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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Boxing career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boxing_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrest_and_conviction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrest_and_conviction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Arrest and conviction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arrest_and_conviction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Arrest and conviction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Arrest_and_conviction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Retrial_and_release" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retrial_and_release"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Retrial and release</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retrial_and_release-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_conviction_and_appeal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_conviction_and_appeal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Second conviction and appeal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_conviction_and_appeal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_court_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_court_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Federal court action</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_court_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-emancipation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-emancipation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Post-emancipation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-emancipation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prostate_cancer_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prostate_cancer_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prostate cancer and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prostate_cancer_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_boxing_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_boxing_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Professional boxing record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_boxing_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="روبن كارتر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روبن كارتر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin_Karter" title="Rubin Karter – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rubin Karter" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin_Carter" title="Rubin Carter – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rubin Carter" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin_Carter" title="Rubin Carter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rubin Carter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BD_%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Ρούμπιν Κάρτερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρούμπιν Κάρτερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin_Carter" title="Rubin Carter – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rubin Carter" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin_Carter" title="Rubin Carter – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rubin Carter" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="رابین کارتر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رابین کارتر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin_Carter" title="Rubin Carter – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rubin Carter" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin_Carter" title="Rubin Carter – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Rubin Carter" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EB%B9%88_%EC%B9%B4%ED%84%B0" title="루빈 카터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루빈 카터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin_Carter" title="Rubin Carter – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rubin Carter" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin_Carter" title="Rubin Carter – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rubin Carter" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin_Carter" title="Rubin Carter – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Rubin Carter" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="روبن كارتر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روبن كارتر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin_Carter" title="Rubin Carter – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rubin Carter" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="ルービン・カーター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルービン・カーター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin_Carter" title="Rubin Carter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rubin Carter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin_Carter" title="Rubin Carter – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rubin Carter" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin_Carter" title="Rubin Carter – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rubin Carter" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin_Carter" title="Rubin Carter – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rubin Carter" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Картер, Рубин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Картер, Рубин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin_Carter" title="Rubin Carter – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rubin Carter" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рубин Картер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рубин Картер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin_Carter" title="Rubin Carter – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rubin Carter" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin_Carter" title="Rubin Carter – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rubin Carter" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubin_Carter" title="Rubin Carter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rubin Carter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American boxer (1937–2014)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the American Football player of the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Rubin_Carter_(American_football)" title="Rubin Carter (American football)">Rubin Carter (American football)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Carter_Rubin" class="mw-redirect" title="Carter Rubin">Carter Rubin</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Rubin Carter</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubin_Carter_boxing_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rubin_Carter_boxing_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Rubin_Carter_boxing_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="395" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Rubin_Carter_boxing_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="235" data-file-height="422" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Carter in 1958</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1937-05-06</span>)</span>May 6, 1937<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Clifton,_New_Jersey" title="Clifton, New Jersey">Clifton, New Jersey</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 20, 2014<span style="display:none">(2014-04-20)</span> (aged 76)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Ontario, Canada</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>United States</li><li>Canada</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <ul><li>Mae Thelma Basket</li> <li>Lisa Peters</li></ul> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Boxing career</b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">The Hurricane</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Statistics</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Weight(s)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middleweight" title="Middleweight">Middleweight</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">5 ft 8 in (1.73 m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reach</th><td class="infobox-data">72 in (183 cm)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_stance" title="Orthodox stance">Orthodox</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Boxing record</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total fights</th><td class="infobox-data">40</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Wins</th><td class="infobox-data">27</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Wins by KO</th><td class="infobox-data">19</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Losses</th><td class="infobox-data">12</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Draws</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubin_Hurricane_Carter_signature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rubin_Hurricane_Carter_signature.png/150px-Rubin_Hurricane_Carter_signature.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rubin_Hurricane_Carter_signature.png/225px-Rubin_Hurricane_Carter_signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rubin_Hurricane_Carter_signature.png/300px-Rubin_Hurricane_Carter_signature.png 2x" data-file-width="1892" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Rubin</b> "<b>Hurricane</b>" <b>Carter</b> (May 6, 1937 – April 20, 2014) was an American-Canadian <a href="/wiki/Middleweight" title="Middleweight">middleweight</a> boxer who was wrongfully convicted and imprisoned for <a href="/wiki/Murder_(United_States_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder (United States law)">murder</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until released following a petition of <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus_in_the_United_States" title="Habeas corpus in the United States">habeas corpus</a> after almost 20 years in prison. </p><p>In 1966, Carter, and his co-accused, John Artis, were arrested for a triple homicide which was committed at the Lafayette Bar and Grill in <a href="/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey" title="Paterson, New Jersey">Paterson, New Jersey</a>, United States. Shortly after the killings at 2:30 am, a car, carrying Carter, Artis, and a third man, was stopped by police outside the bar while its occupants were on their way home from a nearby nightclub. They were allowed to go on their way but, after dropping off the third man, Carter and Artis were stopped and arrested while they were passing the bar a second time, 45 minutes later. In 1967, they were convicted of all three murders, and given life sentences. Their sentences were overturned in 1985. Prosecutors appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a>, but declined to retry the case after the appeal failed. </p><p>Carter's autobiography, titled <i>The Sixteenth Round</i>, written while he was in prison, was published in 1974 by <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Press</a>. The story inspired the 1975 <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> song "<a href="/wiki/Hurricane_(Bob_Dylan_song)" title="Hurricane (Bob Dylan song)">Hurricane</a>" and the 1999 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hurricane_(1999_film)" title="The Hurricane (1999 film)">The Hurricane</a></i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Denzel_Washington" title="Denzel Washington">Denzel Washington</a> as Carter. From 1993 to 2005, Carter served as executive director of the Association in Defence of the Wrongly Convicted, later renamed <a href="/wiki/Innocence_Canada" title="Innocence Canada">Innocence Canada</a>. </p><p>In 2019, the case was the focus of a 13-part <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> <a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">podcast</a> series, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hurricane_Tapes" title="The Hurricane Tapes">The Hurricane Tapes</a></i>. The series was based on interviews which were conducted with survivors, case notes which were taken during the original investigations, and 40 hours of recorded interviews of Carter by the author Ken Klonsky, who cited them in his 2011 book <i>The Eye of the Hurricane</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubin_Carter&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carter was born in <a href="/wiki/Clifton,_New_Jersey" title="Clifton, New Jersey">Clifton, New Jersey</a> in 1937, the fourth of seven children.<sup id="cite_ref-McLaughlin_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLaughlin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later admitted to a troubled relationship with his father, a strict disciplinarian; at the age of eleven, he was sentenced to a <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_reformatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Juvenile reformatory">juvenile reformatory</a> for assault, having stabbed a man who he alleged had tried to sexually assault him.<sup id="cite_ref-Tel_o_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tel_o-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carter escaped from the reformatory in 1954 and joined the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McLaughlin_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLaughlin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few months after completing <a href="/wiki/Basic_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic training">basic training</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Jackson_(South_Carolina)" title="Fort Jackson (South Carolina)">Fort Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, he was sent to <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-salon_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, Carter began to box for the Army.<sup id="cite_ref-salon_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was discharged in 1956 as unfit for service, after four courts-martial.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after his discharge, he returned home to New Jersey, was convicted of two muggings and sent to prison.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boxing_career">Boxing career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubin_Carter&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Boxing career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubin_Carter_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Rubin_Carter_4.jpg/220px-Rubin_Carter_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Rubin_Carter_4.jpg/330px-Rubin_Carter_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Rubin_Carter_4.jpg/440px-Rubin_Carter_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>Carter in 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>After his release from prison in September 1961, Carter became a professional boxer.<sup id="cite_ref-fame_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fame-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m), Carter was shorter than the average <a href="/wiki/Middleweight" title="Middleweight">middleweight</a>, but he fought all of his professional career at 155–160 lb (70–72.6 kg). His aggressive style and punching power (resulting in many early-round knockouts) drew attention, establishing him as a crowd favorite and earning him the nickname "Hurricane". After he defeated a number of middleweight contenders—such as <a href="/wiki/Florentino_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(boxer)" title="Florentino Fernández (boxer)">Florentino Fernandez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holley_Mims" title="Holley Mims">Holley Mims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gomeo_Brennan" title="Gomeo Brennan">Gomeo Brennan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Benton" title="George Benton">George Benton</a>—the boxing world took notice. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ring_(magazine)" title="The Ring (magazine)">The Ring</a></i> first listed him as one of its Top 10 middleweight contenders in July 1963. At the end of 1965, they ranked him as the number five middleweight.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He fought six times in 1963, winning four bouts and losing two.<sup id="cite_ref-fame_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fame-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He remained ranked in the lower part of the top 10 until December 20, when he surprised the boxing world by flooring past and future world champion <a href="/wiki/Emile_Griffith" title="Emile Griffith">Emile Griffith</a> twice in the first round and scoring a <a href="/wiki/Technical_knockout" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical knockout">technical knockout</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That win resulted in <i>The Ring</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s ranking of Carter as the number three contender for <a href="/wiki/Joey_Giardello" title="Joey Giardello">Joey Giardello</a>'s world middleweight title. Carter won two more fights (one a decision over future <a href="/wiki/Heavyweight" title="Heavyweight">heavyweight</a> champion <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Ellis_(boxer)" title="Jimmy Ellis (boxer)">Jimmy Ellis</a>) in 1964, before meeting Giardello in Philadelphia for a 15-round championship match on December 14. Carter landed a few solid rights to the head in the fourth round that left Giardello staggering, but was unable to follow them up, and Giardello took control of the fight in the fifth round. The judges decided unanimously in favor of Giardello.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After that fight, Carter's ranking in <i>The Ring</i> began to decline. He fought nine times in 1965, winning five but losing three of four against contenders <a href="/wiki/Luis_Manuel_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Luis Manuel Rodríguez">Luis Manuel Rodríguez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Tiger" title="Dick Tiger">Dick Tiger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Scott_(boxer)" title="Harry Scott (boxer)">Harry Scott</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fame_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fame-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tiger, in particular, floored Carter three times in their match. "It was", Carter said, "the worst beating that I took in my life—inside or outside the ring".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During his visit to London to fight Scott, Carter was involved in an incident in which a shot was fired in his hotel room.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carter's last fight was on August 5, 1966, against Juan Carlos Rivero. He lost the fight via <a href="/wiki/Points_decision" title="Points decision">Points decision</a>. Carter's career ended short with a record of 27 wins with 19 total knockouts (8 KOs and 11 TKOs), 12 losses, and one draw in 40 fights.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received an honorary championship title belt from the <a href="/wiki/World_Boxing_Council" title="World Boxing Council">World Boxing Council</a> in 1993 (as did Joey Giardello at the same banquet) and was later inducted into the New Jersey Boxing Hall of Fame.<sup id="cite_ref-fame_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fame-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arrest_and_conviction">Arrest and conviction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubin_Carter&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arrest and conviction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Passaic_County_Court_House_-_Paterson,_New_Jersey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Passaic_County_Court_House_-_Paterson%2C_New_Jersey.jpg/220px-Passaic_County_Court_House_-_Paterson%2C_New_Jersey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Passaic_County_Court_House_-_Paterson%2C_New_Jersey.jpg/330px-Passaic_County_Court_House_-_Paterson%2C_New_Jersey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Passaic_County_Court_House_-_Paterson%2C_New_Jersey.jpg/440px-Passaic_County_Court_House_-_Paterson%2C_New_Jersey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3194" data-file-height="3035" /></a><figcaption>Paterson Court House</figcaption></figure> <p>At approximately 2:30 a.m. on June 17, 1966, two men entered the Lafayette Bar and Grill in <a href="/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey" title="Paterson, New Jersey">Paterson, New Jersey</a>, and began shooting.<sup id="cite_ref-supreme_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-supreme-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bartender, James Oliver, and a customer, Fred Nauyoks, were killed immediately. Hazel Tanis died in a hospital a month later, having suffered multiple wounds from <a href="/wiki/Lead_shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead shot">shotgun pellets</a>; a third customer, Willie Marins, survived the attack, despite a head wound that blinded him in one eye. When questioned, both told police the shooters had been black males, but neither identified Carter or John Artis.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ten minutes after the murders, around 2:40 AM, a police cruiser stopped Carter and Artis in a rental car, returning from a night out at the Nite Spot, a nearby bar. Carter was in the back, with Artis driving, and a third man, John Royster, in the passenger seat. The police recognised Carter, a well-known and controversial local figure, but let him go. Minutes later, the same officers solicited a description of the getaway car from two eyewitnesses outside the bar, Patricia "Patty" Valentine and Alfred Bello.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bello later admitted he was in the area acting as a lookout while an accomplice, Arthur Bradley, broke into a nearby warehouse. At the time, he claimed to have discovered the bodies when he entered the bar to buy cigarettes; it also transpired that he took the opportunity to empty the cash register, and encountered the police as he exited. At the trial, he testified he was approaching the Lafayette when two black males, one with a <a href="/wiki/Shotgun" title="Shotgun">shotgun</a>, the other a <a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">pistol</a>, came around the corner.<sup id="cite_ref-time1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He ran from them, and they got into a white car that was <a href="/wiki/Double_parking" title="Double parking">double-parked</a> near the Lafayette.<sup id="cite_ref-supreme_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-supreme-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Valentine lived above the bar, and heard the shots. Like Bello, she reported seeing two black men leave the bar, then get into a white car.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They reportedly described it as white, with "a geometric design, sort of a butterfly type design in the back of the car", and New York state license plates, with blue background and orange lettering.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter_v._Rafferty_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter_v._Rafferty-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another neighbor, Ronald Ruggiero, also heard the shots, and said that, from his window, he saw Alfred Bello running west on Lafayette Street toward 16th Street. He then heard the screech of tires and saw a white car shoot past, heading west, with two black males in the front seat.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Valentine initially stated the car had rear lights which lit up completely like butterflies. At the retrial in 1976, she changed this to an accurate description of Carter's car, which had conventional tail-lights with aluminum decoration in a butterfly shape.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWice2000?_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWice2000?-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This aligned with that provided by Bello; the prosecution later suggested the confusion was the result of a misreading of a court transcript by the defense.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter_v._Rafferty_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter_v._Rafferty-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having dropped off Royster, Carter was now being driven home by Artis; they were stopped again at 3:00 AM, and ordered to follow the police to the station, where they were arrested. However, variances in descriptions given by Valentine and Bello, the physical characteristics of the attackers provided by the two survivors, lack of forensic evidence, and the timeline provided by the police were key factors in the conviction being overturned in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2000_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2000-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forensics later established the victims were shot by a .32-caliber pistol and a 12-gauge shotgun, although the weapons were never found. There was no forensic evidence linking Carter or Artis to the murders. While gun residue tests were commonly used, DeSimone, the lead detective, later claimed he had insufficient time to bring in an expert to administer the tests. He did arrange for an expert to conduct lie detector tests, which they passed. In 1976, a second report was discovered, claiming they failed. After 17 hours of interrogation, they were released.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly2000_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly2000-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carter and Artis voluntarily appeared before a grand jury, which found there was no case to answer.<sup id="cite_ref-leagle1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leagle1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EastJerseyStatePrisonNew2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/EastJerseyStatePrisonNew2.jpg/220px-EastJerseyStatePrisonNew2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/EastJerseyStatePrisonNew2.jpg/330px-EastJerseyStatePrisonNew2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/EastJerseyStatePrisonNew2.jpg/440px-EastJerseyStatePrisonNew2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1885" data-file-height="1251" /></a><figcaption>East Jersey State Prison, formerly Rahway, where Carter was imprisoned</figcaption></figure> <p>Several months later, Bello changed his story, after the police discovered why he was in the area, and his theft from the cash register. He positively identified Artis as one of the attackers, while Bradley now came forward to claim Carter was the other; based on this, the two were arrested and indicted.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bello later claimed that in return he was promised the <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>10,500 reward offered for catching the killers, though it was never paid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaab1974_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaab1974-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rental car had been impounded when Carter and Artis were arrested, and retained by police. Five days after their release a detective reported that on searching it again he discovered two unfired rounds, one .32 caliber, the other 12-gauge. Neither matched those retrieved from the victims; the .32 round was brass, rather than copper, while the shotgun shell was an older model, with a different wad and color.<sup id="cite_ref-leagle1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leagle1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Asked to account for these differences at the trial, the prosecution produced a second report, allegedly lodged 75 minutes after the murders which recorded the two rounds. They were unable to explain why, having that evidence, the police released the men, or why the standard 'bag and tag' procedure was not followed. They also argued that, since the expended rounds retrieved at the scene were also a mixture, the fact that the two rounds did not match was meaningless; what did matter was they were the same caliber as those used in the shootings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter_v._Rafferty_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter_v._Rafferty-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The defense, led by <a href="/wiki/Raymond_A._Brown" title="Raymond A. Brown">Raymond A. Brown</a>, focused on inconsistencies in the evidence given by eyewitnesses Marins and Bello.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also produced witnesses who confirmed Carter and Artis were still in the Nite Spot at the time of the shootings.<sup id="cite_ref-time1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The all-white jury convicted both men of first-degree murder, with a recommendation of mercy, so that they were not sentenced to death. Judge Samuel Larner imposed one concurrent and two consecutive life sentences on Carter, and three concurrent life sentences on Artis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retrial_and_release">Retrial and release</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubin_Carter&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Retrial and release"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1974, Bello and Bradley withdrew their identifications of Carter and Artis, and these recantations were used as the basis for a motion for a new trial. Judge Samuel Larner denied the motion on December 11, saying they "lacked the ring of truth".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirsch2000_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirsch2000-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite Larner's ruling, <a href="/wiki/Madison_Avenue" title="Madison Avenue">Madison Avenue</a> advertising executive <a href="/wiki/George_Lois" title="George Lois">George Lois</a> organized a campaign on Carter's behalf, which led to increasing public support for a retrial or pardon. Boxer <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a> lent his support to the campaign (including publicly wishing Carter good luck on his appeal during his appearance on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Johnny_Carson" title="The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson">The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson</a></i> in September 1973). <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> co-wrote (with <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Levy" title="Jacques Levy">Jacques Levy</a>) and performed a song called "<a href="/wiki/Hurricane_(Bob_Dylan_song)" title="Hurricane (Bob Dylan song)">Hurricane</a>" (1975), which declared that Carter was innocent. On December 7, 1975, Dylan performed the song at a concert at <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_State_Prison" title="New Jersey State Prison">Trenton State Prison</a>, where Carter was temporarily an inmate.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the hearing on the recantations, defense attorneys also argued that Bello and Bradley had lied during the 1967 trial, telling the jurors that they had made only certain narrow, limited deals with prosecutors in exchange for their trial testimony. A detective taped one interrogation of Bello in 1966, and when it was played during the recantation hearing, defense attorneys argued that the tape revealed promises beyond that to which Bello had testified. If so, prosecutors had either had a <a href="/wiki/Brady_disclosure" title="Brady disclosure">Brady obligation</a> to disclose this additional exculpatory evidence, or a duty to disclose that their witnesses had lied on the stand.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Larner denied this second argument as well, but the <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="New Jersey Supreme Court">New Jersey Supreme Court</a> unanimously held that the evidence of various deals made between the prosecution and witnesses Bello and Bradley should have been disclosed to the defense before or during the 1967 trial as this could have "affected the jury's evaluation of the credibility" of the eyewitnesses. "The defendants' right to a fair trial was substantially prejudiced", said Justice Mark Sullivan.<sup id="cite_ref-time1_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court set aside the original convictions and granted Carter and Artis a new trial. </p><p>Despite the difficulties of prosecuting a ten-year-old case, Prosecutor <a href="/wiki/Burrell_Ives_Humphreys" title="Burrell Ives Humphreys">Burrell Ives Humphreys</a> decided to try Carter and Artis again. To ensure, as best he could, that he did not use perjured testimony to obtain a conviction, Humphreys had Bello <a href="/wiki/Polygraph" title="Polygraph">polygraphed</a>—once by Leonard H. Harrelson and a second time by Richard Arther, both well-known and respected experts in the field. Both men concluded that Bello was telling the truth when he said that he had seen Carter outside the Lafayette immediately after the murders. </p><p>However, Harrelson also reported orally that Bello had been inside the bar shortly before and at the time of the shooting, a conclusion that contradicted Bello's 1967 trial testimony wherein he had said that he had been on the street at the time of the shooting. Despite this oral report, Harrelson's subsequent written report stated that Bello's 1967 testimony had been truthful.<sup id="cite_ref-fed_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fed-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_conviction_and_appeal">Second conviction and appeal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubin_Carter&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second conviction and appeal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the new trial in 1976, Alfred Bello repeated his 1967 testimony, identifying Carter and Artis as the two armed men he had seen outside the Lafayette Grill. Bradley refused to cooperate with prosecutors, and neither prosecution nor defense called him as a witness.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The defense responded with testimony from multiple witnesses who identified Carter at the locations he claimed to be when the murders took place.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Investigator Fred Hogan, whose efforts had led to the recantations of Bello and Bradley, appeared as a defense witness. Hogan was asked on cross examinations whether any bribes or inducements were offered to Bello to secure his recantation, which Hogan denied.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His original handwritten notes on his conversations with Bello were entered into evidence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The defense also pointed out the inconsistencies in the testimony of Patricia Valentine, and read the 1967 testimony of William Marins, who had died in 1973, noting that his descriptions of the shooters were drastically different from Artis and Carter's actual appearances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWice2000?_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWice2000?-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The court also heard testimony from a Carter associate that <a href="/wiki/Passaic_County,_New_Jersey" title="Passaic County, New Jersey">Passaic County</a> prosecutors had tried to pressure her into testifying against Carter. Prosecutors denied the charge.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After deliberating for almost nine hours, the jury again found Carter and Artis guilty of the murders. Judge Leopizzi re-imposed the same sentences on both men: a double life sentence for Carter, a single life sentence for Artis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Artis was released on <a href="/wiki/Parole" title="Parole">parole</a> in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carter's attorneys continued to appeal. In 1982, the Supreme Court of New Jersey affirmed his convictions (4–3). Although the justices felt that the prosecutors should have disclosed Harrelson's oral opinion (about Bello's location at the time of the murders) to the defense, only a minority thought this was material. The majority thus concluded that the prosecution had not withheld information the Brady disclosure law required them to provide to the defense.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to bail bondswoman Carolyn Kelley, in 1975–1976 she helped raise funds to win a second trial for Carter, which resulted in his release on bail in March 1976. On a fund-raising trip the following month, Kelley said the boxer beat her (Kelley weighed 112 pounds at the time of the alleged beating) severely over a disputed hotel bill. The <i>Philadelphia Daily News</i> reported the alleged beating in a front-page story several weeks later, and celebrity support for Carter quickly eroded, though Carter denied the accusation. Kelley declined to pursue charges, stating that she felt Carter needed help, stating "I don't want to press charges because jail is not the place for Rubin. He needs treatment. I don't want to do anything to hurt him". Passaic County Judge William Marchese held hearings on the incident in July 1976 and changed the terms of Carter's bail after determining that the assault had occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWice2000?_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWice2000?-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae Thelma Basket, whom Carter had married in 1963,<sup id="cite_ref-Tel_o_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tel_o-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> divorced him after their second child was born, because she found out that he had been unfaithful to her.<sup id="cite_ref-G_o_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G_o-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_court_action">Federal court action</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubin_Carter&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Federal court action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1985, Carter's attorneys filed a petition for a writ of <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a> in federal court. Later that year, Judge <a href="/wiki/H._Lee_Sarokin" title="H. Lee Sarokin">H. Lee Sarokin</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_New_Jersey" title="United States District Court for the District of New Jersey">United States District Court for the District of New Jersey</a> granted the writ, noting that the prosecution had been "predicated upon an appeal to racism rather than reason, and concealment rather than disclosure", and set aside the convictions.<sup id="cite_ref-leagle1_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leagle1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carter, 48 years old, was freed without bail in November 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-supreme_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-supreme-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prosecutors appealed Sarokin's ruling to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit">Third Circuit Court of Appeals</a> and filed a motion with the court to return Carter to prison pending the outcome of the appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court denied this motion and eventually upheld Sarokin's opinion, affirming his Brady analysis without commenting on his other rationale.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The prosecutors appealed to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a>, which declined to hear the case.<sup id="cite_ref-supreme_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-supreme-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prosecutors therefore could have tried Carter (and Artis) a third time, but decided not to, and filed a motion to dismiss the original indictments in 1988. "It is just not legally feasible to sustain a prosecution, and not practical after almost 22 years to be trying anyone", said New Jersey Attorney General W. Cary Edwards. Acting <a href="/wiki/Passaic_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Passaic County">Passaic County</a> Prosecutor John P. Goceljak said several factors made a retrial impossible, including Bello's "current unreliability" as a witness and the unavailability of other witnesses. Goceljak also doubted whether the prosecution could reintroduce the racially motivated crime theory due to the federal court rulings.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A judge granted the motion to dismiss, bringing an end to the legal proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-emancipation">Post-emancipation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubin_Carter&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-emancipation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carter lived in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, where he became a Canadian citizen,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was executive director of the <a href="/wiki/Association_in_Defence_of_the_Wrongly_Convicted" class="mw-redirect" title="Association in Defence of the Wrongly Convicted">Association in Defence of the Wrongly Convicted</a> (AIDWYC) from 1993 until 2005. Carter resigned when the AIDWYC declined to support Carter's protest of the appointment to a judgeship of Susan MacLean, who was the prosecutor of Canadian <a href="/wiki/Guy_Paul_Morin" title="Guy Paul Morin">Guy Paul Morin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who served over eighteen years in prison for rape and murder until exonerated by DNA evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carter's second marriage was to Lisa Peters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (June 2019)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> The couple separated later.<sup id="cite_ref-Tel_o_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tel_o-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1996, Carter, then 59, was arrested when Toronto police mistakenly identified him as a suspect in his thirties believed to have sold drugs to an undercover officer. He was released after the police realized their error.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carter often served as a <a href="/wiki/Motivational_speaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Motivational speaking">motivational speaker</a>. On October 14, 2005, he received two honorary Doctorates of Law, one from <a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York University</a> (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) and one from <a href="/wiki/Griffith_University" title="Griffith University">Griffith University</a> (Brisbane, Queensland, Australia), in recognition of his work with AIDWYC and the <a href="/wiki/Innocence_Project" title="Innocence Project">Innocence Project</a>. Carter received the Abolition Award from <a href="/wiki/Death_Penalty_Focus" title="Death Penalty Focus">Death Penalty Focus</a> in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prostate_cancer_and_death">Prostate cancer and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubin_Carter&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Prostate cancer and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 2012, while attending the International Justice Conference in <a href="/wiki/Burswood,_Western_Australia" title="Burswood, Western Australia">Burswood, Western Australia</a>, Carter revealed that he had terminal <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, doctors gave him between three and six months to live. Beginning shortly after that time, John Artis lived with and cared for Carter,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on April 20, 2014, he confirmed that Carter, at the age of 76, had succumbed to his illness.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was afterwards cremated and his ashes were scattered in part over <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a> and in part at a horse farm in Kentucky.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the months leading up to his death, Carter had worked for the exoneration of <a href="/wiki/David_McCallum_(wrongful_conviction)" class="mw-redirect" title="David McCallum (wrongful conviction)">David McCallum</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> man who had been incarcerated since 1985 on charges of murder.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two months before his death, Carter published "Hurricane Carter's Dying Wish", an opinion piece in the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News">New York Daily News</a></i>, in which he asked for an independent review of McCallum's conviction. "I request only that McCallum be granted a full hearing by the Brooklyn conviction integrity unit, now under the auspices of the new district attorney, Ken Thompson. Knowing what I do, I am certain that when the facts are brought to light, Thompson will recommend his immediate release ... Just as my own verdict 'was predicated on racism rather than reason and on concealment rather than disclosure', as Sarokin wrote, so too was McCallum's", Carter wrote.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 15, 2014, McCallum was exonerated.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Artis died of an <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_aortic_aneurysm" title="Abdominal aortic aneurysm">abdominal aortic aneurysm</a> on November 7, 2021, at the age of 75.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubin_Carter&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carter's story inspired: </p> <ul><li>The 1975 <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> song "<a href="/wiki/Hurricane_(Bob_Dylan_song)" title="Hurricane (Bob Dylan song)">Hurricane</a>", which proclaimed that Carter was innocent. Carter appeared as himself in Dylan's 1978 movie <i><a href="/wiki/Renaldo_and_Clara" title="Renaldo and Clara">Renaldo and Clara</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2019 film <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Thunder_Revue:_A_Bob_Dylan_Story_by_Martin_Scorsese" title="Rolling Thunder Revue: A Bob Dylan Story by Martin Scorsese">Rolling Thunder Revue: A Bob Dylan Story by Martin Scorsese</a></i>, Dylan talked about his involvement with the Carter case and Carter was also interviewed in the film, describing his relationship with Dylan.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Jewison" title="Norman Jewison">Norman Jewison</a>'s 1999 feature film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hurricane_(1999_film)" title="The Hurricane (1999 film)">The Hurricane</a></i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Denzel_Washington" title="Denzel Washington">Denzel Washington</a> in the lead role as Carter. The film is about Rubin Carter's accusation, trials, and time spent in prison. Carter later discussed at a lecture how he fell in love with Washington's portrayal of him during auditions for <i>The Hurricane</i>, noting that boxer <a href="/wiki/Marvelous_Marvin_Hagler" title="Marvelous Marvin Hagler">Marvelous Marvin Hagler</a> and actors <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Snipes" title="Wesley Snipes">Wesley Snipes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson" title="Samuel L. Jackson">Samuel L. Jackson</a> all vied for the role.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his performance as Carter, Washington won the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award_for_Best_Actor_%E2%80%93_Motion_Picture_Drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama">Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama</a> at the <a href="/wiki/57th_Golden_Globe_Awards" title="57th Golden Globe Awards">57th Golden Globe Awards</a>. Washington was also nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actor" title="Academy Award for Best Actor">Academy Award for Best Actor</a> for his performance as Carter at the <a href="/wiki/72nd_Academy_Awards" title="72nd Academy Awards">72nd Academy Awards</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_boxing_record">Professional boxing record</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubin_Carter&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Professional boxing record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th>40 fights </th> <th>27 wins </th> <th>12 losses </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">By knockout </th> <td align="center" style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">19 </td> <td align="center" style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">1 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">By decision </th> <td align="center" style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">8 </td> <td align="center" style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">11 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Draws </th> <td style="background:#C5D2EA;text-align:center" colspan="2">1 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> </th> <th>Result </th> <th>Record </th> <th>Opponent </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Round, time </th> <th>Date </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>40 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Loss </td> <td>27–12–1 </td> <td align="left">Juan Carlos Rivero </td> <td>PTS </td> <td>10 </td> <td>Aug 6, 1966 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Rosario, Argentina</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>39 </td> <td style="background:#CDE; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-draw">Draw </td> <td>27–11–1 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Wilbert_McClure" title="Wilbert McClure">Wilbert McClure</a> </td> <td>MD </td> <td>10 </td> <td>Mar 8, 1966 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Sports Arena, Toledo, Ohio, US</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>38 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>27–11 </td> <td align="left">Ernest Burford </td> <td>KO </td> <td>8 (10) </td> <td>Feb 26, 1966 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Orlando Stadium, Johannesburg, South Africa</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>37 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Loss </td> <td>26–11 </td> <td align="left">Stan Harrington </td> <td>UD </td> <td>10 </td> <td>Jan 25, 1966 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Honolulu International Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, US</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>36 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Loss </td> <td>26–10 </td> <td align="left">Johnny Morris </td> <td>SD </td> <td>10 </td> <td>Jan 18, 1966 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Civic Arena, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>35 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>26–9 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Wilbert_McClure" title="Wilbert McClure">Wilbert McClure</a> </td> <td>SD </td> <td>10 </td> <td>Jan 8, 1966 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Aragon Ballroom, Chicago, Illinois, US</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>34 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>25–9 </td> <td align="left">Joe N'Gidi </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>2 (10) </td> <td>Sep 18, 1965 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Wembley Stadium, Johannesburg, South Africa</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>33 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Loss </td> <td>24–9 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Manuel_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Luis Manuel Rodríguez">Luis Manuel Rodríguez</a> </td> <td>UD </td> <td>10 </td> <td>Aug 26, 1965 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Olympic Auditorium, Los Angeles, California, US</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>32 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>24–8 </td> <td align="left">Fate Davis </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>1 (10), <span style="font-size:85%;">1:26</span> </td> <td>Jul 14, 1965 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Armory, Akron, Ohio, US</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Loss </td> <td>23–8 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Dick_Tiger" title="Dick Tiger">Dick Tiger</a> </td> <td>UD </td> <td>10 </td> <td>May 20, 1965 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>23–7 </td> <td align="left">Johnny Torres </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>8 (10), <span style="font-size:85%;">1:38</span> </td> <td>Apr 30, 1965 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Armory, Paterson, New Jersey, US</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Loss </td> <td>22–7 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Scott_(boxer)" title="Harry Scott (boxer)">Harry Scott</a> </td> <td>PTS </td> <td>10 </td> <td>Apr 20, 1965 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Royal Albert Hall, Kensington, London, England</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>22–6 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Scott_(boxer)" title="Harry Scott (boxer)">Harry Scott</a> </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>9 (10) </td> <td>Mar 9, 1965 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Royal Albert Hall, Kensington, London, England</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>21–6 </td> <td align="left">Fabio Bettini </td> <td>KO </td> <td>10 (10) </td> <td>Feb 22, 1965 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Palais des Sports, Paris, France</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Loss </td> <td>20–6 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Manuel_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Luis Manuel Rodríguez">Luis Manuel Rodríguez</a> </td> <td>UD </td> <td>10 </td> <td>Feb 12, 1965 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Loss </td> <td>20–5 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Joey_Giardello" title="Joey Giardello">Joey Giardello</a> </td> <td>UD </td> <td>15 </td> <td>Dec 14, 1964 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Convention Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US</span> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">For <a href="/wiki/List_of_WBA_world_champions#Middleweight" title="List of WBA world champions">WBA</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_WBC_world_champions#Middleweight" title="List of WBC world champions">WBC</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_The_Ring_world_champions#Middleweight" title="List of The Ring world champions"><i>The Ring</i> middleweight titles</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>20–4 </td> <td align="left">Clarence James </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>1 (10), <span style="font-size:85%;">1:54</span> </td> <td>Jun 24, 1964 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Sports Arena, Los Angeles, California, US</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>19–4 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Ellis_(boxer)" title="Jimmy Ellis (boxer)">Jimmy Ellis</a> </td> <td>UD </td> <td>10 </td> <td>Feb 28, 1964 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>18–4 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Emile_Griffith" title="Emile Griffith">Emile Griffith</a> </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>1 (10), <span style="font-size:85%;">2:13</span> </td> <td>Dec 20, 1963 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Civic Arena, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Loss </td> <td>17–4 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Joey_Archer" title="Joey Archer">Joey Archer</a> </td> <td>SD </td> <td>10 </td> <td>Oct 25, 1963 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>17–3 </td> <td align="left">Farid Salim </td> <td>UD </td> <td>10 </td> <td>Sep 14, 1963 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Civic Arena, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>16–3 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/George_Benton" title="George Benton">George Benton</a> </td> <td>SD </td> <td>10 </td> <td>May 25, 1963 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Loss </td> <td>15–3 </td> <td align="left">Jose Gonzalez </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>6 (10) </td> <td>Mar 30, 1963 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>15–2 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Gomeo_Brennan" title="Gomeo Brennan">Gomeo Brennan</a> </td> <td>UD </td> <td>10 </td> <td>Feb 2, 1963 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>14–2 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Holley_Mims" title="Holley Mims">Holley Mims</a> </td> <td>UD </td> <td>10 </td> <td>Dec 22, 1962 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>13–2 </td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Florentino_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(boxer)" title="Florentino Fernández (boxer)">Florentino Fernández</a> </td> <td>KO </td> <td>1 (10), <span style="font-size:85%;">1:09</span> </td> <td>Oct 27, 1962 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>12–2 </td> <td align="left">Mel Collins </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>5 (10), <span style="font-size:85%;">0:42</span> </td> <td>Oct 8, 1962 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Armory, Jersey City, New Jersey, US</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>11–2 </td> <td align="left">Ernest Burford </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>2 (10), <span style="font-size:85%;">2:17</span> </td> <td>Aug 4, 1962 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Loss </td> <td>10–2 </td> <td align="left">Ernest Burford </td> <td>UD </td> <td>8 </td> <td>Jun 23, 1962 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Madison Square Garden, New York City, New York, US</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>10–1 </td> <td align="left">Sugar Boy Nando </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>3 (10), <span style="font-size:85%;">2:07</span> </td> <td>May 21, 1962 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">St. Nicholas Arena, New York City, New York, US</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>9–1 </td> <td align="left">Walter Daniels </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>2 (10), <span style="font-size:85%;">2:03</span> </td> <td>Apr 30, 1962 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">St. Nicholas Arena, New York City, New York, US</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>8–1 </td> <td align="left">Johnny Tucker </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>1 (8), <span style="font-size:85%;">1:05</span> </td> <td>Apr 16, 1962 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">St. Nicholas Arena, New York City, New York, US</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>7–1 </td> <td align="left">Jimmy McMillan </td> <td>KO </td> <td>3 (6) </td> <td>Mar 16, 1962 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Armory, Jersey City, New Jersey, US</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>6–1 </td> <td align="left">Felix Santiago </td> <td>KO </td> <td>1 (8), <span style="font-size:85%;">1:38</span> </td> <td>Feb 28, 1962 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">State Garden, Union City, New Jersey, US</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>5–1 </td> <td align="left">Tommy Settles </td> <td>KO </td> <td>1 (6) </td> <td>Feb 14, 1962 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">State Garden, Union City, New Jersey, US</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">Loss </td> <td>4–1 </td> <td align="left">Herschel Jacobs </td> <td>PTS </td> <td>6 </td> <td>Jan 19, 1962 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Gladiators' Arena, Totowa, New Jersey, US</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>4–0 </td> <td align="left">Herschel Jacobs </td> <td>PTS </td> <td>4 </td> <td>Nov 17, 1961 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Gladiators' Arena, Totowa, New Jersey, US</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>3–0 </td> <td align="left">Frank Nelson </td> <td>TKO </td> <td>1 (4) </td> <td>Oct 24, 1961 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Alhambra A.C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>2–0 </td> <td align="left">Joey Cooper </td> <td>KO </td> <td>2 (4) </td> <td>Oct 11, 1961 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">American Legion Arena, Reading, Pennsylvania, US</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Win </td> <td>1–0 </td> <td align="left">Pike Reed </td> <td>SD </td> <td>4 </td> <td>Sep 22, 1961 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Navy-Marine Corps Mem. Stadium, Annapolis, Maryland, US</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubin_Carter&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wrongful_convictions_in_the_United_States" title="List of wrongful convictions in the United States">List of wrongful convictions in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeo_Phillion" class="mw-redirect" title="Romeo Phillion">Romeo Phillion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Hearon" title="Steve Hearon">Steve Hearon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubin_Carter&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boxrec.com/en/box-pro/11387">"BoxRec: Rubin Carter"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BoxRec%3A+Rubin+Carter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboxrec.com%2Fen%2Fbox-pro%2F11387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARubin+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/rubin-hurricane-carter-dead-at-76-1.2616026">"Rubin 'Hurricane' Carter dead at 76"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. April 20, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Rubin+%27Hurricane%27+Carter+dead+at+76&rft.date=2014-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Frubin-hurricane-carter-dead-at-76-1.2616026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARubin+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McLaughlin-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McLaughlin_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLaughlin_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlin" class="citation web cs1">McLaughlin, Eliott C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2011/CRIME/02/26/rubin.hurricane.carter.book/">"Rubin 'Hurricane' Carter still fighting long after boxing days pass"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Rubin+%27Hurricane%27+Carter+still+fighting+long+after+boxing+days+pass&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=Eliott+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2011%2FCRIME%2F02%2F26%2Frubin.hurricane.carter.book%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARubin+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tel_o-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tel_o_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tel_o_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tel_o_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/10778176/Rubin-The-Hurricane-Carter-obituary.html">"Rubin 'The Hurricane' Carter - obituary"</a></span>. <i>Telegraph.co.uk</i>. 21 April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/10778176/Rubin-The-Hurricane-Carter-obituary.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Rubin+%27The+Hurricane%27+Carter+-+obituary&rft.date=2014-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2F10778176%2FRubin-The-Hurricane-Carter-obituary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARubin+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-salon-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-salon_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-salon_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouston1999" class="citation web cs1">Houston, Frank (24 December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/1999/12/24/hurricanecarter/">"Storm of the century"</a>. <i>Salon</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New Jersey Boxing Hall of Fame. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.njboxinghof.org/cgi-bin/henryseehof.pl?57">the original</a> on January 14, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rubin+Carter+%27Hurricane%27&rft.pub=New+Jersey+Boxing+Hall+of+Fame&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.njboxinghof.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fhenryseehof.pl%3F57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARubin+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHirsch2000">Hirsch 2000</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boxrec.com/media/index.php/Emile_Griffith_vs._Rubin_Carter">"Emile Griffith vs. Rubin Carter"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 16,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emile+Griffith+vs.+Rubin+Carter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboxrec.com%2Fmedia%2Findex.php%2FEmile_Griffith_vs._Rubin_Carter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARubin+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boxrec.com/media/index.php/Joey_Giardello_vs._Rubin_Carter">"Joey Giardello vs. Rubin Carter"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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March 29, 1976. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,918176,00.html">the original</a> on January 13, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476625997" title="Special:BookSources/9781476625997"><bdi>9781476625997</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resting+Places%3A+The+Burial+Sites+of+More+Than+14%2C000+Famous+Persons%2C+3d+ed&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2016-08-19&rft.isbn=9781476625997&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFOHgDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dhurricane%2Brubin%2Bcarter%2Bcape%2Bcod%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARubin+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.necn.com/news/national-international/boxer-rubin-hurricane-carter-dies-at-76-symbol-of-racial-injustice/1930734/">"Boxer Rubin "Hurricane" Carter Dies at 76"</a>. 20 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boxer+Rubin+%22Hurricane%22+Carter+Dies+at+76&rft.date=2014-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.necn.com%2Fnews%2Fnational-international%2Fboxer-rubin-hurricane-carter-dies-at-76-symbol-of-racial-injustice%2F1930734%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARubin+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/21/sports/rubin-hurricane-carter-fearsome-boxer-dies-at-76.html?_r=0">"Rubin (Hurricane) Carter, Boxer Found Wrongly Convicted, Dies at 76"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 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February 21, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+NY+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Hurricane+Carter%27s+Dying+Wish&rft.date=2014-02-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fopinion%2Fhurricane-carter-dying-article-1.1621747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARubin+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.wsj.com/articles/wrongly-imprisoned-for-29-years-man-goes-free-in-brooklyn-1413420015?mod=e2fb">"Exonerated and Set Free After 29 Years"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. October 15, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Exonerated+and+Set+Free+After+29+Years&rft.date=2014-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fwrongly-imprisoned-for-29-years-man-goes-free-in-brooklyn-1413420015%3Fmod%3De2fb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARubin+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2021" class="citation news cs1">Roberts, Sam (12 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/11/nyregion/john-artis-dead.html">"John Artis, Convicted with Rubin (Hurricane) Carter, Dies at 75"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=John+Artis%2C+Convicted+with+Rubin+%28Hurricane%29+Carter%2C+Dies+at+75&rft.date=2021-11-12&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F11%2F11%2Fnyregion%2Fjohn-artis-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARubin+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaslin,_Janet1978" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Maslin" title="Janet Maslin">Maslin, Janet</a> (January 26, 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9A03EFD71330E631A25755C2A9679C946990D6CF">"Renaldo Clara (1978) 'Renaldo and Clara,' Film by Bob Dylan:Rolling Thunder"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Renaldo+Clara+%281978%29+%27Renaldo+and+Clara%2C%27+Film+by+Bob+Dylan%3ARolling+Thunder&rft.date=1978-01-26&rft.au=Maslin%2C+Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fmovie%2Freview%3Fres%3D9A03EFD71330E631A25755C2A9679C946990D6CF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARubin+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrody,_Richard2019" class="citation news cs1">Brody, Richard (June 14, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-front-row/rolling-thunder-revue-reviewed-martin-scorseses-slippery-chronicle-of-bob-dylan-in-concert">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Rolling Thunder Revue," Reviewed: Martin Scorsese's Slippery Chronicle of Bob Dylan in Concert"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=%22Rolling+Thunder+Revue%2C%22+Reviewed%3A+Martin+Scorsese%27s+Slippery+Chronicle+of+Bob+Dylan+in+Concert&rft.date=2019-06-14&rft.au=Brody%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fculture%2Fthe-front-row%2Frolling-thunder-revue-reviewed-martin-scorseses-slippery-chronicle-of-bob-dylan-in-concert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARubin+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parmar, Raj. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707063620/http://3morerounds.com/columns/dare-to-dream-rubin-%E2%80%9Churricane%E2%80%9D-carter-shares-his-thoughts/">"Dare To Dream: Rubin "Hurricane" Carter Shares His Thoughts"</a>, 3MoreRounds.com, February 22, 2011</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubin_Carter&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBos,_Carole_D." class="citation web cs1">Bos, Carole D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070117052959/http://www.lawbuzz.com/justice/hurricane/hurricane.htm">"Rubin "Hurricane" Carter"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawbuzz.com/justice/hurricane/hurricane.htm">the original</a> on 2007-01-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rubin+%22Hurricane%22+Carter&rft.au=Bos%2C+Carole+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawbuzz.com%2Fjustice%2Fhurricane%2Fhurricane.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARubin+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2011" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Rubin (2011). <i>Eye of the Hurricane: My Path from Darkness to Freedom</i>. Chicago: Lawrence Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56976-568-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56976-568-5"><bdi>978-1-56976-568-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eye+of+the+Hurricane%3A+My+Path+from+Darkness+to+Freedom&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Lawrence+Hill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-56976-568-5&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Rubin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARubin+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaitonSwinton2000" class="citation book cs1">Chaiton, Sam; Swinton, Terry (2000). <i>Lazarus and the Hurricane: The Freeing of Rubin "Hurricane" Carter</i>. St. Martin's Griffin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-25397-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-25397-4"><bdi>0-312-25397-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lazarus+and+the+Hurricane%3A+The+Freeing+of+Rubin+%22Hurricane%22+Carter&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-312-25397-4&rft.aulast=Chaiton&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft.au=Swinton%2C+Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARubin+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlatter,_Ron" class="citation web cs1">Flatter, Ron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/classic/biography/s/Carter_Hurricane.html">"Sportscentury Biography"</a>. <i>Hurricane found peace at storm's center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hurricane+found+peace+at+storm%27s+center&rft.atitle=Sportscentury+Biography&rft.au=Flatter%2C+Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fclassic%2Fbiography%2Fs%2FCarter_Hurricane.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARubin+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirsch2000" class="citation book cs1">Hirsch, James (2000). <i>Hurricane: The Miraculous Journey of Rubin Carter</i>. Houghton Mifflin Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-97985-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-97985-4"><bdi>0-395-97985-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hurricane%3A+The+Miraculous+Journey+of+Rubin+Carter&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-395-97985-4&rft.aulast=Hirsch&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARubin+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2000" class="citation news cs1">Kelly, Mike (March 26, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eu.northjersey.com/story/news/columnists/mike-kelly/2019/06/17/rubin-carter-john-artis-what-really-happened-night/1419996001/">"Doubts, errors, unknowns still haunt the case of 'Hurricane' Carter, John Artis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Record_(North_Jersey)" title="The Record (North Jersey)">The Record (North Jersey)</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Doubts%2C+errors%2C+unknowns+still+haunt+the+case+of+%27Hurricane%27+Carter%2C+John+Artis&rft.date=2000-03-26&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feu.northjersey.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fcolumnists%2Fmike-kelly%2F2019%2F06%2F17%2Frubin-carter-john-artis-what-really-happened-night%2F1419996001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARubin+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaab1974" class="citation news cs1">Raab, Selwyn (October 30, 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1974/10/30/archives/two-in-court-recant-1967-testimony-that-helped-convict-carter-and.html">"Two in Court Recant 1967 Testimony That Helped Convict Carter and Artis"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Two+in+Court+Recant+1967+Testimony+That+Helped+Convict+Carter+and+Artis&rft.date=1974-10-30&rft.aulast=Raab&rft.aufirst=Selwyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1974%2F10%2F30%2Farchives%2Ftwo-in-court-recant-1967-testimony-that-helped-convict-carter-and.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARubin+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWice2000" class="citation book cs1">Wice, Paul B (2000). <i>Rubin "Hurricane" Carter and the American Justice System</i>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2864-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2864-9"><bdi>978-0-8135-2864-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rubin+%22Hurricane%22+Carter+and+the+American+Justice+System&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-2864-9&rft.aulast=Wice&rft.aufirst=Paul+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARubin+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter_v._Rafferty" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.graphicwitness.com/carter/brief/2-Statement-of-Facts.pdf">"Carter v. Rafferty"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carter+v.+Rafferty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.graphicwitness.com%2Fcarter%2Fbrief%2F2-Statement-of-Facts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARubin+Carter" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubin_Carter&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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Carter">Rubin Carter</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/11387">Boxing record for Rubin Carter</a> from <a href="/wiki/BoxRec" title="BoxRec">BoxRec</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(registration required)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0141918/">Rubin Carter</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?59400">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q452772#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q452772#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q452772#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109098620">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/64816064">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/304509/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcrjfcM6kx663gvMymcfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119392305">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr92018777">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14085451k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14085451k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5037292">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p20312443X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810673460805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007384456705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Rubin Hurricane Carter"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/9ef2a5b8-5a0d-4714-9bbe-1a581c334297">MusicBrainz</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/185713408">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6mw3wmb">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="USC_Scripter_Awards_–_Film" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #EEDD82"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USC_Scripter_Awards_%E2%80%93_Film" title="Template talk:USC Scripter Awards – Film"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USC_Scripter_Awards_%E2%80%93_Film" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USC Scripter Awards – Film"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="USC_Scripter_Awards_–_Film" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/USC_Scripter_Awards#Film" title="USC Scripter Awards">USC Scripter Awards – Film</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Whitemore" title="Hugh Whitemore">Hugh Whitemore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helene_Hanff" title="Helene Hanff">Helene Hanff</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Galati" title="Frank Galati">Frank Galati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kasdan" title="Lawrence Kasdan">Lawrence Kasdan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anne_Tyler" title="Anne Tyler">Anne Tyler</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Zaillian" title="Steven Zaillian">Steven Zaillian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Sacks" title="Oliver Sacks">Oliver Sacks</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Sobieski" title="Carol Sobieski">Carol Sobieski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fannie_Flagg" title="Fannie Flagg">Fannie Flagg</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Friedenberg" title="Richard Friedenberg">Richard Friedenberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Maclean" title="Norman Maclean">Norman Maclean</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Zaillian" title="Steven Zaillian">Steven Zaillian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Keneally" title="Thomas Keneally">Thomas Keneally</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Darabont" title="Frank Darabont">Frank Darabont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_King" title="Stephen King">Stephen King</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Thompson" title="Emma Thompson">Emma Thompson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Minghella" title="Anthony Minghella">Anthony Minghella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ondaatje" title="Michael Ondaatje">Michael Ondaatje</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Hanson" title="Curtis Hanson">Curtis Hanson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Helgeland" title="Brian Helgeland">Brian Helgeland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Ellroy" title="James Ellroy">James Ellroy</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Zaillian" title="Steven Zaillian">Steven Zaillian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Harr" title="Jonathan Harr">Jonathan Harr</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armyan_Bernstein" title="Armyan Bernstein">Armyan Bernstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Gordon_(screenwriter)" title="Dan Gordon (screenwriter)">Dan Gordon</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rubin Carter</a>, Sam Chaiton, and Terry Swinton (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Kloves" title="Steve Kloves">Steve Kloves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Chabon" title="Michael Chabon">Michael Chabon</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akiva_Goldsman" title="Akiva Goldsman">Akiva Goldsman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Nasar" title="Sylvia Nasar">Sylvia Nasar</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hare_(playwright)" title="David Hare (playwright)">David Hare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cunningham" title="Michael Cunningham">Michael Cunningham</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Helgeland" title="Brian Helgeland">Brian Helgeland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Lehane" title="Dennis Lehane">Dennis Lehane</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ross" title="Gary Ross">Gary Ross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laura_Hillenbrand" title="Laura Hillenbrand">Laura Hillenbrand</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Haggis" title="Paul Haggis">Paul Haggis</a> and <a href="/wiki/F.X._Toole" title="F.X. Toole">F.X. Toole</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Futterman" title="Dan Futterman">Dan Futterman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Clarke_(author)" title="Gerald Clarke (author)">Gerald Clarke</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Arata" title="David Arata">David Arata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Cuar%C3%B3n" title="Alfonso Cuarón">Alfonso Cuarón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Fergus_and_Hawk_Ostby" title="Mark Fergus and Hawk Ostby">Mark Fergus, Hawk Ostby</a>, Timothy J. Sexton, and <a href="/wiki/P._D._James" title="P. D. James">P. D. James</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coen_brothers" title="Coen brothers">Joel Coen, Ethan Coen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cormac_McCarthy" title="Cormac McCarthy">Cormac McCarthy</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Beaufoy" title="Simon Beaufoy">Simon Beaufoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vikas_Swarup" title="Vikas Swarup">Vikas Swarup</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Reitman" title="Jason Reitman">Jason Reitman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Turner" title="Sheldon Turner">Sheldon Turner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kirn" title="Walter Kirn">Walter Kirn</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Sorkin" title="Aaron Sorkin">Aaron Sorkin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Mezrich" title="Ben Mezrich">Ben Mezrich</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Payne" title="Alexander Payne">Alexander Payne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Rash" title="Jim Rash">Jim Rash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nat_Faxon" title="Nat Faxon">Nat Faxon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kaui_Hart_Hemmings" title="Kaui Hart Hemmings">Kaui Hart Hemmings</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Terrio" title="Chris Terrio">Chris Terrio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Mendez" title="Tony Mendez">Antonio J. Mendez</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joshuah_Bearman" title="Joshuah Bearman">Joshuah Bearman</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ridley" title="John Ridley">John Ridley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Northup" title="Solomon Northup">Solomon Northup</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Moore_(writer)" title="Graham Moore (writer)">Graham Moore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hodges" title="Andrew Hodges">Andrew Hodges</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_McKay" title="Adam McKay">Adam McKay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Randolph" title="Charles Randolph">Charles Randolph</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lewis" title="Michael Lewis">Michael Lewis</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Jenkins" title="Barry Jenkins">Barry Jenkins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarell_Alvin_McCraney" title="Tarell Alvin McCraney">Tarell Alvin McCraney</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ivory" title="James Ivory">James Ivory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Aciman" title="André Aciman">André Aciman</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_Granik" title="Debra Granik">Debra Granik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Rosellini" title="Anne Rosellini">Anne Rosellini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Rock_(novelist)" title="Peter Rock (novelist)">Peter Rock</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Gerwig" title="Greta Gerwig">Greta Gerwig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott" title="Louisa May Alcott">Louisa May Alcott</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlo%C3%A9_Zhao" title="Chloé Zhao">Chloé Zhao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Bruder" title="Jessica Bruder">Jessica Bruder</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Gyllenhaal" title="Maggie Gyllenhaal">Maggie Gyllenhaal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elena_Ferrante" title="Elena Ferrante">Elena Ferrante</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Polley" title="Sarah Polley">Sarah Polley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miriam_Toews" title="Miriam Toews">Miriam Toews</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord_Jefferson" title="Cord Jefferson">Cord Jefferson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Percival_Everett" title="Percival Everett">Percival Everett</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rubin_Carter&oldid=1255678546">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rubin_Carter&oldid=1255678546</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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