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On prête quelque deux mille brevets à Edison, de formation autodidacte, mais étonnamment fertile en inventions les plus diverses, qui vont du microphone au télégraphe duplex, d'une nouvelle lampe à incandescence au kinétoscope annonçant le..." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/thomas-edison/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="fr_FR" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Encyclopædia Universalis" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.universalis.fr/_web/static/icons/favicon.png" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="256" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="252" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Biographie de THOMAS EDISON (1847-1931)" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Biographie de THOMAS EDISON (1847-1931). On prête quelque deux mille brevets à Edison, de formation autodidacte, mais étonnamment fertile en inventions les plus diverses, qui vont du microphone au télégraphe duplex, d'une nouvelle lampe à incandescence au kinétoscope annonçant le..." /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@universalisfr" /> <meta name="location" content="France" /> <meta name="rating" content="General" /> <meta name="distribution" content="Global" /> <meta name="resource-type" content="document" /> <meta name="copyright" content="© Copyright 2024 - Universalis" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Universalis" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="default" /> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no,date=no,address=no,email=no,url=no" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_shared/pub/pub.css?1730108805" media="all"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_web/assets/css/home.css?1730119190" media="all"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_web/assets/css/classification.css?1730119190" media="all"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/thomas-edison/" /> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Biographie de THOMAS EDISON (1847-1931)","headline":"Biographie de THOMAS EDISON (1847-1931)","description":"Biographie de THOMAS EDISON (1847-1931). On pr\u00eate quelque deux mille brevets \u00e0 Edison, de formation autodidacte, mais \u00e9tonnamment fertile en inventions les plus diverses, qui vont du microphone au t\u00e9l\u00e9graphe duplex, d'une nouvelle lampe \u00e0 incandescence au kin\u00e9toscope annon\u00e7ant le cin\u00e9matographe. Pour l'essentiel, le phonographe lui assurait d\u00e9j\u00e0 la c\u00e9l\u00e9brit\u00e9.. Dans son laboratoire de Menlo-Park, \u00e0 Orange (New Jersey), Edison s'int\u00e9resse au t\u00e9l\u00e9phone de Graham Bell, exp\u00e9riment\u00e9 depuis 1875. Il perfectionne l'appareil, en 1877, rempla\u00e7ant le transmetteur par un microphone plus sensible aux vibrations sonores. Des proc\u00e9d\u00e9s de transmission Edison passe \u00e0 l'\u00e9tude des probl\u00e8mes d' enregistrement et de reproduction. 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<div class="user-welcome"></div> <div class="login-form-wrapper-mobile"> <div class="login-form"> <div class="btn btn-sm btn-primary keep-label-space-top"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-user"></i> Mon Compte </div> </div> </div> <div id="ad_topslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div class="d-lg-none text-center mb-3"> <a href="/abonnement" title="Je m'abonne" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Top (mobile)"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/6/csm_banner-cta_4de68c3a6b.webp" width="728" height="90" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" class="img-max shadow-sm"/> </a> </div> <div class="row"> <div id="main-content" class="col-lg-8 col-xl-9 pb-4"> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>EDISON </strong><span class="pc">THOMAS </span><span class="label-sub"> (1847-1931)</span> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" 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data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content whole type-biographie" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yT500483_0"><i class="anchor" id="yT500483_0"></i><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH994378" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Edison" href="/media/edison-ph994378/"><img id="PH994378" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/0/c/csm_ph994378_dea973b94b.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Edison - crédits : Bettmann/ Getty Images" data-description="Thomas Edison (1847-1931), inventeur américain, déposa quelque deux mille brevets dont celui du phonographe, en 1877, qui le rendit célèbre. On ne saura pas ce qu'il écoutait ici, en 1911, sur ce modèle." data-copyright="Bettmann/ Getty Images" width="718" height="1024" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Edison </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Bettmann/ Getty Images </p></figcaption></figure></div><p> On prête quelque deux mille brevets à Edison, de formation autodidacte, mais étonnamment fertile en inventions les plus diverses, qui vont du microphone au télégraphe duplex, d'une nouvelle lampe à incandescence au kinétoscope annonçant le cinématographe. Pour l'essentiel, le phonographe lui assurait déjà la célébrité.</p><p>Dans son laboratoire de Menlo-Park, à Orange (New Jersey), Edison s'intéresse au téléphone de Graham Bell, expérimenté depuis 1875. Il perfectionne l'appareil, en 1877, remplaçant le transmetteur par un microphone plus sensible aux vibrations sonores. Des procédés de transmission Edison passe à l'étude des problèmes d'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les techniques de communication ont pour but de transmettre et de stocker des informations : sons, images, grandeurs ou données numériques quelconques. Lorsque l'information possède, ou acquiert par un traitement convenable, une structure évolutive avec le temps, on l'appelle un signal. Un signal (au sens des télécommunications) est une grandeur variable avec le temps. C'est ainsi que l..." title="Article : ENREGISTREMENT" href="/encyclopedie/enregistrement/">enregistrement</a> et de reproduction. Des expériences antérieures, du reste assez sommaires, montraient que les vibrations d'un diapason (Young, 1807) ou d'une corde (Duhamel, 1840), agissant sur un style, pouvaient s'inscrire sur un cylindre enduit de noir de fumée. Le système se perfectionne avec le phonautographe de Scott (1857) : soie de sanglier (style) reliée à la membrane d'un cornet acoustique et enregistrement sur un cylindre rotatif portant, lui aussi, une couche de noir de fumée. Néanmoins, le phonautographe enregistre sans pouvoir reproduire. Le 30 avril 1877, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de CHARLES CROS (1842-1888). Personnage hors du commun, autodidacte de génie qui fut également attiré par la littérature et par la science. Descendant d'une lignée de professeurs, né à Fabrezan (Aude), Charles Cros fait ses études sous la direction de son père. En 1860, il entre comme surveillant à l'Institution des sourds-muets et commence des études de médecine qu'il ne ta..." title="Article : CHARLES CROS (1842-1888)" href="/encyclopedie/charles-cros/">Charles Cros</a> dépose, à l'Académie des sciences, le projet d'un appareil susceptible d'enregistrer et de reproduire. Mais, le 19 décembre de cette même année, Edison prend un brevet pour le premier phonographe qu'il vient de réaliser. Un cylindre de cuivre, recouvert d'une épaisse feuille d'étain, tourne à la manivelle sur un axe horizontal fileté ; il subit un double mouvement de rotation et de translation. Devant le cylindre, on dispose un cornet acoustique, le fond de celui-ci étant obturé par un diaphragme qui porte un style. Tandis que l'on parle dans le cornet et que le cylindre se déplace, le style grave sur l'étain, selon les vibrations du diaphragme, un sillon composé de creux et de saillies. L'enregistrement achevé, le cylindre revient à son point de départ (manivelle tournée en sens inverse). Le style étant alors placé au début du sillon, on entraîne de nouveau le cylindre : les creux et les aspérités rencontrés par le style font vibrer la membrane qui les restitue en ondes sonores. La voix est faible, les voyelles sont privilégiées, certaines consonnes (S, Z) demeurent inaudibles : au total les mots sont plus suggérés que parlés. Il reste que le principe du phonographe-gramophone (enregistrement et reproduction) est acquis.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH994998" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Kinétoscope" href="/media/kinetoscope-ph994998/"><img id="PH994998" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/f/csm_ph994998_38d6df1d4d.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Kinétoscope - crédits : Topical Press Agency/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Un kinétoscope de 1912 dont le modèle original a été déposé en 1891 par Dickson, un assistant de Thomas Edison" data-copyright="Topical Press Agency/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="760" height="1024" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Kinétoscope </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Topical Press Agency/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p></figcaption></figure></div><p>Dès 1878, Edison entreprend d'exploiter sa lampe à incandescence, la première utilisable (filament de carbone). Il reviendra plus tard au phonographe pour le perfectionner : aérophone (amplificateur), cylindres amovibles et en cire, essais d'enregistrement sur disques métalliques. Homme d'affaires autant qu'inventeur, il commercialise l'appareil comme « business phonograph » ou didactaphone pour communications à dactylographier. Le kinétoscope d'Edison (1894) fixait sur pellicule, non encore projetable, une série d'images qui décomposaient le mouvement. Déroulée, cette suite de photographies donnait l'illusion du mouvement reconstitué.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><p class="author"> — Jacques MÉRAND</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 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Télécommunications: personnalités" href="/classification/techniques/telecommunications/histoire-des-telecommunications/telecommunications-personnalites/"> Télécommunications: personnalités </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yT500483_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Médias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH994378" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Edison" href="/media/edison-ph994378/"> <img id="PH994378" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/0/c/csm_ph994378_dea973b94b.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Edison - crédits : Bettmann/ Getty Images" data-description="Thomas Edison (1847-1931), inventeur américain, déposa quelque deux mille brevets dont celui du phonographe, en 1877, qui le rendit célèbre. On ne saura pas ce qu'il écoutait ici, en 1911, sur ce modèle." data-copyright="Bettmann/ Getty Images" width="718" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Edison </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Bettmann/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH994998" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Kinétoscope" href="/media/kinetoscope-ph994998/"> <img id="PH994998" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/f/csm_ph994998_38d6df1d4d.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Kinétoscope - crédits : Topical Press Agency/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Un kinétoscope de 1912 dont le modèle original a été déposé en 1891 par Dickson, un assistant de Thomas Edison" data-copyright="Topical Press Agency/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="760" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Kinétoscope </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Topical Press Agency/ Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yT500483_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/cinema-aspects-generaux-les-techniques-du-cinema/#c17189"> <span class="rg">CINÉMA </span><span class="rm">(Aspects généraux) - Les techniques du cinéma</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Michel BAPTISTE</span> , <span rel="author">Pierre BRARD</span> , <span rel="author">Jean COLLET</span> , <span rel="author">Michel FAVREAU</span> et <span rel="author">Tony GAUTHIER</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">17 534 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">17 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : CIN&Eacute;MA (Aspects g&eacute;n&eacute;raux) - Les techniques du cin&eacute;ma" href="/encyclopedie/cinema-aspects-generaux-les-techniques-du-cinema/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Cinéma : montage d'un film - crédits : mixetto/ E+/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/7/csm_ph050537_cf003233f1.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...plaques de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les verres constituent un ensemble extrêmement varié de produits dont les propriétés sont innombrables. Celles-ci dépendent fortement des traitements subis, thermiques notamment.. Leur mise au point résulte aujourd'hui des progrès des connaissances théoriques sur la structure des matériaux . La caractéristique de tous les verres rencontrés est leur isotropie due à leur nature ..." title="Article : VERRE" href="/encyclopedie/verre/">verre</a>, en 1869, l'invention du film devient possible. Imitant les bandes de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Né probablement en Chine vers la fin du iii e siècle avant J.-C., le papier s'est progressivement imposé comme un indispensable support et vecteur de la pensée humaine. Ce matériau recyclable et renouvelable n'a cessé de se transformer et de s'adapter pour devenir au xx e siècle un matériau « intelligent » capable de se plier à toutes les exigences et d'investir tous les secte..." title="Article : PAPIER" href="/encyclopedie/papier/">papier</a> perforé utilisées par Reynaud dans son praxinoscope, Edison enregistre en 1890 les premières vues photographiques sur film perforé (Kinetograph). Ce film de 35 mm de largeur restera le format standard de... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/eclairage-domestique/#c17189"> <span class="rg">ÉCLAIRAGE DOMESTIQUE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Georges ZISSIS</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">8 154 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">12 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : &Eacute;CLAIRAGE DOMESTIQUE" href="/encyclopedie/eclairage-domestique/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Principe du fonctionnement de la lampe halogène - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/3/8/csm_de170318_456da6e29b.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> L’arrivée de la lampe à incandescence de l’Américain <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de THOMAS EDISON (1847-1931). On prête quelque deux mille brevets à Edison, de formation autodidacte, mais étonnamment fertile en inventions les plus diverses, qui vont du microphone au télégraphe duplex, d'une nouvelle lampe à incandescence au kinétoscope annonçant le cinématographe. Pour l'essentiel, le phonographe lui assurait déjà la célébrité.. Dans son laboratoire de..." title="Article : THOMAS EDISON (1847-1931)" href="/encyclopedie/thomas-edison/">Thomas Edison</a> (1847-1931) en 1878 permet, à partir du début du <span class="pc">xx</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, la démocratisation de l’éclairage électrique pour les particuliers. Il faut noter que, si l’histoire attribue souvent la paternité de la lampe à incandescence à Edison,... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/image-animee/#c17189"> <span class="rg">IMAGE ANIMÉE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Laurent MANNONI</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">4 390 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">6 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : IMAGE ANIM&Eacute;E" href="/encyclopedie/image-animee/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="La lanterne magique - crédits : Cinémathèque française" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/2/csm_ph180231_6a706d72ca.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> L’émergence de l’industrie des photographies animées démarre véritablement avec la présentation, en 1894, du kinétoscope de l’Américain <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de THOMAS EDISON (1847-1931). On prête quelque deux mille brevets à Edison, de formation autodidacte, mais étonnamment fertile en inventions les plus diverses, qui vont du microphone au télégraphe duplex, d'une nouvelle lampe à incandescence au kinétoscope annonçant le cinématographe. Pour l'essentiel, le phonographe lui assurait déjà la célébrité.. Dans son laboratoire de..." title="Article : THOMAS EDISON (1847-1931)" href="/encyclopedie/thomas-edison/">Thomas Edison</a>, breveté dès 1891. Il faut introduire une pièce de monnaie dans la fente de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La machine est une réalité technique qui joue un rôle dans la production, mais c'est aussi une réalité humaine et sociale qui a des effets profonds sur la vie matérielle des hommes, sur l'organisation du travail et les rapports sociaux. Ce dernier aspect alimente depuis Aristote la réflexion des philosophes dont l'attitude vis-à-vis de la machine s'est modifiée en même temps qu'évolua..." title="Article : MACHINE" href="/encyclopedie/machine/">machine</a> et se pencher sur l’œilleton placé en haut de la... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/naissance-du-cinema-parlant/"> <span class="rg">NAISSANCE DU CINÉMA PARLANT</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Joël MAGNY</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">235 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : NAISSANCE DU CIN&Eacute;MA PARLANT" href="/encyclopedie/naissance-du-cinema-parlant/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Le Chanteur de jazz - crédits : AKG-images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/3/0/csm_ph020200_6444e64026.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Inventeur du phonographe en 1877, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de THOMAS EDISON (1847-1931). On prête quelque deux mille brevets à Edison, de formation autodidacte, mais étonnamment fertile en inventions les plus diverses, qui vont du microphone au télégraphe duplex, d'une nouvelle lampe à incandescence au kinétoscope annonçant le cinématographe. Pour l'essentiel, le phonographe lui assurait déjà la célébrité.. Dans son laboratoire de..." title="Article : THOMAS EDISON (1847-1931)" href="/encyclopedie/thomas-edison/">Thomas Edison</a> tenta, dès 1894, de l'associer avec son Kinétoscope. Lors de l'Exposition universelle de 1900, Léon <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le Français Léon Gaumont (1864-1946) est un industriel établi dans le matériel photographique lorsqu'il décide de financer les travaux de Georges Demen̈y sur l' image animée . Sa secrétaire, Alice Guy , passe à la réalisation dès 1896. Fabricant de matériel, Gaumont produit des films burlesques et des saynètes comiques, des petites fictions, qui alimentent un marché naissant, tandis..." title="Article : GAUMONT" href="/encyclopedie/gaumont/">Gaumont</a> montrait de courtes scènes enregistrées, couplant électriquement phonographe et projecteur. 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