the same chain encountered one another. In addition, it spared wear and tear on the chain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_turbines">Water turbines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chain_boat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Water turbines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeuner_water_turbine_2_(english).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Zeuner_water_turbine_2_%28english%29.svg/330px-Zeuner_water_turbine_2_%28english%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Zeuner_water_turbine_2_%28english%29.svg/495px-Zeuner_water_turbine_2_%28english%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Zeuner_water_turbine_2_%28english%29.svg/660px-Zeuner_water_turbine_2_%28english%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1556" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption><i>Zeuner</i> water turbine (plan)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeuner_water_turbine_(english).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Zeuner_water_turbine_%28english%29.svg/330px-Zeuner_water_turbine_%28english%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Zeuner_water_turbine_%28english%29.svg/495px-Zeuner_water_turbine_%28english%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Zeuner_water_turbine_%28english%29.svg/660px-Zeuner_water_turbine_%28english%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1556" data-file-height="913" /></a><figcaption><i>Zeuner</i> water turbine (elevation). The red area is below the water. Water flow is shown for both forward (above) and rearward (below) operation</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustav_Zeuner_(11).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Gustav_Zeuner_%2811%29.JPG/220px-Gustav_Zeuner_%2811%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Gustav_Zeuner_%2811%29.JPG/330px-Gustav_Zeuner_%2811%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Gustav_Zeuner_%2811%29.JPG/440px-Gustav_Zeuner_%2811%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Outlets of the water jet propulsion system on the port side of the chain steamer, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Zeuner_(ship)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustav Zeuner (ship) (page does not exist)">Gustav Zeuner</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1892 chain boats using <i>Zeuner</i> <a href="/wiki/Water_turbines" class="mw-redirect" title="Water turbines">water turbines</a> were introduced on the Elbe. They were a precursor of the present-day <a href="/wiki/Hydrojet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrojet">hydrojet</a> propulsion systems. In addition to faster downstream travel times, the auxiliary engine also enabled steering corrections during chain operations and simplified turning manoeuvres. Water turbines were used on several chain boats on the Elbe and on the <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavarian</a> chain boats on the <a href="/wiki/Main_(river)" title="Main (river)">Main</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zesewitz_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zesewitz-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Water was sucked in through two rectangular intakes in the side of the chain steamer's hull. It then flowed through the turbine inside the hull. The turbine accelerated the water and forced it through the rear-facing outlets in the side of the hull. The outflowing jets of water propelled the boat forwards (upper diagram of the elevation view). To reverse the direction of travel, the reversing element was swung around so that water was forced in the opposite direction (lower diagram of the elevation view). The pump direction of the turbine was always the same, regardless.<sup id="cite_ref-Dietze2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dietze2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dingler_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dingler-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These second generation chain steamers were equipped with two of these water turbines, which were found on the <a href="/wiki/Port_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Port (ship)">port</a> and <a href="/wiki/Starboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Starboard">starboard</a> sides.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a turning manoeuvre the water flowed forwards on one side and backwards on the other in order to rotate the boat.<sup id="cite_ref-Dietze2_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dietze2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paddle_wheels_and_screw_propellers">Paddle wheels and screw propellers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chain_boat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Paddle wheels and screw propellers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the Danube, chain ships were unable to travel downstream on the chain because of strong currents. If the chain boat was forced to stop suddenly, for example as a result of a chain breakage, there was a real danger that the barges at the rear would run into those at the front, causing a shipping accident.<sup id="cite_ref-Schanz_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schanz-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They therefore had large, side-mounted <a href="/wiki/Paddle_wheel" title="Paddle wheel">paddle wheels</a> as auxiliary propulsion for the downstream journey which were driven by engines with a rating of 300–400 hp. </p><p>The third type of auxiliary propulsion was the <a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">screw propeller</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of auxiliary system was used by some craft on the Danube for downstream journeys in order to enable barges to be towed in that direction as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Schanz_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schanz-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chain_boat&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chain_boat_navigation" title="Chain boat navigation">Chain boat navigation</a> – Upstream hauling of barges by a boat going upstream on a chain in the river </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chain_boat&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Geographic Society (1937). <i>The National Geographic Magazine</i>, Jan-Jun 1937, pp. xxi and 552.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JM-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JM_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JM_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John MacGregor (1867). <i>The voyage alone in the yawl "Rob Roy": from London to Paris, and back etc.</i>, London: Maranda merrill, Son and Marston, pp. 97-99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcKnight1985" class="citation book cs1">McKnight, Hugh (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cruisingfrenchca00mckn/page/126"><i>Cruising French Canals and Rivers</i></a></span>. Seven Seas Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cruisingfrenchca00mckn/page/126">126</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780915160822" title="Special:BookSources/9780915160822"><bdi>9780915160822</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cruising+French+Canals+and+Rivers&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Seven+Seas+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780915160822&rft.aulast=McKnight&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcruisingfrenchca00mckn%2Fpage%2F126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChain+boat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Pilkington (1969). <i>Small boat to Northern Germany</i>, Macmillan, pp. 90, 91 and 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This system is still used at <a href="/wiki/Riqueval_Tunnel" title="Riqueval Tunnel">Riqueval Tunnel</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canal_de_Saint-Quentin" title="Canal de Saint-Quentin">Canal de Saint-Quentin</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lex-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lex_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lex_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lex_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8pY1pMxg8HYC&dq=kettenschifffahrt&pg=PA150"><i>Kettenschifffahrt</i> definition in <i>Schifffahrts-Lexikon</i></a>, by J. Friedrichson, p. 149. Retrieved 1 Mar 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haas_2009-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haas_2009_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haas_2009_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haas_2009_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haas_2009_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Willi Zimmermann: <i>Über Seil und Kettenschiffahrt</i>, Beiträge zur Rheinkunde 1979, Rheinmuseum Koblenz (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schifferverein-beuel.de/haas/02_fluesse/deutschland/schiffbar/01_rhein/historisches/seil_ketten/Ueber_Seil_Kettenschiffahrt.pdf">digitalized version by Peter Haas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120923095523/http://www.schifferverein-beuel.de/haas/02_fluesse/deutschland/schiffbar/01_rhein/historisches/seil_ketten/Ueber_Seil_Kettenschiffahrt.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-09-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; pdf; 5.9 MB)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacGregor (1867), p. 97-98 states "The power of this chain-boat is so great that it will pull along, and that too against the rapid stream, a whole string of barges, several of them of 300 tons' burthen, while the long fleet advances steadily though slowly, and the irresistible engine works with smokeless funnels, but with groanings within, telling of tight-strained iron, and loud undertoned breaths of confined steam."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NyOO7aI4crUC&q=%22chain+boat%22+barges"><i>Hearst's International, Volume 3</i></a> (1902) by International Magazine Company. Retrieved 12 Mar 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Pilkington (1965). <i>Small boat in Southern France</i>, Melbourne, Toronto, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dietze-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dietze_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dietze_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">K. Dietze: <i>Chain and Rope Towage on German Rivers.</i> In: International marine engineering, Volume 16, New York 1911, pp. 433–439</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VDI-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VDI_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eduard Weiß: <i>"Die Kettenschlepper der kgl. bayerischen Kettenschleppschiffahrt auf dem oberen Main"</i> in der Zeitschrift des Vereins Deutscher Ingenieure, Vol. 45, 1901, No. 17, pp. 578–584</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodor Grötschel und Helmut Düntzsch: <i>Betriebsmittelverzeichnis der KETTE – Deutsche Elbschiffahrts-Gesellschaft</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bauwesen-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bauwesen_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauwesen_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauwesen_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauwesen_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauwesen_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zeitschrift für Bauwesen</i> Volume 16, Berlin 1864, p. 300, Verein für Eisenbahnkunde zu Berlin, Protokoll vom 10. November 1863 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ddFLAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22La+Ville+de+Sens%22+kette&pg=PA301">digitalized version</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berninger-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berninger_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berninger_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berninger_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Otto Berninger: "Die Kettenschiffahrt auf dem Main" in the Main Shipping Reports of the Society for the Promotion of the Wörth am Main Shipping and Shipbuilding Museum, News Sheet No. 6, April 1987, 111 pages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Architektenverein zu Berlin: Deutsche Bauzeitung, Volume 2, Verlag Carl Beelitz, 1868, S. 100, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2pPmAAAAMAAJ&dq=kettenschifffahrt+elbe&pg=PA100">Google Books</a>), (description of the 1st German chain boat between Neustadt and Buckau)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Busley-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Busley_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Busley_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Busley_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Busley1895" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">C. Busley (1895), <i>Bestrebungen und Erfolge im Schiffbau</i> (in German), vol. XXXIX, Zeitschrift des Verlags deutscher Ingenieure, pp. 704/705</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bestrebungen+und+Erfolge+im+Schiffbau&rft.pages=704%2F705&rft.pub=Zeitschrift+des+Verlags+deutscher+Ingenieure&rft.date=1895&rft.au=C.+Busley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChain+boat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lueger-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lueger_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lueger_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lueger_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtto_Lueger" class="citation web cs1">Otto Lueger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeno.org/Lueger-1904/A/Kettenschleppschiffahrt">"Lexikon der gesamten Technik"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lexikon+der+gesamten+Technik&rft.au=Otto+Lueger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeno.org%2FLueger-1904%2FA%2FKettenschleppschiffahrt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChain+boat" class="Z3988"></span> – 2. Auflage 1904–1920</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schromm-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schromm_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schromm_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Schromm: <i>Kettenschifffahrt und Elektricität</i>. In: Zeitschrift für Elektrotechnik, Jahrgang 13, Vienna, 1895, pp. 264–266, online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/elektrotechniku00stgoog#293">Internet Archive</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Das Ziehen und Fortbewegen der Schiffe auf Canälen, canalisierten Flüssen und freifließenden Strömen</i>, Binnenschiffahrts-Congress im Haag im Jahre 1894, In: Alfred Weber Ritter von Ebenhof: Bau Betrieb und Verwaltung der natürlichen und künstlichen Wasserstrassen auf den internationalen Binnenschifffahrts-Congressen in den Jahren 1885 bis 1894, Verlag des K.K. Ministeriums des Inneren, Vienna, 1895, pp. 312–327</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zesewitz-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zesewitz_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zesewitz_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sigbert Zesewitz, Helmut Düntzsch, Theodor Grötschel: <i>Kettenschiffahrt</i>. VEB Verlag Technik, Berlin, 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-341-00282-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-341-00282-0">3-341-00282-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.main-netz.de/nachrichten/region/spessart/berichte/art15353,978738"><i>Otto Berninger Die Kettenschleppschifffahrt auf dem Main</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140304193532/http://www.main-netz.de/nachrichten/region/spessart/berichte/art15353,978738">Archived</a> 2014-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at www.main-netz.de. Retrieved 4 Mar 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dietze2-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dietze2_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dietze2_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">K. Dietze: <i>Chain and Rope Towage on German Rivers.</i> In: International marine engineering, Volume 16, New York 1911, pp. 498–502</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dingler-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dingler_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dingler.culture.hu-berlin.de/article/pj316/ar316096"><i>Schiffsantrieb mittels der Marchand'schen Doppelturbine</i></a>. at dingler.culture.hu-berlin.de. Retrieved 4 Mar 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kettendampfer-magdeburg.de/daten-fakten/"><i>Kettenschleppdampfer "Gustav Zeuner"</i></a><i> at www.kettendampfer-magdeburg.de. Retrieved 4 Mar 2014.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schanz-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schanz_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schanz_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Georg Schanz: "Studien über die bay. Wasserstraßen Band 1, <i>Die Kettenschleppschiffahrt auf dem Main</i>", C.C. Buchner Verlag, Bamberg, 1893, pp. 1–7 – (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalis.uni-koeln.de/Schanz/schanz_index.html">digitalized version</a>) by Digitalis, Library for Economic and Social History, Cologne, retrieved 29 October 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl Victor Suppán: <i>Wasserstrassen und Binnenschiffahrt</i>. A. Troschel: Berlin-Grunewald 1902 <i>Vor- und Nachtheile der Tauerei</i>. pp. 266–269 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/wasserstrassenu00suppgoog#page/n286/mode/2up">FB</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chain_boat&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sigbert Zesewitz, Helmut Düntzsch, Theodor Grötschel: <i>Kettenschiffahrt</i>. VEB Verlag Technik, Berlin, 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-341-00282-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-341-00282-0">3-341-00282-0</a></li> <li><i>Kettenschleppschiffahrt</i>. In: Otto Lueger: <i>Lexikon der gesamten Technik und ihrer Hilfswissenschaften</i>, Vol. 5, 2nd completed revised edition, Deutsche Verlagsanstalt: Stuttgart und Leipzig, 1907, pp. 460–462 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeno.org/Lueger-1904/A/Kettenschleppschiffahrt">zeno.org</a></li> <li>Georg Schanz: "Studien über die bay. Wasserstraßen Band 1, Die Kettenschleppschiffahrt auf dem Main", C.C. Buchner Verlag, Bamberg, 1893 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalis.uni-koeln.de/Schanz/schanz_index.html">digitalised text from the Library of the Seminar for Economic and Social History of the University of Cologne</a>)</li> <li>Theodor Grötschel und Helmut Düntzsch: <i>Betriebsmittelverzeichnis der KETTE – Deutsche Elbschiffahrts-Gesellschaft</i>. In: Ewald Bellingrath: <i>Ein Leben für die Schiffahrt</i>, Schriften des Vereins zur Förderung des Lauenburger Elbschiffahrtsmuseums e.V., Vol. 4, Lauenburg, 2003</li> <li>Carl Victor Suppán: <i>Wasserstrassen und Binnenschiffahrt</i>. A. Troschel: Berlin-Grunewald, 1902, Section: <i>Dampfschiffahrt</i>. (<i>Ketten- und Seiltauer</i>. pp. 261/262, <i>Tauereibetrieb</i>. pp. 262–265, <i>Auf- und Abnehmen der Kette</i>. p. 265, <i>Kettenrolle mit Fingerlingen</i>. p. 266, <i>Elektrische Kettenrolle</i>. p. 266, <i>Vor- und Nachtheile der Tauerei</i>. pp. 266–269, <i>Versuche mittels endloser Kette</i>. pp. 269/270)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chain_boat&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chain_ships" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chain ships">Chain ships</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:Tauerei" class="extiw" title="wikisource:de:Tauerei">de:Tauerei</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-KW2Qaqycpo">Video of a journey on an electric chain boat through the Tunnel of Riqueval</a>, retrieved 15 November 2010</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vagus-vagrant.fr/forum/viewforum.php?f=12">Forum with many old photographs of chain boats from France</a> (French), retrieved 12 July 2013</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Modern_merchant_ships" title="Template:Modern merchant ships"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modern_merchant_ships" title="Template talk:Modern merchant ships"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modern_merchant_ships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modern merchant ships"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_merchant_ships" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Modern <a href="/wiki/Merchant_ship" title="Merchant ship">merchant ships</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">Cargo ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">Maritime transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freight_transport" title="Freight transport">Freight transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant marine">Merchant marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">Maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_line" title="Shipping line">Shipping line</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A reefer"><img alt="A reefer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG/80px-CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG/120px-CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG/160px-CMM_-_Model_ch%C5%82odniowca_typu_B-360-2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2394" data-file-height="924" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">Dry cargo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">Barge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_carrier" title="Bulk carrier">Bulk carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_float" title="Car float">Car float</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chain boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_trading_vessel" title="Coastal trading vessel">Coastal trading vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collier_(ship)" title="Collier (ship)">Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_ship" title="Container ship">Container ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy-lift_ship" title="Heavy-lift ship">Heavy-lift ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopper_barge" title="Hopper barge">Hopper barge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_freighter" title="Lake freighter">Lake freighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighter_aboard_ship" title="Lighter aboard ship">Lighter aboard ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock_carrier" title="Livestock carrier">Livestock carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reefer_ship" title="Reefer ship">Reefer ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off" title="Roll-on/roll-off">Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_ferry" title="Train ferry">Train ferry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tanker_(ship)" title="Tanker (ship)">Tankers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_tanker" title="Chemical tanker">Chemical tanker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_production_storage_and_offloading" title="Floating production storage and offloading">Floating production storage and offloading (FPSO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_carrier" title="Gas carrier">Gas carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_tanker" title="Hydrogen tanker">Hydrogen tanker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LNG_carrier" title="LNG carrier">LNG carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">Oil tanker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Passenger_ship" title="Passenger ship">Passenger</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_ferry" title="Cable ferry">Cable ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_liner" title="Cargo liner">Cargo liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">Cruise ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruiseferry" title="Cruiseferry">Cruiseferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrowboat" title="Narrowboat">Narrowboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">Ocean liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll-on/roll-off" title="Roll-on/roll-off">Roll-on/roll-off (RORO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_ferry" title="Train ferry">Train ferry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor_handling_tug_supply_vessel" title="Anchor handling tug supply vessel">Anchor handling tug supply vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_support_vessel" title="Diving support vessel">Diving support vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_tow_vessel" title="Emergency tow vessel">Emergency tow vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireboat" title="Fireboat">Fireboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_supply_vessel" title="Platform supply vessel">Platform supply vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pusher_(boat)" title="Pusher (boat)">Pusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvage_tug" title="Salvage tug">Salvage tug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_tender" title="Ship's tender">Tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugboat" title="Tugboat">Tugboat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_layer" title="Cable layer">Cable layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_vessel" title="Crane vessel">Crane vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dredging" title="Dredging">Dredger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drillship" title="Drillship">Drillship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">Fishing vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_restaurant" title="Floating restaurant">Floating restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker" title="Icebreaker">Icebreaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_submarine" title="Merchant submarine">Merchant submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narco-submarine" title="Narco-submarine">Narco-submarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe-laying_ship" title="Pipe-laying ship">Pipe-laying ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_vessel" title="Research vessel">Research vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverboat" title="Riverboat">Riverboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-submersible" title="Semi-submersible">Semi-submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snagboat" title="Snagboat">Snagboat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_operations" title="Nautical operations">Nautical operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affreightment" title="Affreightment">Affreightment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law" title="Admiralty law">Admiralty law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Shipping" title="International Chamber of Shipping">International Chamber of Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_merchant_navy_capacity_by_country" title="List of merchant navy capacity by country">List of merchant navy capacity by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> 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