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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Termens historie</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Termens_historie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definisjon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definisjon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Definisjon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definisjon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksempler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksempler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Eksempler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksempler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_også" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_også"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Se også</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_også-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Protovitenskap</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 28 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protovetenskap" title="Protovetenskap – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Protovetenskap" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A6%D8%A9" title="علوم مبتدئة – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علوم مبتدئة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoci%C3%A8ncia" title="Protociència – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Protociència" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protov%C4%9Bda" title="Protověda – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Protověda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protowissenschaft" title="Protowissenschaft – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Protowissenschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prototeadus" title="Prototeadus – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Prototeadus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B7" title="Πρωτοεπιστήμη – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρωτοεπιστήμη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoscience" title="Protoscience – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Protoscience" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protociencia" title="Protociencia – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Protociencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prascienco" title="Prascienco – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Prascienco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozientzia" title="Protozientzia – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Protozientzia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoscience" title="Protoscience – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Protoscience" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protociencia" title="Protociencia – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Protociencia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protosains" title="Protosains – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Protosains" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoscienza" title="Protoscienza – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Protoscienza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protosains" title="Protosains – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Protosains" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protowetenschap" title="Protowetenschap – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Protowetenschap" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%83%88%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9" title="プロトサイエンス – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プロトサイエンス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonauka" title="Protonauka – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Protonauka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoci%C3%AAncia" title="Protociência – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Protociência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto%C8%99tiin%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Protoștiință – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Protoștiință" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Протонаука – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Протонаука" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoshkenca" title="Protoshkenca – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Protoshkenca" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Протонаука – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Протонаука" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esitiede" title="Esitiede – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Esitiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96nbilim" title="Önbilim – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Önbilim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Протонаука – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Протонаука" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="原科學 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="原科學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q375843#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Protovitenskap" title="Vis innholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskusjon:Protovitenskap" rel="discussion" 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hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Relaterte_endringer/Protovitenskap" rel="nofollow" title="Siste endringer i sider som blir lenket fra denne siden [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterte endringer</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=no" title="Last opp filer [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Last opp fil</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Spesialsider" title="Liste over alle spesialsider [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesialsider</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protovitenskap&oldid=21428303" title="Permanent lenke til denne versjonen av siden"><span>Permanent lenke</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protovitenskap&action=info" title="Mer informasjon om denne siden"><span>Sideinformasjon</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Protovitenskap&action=show-download-screen"><span>Last ned som PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protovitenskap&printable=yes" title="Utskriftsvennlig versjon av denne siden [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Utskriftsvennlig versjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> På andre prosjekter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Protoscience" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q375843" title="Lenke til koblet dataregisterelement [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-element</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sideverktøy"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skjul</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><p>En <b>protovitenskap</b> er et studieområde som synes å stemme overens med startfasen i den <a href="/wiki/Vitenskap" title="Vitenskap">vitenskapelige</a> metoden, altså med informasjonsinnsamling og <a href="/wiki/Hypotese" title="Hypotese">hypoteseformulering</a>, men er beheftet med <a href="/wiki/Spekulasjon" class="mw-redirect" title="Spekulasjon">spekulasjoner</a>, som foreløpig ikke er <a href="/wiki/Eksperiment" title="Eksperiment">eksperimentelt</a> <a href="/wiki/Falsifiserbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Falsifiserbar">falsifiserbare</a>, eller som foreløpig ikke er verifisert eller akseptert ved <a href="/wiki/Konsensus" title="Konsensus">konsensus</a> i forskermiljøet. En protovitenskap skiller seg fra andre typer spekulasjoner ved at dens formuleringer prøver å stemme overens med de relevante vitenskapelige fagområder, slik at eventuelt manglende falsifiserbarhet og <a href="/wiki/Verifikasjon" class="mw-disambig" title="Verifikasjon">verifikasjon</a> kan oppnås så hurtig og presist som mulig. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Termens_historie">Termens historie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protovitenskap&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Termens historie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protovitenskap&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Termens historie"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vitenskapsteori" title="Vitenskapsteori">Vitenskapsfilosofen</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a> brukte ordet først, i et essay fra 1970: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22146855">@media only screen and (min-width:840px){.mw-parser-output .aligned-right{float:right;width:20em;margin:0.5em 0 2.2em 1em;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .aligned-left{float:left;width:20em;padding-left:0em;border-left:none;border-right:solid 0.3em #eee;clear:left}}@media all{.mw-parser-output .quoted{text-align:right;font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .textbox-heading{font-weight:bold;line-height:2}}.mw-parser-output .mw-parser-output>dl:first-child dd{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;border-left:0.4em solid green;border-right:1px solid silver}.mw-parser-output .mw-parser-output>dl:first-child dd:first-child{margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0.5em;border-top:1px solid silver}.mw-parser-output .mw-parser-output>dl:first-child dd:last-child{margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0.5em;border-bottom:1px solid silver}.mw-parser-output .mw-parser-output>dl:first-child dd+dd{padding-top:0.5em}</style> </p> <blockquote class="" style=""><p><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Laquote.svg/17px-Laquote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Laquote.svg/26px-Laquote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Laquote.svg/34px-Laquote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span>...det er mange fagområder — jeg vil kalle dem protovitenskaper — hvorinnen det trekkes testbare konklusjoner, men som likevel har et utviklingsnivå som minner mer om filosofi og kunst enn om etablert vitenskap. Jeg tenker blant annet på felter som kjemi og elektrisitet før midten av det 18. århundre, eller mange av samfunnsfagene av idag. Også innen disse områdene — skjønt de tilfredsstiller demarkasjonskriteriet til Karl <a href="/wiki/Popper" class="mw-redirect" title="Popper">Popper</a> — er stadig kritikk og kontinuerlige forsøk på å få en ny start de sterkeste kreftene, og det må de nok være. Men like lite som innen filosofi og kunst resulterer dette i klar fremgang. </p><p>Jeg vil konkludere med at protovitenskapene, liksom kunst og filosofi, mangler ett eller annet element som i modne vitenskaper muliggjør klar fremgang. Dette er imidlertid ikke noe som en metodikk kan gi en oppskrift på. I motsetning til de som nå kritiserer meg — her inkluderes Lakatos — har jeg ingen terapi for å omdanne en protovitenskap til en vitenskap, og jeg tror heller ikke noe slikt finnes.<span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Raquote.svg/17px-Raquote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Raquote.svg/26px-Raquote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Raquote.svg/34px-Raquote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </p> <div class="quoted">Thomas Kuhn<br /><i>Criticism and the growth of knowledge</i> </div> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definisjon">Definisjon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protovitenskap&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Definisjon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protovitenskap&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Definisjon"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En <a href="/wiki/Definisjon" title="Definisjon">definisjon</a> av protovitenskap (og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marginalvitenskap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marginalvitenskap (ikke skrevet ennå)">marginalvitenskap</a>) kan forstås ut fra følgende tabell: <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"> </td> <td style="background-color:#F80; text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/System" class="mw-disambig" title="System">Systematisert</a> som vitenskapelig definisjon </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:middle;"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#FC0; text-align: center">Behandlet med <a href="/wiki/Vitenskapelig_metode" title="Vitenskapelig metode">vitenskapelig metode</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:middle;"> <td> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#FF0; text-align: center">Prøver å være vitenskap eller bare ser ut som vitenskap </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:middle;"> <td style="width: 10em; border: 3px solid black; margin: 1em; padding: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Overtro" class="mw-redirect" title="Overtro">Overtro</a> </td> <td style="width: 10em; border: 3px solid black; margin: 1em; padding: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Pseudovitenskap" title="Pseudovitenskap">Pseudovitenskap</a> </td> <td style="width: 10em; border: 3px solid black; margin: 1em; padding: 1em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marginalvitenskap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marginalvitenskap (ikke skrevet ennå)">Marginalvitenskap</a> </td> <td style="width: 10em; border: 3px solid black; margin: 1em; padding: 1em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Protovitenskap</a> </td> <td style="width: 10em; border: 3px solid black; margin: 1em; padding: 1em">（Mainstream）<a href="/wiki/Vitenskap" title="Vitenskap">vitenskap</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksempler">Eksempler</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protovitenskap&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksempler" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protovitenskap&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksempler"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24553676">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-Nøyaktighet plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Gnome-searchtool.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Gnome-searchtool.svg/40px-Gnome-searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Gnome-searchtool.svg/60px-Gnome-searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Gnome-searchtool.svg/80px-Gnome-searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:N%C3%B8yaktighet" title="Wikipedia:Nøyaktighet">Nøyaktighet</a>:</b> Denne artikkelens <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:N%C3%B8yaktighet" title="Wikipedia:Nøyaktighet">nøyaktighet</a> er omstridt. Opplysningene i artikkelen bør sjekkes mot kilder.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Vitenskapelig <a href="/wiki/Intuisjon" title="Intuisjon">intuisjon</a> er en protovitenskap. Det dreier seg om å oppdage nye mønstre — <i><a href="/wiki/Eureka" title="Eureka">eureka</a>-øyeblikket</i> som kan gi et gjennombrudd i en problemløsingsprosess som så starter en ny fruktbar forskningsprosess. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> utviklet sin gravitasjonsteori ved å anta at den <a href="/wiki/Gravitasjon" title="Gravitasjon">gravitasjonen</a> vi erfarer på jorden også fortsetter ut til <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A5nen" title="Månen">månen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planetene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solen" title="Solen">solen</a> og andre himmellegemer. Denne teorien var bare en kort periode en protovitenskap. Da han forsøksvis antok at kraften avtok med kvadratet på avstanden, var teorien falsifiserbar, men den ble verifisert da Newton selv fant at <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Keplers</a> lover (basert på <a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahes</a> observasjoner) stemte med hans teori. Da var det bare støtten fra det øvrige forskermiljø som gjensto for at protovitenskapen kunne bli vitenskap.<br />Anekdoten om at Newton fikk et eple i hodet, er nok en <a href="/wiki/Vandrehistorie" title="Vandrehistorie">vandrehistorie</a>. At han fikk en idé da han så et eple falle, er kanskje korrekt, men det er viktig å presisere hva slags idé han fikk. Han oppdaget selvfølgelig ikke gravitasjonen, men hvordan den lovmessig fortsetter ut i verdensrommet.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Darwins_first_tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Darwins_first_tree.jpg/250px-Darwins_first_tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Darwins_first_tree.jpg/375px-Darwins_first_tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Darwins_first_tree.jpg/500px-Darwins_first_tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>Darwins første skjematiske stamtre, 1837</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> fikk idéen om artenes utvikling under jordomseilingen med skipet <a href="/wiki/HMS_%C2%ABBeagle%C2%BB" title="HMS «Beagle»">HMS «Beagle»</a>. Han fikk fikk stadig mindre tro på at artene nødvendigvis var evige og uforanderlige, slik datidens konvensjonelle vitenskap tilsa, men at artene hadde utviklet seg fra felles stamfedre bakover i tid gjennom <a href="/wiki/Naturlig_utvalg" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturlig utvalg">naturlig utvalg</a> av individer med best egnede egenskaper for en måte å leve på.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selv om Darwins <a href="/wiki/Evolusjonsteori" title="Evolusjonsteori">evolusjonsteori</a> ble allment godtatt som den beste snart etter publiseringen i 1849, forble den lenge et teoretisk ramverk det ikke var mulig å undersøke statistisk. Det var først med gjenoppdaglsen av <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Johann_Mendel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregor Johann Mendel">Mendels</a> arvelære nesten 50 år senere at det ble mulig å gjøre virkelig matematiske undersøkelser av forholdet mellom arv, miljø og seleksjon, og med den <a href="/wiki/Nydarwinisme" title="Nydarwinisme">nydarwinismen</a> på 1940-tallet tok evousjonsstudiet steget over i en full, moderne vitenskap.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Det er vanlig å klassifisere gamle fagområder som <a href="/wiki/Astrologi" title="Astrologi">astrologi</a> og <a href="/wiki/Alkymi" title="Alkymi">alkymi</a> med termer som protovitenskap eller <a href="/wiki/Pseudovitenskap" title="Pseudovitenskap">pseudovitenskap</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_også"><span id="Se_ogs.C3.A5"></span>Se også</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protovitenskap&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Se også" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protovitenskap&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Se også"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitenskapsteori" title="Vitenskapsteori">Vitenskapsteori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiserbarhet" class="mw-redirect" title="Falsifiserbarhet">Falsifiserbarhet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patologisk_vitenskap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patologisk vitenskap (ikke skrevet ennå)">Patologisk vitenskap</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foreldede_vitenskapelige_teorier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foreldede vitenskapelige teorier (ikke skrevet ennå)">Foreldede vitenskapelige teorier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudovitenskap" title="Pseudovitenskap">Pseudovitenskap</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protovitenskap&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protovitenskap&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Kuhn: <i>Reflections on my critics.</i> I: <a href="/wiki/Imre_Lakatos" title="Imre Lakatos">Imre Lakatos</a> og A. Musgrave : <i>Criticism and the growth of knowledge.</i> Cambridge University Press, London (1974), s. 231–278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Tunstad" title="Erik Tunstad">Tunstad, Erik</a> (2009). <i>Darwins teori : evolusjon gjennom 400 år</i>. Oslo: Humanist. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9788292622537" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/9788292622537">9788292622537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AProtovitenskap&rft.au=Tunstad%2C+Erik&rft.btitle=Darwins+teori+%3A+evolusjon+gjennom+400+%C3%A5r&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9788292622537&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Humanist&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Bowler, Peter J. (2009). <i>Evolution : the history of an idea</i> (25th anniversary ed. utg.). Berkeley, California: University of California Press. s. 325–339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/0520261283" title="Spesial:Bokkilder/0520261283">0520261283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AProtovitenskap&rft.au=Bowler%2C+Peter+J.&rft.btitle=Evolution+%3A+the+history+of+an+idea&rft.date=2009&rft.edition=25th+anniversary+ed.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0520261283&rft.pages=325-339&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">CS1-vedlikehold: Ekstra tekst (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold:_Ekstra_tekst" title="Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold: Ekstra tekst">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protovitenskap&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protovitenskap&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://protoscience.wikicities.com/wiki/Main_Page">Protoscience-wiki på Wikicity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physics.syr.edu/courses/modules/PSEUDO/moller.html">Questions to help distinguish a pseudoscience from a protoscience</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120815220014/http://physics.syr.edu/courses/modules/PSEUDO/moller.html">Arkivert</a> 15. august 2012 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="ve-conditional-display-block">Autoritetsdata</div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Hentet fra «<a dir="ltr" href="https://no.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protovitenskap&oldid=21428303">https://no.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protovitenskap&oldid=21428303</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kategorier" title="Kategori:Kategorier">Kategorier</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Protovitenskap" title="Kategori:Protovitenskap">Protovitenskap</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Vitenskapsteori" title="Kategori:Vitenskapsteori">Vitenskapsteori</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Vitenskapelig_metode" title="Kategori:Vitenskapelig metode">Vitenskapelig metode</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Skjulte kategorier: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold:_Ekstra_tekst" title="Kategori:CS1-vedlikehold: Ekstra tekst">CS1-vedlikehold: Ekstra tekst</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:N%C3%B8yaktighet" title="Kategori:Nøyaktighet">Nøyaktighet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikler_uten_autoritetsdatalenker_fra_Wikidata" title="Kategori:Artikler uten autoritetsdatalenker fra Wikidata">Artikler uten autoritetsdatalenker fra Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Denne siden ble sist redigert 13. apr. 2021 kl. 17:40.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Innholdet er tilgjengelig under <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.no">Creative Commons-lisensen Navngivelse-DelPåSammeVilkår</a>, men ytterligere betingelser kan gjelde. 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