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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A3%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="أداد شوما أصر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أداد شوما أصر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adad-shuma-usur" title="Adad-shuma-usur – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Adad-shuma-usur" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adadxumausur" title="Adadxumausur – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Adadxumausur" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adad-%C5%A1uma-u%E1%B9%A3ur" title="Adad-šuma-uṣur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Adad-šuma-uṣur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adad-shum-usur" title="Adad-shum-usur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Adad-shum-usur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adad-xuma-usur" title="Adad-xuma-usur – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Adad-xuma-usur" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adad-shuma-usur" title="Adad-shuma-usur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Adad-shuma-usur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adadsumusur" title="Adadsumusur – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Adadsumusur" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1" title="اداد شوما اصر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اداد شوما اصر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adad-shuma-usur" title="Adad-shuma-usur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Adad-shuma-usur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adad-Suma-Usur" title="Adad-Suma-Usur – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Adad-Suma-Usur" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adad-szuma-usur" title="Adad-szuma-usur – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Adad-szuma-usur" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4-%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BC-%D1%83%D1%86%D1%83%D1%80" title="Адад-шум-уцур – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Адад-шум-уцур" data-language-autonym="Русский" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Adad-šuma-uṣur</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ABL_924.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/ABL_924.jpg/220px-ABL_924.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/ABL_924.jpg/330px-ABL_924.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/ABL_924.jpg/440px-ABL_924.jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="532" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Adad-šuma-uṣur's rude letter to Aššur-nirari III and Ilī-ḫaddâ, the "Kings of Assyria."<sup id="cite_ref-abl924_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abl924-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Babylon" title="List of kings of Babylon">King of Babylon</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">30 regnal years<br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1216 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1187 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-iddina" title="Adad-shuma-iddina">Adad-šuma-iddina</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Meli-Shipak_II" title="Meli-Shipak II">Meli-Šipak II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1187 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Meli-Shipak_II" title="Meli-Shipak II">Meli-Shipak II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Adad-šuma-uṣur</b>, inscribed <sup>d</sup><small>IM-MU-ŠEŠ</small>, meaning "O Adad, protect the name!," and dated very tentatively <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1216–1187 BC (<a href="/wiki/Short_chronology" class="mw-redirect" title="Short chronology">short chronology</a>), was the 32nd king of the 3rd or <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a> dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> and the country contemporarily known as <a href="/wiki/Kardunia%C5%A1" title="Karduniaš">Karduniaš</a>. His name was wholly Babylonian and not uncommon, as for example the later Assyrian King <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a> (681–669 BC) had a personal exorcist, or <i><a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1ipu" title="Ašipu">ašipu</a></i>, with the same name<sup id="cite_ref-pna_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pna-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was unlikely to have been related. He is best known for his rude letter to <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_III" title="Ashur-nirari III">Aššur-nirari III</a>, the most complete part of which is quoted below, and was enthroned following a revolt in the south of Mesopotamia when the north was still occupied by the forces of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, and he may not have assumed authority throughout the country until around the 25th year of his 30-year reign, although the exact sequence of events and chronology remains disputed. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adad-shuma-usur&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is surprisingly little contemporary evidence for this king considering the purported length of his reign, which was the longest recorded in the Kassite dynasty. The tablet known as <i>King List A</i><sup id="cite_ref-kla_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kla-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shows him following <a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-iddina" title="Adad-shuma-iddina">Adad-šuma-iddina</a> and his predecessor-but-one, <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-shumi" title="Enlil-nadin-shumi">Enlil-nadin-šumi</a>, but in <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_P" title="Chronicle P">Chronicle P</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-p_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he makes his appearance in the narrative <i>before</i> them. Brinkman argues that this is for stylistic purposes<sup id="cite_ref-brinkman_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brinkman-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the <i>Walker Chronicle</i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests a simpler explanation. Adad-šuma-uṣur was elevated to the position of king in the south of the country years before he conquered Babylon and made himself its king.<sup id="cite_ref-walker_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walker-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early part of his reign may well have been concurrent with that of the three kings preceding him on <i>King List A</i>, but it is quite probable that he followed them in ascending the throne of the city of Babylon. It is a characteristic trait of this tablet that concurrent kings and dynasties are presented successively as if one followed another.<sup id="cite_ref-brinkman_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brinkman-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_evidence">Contemporary evidence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adad-shuma-usur&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contemporary evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Nippur inscriptions of Adad-šuma-uṣur</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:210px;max-width:210px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:242px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inscribed_brick-_dedicatory_inscription_of_Adad-shuma-usur_MET_DP360678.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Inscribed_brick-_dedicatory_inscription_of_Adad-shuma-usur_MET_DP360678.jpg/208px-Inscribed_brick-_dedicatory_inscription_of_Adad-shuma-usur_MET_DP360678.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Inscribed_brick-_dedicatory_inscription_of_Adad-shuma-usur_MET_DP360678.jpg/312px-Inscribed_brick-_dedicatory_inscription_of_Adad-shuma-usur_MET_DP360678.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Inscribed_brick-_dedicatory_inscription_of_Adad-shuma-usur_MET_DP360678.jpg/416px-Inscribed_brick-_dedicatory_inscription_of_Adad-shuma-usur_MET_DP360678.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3296" data-file-height="3851" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a> brick in the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:178px;max-width:178px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:242px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adad-%C5%A1uma-u%E1%B9%A3ur_Nippur_brick_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Adad-%C5%A1uma-u%E1%B9%A3ur_Nippur_brick_inscription.jpg/176px-Adad-%C5%A1uma-u%E1%B9%A3ur_Nippur_brick_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Adad-%C5%A1uma-u%E1%B9%A3ur_Nippur_brick_inscription.jpg/264px-Adad-%C5%A1uma-u%E1%B9%A3ur_Nippur_brick_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Adad-%C5%A1uma-u%E1%B9%A3ur_Nippur_brick_inscription.jpg/352px-Adad-%C5%A1uma-u%E1%B9%A3ur_Nippur_brick_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="503" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Transcription of the inscription of Adad-šuma-uṣur recording work on the <a href="/wiki/Ekur" title="Ekur">Ekur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>A late copy of an inscription on a bronze statue from Ur,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> begins “When <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">Anu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a> looked with steady favour on Adad-šuma-uṣur, the shepherd who pleased their heart, at that time <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>, the great lord, named his name as ruler of (all) land[s],” supporting the theory that he reigned in <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> and Nippur before being appointed by Marduk in Babylon.<sup id="cite_ref-singer_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The brevity of his reign over Babylon proper also explains the minimal contemporary inscriptions found. Only sixteen dated economic or legal texts attest to his reign, with just two of them from Babylon, bearing the curious double-dating formula adopted by Adad-šuma-uṣur and his immediate successors. These are inscribed 7 KAM 3 KAM<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 9 KAM 3 KAM,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> speculated to represent his 27th and 29th years.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twelve of the extant tablets have provenance from excavation at <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brinkman_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brinkman-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest of these is dated<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to his 3rd year and records that Šamaš-zēra-šubši had inspected and “plucked” 103 sheep. Much of the remainder concern cattle, their sale and the legal actions taken to secure recompense for their theft. The determination of innocence or guilt was often arbitrated by “river ordeal,” a process still poorly understood. In two documents,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the judge was Adad-šuma-uṣur, the <i><a href="/wiki/Shakkanakku" title="Shakkanakku">šakkanakku</a></i>, “appointee, governor,” a role similarly adopted by his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Shagarakti-Shuriash" title="Shagarakti-Shuriash">Šagarakti-Šuriaš</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and two other texts<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> feature the same group of miscreants, Abu-ṭābu, Zēru-kīnu and Sîn-pūtu, suspects in three separate cases of cattle rustling.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cities of Nippur, <a href="/wiki/Der_(Sumer)" title="Der (Sumer)">Dur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marad" title="Marad">Marad</a> had been sacked by the marauding <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamites</a> under their king, Kidin-Hutran III, and two of these, Nippur and Isin were the subjects of construction work by Adad-šuma-uṣur. Bricks from Isin were excavated in 1975/76 with a <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> inscription recording his work on the Egalmaḫ and also earlier from Nippur recording work on the Ekur (example text pictured).<sup id="cite_ref-brinkman_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brinkman-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had been credited with rebuilding the walls of Nippur in the Walker Chronicle.<sup id="cite_ref-walker_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walker-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_Tukulti-Ninurta_I’s_reign"><span id="Under_Tukulti-Ninurta_I.E2.80.99s_reign"></span>Under Tukulti-Ninurta I’s reign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adad-shuma-usur&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Under Tukulti-Ninurta I’s reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a>, the king of Assyria, had captured Adad-šuma-uṣur's predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_IV" title="Kashtiliash IV">Kaštiliašu IV</a>, on one of his two campaigns and conquered Babylon during the second one, perhaps around 1225 BC. He had taken the Babylonian kingship and then ruled there probably through governors, for seven years.<sup id="cite_ref-p_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is an economic text<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a> dated to his accession year.<sup id="cite_ref-brinkman_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brinkman-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When exactly the three native kings, Enlil-nādin-šumi, <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_II" title="Kadashman-Harbe II">Kadašman-Ḫarbe II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-iddina" title="Adad-shuma-iddina">Adad-šuma-iddina</a> succeeded one another is still uncertain, but their short reigns totalled around nine years.<sup id="cite_ref-edwards_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edwards-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yamada, for example, argues that Tukulti-Ninurta only ascended the Babylonian throne <i>after</i> their reigns.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others place his rule before them, or propose the first two ruled in the two-year period between Tukulti-Ninurta's two campaigns. Walker suggest that after them, it seems likely that Tukulti-Ninurta's successors appointed governors over Babylon until they fled in the face of Adad-šuma-uṣur's triumph over the Assyrian king <a href="/wiki/Enlil-kudurri-usur" title="Enlil-kudurri-usur">Enlil-kudurri-usur</a><sup id="cite_ref-walker_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walker-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fifteen years or so after Tukulti-Ninurta died at the hand of assassins in his eponymous city.<sup id="cite_ref-bryce_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bryce-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adad-šuma-uṣur had been “put on his father’s throne” by a rebellion against Tukulti-Ninurta among the Akkadian officers.<sup id="cite_ref-p_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the contemporary economic texts dated to his reign come from <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, suggesting the location of his investiture. The identity of his father is never explicitly stated in the chronicle but it was assumed in antiquity to have been <a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_IV" title="Kashtiliash IV">Kaštiliašu IV</a>. A Luristan bronze dagger in the Foroughi Collection is inscribed with his filiation to this king,<sup id="cite_ref-brinkman_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brinkman-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: C.2.2">: C.2.2 </span></sup> and this claim may have helped reinforce his legitimacy. It reads: <i>ša</i> <sup>d</sup>IŠKUR-MU-URÙ, LUGAL KIŠ, <a href="/wiki/DUMU_(son_Sumerogram)" class="mw-redirect" title="DUMU (son Sumerogram)">DUMU</a> <i>Kaš-til-ia-šu</i>, LUGAL <a href="/wiki/KA_(gate_Sumerogram)" class="mw-redirect" title="KA (gate Sumerogram)">KÁ</a>.DINGIR.RA<sup>ki</sup>, “(property) of Adad-šuma-uṣur, king of the world, son of Kaštiliašu, king of Babylon.”<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tukulti-Ninurta wrote a letter to the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> king, thought to be <a href="/wiki/Suppiluliuma_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppiluliuma II">Suppiluliuma II</a>, four fragments<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which were discovered at the site of excavations of Ḫattuša in the 1930s. It was dated to the <a href="/wiki/Limmu" title="Limmu">limmu</a> year of <a href="/wiki/Il%C4%AB-pad%C3%A2" title="Ilī-padâ">Ilī-padâ</a>, in the latter part of Tukulti-Ninurta's reign. In it, he recaps the genealogy of the recent Kassite dynasty, mentioning <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_II" title="Kurigalzu II">Kurigalzu II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_II" title="Kadashman-Enlil II">Kadašman-Enlil II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kudur-Enlil" title="Kudur-Enlil">Kudur-Enlil</a> then apparently castigating Šagarakti-Šuriaš, the “non-son of Kudur-Enlil”, and his sons, one of whom, Kaštiliašu, had provoked the war by his dastardly pre-emptive strike against Assyria. In one place, the sons of Šagarakti-Šuriaš have been killed, almost certainly by none other than Tukulti-Ninurta himself. He then makes reference to a “servant of <a href="/wiki/Suhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Suhu">Suhi</a>”, where Suhu is a region of northeast Syria, and <a href="/wiki/Itamar_Singer" title="Itamar Singer">Itamar Singer</a> proposes this individual to be Adad-šuma-uṣur,<sup id="cite_ref-singer_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the implication being he was a foreigner, not of the royal stock and consequently unqualified for office. </p><p>A letter from an Elamite king,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thought to be Shutruk-Nahhunte, to the Kassite elders demanding the right to the Babylonian throne through blood, describes Adad-šuma-uṣur as “son of Dunna-Sah, from the region by the bank of the Euphrates”, in his criticism of their choice of regent. Unfortunately the Tukulti-Ninurta tablet is fragmentary and the text barely readable so a variety of restorations are possible. The letter ends with a plea for military aid and a moving, “If I am alive, [I will send(?)] a message of/about my life, but if I am dead, the message of/about my death [will be sent to you(?)]”, “one hundred years, my brother[...” and “you have loved me with all your heart.”<sup id="cite_ref-singer_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singer-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letter_to_Aššur-nirari_III"><span id="Letter_to_A.C5.A1.C5.A1ur-nirari_III"></span>Letter to Aššur-nirari III</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adad-shuma-usur&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Letter to Aššur-nirari III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tukulti-Ninurta, who “carried criminal designs against Babylon,”<sup id="cite_ref-p_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was succeeded by his son and possible assassin <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-apli" title="Ashur-nadin-apli">Aššur-nadin-apli</a>, but whose brief reign was succeeded in turn by his son, <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_III" title="Ashur-nirari III">Aššur-nirari III</a>. He was the recipient of an extremely offensive letter<sup id="cite_ref-abl924_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abl924-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Adad-šuma-uṣur, which he addressed to “the Assyrian kings,” putting Aššur-nirari on an equal footing with his subordinate for added insult, a fragment of which has fortuitously survived: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[The god Ash]ur to Aššur-nirari and Ilī-ḫaddâ [...through] slovenliness, drunkenness, and indecisiveness, things have taken a turn for the worse for you. Now there is neither sense nor reason in your heads. Since the great [gods] have driven you mad you speak [...]. Your faces [.....with] iniquitous and criminal counsel<sup id="cite_ref-grayson_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grayson-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Adad-šuma-uṣur</i>, letter to Aššur-nirari and Ilī-ḫaddâ</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Ilī-ḫaddâ mentioned is Ilī-padā, the viceroy of <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Hanigalbat</a>, Ashur-nirari's distant relative (sharing a common ancestor in <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_I" title="Eriba-Adad I">Eriba-Adad I</a>), and father of the later Assyrian king, <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apal-Ekur" title="Ninurta-apal-Ekur">Ninurta-apal-Ekur</a>. He had been the eponymous official (<a href="/wiki/Limmu" title="Limmu">limmu</a>) for the year in which Tukulti-Ninurta's letter was sent to the Hittite king. The letter was carefully copied and preserved in the library at Nineveh. Grayson speculates it was kept to “goad” the Assyrians to vengeance.<sup id="cite_ref-grayson_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grayson-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_with_Enlil-kudurri-uṣur"><span id="Battle_with_Enlil-kudurri-u.E1.B9.A3ur"></span>Battle with Enlil-kudurri-uṣur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adad-shuma-usur&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Battle with Enlil-kudurri-uṣur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ashur-nirari's rule proved to be fairly transitory and he was probably swept aside by his uncle, <a href="/wiki/Enlil-kudurri-usur" title="Enlil-kudurri-usur">Enlil-kudurri-usur</a>, another son of Tukulti-Ninurta. Adad-šuma-uṣur “muster]ed [his army] and attacked and defeated him” and then </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[...The officers of Assyria] seized [Enlil-kudu]r-usur their lord and gave (him) to Adad-šuma-uṣur. ...the peop]le of Karduniash who had fled to Assyria ...they gave [to Adad-šu]ma-uṣur.<sup id="cite_ref-walker_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walker-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Walker Chronicle</i> (ABC 25), tablet BM 27796, obverse, lines 5 to 7, in the British Museum.</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Following this famous victory, a “<a href="/wiki/Son_of_a_nobody" title="Son of a nobody">son of a nobody</a>, whose name is not mentioned” exploited the chance to enthrone himself in Babylon, so a revolt was propagated and Adad-šuma-uṣur took the city and his place in the Kassite dynastic list.<sup id="cite_ref-walker_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walker-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The events were captured for posterity in the <i>Adad-šuma-uṣur Epic</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a late Babylonian historical literary work where a rebellion of officers and nobles is caused by the neglect of Marduk and Babylon.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The penitent king confesses his sins to the god and restores his temple, <a href="/wiki/Esagila" title="Esagila">Esagila</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The end of Enlil-kudurri-usur's reign is dated 1193 or 1183 depending on uncertainty about the duration of his successor's, <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apal-Ekur" title="Ninurta-apal-Ekur">Ninurta-apal-Ekur</a>’s, rule, three or thirteen years.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a son of Ilī-padā, Ninurta-apal-Ekur had exploited Enlil-kudurri-usur’s demise to seize power in <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Aššur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had “(come) up from Karduniaš",<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he may conceivably have been the last Assyrian governor of Babylon, as his brother, Mardukīia, was governor of Katmuḫi.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The length of his reign does rather crucially determine the likely date range for the beginning of Adad-šuma-uṣur's thirty-year reign, because there is no datable event that takes place at the beginning, such as the passing of a preceding monarch. The interregnum between Babylon's fall to Tukulti-Ninurta and its conquering by Adad-šuma-uṣur had been at least twenty two years and perhaps even more than thirty years. </p><p>He was succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Meli-Shipak_II" title="Meli-Shipak II">Meli-Šipak</a>, who was curiously reluctant to mention his filiation to Adad-šuma-uṣur in his own inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-brinkman_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brinkman-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inscriptions">Inscriptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adad-shuma-usur&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Inscriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-abl924-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abl924_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abl924_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter to Aššur-nirari and Ilī-ḫaddâ, tablet K. 3045, published as ABL 924.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kla-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kla_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>King List A</i>, BM 33332, column 2, lines 8-11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Chronicle P</i>, (ABC 22), BM 92701, column 4, lines 8 and 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Walker Chronicle</i>, ABC 25, BM 27796, lines 2-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stamped brick CBS 8643.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BM 36042.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. 69 formerly Div. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. 70 formerly Div. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tablet Museum reference IM 85543 excavation reference U 7787d, Certificate of sheep plucking.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tablet Museum reference IM 85482, excavation reference U 7787e, and UET V 259, terms of reference for trial by ordeal.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CBS 4579.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IM 85515, three cases of cattle theft, and IM 85514, a second document relating to case 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tablet Ni. 65, dated: ˹ITI˺.ŠE ˹U<sub>4</sub>7˺.KAM, ˹MU˺.SAG.NAM.LUGAL.LA, TUKUL<i>-ti-</i><sup>d</sup>MAŠ, “Month of Addaru, seventh day, accession year (of) Tukulti-Ninurta.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter from Tukulti-Ninurta to Suppiluliuma II, Kbo 28.61–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Literary letter from Elamite King to Kassite court, tablet VAT 17020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Adad-šuma-uṣur Epic</i>, BM 34104+.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Synchronistic History</i>, ABC 21, tablet K.4401b, lines 5 to 8.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adad-shuma-usur&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pna-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pna_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFs._M._Luppert-Barnard1998" class="citation book cs1">s. M. Luppert-Barnard (1998). K. Radner (ed.). <i>The Prosopography of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, Volume 1, Part I: A</i>. The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project. pp. 37–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prosopography+of+the+Neo-Assyrian+Empire%2C+Volume+1%2C+Part+I%3A+A&rft.pages=37-40&rft.pub=The+Neo-Assyrian+Text+Corpus+Project&rft.date=1998&rft.au=s.+M.+Luppert-Barnard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdad-shuma-usur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brinkman-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brinkman_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brinkman_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brinkman_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brinkman_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brinkman_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brinkman_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brinkman_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._A._Brinkman1976" class="citation book cs1">J. A. Brinkman (1976). <i>Materials and Studies for Kassite History, Vol. I (MSKH I)</i>. Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pp. 19–20, 427, 315, 89–94, 443 and 445.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Materials+and+Studies+for+Kassite+History%2C+Vol.+I+%28MSKH+I%29&rft.pages=19-20%2C+427%2C+315%2C+89-94%2C+443+and+445&rft.pub=Oriental+Institute+of+the+University+of+Chicago&rft.date=1976&rft.au=J.+A.+Brinkman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdad-shuma-usur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-walker-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-walker_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walker_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walker_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walker_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walker_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC.B.F._Walker1982" class="citation book cs1">C.B.F. Walker (May 1982). "Babylonian Chronicle 25: A Chronicle of the Kassite and Isin II Dynasties". In G. van Driel (ed.). <i>Assyriological Studies presented to F. R. Kraus on the occasion of his 70th birthday</i>. Netherlands Institute for the Near East. pp. 398–406.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Babylonian+Chronicle+25%3A+A+Chronicle+of+the+Kassite+and+Isin+II+Dynasties&rft.btitle=Assyriological+Studies+presented+to+F.+R.+Kraus+on+the+occasion+of+his+70th+birthday&rft.pages=398-406&rft.pub=Netherlands+Institute+for+the+Near+East&rft.date=1982-05&rft.au=C.B.F.+Walker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdad-shuma-usur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-singer-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-singer_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-singer_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-singer_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItamar_Singer2011" class="citation book cs1">Itamar Singer (2011). "KBo 28.61-64, and the struggle over the throne of Babylon at the turn of the Thirteenth Century B.C.E.". <i>The Calm before the Storm</i>. SBL. pp. 385–404.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=KBo+28.61-64%2C+and+the+struggle+over+the+throne+of+Babylon+at+the+turn+of+the+Thirteenth+Century+B.C.E.&rft.btitle=The+Calm+before+the+Storm&rft.pages=385-404&rft.pub=SBL&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Itamar+Singer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdad-shuma-usur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._A._Brinkman" class="citation book cs1">J. A. Brinkman. "Date formulae used under the Kassite dynasty". <i>MSKH I</i>. pp. 397–414.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Date+formulae+used+under+the+Kassite+dynasty&rft.btitle=MSKH+I&rft.pages=397-414&rft.au=J.+A.+Brinkman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdad-shuma-usur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO._R._Gurney1983" class="citation book cs1">O. R. Gurney (1983). <i>Middle Babylonian Legal & Economic Texts from Ur</i>. British School of Archaeology in Iraq. pp. 176–77, 52–55, 177–179, 121–125.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Babylonian+Legal+%26+Economic+Texts+from+Ur&rft.pages=176-77%2C+52-55%2C+177-179%2C+121-125&rft.pub=British+School+of+Archaeology+in+Iraq&rft.date=1983&rft.au=O.+R.+Gurney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdad-shuma-usur" class="Z3988"></span> texts 72, 11, 73, 43, 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edwards-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-edwards_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFI._E._S._Edwards1975" class="citation book cs1">I. E. S. Edwards, ed. (1975). <i>Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 2, Part 2, History of the Middle East and the Aegean Region, c. 1380-1000 BC</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 288–289.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Ancient+History%2C+Volume+2%2C+Part+2%2C+History+of+the+Middle+East+and+the+Aegean+Region%2C+c.+1380-1000+BC&rft.pages=288-289&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdad-shuma-usur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShigeo_Yamada" class="citation journal cs1">Shigeo Yamada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5356%2Forient1960.38.153">"Tukulti-Ninurta I's Rule over Babylonia and its Aftermath — A Historical Reconstruction"</a>. <i>Orient</i>. <b>38</b>: 153–177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5356%2Forient1960.38.153">10.5356/orient1960.38.153</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orient&rft.atitle=Tukulti-Ninurta+I%27s+Rule+over+Babylonia+and+its+Aftermath+%E2%80%94+A+Historical+Reconstruction&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=153-177&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5356%2Forient1960.38.153&rft.au=Shigeo+Yamada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5356%252Forient1960.38.153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdad-shuma-usur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bryce-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bryce_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Bryce2003" class="citation book cs1">Trevor Bryce (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersgreatking00bryc"><i>Letters of the great kings of the ancient Near East: the royal</i></a></span>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersgreatking00bryc/page/n187">11</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+of+the+great+kings+of+the+ancient+Near+East%3A+the+royal&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Trevor+Bryce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flettersgreatking00bryc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdad-shuma-usur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Stein2000" class="citation book cs1">Peter Stein (2000). <i>Die mittel- und neubabylonischen Königsinschriften bis zum Ende der Assyr erherrschaft</i>. Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 147.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+mittel-+und+neubabylonischen+K%C3%B6nigsinschriften+bis+zum+Ende+der+Assyr+erherrschaft&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Peter+Stein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdad-shuma-usur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grayson-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grayson_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grayson_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._K._Grayson1972" class="citation book cs1">A. K. Grayson (1972). <i>Assyrian Royal Inscriptions, Volume 1</i>. Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 137–138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assyrian+Royal+Inscriptions%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=137-138&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1972&rft.au=A.+K.+Grayson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdad-shuma-usur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grayson, Albert Kirk. "6. Adad-shuma-usur Epic". Babylonian Historical-Literary Texts, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2019, pp. 56-77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Z._Smith1988" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Z. Smith (1988). <i>Imagining Religion: From Babylon to Jonestown</i>. University Of Chicago Press. p. 92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagining+Religion%3A+From+Babylon+to+Jonestown&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=University+Of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Jonathan+Z.+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdad-shuma-usur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._J._Wiseman1965" class="citation book cs1">D. J. Wiseman (1965). <i>Assyria and Babylonia c. 1200-1000 B. C., Volume 2, Part 31</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assyria+and+Babylonia+c.+1200-1000+B.+C.%2C+Volume+2%2C+Part+31&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.au=D.+J.+Wiseman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdad-shuma-usur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the <i>Assyrian King List</i>, 82nd king listed entry.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._A._Brinkman1999" class="citation book cs1">J. A. Brinkman (1999). Erich Ebeling, Bruno Meissner (ed.). <i>Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie</i>. Walter De Gruyter Inc. pp. 50–51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reallexikon+der+Assyriologie+und+Vorderasiatischen+Arch%C3%A4ologie&rft.pages=50-51&rft.pub=Walter+De+Gruyter+Inc&rft.date=1999&rft.au=J.+A.+Brinkman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdad-shuma-usur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kings_of_Babylon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" 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kings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Babylonian_kings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Babylonian kings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kings_of_Babylon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Kings of Babylon</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Babylon" title="List of kings of Babylon">List of kings of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary" title="Akkadian royal titulary">Royal titles</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Kings  <span class="nobold">(<i>foreign ruler</i></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><u>vassal king</u></span></li><li><span class="nobold">female<sup>♀</sup>)</span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian Empire</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1894–1595 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Amorite_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite dynasty">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sumu-abum" title="Sumu-abum">Sumu-abum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumu-la-El" title="Sumu-la-El">Sumu-la-El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabium" title="Sabium">Sabium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apil-Sin" title="Apil-Sin">Apil-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin-Muballit" title="Sin-Muballit">Sin-Muballit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsu-iluna" title="Samsu-iluna">Samsu-iluna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abi-Eshuh" title="Abi-Eshuh">Abi-Eshuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammi-Ditana" title="Ammi-Ditana">Ammi-Ditana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammi-Saduqa" title="Ammi-Saduqa">Ammi-Saduqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsu-Ditana" title="Samsu-Ditana">Samsu-Ditana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/First_Sealand_dynasty" title="First Sealand dynasty">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilum-ma-ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilum-ma-ili">Ilum-ma-ili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itti-ili-nibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Itti-ili-nibi">Itti-ili-nibi</a></li> <li>Unknown king (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damqi-ilishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Damqi-ilishu">Damqi-ilishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishkibal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishkibal">Ishkibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shushushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shushushi">Shushushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulkishar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulkishar">Gulkishar</a></li> <li><sup>m</sup>DIŠ+U-EN</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshgaldaramesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshgaldaramesh">Peshgaldaramesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayadaragalama" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayadaragalama">Ayadaragalama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akurduana" class="mw-redirect" title="Akurduana">Akurduana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melamkurkurra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melamkurkurra">Melamkurkurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ea-gamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea-gamil">Ea-gamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1729–1157 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="III" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kassite_dynasty" title="Kassite dynasty">III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandash" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandash">Gandash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agum_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Agum I">Agum I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashtiliash I">Kashtiliash I</a></li> <li>Unknown king</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abi-Rattash" class="mw-redirect" title="Abi-Rattash">Abi-Rattash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashtiliash II">Kashtiliash II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urzigurumash" class="mw-redirect" title="Urzigurumash">Urzigurumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agum_II" title="Agum II">Agum II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harba-Shipak" class="mw-redirect" title="Harba-Shipak">Harba-Shipak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipta%27ulzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipta'ulzi">Shipta'ulzi</a></li> <li>Unknown king</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_I" title="Burnaburiash I">Burnaburiash I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulamburiash" title="Ulamburiash">Ulamburiash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_III" title="Kashtiliash III">Kashtiliash III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agum_III" title="Agum III">Agum III</a></li> <li>Kadashman-Sah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaindash" title="Karaindash">Karaindash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_I" title="Kadashman-Harbe I">Kadashman-Harbe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_I" title="Kurigalzu I">Kurigalzu I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_I" title="Kadashman-Enlil I">Kadashman-Enlil I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burna-Buriash_II" title="Burna-Buriash II">Burna-Buriash II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-hardash" title="Kara-hardash">Kara-hardash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Bugash" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi-Bugash">Nazi-Bugash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_II" title="Kurigalzu II">Kurigalzu II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maruttash" title="Nazi-Maruttash">Nazi-Maruttash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Turgu" title="Kadashman-Turgu">Kadashman-Turgu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_II" title="Kadashman-Enlil II">Kadashman-Enlil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudur-Enlil" title="Kudur-Enlil">Kudur-Enlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shagarakti-Shuriash" title="Shagarakti-Shuriash">Shagarakti-Shuriash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_IV" title="Kashtiliash IV">Kashtiliash IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-shumi" title="Enlil-nadin-shumi">Enlil-nadin-shumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_II" title="Kadashman-Harbe II">Kadashman-Harbe II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-iddina" title="Adad-shuma-iddina">Adad-shuma-iddina</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adad-shuma-usur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meli-Shipak_II" title="Meli-Shipak II">Meli-Shipak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_I" title="Marduk-apla-iddina I">Marduk-apla-iddina I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zababa-shuma-iddin" title="Zababa-shuma-iddin">Zababa-shuma-iddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-ahi" title="Enlil-nadin-ahi">Enlil-nadin-ahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Babylonian_period" title="Middle Babylonian period">Middle Babylonian period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1157–732 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Isin" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Dynasty of Isin">IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-kabit-ahheshu" title="Marduk-kabit-ahheshu">Marduk-kabit-ahheshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itti-Marduk-balatu_(king)" title="Itti-Marduk-balatu (king)">Itti-Marduk-balatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-nadin-shumi" title="Ninurta-nadin-shumi">Ninurta-nadin-shumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I" title="Nebuchadnezzar I">Nebuchadnezzar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-apli" title="Enlil-nadin-apli">Enlil-nadin-apli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-nadin-ahhe" title="Marduk-nadin-ahhe">Marduk-nadin-ahhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-shapik-zeri" title="Marduk-shapik-zeri">Marduk-shapik-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad-apla-iddina" title="Adad-apla-iddina">Adad-apla-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-ahhe-eriba" title="Marduk-ahhe-eriba">Marduk-ahhe-eriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-zer-X" title="Marduk-zer-X">Marduk-zer-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-shum-libur" title="Nabu-shum-libur">Nabu-shum-libur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sealand_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Sealand dynasty">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simbar-shipak" title="Simbar-shipak">Simbar-shipak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ea-mukin-zeri" title="Ea-mukin-zeri">Ea-mukin-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashshu-nadin-ahi" title="Kashshu-nadin-ahi">Kashshu-nadin-ahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bazi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bazi dynasty">VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eulmash-shakin-shumi" title="Eulmash-shakin-shumi">Eulmash-shakin-shumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_I" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur I">Ninurta-kudurri-usur I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirikti-shuqamuna" title="Shirikti-shuqamuna">Shirikti-shuqamuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Elamite_dynasty" title="Elamite dynasty">VII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-apla-usur" title="Mar-biti-apla-usur">Mar-biti-apla-usur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_of_E" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasty of E">VIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nab%C3%BB-mukin-apli" title="Nabû-mukin-apli">Nabû-mukin-apli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_II" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur II">Ninurta-kudurri-usur II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina" title="Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina">Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamash-mudammiq" title="Shamash-mudammiq">Shamash-mudammiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_I" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin I">Nabu-shuma-ukin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-apla-iddina" title="Nabu-apla-iddina">Nabu-apla-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_I" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi I">Marduk-zakir-shumi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-balassu-iqbi" title="Marduk-balassu-iqbi">Marduk-balassu-iqbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba-aha-iddina" title="Baba-aha-iddina">Baba-aha-iddina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apla-X" title="Ninurta-apla-X">Ninurta-apla-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-bel-zeri" title="Marduk-bel-zeri">Marduk-bel-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-usur" title="Marduk-apla-usur">Marduk-apla-usur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eriba-Marduk" title="Eriba-Marduk">Eriba-Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ishkun" title="Nabu-shuma-ishkun">Nabu-shuma-ishkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabonassar" title="Nabonassar">Nabonassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-nadin-zeri" title="Nabu-nadin-zeri">Nabu-nadin-zeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-suma-ukin_II" title="Nabu-suma-ukin II">Nabu-suma-ukin II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(732–626 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="IX" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_dynasty_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian dynasty of Babylon">IX</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabu-mukin-zeri" title="Nabu-mukin-zeri">Nabu-mukin-zeri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser V</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_II" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi II">Marduk-zakir-shumi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Bel-ibni" title="Bel-ibni">Bel-ibni</a></u></li> <li><u><i><a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1%C5%A1ur-n%C4%81din-%C5%A1umi" title="Aššur-nādin-šumi">Aššur-nādin-šumi</a></i></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nergal-ushezib" title="Nergal-ushezib">Nergal-ushezib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushezib-Marduk" title="Mushezib-Marduk">Mushezib-Marduk</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a></i></li> <li><u><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ama%C5%A1-%C5%A1uma-ukin" title="Šamaš-šuma-ukin">Šamaš-šuma-ukin</a></i></u></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a></i></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Kandalanu" title="Kandalanu">Kandalanu</a></u></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-%C5%A1umu-l%C4%AB%C5%A1ir" title="Sîn-šumu-līšir">Sîn-šumu-līšir</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinsharishkun" title="Sinsharishkun">Sinsharishkun</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(626–539 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="X" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_dynasty" title="Chaldean dynasty">X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:1.0em 0.2em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk">Amel-Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neriglissar" title="Neriglissar">Neriglissar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labashi-Marduk" title="Labashi-Marduk">Labashi-Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Babylon_under_foreign_rule_(539_BC_–_AD_224)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><small>Babylon under foreign rule (539 BC – AD 224)</small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(539–331 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XI" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">XI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Bardiya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_III" title="Nebuchadnezzar III">Nebuchadnezzar III</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_IV" title="Nebuchadnezzar IV">Nebuchadnezzar IV</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamash-eriba" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamash-eriba">Shamash-eriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel-shimanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bel-shimanni">Bel-shimanni</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_II" title="Xerxes II">Xerxes II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sogdianus" title="Sogdianus">Sogdianus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Artaxerxes IV</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidin-Bel" title="Nidin-Bel">Nidin-Bel</a> (?)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(331–141 BC)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">XII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I Monophthalmus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">XIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I Soter</a></i></li> <li><i>Seleucus</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II Theos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II_Callinicus" title="Seleucus II Callinicus">Seleucus II Callinicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_III_Ceraunus" title="Seleucus III Ceraunus">Seleucus III Ceraunus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III Megas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_(son_of_Antiochus_III_the_Great)" title="Antiochus (son of Antiochus III the Great)">Antiochus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV Philopator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_(son_of_Seleucus_IV)" title="Antiochus (son of Seleucus IV)">Antiochus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V Eupator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timarchus" title="Timarchus">Timarchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander Balas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II Nicator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(141 BC – AD 224)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XIV" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid dynasty">XIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rinnu" title="Rinnu">Rinnu</a></i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates II</a></i></li> <li><i>Ubulna</i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes I</a></i></li> <li><i>Asi'abatar</i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Parthia" title="Orodes I of Parthia">Orodes I</a></i></li> <li><i>Ispubarza</i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phraates_III" title="Phraates III">Phraates III</a></i></li> <li><i>Piriustana</i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i>Teleuniqe</i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orodes_III_of_Parthia" title="Orodes III of Parthia">Orodes III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II" title="Gotarzes II">Gotarzes II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vonones_II" title="Vonones II">Vonones II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacorus_II" title="Pacorus II">Pacorus II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vologases_III_of_Parthia" title="Vologases III of Parthia">Vologases III</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV" title="Vologases IV">Vologases IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vologases_V" title="Vologases V">Vologases V</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vologases_VI" title="Vologases VI">Vologases VI</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" 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