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.ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Technical plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-technical" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be too technical for most readers to understand</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding&action=edit">help improve it</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">make it understandable to non-experts</a>, without removing the technical details.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>MUSE</b> (<b>Multiple sub-Nyquist Sampling Encoding</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commercially known as <b>Hi-Vision</b> (a contraction of <b>HI</b>gh-definition tele<b>VISION</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a Japanese <a href="/wiki/Analog_high-definition_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog high-definition television system">analog high-definition television system</a>, with design efforts going back to 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It used <a href="#Real_world_performance_issues">dot-interlacing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_video_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital video compression">digital video compression</a> to deliver 1125 line, 60 field-per-second (1125i60) <sup id="cite_ref-auto1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> signals to the home. The system was standardized as <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">ITU</a>-R recommendation BO.786<sup id="cite_ref-ITU-R_BO.786_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITU-R_BO.786-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and specified by <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a> 260M,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using a <a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">colorimetry</a> matrix specified by SMPTE 240M.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with other analog systems, not all lines carry visible information. On MUSE there are 1035 active <a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">interlaced</a> lines, therefore this system is sometimes also mentioned as <i>1035i</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MUSE employed 2-dimensional filtering, dot-interlacing, <a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">motion-vector compensation</a> and line-sequential color encoding with time compression to "fold" or compress an original 30 MHz <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a> Hi-Vision source signal into just 8.1 MHz. </p><p>Japan began broadcasting wideband analog HDTV signals in December 1988,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> initially with an <a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio" title="Aspect ratio">aspect ratio</a> of 2:1. The <a href="/wiki/Sony_HDVS" title="Sony HDVS">Sony HDVS</a> <a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">high-definition video</a> system was used to create content for the MUSE system, but didn't record MUSE signals.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It recorded Hi-Vision signals which are uncompressed. By the time of its commercial launch in 1991, <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a> HDTV was already under development in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Hi-Vision MUSE was mainly broadcast by <a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a> through their <a href="/wiki/NHK#Satellite_broadcasting" title="NHK">BShi</a> satellite TV channel, although other channels such as WOWOW, TV Asahi, Fuji Television, TBS Television, Nippon Television, and TV Tokyo also broadcast in MUSE.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 20, 1994, <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a> released the first MUSE <a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a> player.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also a number of players available from other brands like <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Corporation" title="Pioneer Corporation">Pioneer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>. </p><p>Hi-Vision continued broadcasting in analog by NHK until 2007. Other channels had stopped soon after December 1, 2000 as they transitioned to digital HD signals in ISDB, Japan's digital broadcast standard.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MUSE was developed by <a href="/wiki/NHK_Science_%26_Technology_Research_Laboratories" title="NHK Science & Technology Research Laboratories">NHK Science & Technology Research Laboratories</a> in the 1980s as a compression system for Hi-Vision HDTV signals. </p> <ul><li>Japanese broadcast engineers immediately rejected conventional <a href="/wiki/Vestigial_sideband" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestigial sideband">vestigial sideband</a> broadcasting.</li> <li>It was decided early on that MUSE would be a satellite broadcast format as Japan economically supports satellite broadcasting. MUSE was transmitted at a frequency of 21 GHz<sup id="cite_ref-auto8_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 12 GHz.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ITU-R_BO.786_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITU-R_BO.786-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Modulation research</dt></dl> <ul><li>Japanese broadcast engineers had been studying the various HDTV broadcast types for some time.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was initially thought that <a href="/wiki/Super_high_frequency" title="Super high frequency">SHF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extremely_high_frequency" title="Extremely high frequency">EHF</a> or <a href="/wiki/Optic_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Optic fiber">optic fiber</a> would have to be used to transmit HDTV due to the high bandwidth of the signal, and HLO-PAL would be used for terrestrial broadcast.<sup id="cite_ref-高品位テレビジョン方式_:_規格,_信号方式と放送方式_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-高品位テレビジョン方式_:_規格,_信号方式と放送方式-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HLO-PAL is a conventionally constructed <a href="/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">composite signal</a> (based on <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}"></span> for <a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">luminance</a> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}"></span> for <a href="/wiki/Chrominance" title="Chrominance">chroma</a> like NTSC and PAL) and uses a phase alternating by line with half-line offset carrier encoding of the wideband/narrowband chroma components. Only the very lowest part of the wideband chroma component overlapped the high-frequency chroma. The narrowband chroma was completely separated from luminance. PAF, or phase alternating by field (like the first NTSC color system trial) was also experimented with, and it gave much better decoding results, but NHK abandoned all composite encoding systems. Because of the use of satellite transmission, <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">Frequency modulation</a> (FM) should be used with power-limitation problem. FM incurs triangular noise, so if a sub-carrierred composite signal is used with FM, demodulated chroma signal has more noise than luminance. Because of this, they looked <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at other options, and decided<sup id="cite_ref-高品位テレビジョン方式_:_規格,_信号方式と放送方式_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-高品位テレビジョン方式_:_規格,_信号方式と放送方式-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to use <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y/C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y/C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e396b6f89e6137c3f506ead7e9b0aed72367894f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.702ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y/C}"></span> component emission for satellite. At one point, it seemed that FCFE (Frame Conversion Fineness Enhanced), I/P conversion compression system,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> would be chosen, but MUSE was ultimately picked.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Separate transmission of <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}"></span> components was explored. The MUSE format which is transmitted today, uses separated component signalling. The improvement in picture quality was so great, that the original test systems were recalled.</li> <li>One more power saving tweak was made: lack of visual response to low frequency noise allows significant reduction in transponder power if the higher video frequencies are emphasised prior to modulation at the transmitter and de-emphasized at the receiver.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_specifications">Technical specifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Technical specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MUSE's "1125 lines" are an analog measurement, which includes non-video <a href="/wiki/Scan_line" title="Scan line">scan lines</a> taking place while a <a href="/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathode ray tube">CRT</a>'s electron beam returns to the top of the screen to begin scanning the next field. Only 1035 lines have picture information. Digital signals count only the lines (rows of pixels) that have actual detail, so NTSC's 525 lines become 486i (rounded to 480 to be MPEG compatible), PAL's 625 lines become 576i, and MUSE would be 1035i. To convert the bandwidth of Hi-Vision MUSE into "conventional" <a href="/wiki/Television_lines" title="Television lines">lines-of-horizontal resolution</a> (as is used in the NTSC world), multiply 29.9 lines per MHz of bandwidth. (NTSC and PAL/SECAM are 79.9 lines per MHz) - this calculation of 29.9 lines works for all current HD systems including Blu-ray and HD-DVD. So, for MUSE, during a still picture, the lines of resolution would be: 598-lines of luminance resolution per-picture-height. The chroma resolution is: 209-lines. The horizontal luminance measurement approximately matches the vertical resolution of a 1080 interlaced image when the <a href="/wiki/Kell_factor" title="Kell factor">Kell factor</a> and interlace factor are taken into account. 1125 lines was selected as a compromise between the resolution in lines of NTSC and PAL and then doubling this number.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MUSE employs time-compression integration (TCI) which is another term for time-division multiplexing, which is used to carry luminance, chrominance, PCM audio and sync signals on one carrier signal/in one carrier frequency. However, TCI achieves multiplexing by compression of the contents in the time dimension, in other words transmitting frames of video that are divided into regions with chrominance compressed into the left of the frame and luminance compressed into the right of the frame, which must then be expanded and layered to create a visible image.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This makes it different from NTSC which carries luminance, audio and chrominance simultaneously in several carrier frequencies.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hi-Vision signals are analog component video signals with 3 channels which were RGB initially, and later YP<sub>b</sub>P<sub>r</sub>. The Hi-Vision standard aims to work with both RGB and YP<sub>b</sub>P<sub>r</sub> signals. <sup id="cite_ref-auto6_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto10_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto10-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto11_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Key features of the MUSE system: </p> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>Scanlines (total/active): 1,125/1,035<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pixels per line (fully interpolated): 1122 (still image)/748 (moving)</li> <li>Reference clock periods: 1920 per active line<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Interlaced ratio: 2:1<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Aspect ratio 16:9<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Refresh rate: 59.94 or 60 frames per second<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sampling frequency for broadcast: 16.2 MHz</li> <li>Vector motion compensation: horizontal ± 16 samples (32.4 MHz clock) / frame, a vertical line ± 3 / Field</li> <li>Audio: "DANCE" discrete 2- or 4-channel digital audio system: 48 kHz/16 bit (2 channel <a href="/wiki/Stereophonic_sound" title="Stereophonic sound">stereo</a>: 2 front channels)/32 kHz/12 bit (4 channel <a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">surround</a>: 3 front channels + 1 back channel)</li> <li>DPCM Audio compression format: DPCM quasi-instantaneous <a href="/wiki/Companding" title="Companding">companding</a></li> <li>Required bandwidth: 27 MHz<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usable bandwidth is 1/3 of this, 9 Mhz due to the use of FM modulation for transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colorimetry">Colorimetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Colorimetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The MUSE <a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">luminance</a> signal <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}"></span> encodes <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle YM}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Y</mi> <mi>M</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle YM}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5d9ebe7347bf894aadd5dcde4a46333feace5f7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.215ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle YM}"></span>, specified as the following mix of the original RGB color channels:<sup id="cite_ref-ITU-R_BO.786_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITU-R_BO.786-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}YM=0.294\,R+0.588\,G+0.118\,B\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>Y</mi> <mi>M</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.294</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>R</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.588</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>G</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.118</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>B</mi> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}YM=0.294\,R+0.588\,G+0.118\,B\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/02467659972008912bb8efbc3a4fe595e34ff18a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:36.152ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}YM=0.294\,R+0.588\,G+0.118\,B\end{aligned}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chrominance" title="Chrominance">chrominance</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}"></span> signal encodes <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B-YM}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>B</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>Y</mi> <mi>M</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B-YM}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1451a9917fb72d0c223b420d8fc977d5c6cb3305" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:8.82ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B-YM}"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R-YM}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>Y</mi> <mi>M</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R-YM}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/51b97f4e5126a5cf3cfd9c4b593e2d0bb7577324" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:8.82ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R-YM}"></span> difference signals. By using these three signals (<i><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle YM}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Y</mi> <mi>M</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle YM}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5d9ebe7347bf894aadd5dcde4a46333feace5f7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.215ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle YM}"></span></i>, <i><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B-YM}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>B</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>Y</mi> <mi>M</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B-YM}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1451a9917fb72d0c223b420d8fc977d5c6cb3305" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:8.82ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B-YM}"></span></i> and <i><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R-YM}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>Y</mi> <mi>M</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R-YM}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/51b97f4e5126a5cf3cfd9c4b593e2d0bb7577324" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:8.82ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R-YM}"></span></i>), a MUSE receiver can retrieve the original RGB color components using the following matrix:<sup id="cite_ref-ITU-R_BO.786_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITU-R_BO.786-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\begin{bmatrix}G\\B\\R\end{bmatrix}}\ =\ {\begin{bmatrix}1&-1/5&-1/2\\1&1&0\\1&0&1\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0\\0&5/4&0\\0&0&1\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}YM\\B-YM\\R-YM\end{bmatrix}}\ =\ {\begin{bmatrix}1&-1/4&-1/2\\1&5/4&0\\1&0&1\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}YM\\B-YM\\R-YM\end{bmatrix}}\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>G</mi> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>B</mi> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>R</mi> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>=</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>5</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>5</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>Y</mi> <mi>M</mi> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>B</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>Y</mi> <mi>M</mi> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>R</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>Y</mi> <mi>M</mi> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>=</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>5</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>4</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>1</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>Y</mi> <mi>M</mi> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>B</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>Y</mi> <mi>M</mi> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>R</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>Y</mi> <mi>M</mi> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\begin{bmatrix}G\\B\\R\end{bmatrix}}\ =\ {\begin{bmatrix}1&-1/5&-1/2\\1&1&0\\1&0&1\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0\\0&5/4&0\\0&0&1\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}YM\\B-YM\\R-YM\end{bmatrix}}\ =\ {\begin{bmatrix}1&-1/4&-1/2\\1&5/4&0\\1&0&1\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}YM\\B-YM\\R-YM\end{bmatrix}}\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b3561bf3fb22c9f782702b314a9d3b0833fa7502" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.171ex; width:95.105ex; height:9.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\begin{bmatrix}G\\B\\R\end{bmatrix}}\ =\ {\begin{bmatrix}1&-1/5&-1/2\\1&1&0\\1&0&1\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0\\0&5/4&0\\0&0&1\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}YM\\B-YM\\R-YM\end{bmatrix}}\ =\ {\begin{bmatrix}1&-1/4&-1/2\\1&5/4&0\\1&0&1\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}YM\\B-YM\\R-YM\end{bmatrix}}\end{aligned}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>The system used a colorimetry matrix specified by <a href="/w/index.php?title=SMPTE_240M&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SMPTE 240M (page does not exist)">SMPTE 240M</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto5_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto4_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (with coefficients corresponding to the SMPTE RP 145 primaries, also known as <a href="/wiki/SMPTE-C" class="mw-redirect" title="SMPTE-C">SMPTE-C</a>, in use at the time the standard was created).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chromaticity of the primary colors and white point are:<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto5_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>MUSE colorimetry (SMPTE 240M / SMPTE "C") </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Primaries</th> <th colspan="2">CIE 1931 coordinates </th></tr> <tr> <th>x </th> <th>y </th></tr> <tr> <td>Red</td> <td>0.630</td> <td>0.340 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Green</td> <td>0.310</td> <td>0.595 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Blue</td> <td>0.155</td> <td>0.070 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_point" title="White point">White Point</a> <a href="/wiki/Illuminant_D65" class="mw-redirect" title="Illuminant D65">D65</a></td> <td>0.3127</td> <td>0.3290 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The luma (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle EY}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mi>Y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle EY}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6d42c02bf52fb8d93b2ef696dc59b5a04bcba413" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.549ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle EY}"></span>) function is specified as:<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}EY=0.212\,ER+0.701\,EG+0.087\,EB\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>E</mi> <mi>Y</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.212</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>E</mi> <mi>R</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.701</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>E</mi> <mi>G</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0.087</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>E</mi> <mi>B</mi> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}EY=0.212\,ER+0.701\,EG+0.087\,EB\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6d0a008566ac3eb31b3a5e7c3aa5d068c201e2db" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:40.813ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}EY=0.212\,ER+0.701\,EG+0.087\,EB\end{aligned}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>The blue color difference (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle EPB}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mi>P</mi> <mi>B</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle EPB}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5266562fca4d9f83e54eabcd1a5546107a4efbed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.285ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle EPB}"></span>) is amplitude-scaled (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle EB-EY}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mi>B</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>E</mi> <mi>Y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle EB-EY}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a8d5472aaeb62cde86ba564f8810643a7529272a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:9.929ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle EB-EY}"></span>), according to:<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}EPB=1.826\,(EB-EY)\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>E</mi> <mi>P</mi> <mi>B</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1.826</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>E</mi> <mi>B</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>E</mi> <mi>Y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}EPB=1.826\,(EB-EY)\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/72cadd8c5a07fe952bfacb4f32a5e3877c2207c3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.557ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}EPB=1.826\,(EB-EY)\end{aligned}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>The red color difference (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle EPR}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mi>P</mi> <mi>R</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle EPR}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9c60d3ef09eeeb87be1e4aa8d18daa7e6ced68f2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.285ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle EPR}"></span>) is amplitude-scaled (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ER-EY}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mi>R</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>E</mi> <mi>Y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ER-EY}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9237497de17a2597313eda5a9f7f1565005ce54e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:9.929ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ER-EY}"></span>), according to:<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}EPR=1.576\,(ER-EY)\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <mi>E</mi> <mi>P</mi> <mi>R</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1.576</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>E</mi> <mi>R</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>E</mi> <mi>Y</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}EPR=1.576\,(ER-EY)\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/637e4af008447dfdbcb3679fb5d733901f25189e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.557ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}EPR=1.576\,(ER-EY)\end{aligned}}}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signal_and_Transmission">Signal and Transmission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Signal and Transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MUSE is a 1125 line system (1035 visible), and is not pulse and sync compatible with the digital 1080 line system used by modern HDTV. Originally, it was a 1125 line, interlaced, 60 Hz, system with a 5:3<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1.66:1) aspect ratio and an optimal viewing distance of roughly 3.3H. In 1989 this was changed to a 16:9 aspect ratio.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For terrestrial MUSE transmission a bandwidth limited FM system was devised. A satellite transmission system uses uncompressed FM. </p><p>Before MUSE compression, the Hi- Vision signal bandwidth is reduced from 30 MHz for luminance and chrominance to a pre-compression bandwidth <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}"></span> of 20 MHz for luminance, and a pre-compression bandwidth for chrominance is a 7.425 MHz carrier. </p><p>The Japanese initially explored the idea of frequency modulation of a conventionally constructed composite signal. This would create a signal similar in structure to the <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y/C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y/C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e396b6f89e6137c3f506ead7e9b0aed72367894f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.702ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y/C}"></span> <a href="/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">composite video</a> NTSC signal - with the <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}"></span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">luminance</a></i>) at the lower frequencies and the <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}"></span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Chrominance" title="Chrominance">chrominance</a></i>) above. Approximately 3 kW of power would be required, in order to get 40 dB of <a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">signal to noise</a> ratio for a composite FM signal in the 22 GHz band. This was incompatible with satellite broadcast techniques and bandwidth. </p><p>To overcome this limitation, it was decided to use a separate transmission of <a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}"></span></a> and <a href="/wiki/Chrominance" title="Chrominance"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}"></span></a>. This reduces the effective frequency range and lowers the required power. Approximately 570 W (360 for <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}"></span> and 210 for <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}"></span>) would be needed in order to get a 40 dB of signal to noise ratio for a separate <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y/C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Y</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y/C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e396b6f89e6137c3f506ead7e9b0aed72367894f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.702ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y/C}"></span> FM signal in the 22 GHz satellite band. This was feasible. </p><p>There is one more power saving that appears from the character of the human eye. The lack of visual response to low frequency noise allows significant reduction in transponder power if the higher video frequencies are emphasized prior to modulation at the transmitter and then de-emphasized at the receiver. This method was adopted, with crossover frequencies for the emphasis/de-emphasis at 5.2 MHz for <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}"></span> and 1.6 MHz for <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}"></span>. With this in place, the power requirements drop to 260 W of power (190 for <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}"></span> and 69 for <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4fc55753007cd3c18576f7933f6f089196732029" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.766ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C}"></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sampling_systems_and_ratios">Sampling systems and ratios</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sampling systems and ratios"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chroma_subsampling" title="Chroma subsampling">Chroma subsampling</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chroma_subsampling" title="Chroma subsampling">subsampling</a> in a video system is usually expressed as a three part ratio. The three terms of the ratio are: the number of brightness (luma) <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}"></span> <a href="/wiki/Sample_(signal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample (signal)">samples</a>, followed by the number of samples of the two color (chroma) components <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Cb}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> <mi>b</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Cb}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3c45298fbc65e15aeda67cbf90616a4e025bc38c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Cb}"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Cr}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> <mi>r</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Cr}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0f2b7537af8a847a8683faa9494ce861756bed8c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.815ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Cr}"></span>, for each complete sample area. Traditionally the value for brightness is always 4, with the rest of the values scaled accordingly. </p><p>A sampling of 4:4:4 indicates that all three components are fully sampled. A sampling of 4:2:0, for example, indicated that the two chroma components are sampled at half the horizontal sample rate of luma - the horizontal chroma resolution is halved. This reduces the bandwidth of an uncompressed video signal by one-third. </p><p>MUSE implements a similar system as a means of reducing bandwidth, but instead of static sampling, the actual ratio varies according to the amount of motion on the screen. In practice, MUSE sampling will vary from approximately 4:2:1 to 4:0.5:0.25, depending on the amount of movement. Thus the red-green chroma component <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Cr}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> <mi>r</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Cr}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0f2b7537af8a847a8683faa9494ce861756bed8c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.815ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Cr}"></span> has between one-half and one-eighth the sampling resolution of the luma component <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Y</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/961d67d6b454b4df2301ac571808a3538b3a6d3f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:1.773ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y}"></span>, and the blue-yellow chroma <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Cb}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> <mi>b</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Cb}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3c45298fbc65e15aeda67cbf90616a4e025bc38c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Cb}"></span> has half the resolution of red-green. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Audio_subsystem">Audio subsystem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Audio subsystem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MUSE had a discrete 2- or 4-channel digital audio system called "<b>DANCE</b>", which stood for <b>Digital Audio Near-instantaneous Compression and Expansion</b>. </p><p>It used differential audio transmission (<a href="/wiki/Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">differential pulse-code modulation</a>) that was not psychoacoustics-based like <a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Layer_II" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-1 Layer II">MPEG-1 Layer II</a>. It used a fixed transmission rate of 1350 kbp/s. Like the PAL <a href="/wiki/NICAM" title="NICAM">NICAM</a> stereo system, it used <a href="/wiki/Companding" title="Companding">near-instantaneous companding</a> (as opposed to Syllabic-companding like the <a href="/wiki/Dbx_(noise_reduction)" title="Dbx (noise reduction)">dbx</a> system uses) and non-linear 13-bit digital encoding at a 32 kHz <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)" title="Sampling (signal processing)">sample rate</a>. </p><p>It could also operate in a 48 kHz 16-bit mode. The DANCE system was well documented in numerous NHK technical papers and in a NHK-published book issued in the USA called <i>Hi-Vision Technology</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The DANCE audio codec was superseded by Dolby AC-3 (a.k.a. <a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">Dolby Digital</a>), <a href="/wiki/DTS_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (company)">DTS Coherent Acoustics</a> (a.k.a. DTS Zeta 6x20 or ARTEC), <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MPEG-1 Layer III</a> (a.k.a. MP3), MPEG-2 Layer I, <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">MPEG-4 AAC</a> and many other audio coders. The methods of this codec are described in the IEEE paper:<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Real_world_performance_issues">Real world performance issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Real world performance issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike traditional, interlaced video where interlacing is done on a line by line basis, showing either odd or even lines of video at any one time, thus requiring 2 fields of video to complete a video frame, MUSE used a four-field dot-interlacing<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto6_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto12_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto12-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cycle, meaning it took four fields to complete a single MUSE frame,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and dot interlacing is interlacing that was done on a pixel by pixel basis, dividing both horizontal and vertical resolution by half to create each field of video, and not in a line by line basis as in traditional interlaced video which reduces only the vertical resolution to create each video field. Thus, in MUSE, only stationary images were transmitted at full resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto12_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto12-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as MUSE lowers the horizontal and vertical resolution of material that varies greatly from frame to frame, moving images were blurred. Because MUSE used motion-compensation, whole camera pans maintained full resolution, but individual moving elements could be reduced to only a quarter of the full frame resolution. Because the mix between motion and non-motion was encoded on a pixel-by-pixel basis, it wasn't as visible as most would think. Later, NHK came up with backwards compatible methods of MUSE encoding/decoding that greatly increased resolution in moving areas of the image as well as increasing the chroma resolution during motion. This so-called MUSE-III system was used for broadcasts starting in 1995 and a very few of the last Hi-Vision MUSE LaserDiscs used it (<i><a href="/wiki/A_River_Runs_Through_It_(film)" title="A River Runs Through It (film)">A River Runs Through It</a></i> is one Hi-Vision LD that used it). During early demonstrations of the MUSE system, complaints were common about the decoder's large size, which led to the creation of a miniaturized decoder.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shadows and multipath still plague this analog frequency modulated transmission mode. </p><p>Japan has since switched to a digital HDTV system based on <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting">ISDB</a>, but the original MUSE-based <a href="/wiki/Yuri_(satellite)" title="Yuri (satellite)">BS Satellite</a> channel 9 (NHK BS Hi-vision) was broadcast until September 30, 2007. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_and_geopolitical_impacts">Cultural and geopolitical impacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cultural and geopolitical impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Internal reasons inside Japan that led to the creation of Hi-Vision</dt></dl> <ul><li>(1940s): The NTSC standard (as a 525 line monochrome system) was imposed by the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">US occupation</a> forces.</li> <li>(1950s-1960s): Unlike Canada (that could have switched to PAL), Japan was stuck with the US TV transmission standard regardless of circumstances.</li> <li>(1960s-1970s): By the late 1960s many parts of the modern Japanese electronics industry had gotten their start by fixing the transmission and storage problems inherent with NTSC's design.</li> <li>(1970s-1980s): By the 1980s there was spare engineering talent available in Japan that could design a better television system.</li></ul> <p>MUSE, as the US public came to know it, was initially covered in the magazine <a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a> in the mid-1980s. The US television networks did not provide much coverage of MUSE until the late 1980s, as there were few public demonstrations of the system outside Japan. </p><p>Because Japan had its own domestic frequency allocation tables (that were more open to the deployment of MUSE) it became possible for this television system to be transmitted by <a href="/wiki/Ku_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Ku Band">Ku Band</a> satellite technology by the end of the 1980s. </p><p>The US FCC in the late 1980s began to issue directives that would allow MUSE to be tested in the US, providing it could be fit into a 6 MHz <i><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_M" title="CCIR System M">System-M</a></i> channel. </p><p>The Europeans (in the form of the <a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">European Broadcasting Union</a> (EBU)) were impressed with MUSE, but could never adopt it because it is a 60 Hz TV system, not a 50 Hz system that is standard in Europe and the rest of the world (outside the Americas and Japan). </p><p>The EBU development and deployment of <a href="/wiki/B-MAC" title="B-MAC">B-MAC</a>, <a href="/wiki/D-MAC" title="D-MAC">D-MAC</a> and much later on <a href="/wiki/HD-MAC" title="HD-MAC">HD-MAC</a> were made possible by Hi-Vision's technical success. In many ways MAC transmission systems are better than MUSE because of the total separation of <a href="/wiki/Chrominance" title="Chrominance">colour</a> from <a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">brightness</a> in the time domain within the MAC signal structure. </p><p>Like Hi-Vision, HD-MAC could not be transmitted in 8 MHz channels without substantial modification – and a severe loss of quality and frame rate. A 6 MHz version Hi-Vision was experimented with in the US,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it too had severe quality problems so the FCC never fully sanctioned its use as a domestic terrestrial television transmission standard. </p><p>The US <a href="/wiki/ATSC" class="mw-redirect" title="ATSC">ATSC</a> working group that had led to the creation of NTSC in the 1950s was reactivated in the early 1990s because of Hi-Vision's success. Many aspects of the DVB standard are based on work done by the ATSC working group, however most of the impact is in support for 60 Hz (as well as 24 Hz for film transmission) and uniform sampling rates and interoperable screen sizes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Device_support_for_Hi-Vision">Device support for Hi-Vision</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Device support for Hi-Vision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hi-Vision_LaserDiscs">Hi-Vision LaserDiscs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hi-Vision LaserDiscs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On May 20, 1994, Panasonic released the first MUSE LaserDisc player.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were a number of MUSE <a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a> players available in Japan: Pioneer HLD-XØ, HLD-X9, HLD-1000, HLD-V500, HLD-V700; Sony HIL-1000, HIL-C1 and HIL-C2EX; the last two of which have OEM versions made by Panasonic, LX-HD10 and LX-HD20. Players also supported standard NTSC LaserDiscs. Hi-Vision LaserDiscs are extremely rare and expensive.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The HDL-5800 Video Disc Recorder recorded both high definition still images and continuous video onto an optical disc and was part of the early analog wideband <a href="/wiki/Sony_HDVS" title="Sony HDVS">Sony HDVS</a> <a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">high-definition video</a> system which supported the MUSE system. Capable of recording HD still images and video onto either the WHD-3AL0 or the WHD-33A0 optical disc; WHD-3Al0 for CLV mode (up to 10 minute video or 18,000 still frames per side); WHD-33A0 for CAV mode (up to 3 minute video or 5400 still frames per side).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These video discs were used for short video content such as advertisements and product demonstrations.<sup id="cite_ref-auto9_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto9-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The HDL-2000 was a full band high definition video disc player.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reel_to_reel_VTRs">Reel to reel VTRs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reel to reel VTRs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Analog_VTRs">Analog VTRs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Analog VTRs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For recording Hi-Vision signals, Three reel to reel analog VTRs were released, among them are the Sony HDV-1000 part of their HDVS line, the NEC TT 8-1000<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Toshiba TVR-1000.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These analog VTRs had a head drum angular speed of 3600 RPM and are similar to Type C VTRs. They output a video bandwidth of 30 MHz for luma and 7 MHz for both chroma channels each, with a signal to noise ratio of 41 dB. They accept luma and chroma signals with video bandwidths of up to 30 MHz for both. Video bandwidth is measured before FM modulation. Signals are recorded onto the tape using FM modulation. </p><p>Linear tape speed is 483.1 mm/s and writing speed at the heads is 25.9 m/s. The head drum is 134.5 mm wide and has 4 video record heads, 4 video playback heads and 1 video erasing head. It could record for 45 minutes on 10.5 inch reels. These machines, unlike conventional type C VTRs, are incapable of showing images while paused or playing the tape at low speeds. However they may be equipped with a frame store to capture images and display them while fast forwarding or rewinding the tape. </p><p>The video heads are made of Mn-Zn ferrite material, those used for recording have a gap of 0.7 microns and a width of 80 microns and those for playback have a gap of 0.35 microns and a width of 70 microns. It records audio on 3 linear tracks, and control signals on a linear track. Unlike conventional type C videotape recorders, Vertical Blanking Intervals are not recorded on the tape. Helical tracks have groups of 4 signals or channels, arranged side by side and length-wise with red chrominance, blue chrominance, and two green chrominance signals with luminance information. Two tracks for green chrominance plus luminance are used to increase the bandwidth of these signals that can be recorded on the tape. Each of these 4 signals have a video bandwidth of 10 MHz. </p><p>The VTR uses Iron metal oxide tape with cobalt for high coercivity, with capacity for 40 MHz of bandwidth at a head drum speed of 3600 RPM, which is sufficient for applying FM modulation to 10 MHz signals. To record 4 channels simultaneously in a single helical track, a separate, independent video head is required for each channel, and 4 video heads are grouped together which make a single helical track with 4 channels.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto6_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto9_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto9-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto10_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto10-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Digital_VTRs">Digital VTRs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Digital VTRs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1987, technical standards for digital recording of Hi-Vision signals were released by NHK, and Sony developed the HDD-1000 VTR as part of their HDVS line, and Hitachi developed the HV-1200 digital reel to reel VTR. Audio is recorded digitally similarly to a DASH (<a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Stationary_Head" title="Digital Audio Stationary Head">Digital Audio Stationary Head</a>) digital audio recorder, but several changes were made to synchronize the audio to the video. These digital VTRs can record 8 channels of digital audio on linear tracks (horizontally along the entire length of the tape). </p><p>According to the standards, these VTRs operate with a head drum speed of 7200 RPM to accommodate the higher signal bandwidths of digital signal modulation on the tape which is also accommodated with the use of metal alloy particle tape, have a bit rate of 148.5 Mbit/s per video head, a linear tape speed of 805.2 mm/s and a writing speed at the heads of 51.5 m/s, are similar to Type C VTRs, have a head drum 135mm wide, 8 video playback, 8 video recording and 2 video erase heads, with 37 micron wide helical tracks. Output signal bandwidth is 30 Mhz of video bandwidth for luma (Y) and 15 Mhz of video bandwidth for chroma (P<sub>b</sub>, P<sub>r</sub>). </p><p>Audio is recorded with a sampling rate of 48 kHz stored at 16 bits per sample in linear tape tracks, sampling rate for luma is 74.25 Mhz and 37.125 Mhz for chroma stored at 8 bits per sample. Signal to noise ratio is 56 dB for chroma and luma. Video fields are divided into 16 helical tracks on the tape. Total video bandwidth is 1.188 gigabits/s. Cue signals are recorded into 3 linear tape tracks. Video is recorded in groups of 4 tracks or channels, which are side by side length-wise within each helical track, to allow for parallelization: high total data rates with relatively low data rates per head, and reduce the linear tape speed.<sup id="cite_ref-auto9_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto9-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto7_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto11_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto11-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Digital video signals are recorded line by line (1 row of pixels in every frame of video or 1 line of video at a time) with ECC (Error Correcting Code) at the end of each line and in between a number of vertical lines. Reed-Solomon code is used for ECC and each line also has an ID number for trick play such as slow motion and picture search/shuttle.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Displays">Displays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Displays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hi-Vision requires a display capable of handling 30 Mhz of video bandwidth simultaneously for each of the component video channels: R, G, B or Y, P<sub>b</sub> and P<sub>r</sub>. It was displayed on direct view color CRTs and CRT projectors, and plasma displays and Talaria projectors were explored to determine their ability to display Hi-Vision images.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto8_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some TVs have built in MUSE decoders.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cameras">Cameras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cameras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cameras based on Saticon tubes, Plumbicon tubes, <a href="/wiki/Video_camera_tube#Saticon_(1973)" title="Video camera tube">Harpicon tubes</a> and CCD image sensors were used to capture footage using the Hi-Vision format.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto8_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A prototype based on Vidicon tubes was also created.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MUSE_decoders">MUSE decoders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: MUSE decoders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A MUSE decoder is required for receiving MUSE broadcasts from satellites, and for viewing content in the MUSE format. The decoder converts MUSE format signals into Hi-Vision component video signals that can then be shown in a display.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_14-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_cassettes">Video cassettes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Video cassettes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/W-VHS" title="W-VHS">W-VHS</a> allowed home recording of Hi-Vision programmes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="UniHi">UniHi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: UniHi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For recording Hi-Vision video signals, NHK and 10 Japanese companies ("NEC, Matsushita Electric Industrial, Toshiba, Sharp, Sony, Hitachi, Sanyo Electric, JVC, Mitsubishi Electric, Canon")<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1989 released UniHi, a professional videocassette format.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recorders for the format were manufactured by Panasonic, Sony, NEC,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Toshiba.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These machines were less expensive than their Type C counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both studio and portable versions were made. </p><p>The head drum spins at 5400 RPM and uses tape that is 12.65 mm wide. It has a luminance (Y) bandwidth of 20 MHz and a chrominance (P<sub>b</sub>, P<sub>r</sub>) bandwidth of 7 MHz for video output. Video is recorded in analog form. The head drum is 76mm wide. It uses two video heads with azimuth recording and records each frame of video into 12 helical tracks; only 6 tracks are necessary for each video field if recording interlaced video.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_14-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Audio is recorded digitally as a PCM signal, as a section on the helical tracks. Writing speed at the heads is 21.4 m/s. </p><p>The tape also has 3 linear tracks, one for audio, control and time code each. Signal to noise ratio for luminance is 41 dB and for chrominance it is 47 dB. The tape is wrapped 180° around the head drum. Development began in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-auto9_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto9-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It uses metal particle tape.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It could record video for 1 hour (63 minutes).<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_14-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto7_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linear tape speed is 120 mm/s.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_14-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cassette measures 205mm (width) x 121mm (depth) x 25mm (height). Signals are recorded using time-compression integration, in groups of two signals length-wise on each helical track. Grouping is used to increase the bandwidth that can be recorded on the tape. The cassette is intented to be air-tight with two flaps in the cassette's opening to protect the tape.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_14-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This videocassette format was developed in order to reduce the size of HD recording equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-auto9_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto9-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sony version of the UniHi VTR, the HDV-10, had a price of over 90,000 US dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analog_high-definition_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog high-definition television system">Analog high-definition television system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD-MAC" title="HD-MAC">HD-MAC</a>, a planned high-definition analog video standard in Europe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear-Vision" title="Clear-Vision">Clear-Vision</a></li></ul> <p>The analog TV systems these systems were meant to replace: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a></li></ul> <p>Related standards: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NICAM" title="NICAM">NICAM</a>-like audio coding is used in the HD-MAC system.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chroma_subsampling" title="Chroma subsampling">Chroma subsampling</a> in TV indicated as 4:2:2, 4:1:1 etc...</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB" title="ISDB">ISDB</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation 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.cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbnst.nii.ac.jp/english/detail/3">"DBNSTJ : Realization of High-Definition Television by MUSE System"</a>. <i>dbnst.nii.ac.jp</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dbnst.nii.ac.jp&rft.atitle=DBNSTJ+%3A+Realization+of+High-Definition+Television+by+MUSE+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdbnst.nii.ac.jp%2Fenglish%2Fdetail%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple+sub-Nyquist+sampling+encoding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCianci2014" class="citation book cs1">Cianci, Philip J. (January 10, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0mbsfr38GTgC&q=sony+hdvs+hi+vision&pg=PA321"><i>High Definition Television: The Creation, Development and Implementation of HDTV Technology</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786487974" title="Special:BookSources/9780786487974"><bdi>9780786487974</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Definition+Television%3A+The+Creation%2C+Development+and+Implementation+of+HDTV+Technology&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014-01-10&rft.isbn=9780786487974&rft.aulast=Cianci&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0mbsfr38GTgC%26q%3Dsony%2Bhdvs%2Bhi%2Bvision%26pg%3DPA321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple+sub-Nyquist+sampling+encoding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITU-R_BO.786-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ITU-R_BO.786_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ITU-R_BO.786_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ITU-R_BO.786_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ITU-R_BO.786_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-r/rec/bo/R-REC-BO.786-0-199203-W!!PDF-E.pdf">"MUSE system for HDTV broadcasting-satellite services"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Telecommunication Union. 1992. ITU-R BO.786.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MUSE+system+for+HDTV+broadcasting-satellite+services&rft.pub=International+Telecommunication+Union&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fdms_pubrec%2Fitu-r%2Frec%2Fbo%2FR-REC-BO.786-0-199203-W%21%21PDF-E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple+sub-Nyquist+sampling+encoding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220131084402/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7291461/references#references">"ST 240:1999 - SMPTE Standard - For Television — 1125-Line High-Definition Production Systems — Signal Parameters"</a>. <i>St 240:1999</i>: 1–7. November 30, 1999. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5594%2FSMPTE.ST240.1999">10.5594/SMPTE.ST240.1999</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61482-389-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61482-389-6"><bdi>978-1-61482-389-6</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LaserDisc+UK+Web+Site&rft.atitle=MUSE+HI-DEF+LaserDisc+Players&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laserdiscarchive.co.uk%2Flaserdisc_archive%2Fmuse_high_def_ld%2FMuse_high_def_ld.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple+sub-Nyquist+sampling+encoding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000058641.pdf">"MUSE方式アナログハイビジョン終了の経緯"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MUSE%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%93%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E7%B5%82%E4%BA%86%E3%81%AE%E7%B5%8C%E7%B7%AF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.soumu.go.jp%2Fmain_content%2F000058641.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple+sub-Nyquist+sampling+encoding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto8-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF西澤1993" class="citation journal cs1">西澤, 台次 (September 10, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/photogrst1964/56/4/56_4_309/_article/-char/ja/">"ハイビジョンとその動向"</a>. <i>日本写真学会誌</i>. <b>56</b> (4): 309–317. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11454%2Fphotogrst1964.56.309">10.11454/photogrst1964.56.309</a> – via J-Stage.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%86%99%E7%9C%9F%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A%E8%AA%8C&rft.atitle=%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%93%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%81%A8%E3%81%9D%E3%81%AE%E5%8B%95%E5%90%91&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=309-317&rft.date=1993-09-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11454%2Fphotogrst1964.56.309&rft.aulast=%E8%A5%BF%E6%BE%A4&rft.aufirst=%E5%8F%B0%E6%AC%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fphotogrst1964%2F56%2F4%2F56_4_309%2F_article%2F-char%2Fja%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple+sub-Nyquist+sampling+encoding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto6-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_14-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_14-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_14-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_14-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_14-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_14-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oZDkBwAAQBAJ&q=High+Definition+Television+Hi+Vision+Technology"><i>High Definition Television: Hi-Vision Technology</i></a>. 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Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-442-00798-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-442-00798-1"><bdi>0-442-00798-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Definition+Television+-+Hi+Vision+Technology&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-442-00798-1&rft.au=NHK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhigh-definition-television-hi-vision-technology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple+sub-Nyquist+sampling+encoding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaganawaHoriYanaseItoh1991" class="citation journal cs1">Naganawa, K.; Hori, Y.; Yanase, S.; Itoh, N.; Asano, Y. (August 19, 1991). "A single-chip audio signal processor for HDTV receiver". <i>IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics</i>. <b>37</b> (3): 677–683. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F30.85585">10.1109/30.85585</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62603128">62603128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Consumer+Electronics&rft.atitle=A+single-chip+audio+signal+processor+for+HDTV+receiver&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=677-683&rft.date=1991-08-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F30.85585&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A62603128%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Naganawa&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Hori%2C+Y.&rft.au=Yanase%2C+S.&rft.au=Itoh%2C+N.&rft.au=Asano%2C+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple+sub-Nyquist+sampling+encoding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XahPAAAAYAAJ&q=dot+interlacing+hi+vision">"NEC Research & Development"</a>. Nippon Electric Company. September 17, 1990 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NEC+Research+%26+Development&rft.pub=Nippon+Electric+Company&rft.date=1990-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXahPAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Ddot%2Binterlacing%2Bhi%2Bvision&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple+sub-Nyquist+sampling+encoding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1eW5AAAAIAAJ&q=%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9+muse"><i>ニューメディア用語辞典</i></a>. 日本放送出版協会. September 17, 1988. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-14-011046-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-14-011046-1"><bdi>978-4-14-011046-1</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A1%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8&rft.pub=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%94%BE%E9%80%81%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E5%8D%94%E4%BC%9A&rft.date=1988-09-17&rft.isbn=978-4-14-011046-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1eW5AAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%25E3%2582%25A4%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2582%25BF%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25AC%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2582%25B9%2Bmuse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple+sub-Nyquist+sampling+encoding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto12-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto12_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto12_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/JP2517652B2/ja">"帯域圧縮テレビジョン信号の受信装置"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%B8%AF%E5%9F%9F%E5%9C%A7%E7%B8%AE%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%83%93%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7%E3%81%AE%E5%8F%97%E4%BF%A1%E8%A3%85%E7%BD%AE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FJP2517652B2%2Fja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple+sub-Nyquist+sampling+encoding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF中川1986" class="citation journal cs1">中川, 一三夫 (September 17, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/itej1978/40/11/40_11_1126/_article/-char/ja">"Muse方式高品位テレビ信号の周波数解析"</a>. <i>テレビジョン学会誌</i>. <b>40</b> (11): 1126–1132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3169%2Fitej1978.40.1126">10.3169/itej1978.40.1126</a> – via J-Stage.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%83%93%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A%E8%AA%8C&rft.atitle=Muse%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F%E9%AB%98%E5%93%81%E4%BD%8D%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%83%93%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7%E3%81%AE%E5%91%A8%E6%B3%A2%E6%95%B0%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1126-1132&rft.date=1986-09-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3169%2Fitej1978.40.1126&rft.aulast=%E4%B8%AD%E5%B7%9D&rft.aufirst=%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%89%E5%A4%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fitej1978%2F40%2F11%2F40_11_1126%2F_article%2F-char%2Fja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple+sub-Nyquist+sampling+encoding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x2E0AQAAIAAJ&q=muse+%E3%83%89%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9"><i>情報通信年鑑</i></a>. 情報通信総合研究所. 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class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOba1991" class="citation journal cs1">Oba, Yoshinobu (September 10, 1991). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jmsjmag/15/S_2_PMRC_91/15_S_2_PMRC_91_S2_809/_article/-char/ja/">"The State-of-the-Art and the Future Development of Hi-Vision Vtr"</a></span>. <i>日本応用磁気学会誌</i>. <b>15</b> (S_2_PMRC_91): S2_809–814. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3379%2Fjmsjmag.15.S2_809">10.3379/jmsjmag.15.S2_809</a> – via 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Daiichi Hōki. 1992.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ky%C5%8Diku+to+j%C5%8Dh%C5%8D&rft.pub=Daiichi+H%C5%8Dki&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcWuy7PCcZiQC%26q%3Dhv-8900%2Bhitachi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple+sub-Nyquist+sampling+encoding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d_pDAQAAIAAJ&q=hv-8900+unihi"><i>Course Notes: SIGGRAPH 1995, 22nd International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, Los Angeles Convention Center, Los Angeles, California, USA, Conference, 6-11 August 1995, Exhibition, 8-10 August 1995</i></a>. 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href="https://archive.org/details/panasonic-hdtv-au-hd-1500-uni-hi-brochure/page/n1/mode/2up">"Panasonic HDTV AU-HD1500 UniHi Brochure"</a>. 1992.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Panasonic+HDTV+AU-HD1500+UniHi+Brochure&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpanasonic-hdtv-au-hd-1500-uni-hi-brochure%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple+sub-Nyquist+sampling+encoding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF角井1991" class="citation journal cs1">角井, 良治 (September 10, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/itej1978/45/10/45_10_1289/_article/-char/ja/">"ハイビジョンvtrの規格 (ii)"</a>. <i>テレビジョン学会誌</i>. <b>45</b> (10): 1289–1290. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3169%2Fitej1978.45.1289">10.3169/itej1978.45.1289</a> – via J-Stage.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%83%93%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A%E8%AA%8C&rft.atitle=%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%93%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3vtr%E3%81%AE%E8%A6%8F%E6%A0%BC+%28ii%29&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1289-1290&rft.date=1991-09-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3169%2Fitej1978.45.1289&rft.aulast=%E8%A7%92%E4%BA%95&rft.aufirst=%E8%89%AF%E6%B2%BB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fitej1978%2F45%2F10%2F45_10_1289%2F_article%2F-char%2Fja%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple+sub-Nyquist+sampling+encoding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span 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class="citation journal cs1">佐々木, 清志 (September 10, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/itej1978/50/2/50_2_192/_article/-char/ja/">"3. ハイビジョンvtr"</a>. <i>テレビジョン学会誌</i>. <b>50</b> (2): 192–194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3169%2Fitej1978.50.192">10.3169/itej1978.50.192</a> – via J-Stage.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%83%93%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A%E8%AA%8C&rft.atitle=3.+%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%93%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3vtr&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=192-194&rft.date=1996-09-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3169%2Fitej1978.50.192&rft.aulast=%E4%BD%90%E3%80%85%E6%9C%A8&rft.aufirst=%E6%B8%85%E5%BF%97&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fitej1978%2F50%2F2%2F50_2_192%2F_article%2F-char%2Fja%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiple+sub-Nyquist+sampling+encoding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laserdiscarchive.co.uk/laserdisc_archive/panasonic/panasonic_lx-hd20/panasonic_lx-hd20.htm">Example of an early MUSE LaserDisc player</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ura.caldc.com/stannum/hivision.html">Hi-Vision, MUSE, and the Optical Disc</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_formats" title="Template:Video formats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_formats" title="Template talk:Video formats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_formats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video formats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Broadcast_video_formats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">Broadcast video formats</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Television" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Television</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/405-line_television_system" title="405-line television system">405 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_A" title="CCIR System A">System A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/525_lines" title="525 lines">525 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_M" title="CCIR System M">System M</a> (Color systems: <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>, <a href="/wiki/NTSC-J" title="NTSC-J">NTSC-J</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clear-Vision" title="Clear-Vision">Clear-Vision</a>, <a href="/wiki/PAL-M" title="PAL-M">PAL-M</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-MAC" title="B-MAC">B-MAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/625_lines" title="625 lines">625 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_B" title="CCIR System B">System B</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_C" title="CCIR System C">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_D" title="CCIR System D">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_G" title="CCIR System G">G</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_H" title="CCIR System H">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_I" title="CCIR System I">I</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_K" title="CCIR System K">K</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_L" title="CCIR System L">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_N" title="CCIR System N">N</a> (Color systems: <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>, <a href="/wiki/PAL#PALN" title="PAL">PAL-N</a>, <a href="/wiki/PALplus" title="PALplus">PALplus</a>, <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplexed_Analogue_Components" title="Multiplexed Analogue Components">MAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/819_line" title="819 line">819 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_E" title="CCIR System E">System E</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_E#System_F" title="CCIR System E">F</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">1125 lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MUSE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">1250 lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HD-MAC" title="HD-MAC">HD-MAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Multichannel television sound">BTSC (MTS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EIAJ_MTS" title="EIAJ MTS">EIAJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NICAM" title="NICAM">NICAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_audio_program" title="Second audio program">SAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound-in-Syncs" title="Sound-in-Syncs">Sound-in-Syncs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zweikanalton" title="Zweikanalton">Zweikanalton (A2/IGR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Hidden signals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">Captioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGMS-A" title="CGMS-A">CGMS-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_program_guide" title="Electronic program guide">EPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost-canceling_reference" title="Ghost-canceling reference">GCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Delivery_Control" title="Programme Delivery Control">PDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_blanking_interval" title="Vertical blanking interval">VBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Encoded_Invisible_Light" title="Video Encoded Invisible Light">VEIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIT_signals" title="VIT signals">VIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_interval_timecode" title="Vertical interval timecode">VITC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widescreen_signaling" title="Widescreen signaling">WSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Data_Services" title="Extended Data Services">XDS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_systems_before_1940" title="Television systems before 1940">Pre-1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_television" title="Mechanical television">Mechanical television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/180-line_television_system" title="180-line television system">180-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/343-line_television_system" title="343-line television system">343-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/375-line_television_system" title="375-line television system">375-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/441-line_television_system" title="441-line television system">441-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/455-line_television_system" title="455-line television system">455-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/567-line_television_system" title="567-line television system">567-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-sequential_color_system" title="Field-sequential color system">Field-sequential color system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Television#OSKM" title="Soviet Central Television">OSKM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">Digital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">Interlaced</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard-definition_television" title="Standard-definition television">SDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/480i" title="480i">480i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/576i" title="576i">576i</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1080i" title="1080i">1080i</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_scan" title="Progressive scan">Progressive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-definition_television" title="Low-definition television">LDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1seg" title="1seg">1seg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-definition_television" title="Low-definition television">240p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-definition_television" title="Low-definition television">288p</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced-definition_television" title="Enhanced-definition television">EDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/480p" title="480p">480p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/576p" title="576p">576p</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">UHDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">4K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8K_resolution" title="8K resolution">8K</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">MPEG-2 Video</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">ATSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB" title="DVB">DVB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DVB_3D-TV" title="DVB 3D-TV">DVB 3D-TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB" title="ISDB">ISDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat_9" title="ChinaSat 9">ABS-S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#First_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Multimedia_Mobile_Broadcasting" title="China Multimedia Mobile Broadcasting">CMMB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#First_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS+</a><sup id="cite_ref-avs_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avs-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat_9" title="ChinaSat 9">ABS-S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">MPEG-4 Visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MobaHo!" title="MobaHo!">MobaHo!</a><sup id="cite_ref-mobaho_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mobaho-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">MPEG-4 AVC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards#H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" title="ATSC standards">ATSC A/72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Multimedia_Mobile_Broadcasting" title="China Multimedia Mobile Broadcasting">CMMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_multimedia_broadcasting" title="Digital multimedia broadcasting">DMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB-T_International" title="ISDB-T International">SBTVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1seg" title="1seg">1seg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MobaHo!" title="MobaHo!">MobaHo!</a><sup id="cite_ref-mobaho_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mobaho-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#Second_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS2</a><sup id="cite_ref-avs_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avs-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat_9" title="ChinaSat 9">ABS-S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">MPEG-H HEVC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_3.0" title="ATSC 3.0">ATSC 3.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_multimedia_broadcasting" title="Digital multimedia broadcasting">HD DMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB#ISDB-S3" title="ISDB">ISDB-S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">AC-3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">5.1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_AC-4" title="Dolby AC-4">AC-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation" title="Dynamic Resolution Adaptation">DRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">MPEG-1 Audio Layer II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_Multichannel" title="MPEG Multichannel">MPEG Multichannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">PCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_pulse-code_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear pulse-code modulation">LPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Efficiency_Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding">HE-AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H_3D_Audio" title="MPEG-H 3D Audio">MPEG-H 3D Audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Hidden signals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Format_Description" title="Active Format Description">AFD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_flag" title="Broadcast flag">Broadcast flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">Captioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-CPCM" title="DVB-CPCM">CPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_program_guide" title="Electronic program guide">EPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-avs-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-avs_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-avs_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Also used in China's DVB-S/S2 network.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mobaho-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mobaho_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mobaho_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Defunct.</span> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Technical_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Technical issues</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14:9" class="mw-redirect" title="14:9">14:9 compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast-safe" title="Broadcast-safe">Broadcast-safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_cinema" title="Digital cinema">Digital cinema</a> (<a href="/wiki/Digital_Cinema_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Cinema Initiative">DCI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_motion_blur" title="Display motion blur">Display motion blur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_image_formats" title="Moving image formats">Moving image formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG transport stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_Standards_Conversion" title="Reverse Standards Conversion">Reverse Standards Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_standards_conversion" title="Television standards conversion">Standards conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_transmitter" title="Television transmitter">Television transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_card" title="Test card">Test card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">Video on demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_processing" title="Video processing">Video processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widescreen_signaling" title="Widescreen signaling">Widescreen signaling</a></li> <li>Templates (<a href="/wiki/Template:Analogue_TV_transmitter_topics" title="Template:Analogue TV transmitter topics">Analogue TV Topics</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="High-definition_(HD)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:High-definition" title="Template:High-definition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:High-definition" title="Template talk:High-definition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:High-definition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:High-definition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="High-definition_(HD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">High-definition (HD)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">High-definition television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">High-definition video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">Ultra-high-definition television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resolutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p (HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1080i" title="1080i">1080i (Full HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p (Full HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1440p" title="1440p">1440p (Quad HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">2160p (4K Ultra HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8K_resolution" title="8K resolution">4320p (8K Ultra HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16K_resolution" title="16K resolution">8640p (16K Ultra HD)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_high-definition_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog high-definition television system">Analog broadcast</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(All defunct)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analog_high-definition_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog high-definition television system">819 line system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplexed_Analogue_Components" title="Multiplexed Analogue Components">HD MAC</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MUSE (Hi-Vision)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital broadcast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">ATSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DMB-T/H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB" title="ISDB">ISDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB-T_International" title="ISDB-T International">SBTVD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">Dolby Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">Surround sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Stream_Digital" title="Direct Stream Digital">DSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_eXtreme_Definition" title="Digital eXtreme Definition">DXD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Filming and storage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Cinema_Initiatives" title="Digital Cinema Initiatives">DCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDV" title="HDV">HDV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High-definition_pre-recorded_media_and_compression" title="High-definition pre-recorded media and compression">HD media and<br />compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archival_Disc" title="Archival Disc">Archival Disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Blue_High-definition_Disc" title="China Blue High-definition Disc">CBHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-VHS" title="D-VHS">D-VHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">H.264</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">H.265</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">H.266</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Multilayer_Disc" title="Versatile Multilayer Disc">HD VMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laserdisc#MUSE_LD" class="mw-redirect" title="Laserdisc">MUSE LaserDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiview_Video_Coding" title="Multiview Video Coding">MVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Super Audio CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">Ultra HD Blu-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncompressed_video" title="Uncompressed video">Uncompressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VC-1" title="VC-1">VC-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W-VHS" title="W-VHS">W-VHS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Component_video" title="Component video">Component</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">DVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VGA_connector" title="VGA connector">VGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deployments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_digital_television_deployments_by_country" title="List of digital television deployments by country">List of digital television deployments by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority 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