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Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AE" title="أميل مردوخ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أميل مردوخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9" title="اویل-مردوک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اویل-مردوک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Amel-Marduk" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Amel-Marduk" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9l-Marduk" title="Amél-Marduk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Amél-Marduk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C4%93l-Marduk" title="Amēl-Marduk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amēl-Marduk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BB_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BA" title="Αμέλ Μαρδούκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμέλ Μαρδούκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evilmerodac" title="Evilmerodac – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Evilmerodac" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9" title="آمل مردوک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آمل مردوک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amel-Marduk" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Amel-Marduk" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewil-Merodakh" title="Ewil-Merodakh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ewil-Merodakh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil-Merodach" title="Evil-Merodach – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Evil-Merodach" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%9C-%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9A" title="אמל-מרדוך – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמל-מרדוך" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98" title="ამელ-მარდუქი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ამელ-მარდუქი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9l-Marduk" title="Amél-Marduk – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Amél-Marduk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AE" title="اميل مردوخ – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اميل مردوخ" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Amel-Marduk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%82%AF" title="アメル・マルドゥク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメル・マルドゥク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Amel-Marduk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Amel-Marduk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil-Merodaque" title="Evil-Merodaque – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Evil-Merodaque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Амель-Мардук – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Амель-Мардук" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Amel-Marduk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Amel-Marduk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Amel-Marduk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_Merodac" title="Evil Merodac – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Evil Merodac" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Амель-Мардук – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Амель-Мардук" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9" title="اویل مرودک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اویل مرودک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Amel-Marduk" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E6%9C%AA%E7%B1%B3%E7%BE%85%E9%81%94" title="以未米羅達 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="以未米羅達" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E6%9C%AA%E7%B1%B3%E7%BE%85%E9%81%94" title="以未米羅達 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="以未米羅達" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Amel-Marduk</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Babylon" title="List of kings of Babylon">King of Babylon</a></li></ul></div></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lament_of_Nabu-suma-ukin_BM_40474.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Lament_of_Nabu-suma-ukin_BM_40474.jpg/220px-Lament_of_Nabu-suma-ukin_BM_40474.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Lament_of_Nabu-suma-ukin_BM_40474.jpg/330px-Lament_of_Nabu-suma-ukin_BM_40474.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Lament_of_Nabu-suma-ukin_BM_40474.jpg/440px-Lament_of_Nabu-suma-ukin_BM_40474.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3034" data-file-height="4870" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">The tablet recording the plea by the jailed prince Nabu-shum-ukin, probably the future Amel-Marduk</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">King of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">7 October 562 BC – August 560 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neriglissar" title="Neriglissar">Neriglissar</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">August 560 BC<br /><a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Indû</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Amēl-Marduk</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_dynasty" title="Chaldean dynasty">Chaldean dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amytis_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Amytis of Babylon">Amytis of Babylon</a> (?)</td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Amel-Marduk</b> (<a href="/wiki/Babylonian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian cuneiform">Babylonian cuneiform</a>: <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amel-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Amel-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png/86px-Amel-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Amel-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png/129px-Amel-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Amel-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png/172px-Amel-Marduk_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="101" /></a></span><span class="nowrap">  </span><i>Amēl-Marduk</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning "man of <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>"),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>Awil-Marduk</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertz201893_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertz201893-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or under the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">biblical</a> rendition of his name, <b>Evil-Merodach<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> (<a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">אֱוִיל מְרֹדַךְ</span>‎, <i>ʾĔwīl Mərōḏaḵ</i>), was the third emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a>, ruling from 562 BCE until his overthrow and murder in 560 BCE. He was the successor of <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span>605–562 BCE). On account of the small number of surviving <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> sources, little is known of Amel-Marduk's reign and actions as king. </p><p>Amel-Marduk, originally named Nabu-shum-ukin, was not Nebuchadnezzar's eldest son nor the oldest living son at his appointment as <a href="/wiki/Crown_prince" title="Crown prince">crown prince</a> and heir. It is not clear why Amel-Marduk was appointed by his father as successor, mainly since there appear to have been altercations between the two, possibly involving an attempt by Amel-Marduk to take the throne while his father was still alive. After the conspiracy, Amel-Marduk was imprisoned, possibly together with <a href="/wiki/Jeconiah" title="Jeconiah">Jeconiah</a>, the captured <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">king of Judah</a>. Nabu-shum-ukin changed his name to Amel-Marduk upon his release, possibly in reverence of the god Marduk to whom he had prayed. </p><p>Amel-Marduk is remembered mainly for releasing <a href="/wiki/Jeconiah" title="Jeconiah">Jeconiah</a> after 37 years of imprisonment. Amēl-Marduk is also known to have conducted some building work in <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, and possibly elsewhere, though the extent of his projects is unclear. The Babylonians appear to have resented his rule, as Babylonian sources after his reign describe him as incompetent. In 560 BCE, he was overthrown and murdered by his brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Neriglissar" title="Neriglissar">Neriglissar</a>, who thereafter ruled as king. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amel-Marduk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neo-Babylonian_Empire_under_Nebuchadnezzar_II.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Neo-Babylonian_Empire_under_Nebuchadnezzar_II.png/220px-Neo-Babylonian_Empire_under_Nebuchadnezzar_II.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Neo-Babylonian_Empire_under_Nebuchadnezzar_II.png/330px-Neo-Babylonian_Empire_under_Nebuchadnezzar_II.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Neo-Babylonian_Empire_under_Nebuchadnezzar_II.png/440px-Neo-Babylonian_Empire_under_Nebuchadnezzar_II.png 2x" data-file-width="2466" data-file-height="1865" /></a><figcaption>The borders of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> established under Amēl-Marduk's father and predecessor <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Amēl-Marduk was the successor of his father, <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span>605–562 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It seems that the succession to Nebuchadnezzar was troublesome and that the king's last years were prone to political instability.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201229_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201229-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one of the inscriptions written very late in his reign, after Nebuchadnezzar had already ruled for forty years, the king affirms that he had been chosen for kingship by the gods before he had even been born. Stressing divine legitimacy in such a fashion was usually only done by usurpers or if there were political problems with his intended successor. Given that Nebuchadnezzar had been king for several decades, and had been the legitimate heir of his predecessor, the first option seems unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201226_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201226-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amēl-Marduk was chosen as heir during his father's reign<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201227_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201227-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is attested as crown prince in 566 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopova2015405_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopova2015405-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amel-Marduk was not Nebuchadnezzar's oldest son—another of Nebuchadnezzar's sons, Marduk-nadin-ahi, is attested in Nebuchadnezzar's third year as king (602/601 BC) as an adult in charge of his own lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbraham2012124_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbraham2012124-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given that Amel-Marduk is attested considerably later, it is probable that Marduk-nadin-ahi was Nebuchadnezzar's eldest son and legitimate heir,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbraham2012124_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbraham2012124-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making the reason for the selection of Amēl-Marduk mainly since Marduk-nadin-ahi is attested as living until as late as 563 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbraham2012125_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbraham2012125-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, evidence of altercations between Nebuchadnezzar and Amel-Marduk makes his selection as heir seem even more improbable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201227_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201227-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one text, Nebuchadnezzar and Amēl-Marduk are both implicated in some conspiracy, with one of the two accused of bad conduct against the temples and people:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201227_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201227-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Concerning [Nebu]chadnezzar they thought [. . .] his life were not treasured [by them . . . the people of] Babylon to Amēl-Marduk spoke, not [. . .] . . . "concerning the treasure of [the <a href="/wiki/Esagila" title="Esagila">Esagila</a>] and Babylon [. . ."] they mentioned the cities of the great gods [. . .] his heart over son and daughter will not let [. . .] family and tribe are [not . . .] in his heart. All that is full [. . .] his thoughts were not about the well-being of [the Esagila and Babylon . . .], with attentive ears he went to the holy gates [. . .] prayed to the Lord of lords [. . .] he cried bitterly to Marduk, the gods [..w]ent his prayer to [. . .].<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201227–28_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201227–28-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The inscription contains accusations, though it is unclear to whom they are directed, concerning the desecration of holy places and the exploitation of the populace—failures in the two main responsibilities of the king of Babylon. The accused is afterwards stated to have cried and prayed to <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>, Babylon's national deity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201228_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201228-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another text from late in Nebuchadnezzar's reign contains a prayer by an imprisoned son of Nebuchadnezzar named Nabu-shum-ukin (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nabu-shuma-ukin_in_Akkadian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Nabu-shuma-ukin_in_Akkadian.png/86px-Nabu-shuma-ukin_in_Akkadian.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Nabu-shuma-ukin_in_Akkadian.png/129px-Nabu-shuma-ukin_in_Akkadian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Nabu-shuma-ukin_in_Akkadian.png/172px-Nabu-shuma-ukin_in_Akkadian.png 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="109" /></a></span> <span title="Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">Nabû-šum-ukīn</i></span>), who states that he was imprisoned because of a conspiracy against him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201228_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201228-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Leviticus_Rabbah" title="Leviticus Rabbah">Leviticus Rabbah</a>, a 5th–7th-century AD <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrashic</a> text, Amel-Marduk was imprisoned by his father alongside the captured <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judean</a> king <a href="/wiki/Jeconiah" title="Jeconiah">Jeconiah</a> (also known as Jehoiachin) because some of the Babylonian officials had proclaimed him king while Nebuchadnezzar was away.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Assyriologist <a href="/wiki/Irving_Finkel" title="Irving Finkel">Irving Finkel</a> argued in 1999 that Nabu-shum-ukin was the same person as Amel-Marduk, who changed his name to "man of Marduk" once he was released as reverence towards the god to whom he had prayed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201228_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201228-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finkel's conclusions have been accepted as convincing by other scholars,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201228_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201228-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and would also explain the previous text, perhaps relating to the same incidents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201228_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201228-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_of_Jerahmeel" title="Chronicles of Jerahmeel">Chronicles of Jerahmeel</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> work on history possibly written in the <a href="/wiki/12th_century" title="12th century">12th century</a>, erroneously states that Amēl-Marduk was Nebuchadnezzar's eldest son, but that his father sidelined him in favour of his brother, 'Nebuchadnezzar the Younger' (a fictional figure not attested in any other source), and was thus imprisoned together with Jeconiah until the death of Nebuchadnezzar the Younger, after which Amel-Marduk was made king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESack200441_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESack200441-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Considering the available evidence, it is possible that Nebuchadnezzar saw Amēl-Marduk as an unworthy heir and sought to replace him with another son. Why Amēl-Marduk nevertheless became king is not clear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201229_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201229-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless, Amel-Marduk's administrative duties probably began before he became king, during the last few weeks or months of his father's reign when Nebuchadnezzar was ill and dying.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last known tablet dated to Nebuchadnezzar's reign, from <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, is dated to the same day, 7 October, as the first known tablet of Amel-Marduk, from <a href="/wiki/Sippar" title="Sippar">Sippar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParkerDubberstein194210_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkerDubberstein194210-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amel-Marduk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portretten_van_de_koningen_Evil-Merodach_en_Neriglissar_Van_d%27Assyrische_monarchie_(titel_op_object)_Den_Grooten_Emblemata_Sacra,_bestaande_in_meer_dan_vier_hondert_bybelsche_figuren,_zoo_des_Ouden_als_des_Nieuwen_Test,_RP-P-2015-10-136.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Portretten_van_de_koningen_Evil-Merodach_en_Neriglissar_Van_d%27Assyrische_monarchie_%28titel_op_object%29_Den_Grooten_Emblemata_Sacra%2C_bestaande_in_meer_dan_vier_hondert_bybelsche_figuren%2C_zoo_des_Ouden_als_des_Nieuwen_Test%2C_RP-P-2015-10-136.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Portretten_van_de_koningen_Evil-Merodach_en_Neriglissar_Van_d%27Assyrische_monarchie_%28titel_op_object%29_Den_Grooten_Emblemata_Sacra%2C_bestaande_in_meer_dan_vier_hondert_bybelsche_figuren%2C_zoo_des_Ouden_als_des_Nieuwen_Test%2C_RP-P-2015-10-136.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Portretten_van_de_koningen_Evil-Merodach_en_Neriglissar_Van_d%27Assyrische_monarchie_%28titel_op_object%29_Den_Grooten_Emblemata_Sacra%2C_bestaande_in_meer_dan_vier_hondert_bybelsche_figuren%2C_zoo_des_Ouden_als_des_Nieuwen_Test%2C_RP-P-2015-10-136.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5620" data-file-height="4182" /></a><figcaption>17th-century portraits of Amel-Marduk ('Evilmerodach') and his successor <a href="/wiki/Neriglissar" title="Neriglissar">Neriglissar</a> ('Nerigolossor')</figcaption></figure><p>Very few <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> sources survive from Amel-Marduk's reign,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESack1978129_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESack1978129-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as such, almost nothing is known of his accomplishments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite being the legitimate successor of Nebuchadnezzar, Amēl-Marduk was seemingly met with opposition from the very beginning of his rule, as indicated by the brevity of his tenure as king and by his negative portrayal in later sources. The later <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic-era</a> Babylonian writer and astronomer <a href="/wiki/Berossus" title="Berossus">Berossus</a> wrote that Amēl-Marduk "ruled capriciously and had no regard for the laws" and a cuneiform propaganda text states that he neglected his family, that officials refused to carry out his orders, and that he solely concerned himself with veneration and worship of Marduk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether the opposition towards Amel-Marduk resulted from his earlier attempt at conspiracy against his father, the tension between different factions of the royal family (given that he was not the oldest son), or from his mismanagement as king, is not certain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbraham2012125_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbraham2012125-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Little is known of Amēl-Marduk's immediate family, i.e., his wife and potential children. No sons of Amēl-Marduk are known,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991241_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991241-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he had at least one daughter named Indû.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991241_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991241-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman198312_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman198312-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeisberg197667_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeisberg197667-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Chronicles of Jerahmeel</i> ascribes three sons to Amēl-Marduk: Regosar, Lebuzer Dukh and Nabhar, though it seems the author confused Amel-Marduk's successors for his sons (respectively, <a href="/wiki/Neriglissar" title="Neriglissar">Neriglissar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labashi-Marduk" title="Labashi-Marduk">Labashi-Marduk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESack200440–41_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESack200440–41-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of his inscriptions suggests that he renovated the <a href="/wiki/Esagila" title="Esagila">Esagila</a> in Babylon, and the <a href="/wiki/Ezida" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezida">Ezida</a> in <a href="/wiki/Borsippa" title="Borsippa">Borsippa</a>. No concrete archaeological or textual evidence exists to confirm that work was done at these temples. Some bricks and paving stones in Babylon bear his name, indicating that some building work was completed at Babylon during his brief tenure as king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bible states that Amel-Marduk freed Jeconiah, king of Judah, after 37 years of imprisonment in Babylon, the only concrete political act attributed to Amel-Marduk in any extant source.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though such acts of clemency are known from accession ceremonies, and in this case may have been connected to the celebration of the Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Akitu" title="Akitu">New Year's Festival</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991241_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991241-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the specific reason for Jeconiah's release is not known. Suggested reasons include to win favour with the population of Jewish deportees in Babylonia or that Amēl-Marduk and Jeconiah may have become friends during their imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later Jewish tradition held that the release was a deliberate reversal of Nebuchadnezzar's policy, having destroyed the Kingdom of Judah. However, there is no indication that Amel-Marduk made any attempt to restore Judah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991241_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991241-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, Jewish contemporaries of Amel-Marduk likely hoped that Jeconiah's release was the first step in the restoration of Judah, given that Amēl-Marduk also released Baalezer, the captured king of <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>, and restored him to his throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2021176_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2021176-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The release of Jeconiah is narrated in <a href="/wiki/2_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Kings">2 Kings</a> 25:27–30,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018237_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018237-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the <i>Chronicles of Jerahmeel</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991241_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991241-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both sources referring to Amel-Marduk as Evil-Merodach.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018237_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018237-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991241_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991241-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Chronicles of Jerahmeel</i> narrates the release of Jeconiah as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991241_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991241-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the thirty-seventh year of the exile of Jehoiachin king of Judah, in the year Evil-Merodach became king of Babylon, he released Jehoiachin from prison on the twenty-fifth day of the twelfth month. He spoke kindly to him and gave him a seat of honour higher than those of the other kings who were with him in Babylon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991241_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991241-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Amēl-Marduk's reign abruptly ended in August 560 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20202_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20202-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991242_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991242-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after barely two years as king,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbraham2012124_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbraham2012124-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when he was deposed and murdered by Neriglissar, his brother-in-law, who then claimed the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20202_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20202-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last document from the reign of Amel-Marduk is a contract dated to 7 August 560 BC, written in Babylon. Four days later, documents dated to Neriglissar are known from Babylon and <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>. Based on increased economic activity attributed to him in the capital, Neriglissar was at Babylon at the time of the usurpation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991242_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991242-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conflict between Amēl-Marduk and Neriglissar was likely a result of inter-family discord rather than some other form of rivalry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991242_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991242-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neriglissar was married to one of Nebuchadnezzar's daughters, possibly <a href="/wiki/Kashshaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashshaya">Kashshaya</a>. As Kashshaya is attested considerably earlier in Nebuchadnezzar's reign than Amel-Marduk (in Nebuchadnezzar's fifth year, 600/599 BC) and most of the other sons, it is possible that she was older than them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998200_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998200-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the gap between the earliest reference to Kashshaya and those of the sons could be accidental or coincidental;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998201_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998201-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it could also be interpreted as an indication that many of the sons were the progeny of a second marriage. It is therefore possible that Neriglissar's usurpation was the result of infighting between an older, wealthier and more influential branch of the royal family represented by Nebuchadnezzar's daughters, Kashshaya in particular, and a less well-established and younger though more legitimate, branch represented by Nebuchadnezzar's sons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998200_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998200-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles">Titles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amel-Marduk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary" title="Akkadian royal titulary">Akkadian royal titulary</a></div> <p>From one of his inscriptions, found on a pillar of one of Babylon's bridges, Amēl-Marduk's titles read as follows: "Amēl-Marduk, king of Babylon, the one who renovates Esagil and Ezida, son of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny202030_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny202030-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given that few inscriptions of Amēl-Marduk are known, no more elaborate versions of his titulature are known.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny202029–34_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny202029–34-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He may also have used the title '<a href="/wiki/King_of_Sumer_and_Akkad" title="King of Sumer and Akkad">king of Sumer and Akkad</a>', used by other Neo-Babylonian kings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva201372_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva201372-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amel-Marduk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources" title="List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources">List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amel-Marduk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20201_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeiershäuserNovotny2020">Weiershäuser & Novotny 2020</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbertz201893-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbertz201893_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlbertz2018">Albertz 2018</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201229-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201229_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201229_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyali-Darshan2012">Ayali-Darshan 2012</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201226-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201226_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyali-Darshan2012">Ayali-Darshan 2012</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201227-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201227_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201227_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201227_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyali-Darshan2012">Ayali-Darshan 2012</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopova2015405-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopova2015405_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPopova2015">Popova 2015</a>, p. 405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbraham2012124-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbraham2012124_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbraham2012124_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbraham2012124_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbraham2012">Abraham 2012</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbraham2012125-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbraham2012125_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbraham2012125_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbraham2012">Abraham 2012</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201227–28-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201227–28_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyali-Darshan2012">Ayali-Darshan 2012</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201228-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201228_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201228_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201228_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201228_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyali-Darshan201228_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyali-Darshan2012">Ayali-Darshan 2012</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESack200441-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESack200441_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSack2004">Sack 2004</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkerDubberstein194210-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParkerDubberstein194210_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParkerDubberstein1942">Parker & Dubberstein 1942</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESack1978129-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESack1978129_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSack1978">Sack 1978</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991241-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991241_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991241_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991241_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991241_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991241_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991241_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991241_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991241_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiseman1991">Wiseman 1991</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman198312-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman198312_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiseman1983">Wiseman 1983</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeisberg197667-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeisberg197667_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeisberg1976">Weisberg 1976</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESack200440–41-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESack200440–41_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSack2004">Sack 2004</a>, pp. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2021176-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee2021176_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2021">Lee 2021</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018237-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018237_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018237_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu2018">Beaulieu 2018</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20202-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20202_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny20202_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeiershäuserNovotny2020">Weiershäuser & Novotny 2020</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991242-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991242_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991242_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseman1991242_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiseman1991">Wiseman 1991</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998200-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998200_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998200_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu1998">Beaulieu 1998</a>, p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998201-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu1998201_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeaulieu1998">Beaulieu 1998</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny202030-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny202030_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeiershäuserNovotny2020">Weiershäuser & Novotny 2020</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny202029–34-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiershäuserNovotny202029–34_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeiershäuserNovotny2020">Weiershäuser & Novotny 2020</a>, pp. 29–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva201372-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDa_Riva201372_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDa_Riva2013">Da Riva 2013</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amel-Marduk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAbraham2012" class="citation book cs1">Abraham, Kathleen (2012). "A Unique Bilingual and Biliteral Artifact from the Time of Nebuchadnezzar II in the Moussaieff Private Collection". In Lubetski, Meir; Lubetski, Edith (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zqiEktf1IwEC"><i>New Inscriptions and Seals Relating to the Biblical World</i></a>. Society of Biblical Literature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1589835566" title="Special:BookSources/978-1589835566"><bdi>978-1589835566</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Unique+Bilingual+and+Biliteral+Artifact+from+the+Time+of+Nebuchadnezzar+II+in+the+Moussaieff+Private+Collection&rft.btitle=New+Inscriptions+and+Seals+Relating+to+the+Biblical+World&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1589835566&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzqiEktf1IwEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmel-Marduk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbertz2018" class="citation book cs1">Albertz, Rainer (2018). "The Exilic Period as an Urgent Case for a Historical Reconstruction without the Biblical Text: the Neo-Babylonian Royal Inscriptions as a 'Primary Source'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In Grabbe, Lester L. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m4hoDwAAQBAJ"><i>Even God Cannot Change the Past: Reflections on Seventeen Years of the European Seminar in Historical Methodology</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567680563" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567680563"><bdi>978-0567680563</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Exilic+Period+as+an+Urgent+Case+for+a+Historical+Reconstruction+without+the+Biblical+Text%3A+the+Neo-Babylonian+Royal+Inscriptions+as+a+%27Primary+Source%27&rft.btitle=Even+God+Cannot+Change+the+Past%3A+Reflections+on+Seventeen+Years+of+the+European+Seminar+in+Historical+Methodology&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0567680563&rft.aulast=Albertz&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm4hoDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmel-Marduk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyali-Darshan2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ayali-Darshan, Noga (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/44458674">"A Redundancy in Nebuchadnezzar 15 and Its Literary Historical Significance"</a>. <i>JANES</i>. <b>32</b>: 21–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JANES&rft.atitle=A+Redundancy+in+Nebuchadnezzar+15+and+Its+Literary+Historical+Significance&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=21-29&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Ayali-Darshan&rft.aufirst=Noga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F44458674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmel-Marduk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaulieu1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul-Alain_Beaulieu" title="Paul-Alain Beaulieu">Beaulieu, Paul-Alain</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1827029">"Ba'u-asītu and Kaššaya, Daughters of Nebuchadnezzar II"</a>. <i>Orientalia</i>. <b>67</b> (2): 173–201. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43076387">43076387</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orientalia&rft.atitle=Ba%27u-as%C4%ABtu+and+Ka%C5%A1%C5%A1aya%2C+Daughters+of+Nebuchadnezzar+II&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=173-201&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43076387%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Beaulieu&rft.aufirst=Paul-Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1827029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmel-Marduk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaulieu2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul-Alain_Beaulieu" title="Paul-Alain Beaulieu">Beaulieu, Paul-Alain</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yMhQDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Dynasty+of+E%22&pg=PA12"><i>A History of Babylon, 2200 BC - AD 75</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405188999" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405188999"><bdi>978-1405188999</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Babylon%2C+2200+BC+-+AD+75&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1405188999&rft.aulast=Beaulieu&rft.aufirst=Paul-Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyMhQDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Dynasty%2Bof%2BE%2522%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmel-Marduk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDa_Riva2013" class="citation book cs1">Da Riva, Rocío (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MC_nBQAAQBAJ&q=Nabopolassar+titles"><i>The Inscriptions of Nabopolassar, Amel-Marduk and Neriglissar</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1614515876" title="Special:BookSources/978-1614515876"><bdi>978-1614515876</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Inscriptions+of+Nabopolassar%2C+Amel-Marduk+and+Neriglissar&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1614515876&rft.aulast=Da+Riva&rft.aufirst=Roc%C3%ADo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMC_nBQAAQBAJ%26q%3DNabopolassar%2Btitles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmel-Marduk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2021" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Albert Sui Hung (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iI8cEAAAQBAJ"><i>Dialogue on Monarchy in the Gideon-Abimelech Narrative: Ideological Reading in Light of Bakhtin's Dialogism</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004443853" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004443853"><bdi>978-9004443853</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialogue+on+Monarchy+in+the+Gideon-Abimelech+Narrative%3A+Ideological+Reading+in+Light+of+Bakhtin%27s+Dialogism&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-9004443853&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Albert+Sui+Hung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiI8cEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmel-Marduk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkerDubberstein1942" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Richard A.; Dubberstein, Waldo H. (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/saoc24.pdf"><i>Babylonian Chronology 626 B.C. – A.D. 45</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2600410">2600410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Babylonian+Chronology+626+B.C.+%E2%80%93+A.D.+45&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2600410&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft.au=Dubberstein%2C+Waldo+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2Fsites%2Foi.uchicago.edu%2Ffiles%2Fuploads%2Fshared%2Fdocs%2Fsaoc24.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmel-Marduk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopova2015" class="citation journal cs1">Popova, Olga (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/24166431">"The Royal Family and its Territorial Implantation during the Neo-Babylonian Period"</a>. <i>KASKAL</i>. <b>12</b> (12): 401–410. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1400%2F239747">10.1400/239747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KASKAL&rft.atitle=The+Royal+Family+and+its+Territorial+Implantation+during+the+Neo-Babylonian+Period&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=401-410&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1400%2F239747&rft.aulast=Popova&rft.aufirst=Olga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F24166431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmel-Marduk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSack1978" class="citation journal cs1">Sack, Ronald H. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/journals/zava/68/1/article-p129.xml">"Nergal-šarra-uṣur, King of Babylon as seen in the Cuneiform, Greek, Latin and Hebrew Sources"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie</i>. <b>68</b> (1): 129–149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fzava.1978.68.1.129">10.1515/zava.1978.68.1.129</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161101482">161101482</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Assyriologie+und+Vorderasiatische+Arch%C3%A4ologie&rft.atitle=Nergal-%C5%A1arra-u%E1%B9%A3ur%2C+King+of+Babylon+as+seen+in+the+Cuneiform%2C+Greek%2C+Latin+and+Hebrew+Sources&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=129-149&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fzava.1978.68.1.129&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161101482%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sack&rft.aufirst=Ronald+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fzava%2F68%2F1%2Farticle-p129.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmel-Marduk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSack2004" class="citation book cs1">Sack, Ronald H. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nxC1wF3_IEAC"><i>Images of Nebuchadnezzar: The Emergence of a Legend</i></a> (2nd Revised and Expanded ed.). Susquehanna University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57591-079-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-57591-079-9"><bdi>1-57591-079-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+Nebuchadnezzar%3A+The+Emergence+of+a+Legend&rft.edition=2nd+Revised+and+Expanded&rft.pub=Susquehanna+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-57591-079-9&rft.aulast=Sack&rft.aufirst=Ronald+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnxC1wF3_IEAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmel-Marduk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiershäuserNovotny2020" class="citation book cs1">Weiershäuser, Frauke; Novotny, Jamie (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/73674/1/RINBE2_OAPDF.pdf"><i>The Royal Inscriptions of Amēl-Marduk (561–560 BC), Neriglissar (559–556 BC), and Nabonidus (555–539 BC), Kings of Babylon</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1646021079" title="Special:BookSources/978-1646021079"><bdi>978-1646021079</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Inscriptions+of+Am%C4%93l-Marduk+%28561%E2%80%93560+BC%29%2C+Neriglissar+%28559%E2%80%93556+BC%29%2C+and+Nabonidus+%28555%E2%80%93539+BC%29%2C+Kings+of+Babylon&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1646021079&rft.aulast=Weiersh%C3%A4user&rft.aufirst=Frauke&rft.au=Novotny%2C+Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepub.ub.uni-muenchen.de%2F73674%2F1%2FRINBE2_OAPDF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmel-Marduk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisberg1976" class="citation journal cs1">Weisberg, David B. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/372466">"Review: <i>Amēl-Marduk 562-560 B. C. A Study Based on Cuneiform, Old Testament, Greek, Latin and Rabbinical Sources</i> By Ronald Herbert Sack"</a>. <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>. <b>35</b> (1): 67–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F372466">10.1086/372466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Am%C4%93l-Marduk+562-560+B.+C.+A+Study+Based+on+Cuneiform%2C+Old+Testament%2C+Greek%2C+Latin+and+Rabbinical+Sources+By+Ronald+Herbert+Sack&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-69&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F372466&rft.aulast=Weisberg&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F372466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmel-Marduk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiseman1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Wiseman" title="Donald Wiseman">Wiseman, Donald J.</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1KGMl3B78cgC"><i>Nebuchadrezzar and Babylon: The Schweich Letters</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197261002" title="Special:BookSources/978-0197261002"><bdi>978-0197261002</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nebuchadrezzar+and+Babylon%3A+The+Schweich+Letters&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0197261002&rft.aulast=Wiseman&rft.aufirst=Donald+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1KGMl3B78cgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmel-Marduk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiseman1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Wiseman" title="Donald Wiseman">Wiseman, Donald J.</a> (2003) [1991]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OGBGauNBK8kC&q=Neriglissar">"Babylonia 605–539 B.C."</a>. In Boardman, John; Edwards, I. E. S.; Hammond, N. G. L.; Sollberger, E.; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Ancient History: III Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C.</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22717-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22717-8"><bdi>0-521-22717-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Babylonia+605%E2%80%93539+B.C.&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History%3A+III+Part+2%3A+The+Assyrian+and+Babylonian+Empires+and+Other+States+of+the+Near+East%2C+from+the+Eighth+to+the+Sixth+Centuries+B.C.&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-22717-8&rft.aulast=Wiseman&rft.aufirst=Donald+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOGBGauNBK8kC%26q%3DNeriglissar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmel-Marduk" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Amel-Marduk </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_dynasty" title="Chaldean dynasty">Chaldean dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 560 BC</span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Babylon">King of Babylon</a> </b><br />562 – 560 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Neriglissar" title="Neriglissar">Neriglissar</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kings_of_Babylon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Babylonian_kings" title="Template:Babylonian kings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Babylonian_kings" title="Template talk:Babylonian kings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Babylonian_kings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Babylonian kings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kings_of_Babylon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Kings of Babylon</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Babylon" title="List of kings of Babylon">List of kings of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary" title="Akkadian royal titulary">Royal titles</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Kings  <span class="nobold">(<i>foreign ruler</i></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><u>vassal king</u></span></li><li><span class="nobold">female<sup>♀</sup>)</span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian Empire</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1894–1595 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Amorite_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite dynasty">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumu-abum" title="Sumu-abum">Sumu-abum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumu-la-El" title="Sumu-la-El">Sumu-la-El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabium" title="Sabium">Sabium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apil-Sin" title="Apil-Sin">Apil-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin-Muballit" title="Sin-Muballit">Sin-Muballit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsu-iluna" title="Samsu-iluna">Samsu-iluna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abi-Eshuh" title="Abi-Eshuh">Abi-Eshuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammi-Ditana" title="Ammi-Ditana">Ammi-Ditana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammi-Saduqa" title="Ammi-Saduqa">Ammi-Saduqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsu-Ditana" title="Samsu-Ditana">Samsu-Ditana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/First_Sealand_dynasty" title="First Sealand dynasty">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilum-ma-ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilum-ma-ili">Ilum-ma-ili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itti-ili-nibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Itti-ili-nibi">Itti-ili-nibi</a></li> <li>Unknown king (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damqi-ilishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Damqi-ilishu">Damqi-ilishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishkibal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishkibal">Ishkibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shushushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shushushi">Shushushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulkishar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulkishar">Gulkishar</a></li> <li><sup>m</sup>DIŠ+U-EN</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshgaldaramesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshgaldaramesh">Peshgaldaramesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayadaragalama" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayadaragalama">Ayadaragalama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akurduana" class="mw-redirect" title="Akurduana">Akurduana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melamkurkurra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melamkurkurra">Melamkurkurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ea-gamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea-gamil">Ea-gamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1729–1157 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="III" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kassite_dynasty" title="Kassite dynasty">III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandash" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandash">Gandash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agum_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Agum I">Agum I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashtiliash I">Kashtiliash I</a></li> <li>Unknown king</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abi-Rattash" class="mw-redirect" title="Abi-Rattash">Abi-Rattash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashtiliash II">Kashtiliash II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urzigurumash" class="mw-redirect" title="Urzigurumash">Urzigurumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agum_II" title="Agum II">Agum II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harba-Shipak" class="mw-redirect" title="Harba-Shipak">Harba-Shipak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipta%27ulzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipta'ulzi">Shipta'ulzi</a></li> <li>Unknown king</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_I" title="Burnaburiash I">Burnaburiash I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulamburiash" title="Ulamburiash">Ulamburiash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_III" title="Kashtiliash III">Kashtiliash III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agum_III" title="Agum III">Agum III</a></li> <li>Kadashman-Sah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaindash" title="Karaindash">Karaindash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_I" title="Kadashman-Harbe I">Kadashman-Harbe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_I" title="Kurigalzu I">Kurigalzu I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_I" title="Kadashman-Enlil I">Kadashman-Enlil I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burna-Buriash_II" title="Burna-Buriash II">Burna-Buriash II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-hardash" title="Kara-hardash">Kara-hardash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Bugash" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi-Bugash">Nazi-Bugash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_II" title="Kurigalzu II">Kurigalzu II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maruttash" title="Nazi-Maruttash">Nazi-Maruttash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Turgu" title="Kadashman-Turgu">Kadashman-Turgu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_II" title="Kadashman-Enlil II">Kadashman-Enlil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudur-Enlil" title="Kudur-Enlil">Kudur-Enlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shagarakti-Shuriash" title="Shagarakti-Shuriash">Shagarakti-Shuriash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_IV" title="Kashtiliash IV">Kashtiliash IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-shumi" title="Enlil-nadin-shumi">Enlil-nadin-shumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_II" title="Kadashman-Harbe II">Kadashman-Harbe II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-iddina" title="Adad-shuma-iddina">Adad-shuma-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-usur" title="Adad-shuma-usur">Adad-shuma-usur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meli-Shipak_II" title="Meli-Shipak II">Meli-Shipak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_I" title="Marduk-apla-iddina I">Marduk-apla-iddina I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zababa-shuma-iddin" title="Zababa-shuma-iddin">Zababa-shuma-iddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-ahi" title="Enlil-nadin-ahi">Enlil-nadin-ahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Babylonian_period" title="Middle Babylonian period">Middle Babylonian period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1157–732 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Isin" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Dynasty of Isin">IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-kabit-ahheshu" title="Marduk-kabit-ahheshu">Marduk-kabit-ahheshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itti-Marduk-balatu_(king)" title="Itti-Marduk-balatu (king)">Itti-Marduk-balatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-nadin-shumi" title="Ninurta-nadin-shumi">Ninurta-nadin-shumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I" title="Nebuchadnezzar I">Nebuchadnezzar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-apli" title="Enlil-nadin-apli">Enlil-nadin-apli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-nadin-ahhe" title="Marduk-nadin-ahhe">Marduk-nadin-ahhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-shapik-zeri" title="Marduk-shapik-zeri">Marduk-shapik-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-apla-iddina" title="Adad-apla-iddina">Adad-apla-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-ahhe-eriba" title="Marduk-ahhe-eriba">Marduk-ahhe-eriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-zer-X" title="Marduk-zer-X">Marduk-zer-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-shum-libur" title="Nabu-shum-libur">Nabu-shum-libur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sealand_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sealand dynasty">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simbar-shipak" title="Simbar-shipak">Simbar-shipak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ea-mukin-zeri" title="Ea-mukin-zeri">Ea-mukin-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashshu-nadin-ahi" title="Kashshu-nadin-ahi">Kashshu-nadin-ahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bazi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bazi dynasty">VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eulmash-shakin-shumi" title="Eulmash-shakin-shumi">Eulmash-shakin-shumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_I" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur I">Ninurta-kudurri-usur I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirikti-shuqamuna" title="Shirikti-shuqamuna">Shirikti-shuqamuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Elamite_dynasty" title="Elamite dynasty">VII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-apla-usur" title="Mar-biti-apla-usur">Mar-biti-apla-usur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_of_E" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasty of E">VIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nab%C3%BB-mukin-apli" title="Nabû-mukin-apli">Nabû-mukin-apli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_II" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur II">Ninurta-kudurri-usur II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina" title="Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina">Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamash-mudammiq" title="Shamash-mudammiq">Shamash-mudammiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_I" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin I">Nabu-shuma-ukin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-apla-iddina" title="Nabu-apla-iddina">Nabu-apla-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_I" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi I">Marduk-zakir-shumi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-balassu-iqbi" title="Marduk-balassu-iqbi">Marduk-balassu-iqbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba-aha-iddina" title="Baba-aha-iddina">Baba-aha-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apla-X" title="Ninurta-apla-X">Ninurta-apla-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-bel-zeri" title="Marduk-bel-zeri">Marduk-bel-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-usur" title="Marduk-apla-usur">Marduk-apla-usur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eriba-Marduk" title="Eriba-Marduk">Eriba-Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ishkun" title="Nabu-shuma-ishkun">Nabu-shuma-ishkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabonassar" title="Nabonassar">Nabonassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-nadin-zeri" title="Nabu-nadin-zeri">Nabu-nadin-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-suma-ukin_II" title="Nabu-suma-ukin II">Nabu-suma-ukin II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(732–626 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="IX" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_dynasty_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian dynasty of Babylon">IX</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-mukin-zeri" title="Nabu-mukin-zeri">Nabu-mukin-zeri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser V</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_II" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi II">Marduk-zakir-shumi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Bel-ibni" title="Bel-ibni">Bel-ibni</a></u></li> <li><u><i><a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1%C5%A1ur-n%C4%81din-%C5%A1umi" title="Aššur-nādin-šumi">Aššur-nādin-šumi</a></i></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nergal-ushezib" title="Nergal-ushezib">Nergal-ushezib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushezib-Marduk" title="Mushezib-Marduk">Mushezib-Marduk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a></i></li> <li><u><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ama%C5%A1-%C5%A1uma-ukin" title="Šamaš-šuma-ukin">Šamaš-šuma-ukin</a></i></u></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a></i></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Kandalanu" title="Kandalanu">Kandalanu</a></u></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-%C5%A1umu-l%C4%AB%C5%A1ir" title="Sîn-šumu-līšir">Sîn-šumu-līšir</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinsharishkun" title="Sinsharishkun">Sinsharishkun</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(626–539 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="X" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_dynasty" title="Chaldean dynasty">X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:1.0em 0.2em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amel-Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neriglissar" title="Neriglissar">Neriglissar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labashi-Marduk" title="Labashi-Marduk">Labashi-Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Babylon_under_foreign_rule_(539_BC_–_AD_224)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><small>Babylon under foreign rule (539 BC – AD 224)</small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(539–331 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XI" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">XI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Bardiya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_III" title="Nebuchadnezzar III">Nebuchadnezzar III</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_IV" title="Nebuchadnezzar IV">Nebuchadnezzar IV</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamash-eriba" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-eriba">Shamash-eriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel-shimanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bel-shimanni">Bel-shimanni</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_II" title="Xerxes II">Xerxes II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sogdianus" title="Sogdianus">Sogdianus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Artaxerxes IV</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidin-Bel" title="Nidin-Bel">Nidin-Bel</a> (?)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(331–141 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">XII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I Monophthalmus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">XIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I Soter</a></i></li> <li><i>Seleucus</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II Theos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II_Callinicus" title="Seleucus II Callinicus">Seleucus II Callinicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_III_Ceraunus" title="Seleucus III Ceraunus">Seleucus III Ceraunus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III Megas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_(son_of_Antiochus_III_the_Great)" title="Antiochus (son of Antiochus III the Great)">Antiochus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV Philopator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_(son_of_Seleucus_IV)" title="Antiochus (son of Seleucus IV)">Antiochus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V Eupator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timarchus" title="Timarchus">Timarchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander Balas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II Nicator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(141 BC – AD 224)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XIV" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid dynasty">XIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rinnu" title="Rinnu">Rinnu</a></i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates II</a></i></li> <li><i>Ubulna</i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes I</a></i></li> <li><i>Asi'abatar</i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Parthia" title="Orodes I of Parthia">Orodes I</a></i></li> <li><i>Ispubarza</i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phraates_III" title="Phraates III">Phraates III</a></i></li> <li><i>Piriustana</i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i>Teleuniqe</i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orodes_III_of_Parthia" title="Orodes III of Parthia">Orodes III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II" title="Gotarzes II">Gotarzes II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vonones_II" title="Vonones II">Vonones II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacorus_II" title="Pacorus II">Pacorus II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vologases_III_of_Parthia" title="Vologases III of Parthia">Vologases III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV" title="Vologases IV">Vologases IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vologases_V" title="Vologases V">Vologases V</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vologases_VI" title="Vologases VI">Vologases VI</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Kings_of_Babylon" title="Category:Kings of Babylon">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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