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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Intracellular</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intracellular-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unknown_mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unknown_mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Unknown mechanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unknown_mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiarrhythmic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiarrhythmic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Antiarrhythmic</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Antiarrhythmic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Antiarrhythmic subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Antiarrhythmic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Class_Ia_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class_Ia_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Class Ia agents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class_Ia_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Class_Ib_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class_Ib_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Class Ib agents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class_Ib_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Class_Ic_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class_Ic_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Class Ic agents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class_Ic_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_prospects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_prospects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Future prospects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Future_prospects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" 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impair the conduction of <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> ions (Na<sup>+</sup>) through <a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel" title="Sodium channel">sodium channels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extracellular">Extracellular</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel_blocker&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Extracellular"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following naturally-produced substances block sodium channels by binding to and occluding the <a href="/wiki/Extracellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Extracellular">extracellular</a> pore opening of the channel: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">Alkaloids</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxitoxin" title="Saxitoxin">Saxitoxin</a> (STX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosaxitoxin" title="Neosaxitoxin">Neosaxitoxin</a> (NSTX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">Tetrodotoxin</a> (TTX)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intracellular">Intracellular</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel_blocker&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Intracellular"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drugs which block sodium channels by blocking from the <a href="/wiki/Intracellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Intracellular">intracellular</a> side of the channel include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic" title="Local anesthetic">Local anesthetics</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">lidocaine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiarrhythmic_agent#Class_I_agents" title="Antiarrhythmic agent">Class I antiarrhythmic agents</a></li> <li>Various <a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsants</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">phenytoin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxcarbazepine" title="Oxcarbazepine">oxcarbazepine</a> (derivative of <a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">carbamazepine</a>)</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unknown_mechanism">Unknown mechanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel_blocker&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Unknown mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> has been shown to block sodium channels<sup id="cite_ref-CMArmstrong1999_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMArmstrong1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which explains the effects of <a href="/wiki/Hypercalcemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypercalcemia">hypercalcemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypocalcemia" title="Hypocalcemia">hypocalcemia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a> is known to block sodium channels but it is not known whether it is extracellular or intracellular.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a> (CBD) has been shown to cause inhibitory effects on sodium currents. This voltage-dependent inhibition is non-selective in nature. The current literature suggests that cannabidiol inhibits sodium currents primarily through altering the biophysical properties of cell membrane, promoting the inactivated conformation of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium channels">sodium channels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antiarrhythmic">Antiarrhythmic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel_blocker&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Antiarrhythmic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sodium channel blockers are used in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac arrhythmia">cardiac arrhythmia</a>. They are classified as "Type I" in the <a href="/wiki/Vaughan_Williams_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaughan Williams classification">Vaughan Williams classification</a>. </p><p>Class I antiarrhythmic agents interfere with the <a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel" title="Sodium channel">(Na<sup>+</sup>) channel</a>. Class I agents are grouped by their effect on the Na<sup>+</sup> channel, and by their effect on cardiac <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potentials</a>. Class I agents are called Membrane Stabilizing Agents. 'Stabilizing' refers to the decrease of excitogenicity of the plasma membrane affected by these agents. A few class II agents, <a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">propranolol</a> for example, also have a <a href="/wiki/Membrane_stabilizing_effect" title="Membrane stabilizing effect">membrane stabilizing effect</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Class_Ia_agents">Class Ia agents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel_blocker&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Class Ia agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Action_potential_class_Ia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Action_potential_class_Ia.svg/275px-Action_potential_class_Ia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Action_potential_class_Ia.svg/413px-Action_potential_class_Ia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Action_potential_class_Ia.svg/550px-Action_potential_class_Ia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption>Class Ia agent decreasing V<sub>max</sub>, thereby increasing action potential duration.</figcaption></figure> <p>Class Ia agents block the fast sodium channel, which depresses the phase 0 depolarization (i.e. reduces V<sub>max</sub>), which prolongs the action potential duration by slowing conduction. Agents in this class also cause decreased conductivity and increased <a href="/wiki/Refractory_period_(physiology)" title="Refractory period (physiology)">refractoriness</a>. </p><p>Indications for Class Ia agents are <a href="/wiki/Supraventricular_tachycardia" title="Supraventricular tachycardia">supraventricular tachycardia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_tachycardia" title="Ventricular tachycardia">ventricular tachycardia</a>, symptomatic ventricular premature beats, and prevention of <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_fibrillation" title="Ventricular fibrillation">ventricular fibrillation</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Procainamide" title="Procainamide">Procainamide</a> can be used to treat <a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">atrial fibrillation</a> in the setting of <a href="/wiki/Wolff%E2%80%93Parkinson%E2%80%93White_syndrome" title="Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome">Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome</a>, and to treat wide complex hemodynamically stable <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">tachycardias</a>. Oral procainamide is no longer being manufactured in the US, but intravenous formulations are still available. </p><p>While procainamide and <a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">quinidine</a> may be used in the conversion of atrial fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm, they should only be used in conjunction with an <a href="/wiki/AV_node" class="mw-redirect" title="AV node">AV node</a> blocking agent such as <a href="/wiki/Digoxin" title="Digoxin">digoxin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Verapamil" title="Verapamil">verapamil</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">beta blocker</a>, because procainamide and quinidine can increase the conduction through the AV node and may cause 1:1 conduction of atrial fibrillation, causing an increase in the ventricular rate. </p><p>Class Ia agents include <a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">quinidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Procainamide" title="Procainamide">procainamide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disopyramide" title="Disopyramide">disopyramide</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Class_Ib_agents">Class Ib agents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel_blocker&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Class Ib agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Action_potential_Class_Ib.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Action_potential_Class_Ib.svg/275px-Action_potential_Class_Ib.svg.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Action_potential_Class_Ib.svg/413px-Action_potential_Class_Ib.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Action_potential_Class_Ib.svg/550px-Action_potential_Class_Ib.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption>Effect of class Ib antiarrhythmic agents on the cardiac action potential.</figcaption></figure> <p>Class Ib antiarrhythmic agents are sodium channel blockers. They have fast onset and offset kinetics, meaning that they have little or no effect at slower heart rates, and more effects at faster heart rates. Class Ib agents shorten the action potential duration and reduce refractoriness. These agents will decrease V<sub>max</sub> in partially depolarized cells with fast response action potentials. They either do not change the action potential duration, or they may decrease the action potential duration. Class Ib drugs tend to be more specific for voltage gated Na channels than Ia. <a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">Lidocaine</a> in particular is highly frequency dependent, in that it has more activity with increasing heart rates. This is because lidocaine selectively blocks Na channels in their open and inactive states and has little binding capability in the resting state. </p><p>Class Ib agents are indicated for the treatment of ventricular tachycardia and symptomatic premature ventricular beats, and prevention of ventricular fibrillation. </p><p>Class Ib agents include <a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">lidocaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexiletine" title="Mexiletine">mexiletine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tocainide" title="Tocainide">tocainide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">phenytoin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Class_Ic_agents">Class Ic agents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel_blocker&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Class Ic agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Action_potential_class_Ic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Action_potential_class_Ic.svg/275px-Action_potential_class_Ic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Action_potential_class_Ic.svg/413px-Action_potential_class_Ic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Action_potential_class_Ic.svg/550px-Action_potential_class_Ic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption>Effect of class Ic antiarrhythmic agent on cardiac action potential.</figcaption></figure> <p>Class Ic antiarrhythmic agents markedly depress the phase 0 depolarization (decreasing V<sub>max</sub>). They decrease conductivity, but have a minimal effect on the action potential duration. Of the sodium channel blocking antiarrhythmic agents (the class I antiarrhythmic agents), the class Ic agents have the most potent sodium channel blocking effects. </p><p>Class Ic agents are indicated for supraventricular arrhythmias (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">atrial fibrillation</a>) and as a last line treatment for refractory life-threatening ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation.<sup id="cite_ref-urlVentricular_Tachycardia_Medication_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlVentricular_Tachycardia_Medication-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These agents are potentially pro-arrhythmic, especially in settings of structural heart disease (e.g. post-<a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a>), and are contraindicated in such settings. </p><p>Class Ic agents include <a href="/wiki/Encainide" title="Encainide">encainide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flecainide" title="Flecainide">flecainide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moricizine" class="mw-redirect" title="Moricizine">moricizine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Propafenone" title="Propafenone">propafenone</a>. Encainide is not available in the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel_blocker&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sodium channel blockers are also used as <a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic" title="Local anesthetic">local anesthetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sodium channel blockers have been proposed for use in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">cystic fibrosis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18218832_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18218832-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but current evidence is mixed.<sup id="cite_ref-urlSodium_channel_blockers_for_cystic_fibrosis_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlSodium_channel_blockers_for_cystic_fibrosis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been suggested that the analgesic effects of some <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressants</a> may be mediated in part via sodium channel blockade.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17175203_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17175203-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voltage-dependent_sodium_channel_blocker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voltage-dependent sodium channel blocker (page does not exist)">Voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers</a> are used as <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">insecticides</a>, comprising <a href="/wiki/Insecticide_Resistance_Action_Committee" title="Insecticide Resistance Action Committee">Insecticide Resistance Action Committee</a> (IRAC) <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_action" title="Mechanism of action">mechanism of action</a> group 22. As of March 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel_blocker&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> these are two, <a href="/wiki/Indoxacarb" title="Indoxacarb">indoxacarb</a> (22A, the <a href="/wiki/Oxadiazine" title="Oxadiazine">oxadiazines</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Metaflumizone" title="Metaflumizone">metaflumizone</a> (22B, the <a href="/wiki/Semicarbazone" title="Semicarbazone">semicarbazones</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-IRAC-MoAs_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRAC-MoAs-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future_prospects">Future prospects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel_blocker&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Future prospects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selective blockers of <a href="/wiki/Nav1.7" class="mw-redirect" title="Nav1.7">Na<sub>v</sub>1.7</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nav1.8" title="Nav1.8">Na<sub>v</sub>1.8</a> <a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_sodium_channel" title="Voltage-gated sodium channel">voltage-gated sodium channels</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/CNV1014802" class="mw-redirect" title="CNV1014802">CNV1014802</a> and <a href="/wiki/Funapide" title="Funapide">Funapide</a>, are being investigated as novel <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BagalChapman2014_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BagalChapman2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Martz2014_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martz2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McMahonKoltzenburg2013_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMahonKoltzenburg2013-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel_blocker&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_opener" title="Sodium channel opener">Sodium channel opener</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel_blocker&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Sodium+Channel+Blockers">Sodium+Channel+Blockers</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMArmstrong1999-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CMArmstrong1999_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArmstrongCota1999" class="citation journal cs1">Armstrong CM, Cota G (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC22436">"Calcium block of Na+ channels and its effect on closing rate"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</a></i>. <b>96</b> (7): 4154–4157. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PNAS...96.4154A">1999PNAS...96.4154A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.96.7.4154">10.1073/pnas.96.7.4154</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC22436">22436</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10097179">10097179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Calcium+block+of+Na%2B+channels+and+its+effect+on+closing+rate&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=4154-4157&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC22436%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10097179&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.96.7.4154&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999PNAS...96.4154A&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=CM&rft.au=Cota%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC22436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium+channel+blocker" 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(identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6204917">6204917</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30219789">30219789</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Inhibitory+effects+of+cannabidiol+on+voltage-dependent+sodium+currents&rft.volume=293&rft.issue=43&rft.pages=16546-16558&rft.date=2018-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6204917%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30219789&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.RA118.004929&rft.aulast=Ghovanloo&rft.aufirst=MR&rft.au=Shuart%2C+NG&rft.au=Mezeyova%2C+M&rft.au=Dean%2C+RA&rft.au=Ruben%2C+PC&rft.au=Goodchild%2C+SJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6204917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium+channel+blocker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlVentricular_Tachycardia_Medication-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlVentricular_Tachycardia_Medication_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link 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navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="VDCCsTooltip_Voltage-dependent_calcium_channels" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage-dependent_calcium_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-dependent calcium channels"><abbr title="Voltage-dependent calcium channels">VDCCs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channels</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/L-type_calcium_channel" title="L-type calcium channel">L-type-selective</a>:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Dihydropyridine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydropyridine">Dihydropyridines</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Amlodipine" title="Amlodipine">Amlodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranidipine" title="Aranidipine">Aranidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azelnidipine" title="Azelnidipine">Azelnidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnidipine" title="Barnidipine">Barnidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clevidipine" title="Clevidipine">Clevidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronidipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cronidipine (page does not exist)">Cronidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darodipine" title="Darodipine">Darodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dexniguldipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dexniguldipine (page does not exist)">Dexniguldipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elgodipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elgodipine (page does not exist)">Elgodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elnadipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elnadipine (page does not exist)">Elnadipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felodipine" title="Felodipine">Felodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flordipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flordipine (page does not exist)">Flordipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Furnidipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Furnidipine (page does not exist)">Furnidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iganidipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iganidipine (page does not exist)">Iganidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isradipine" title="Isradipine">Isradipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacidipine" title="Lacidipine">Lacidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lemildipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lemildipine (page does not exist)">Lemildipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lercanidipine" title="Lercanidipine">Lercanidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levamlodipine" title="Levamlodipine">Levamlodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levniguldipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Levniguldipine (page does not exist)">Levniguldipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manidipine" title="Manidipine">Manidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnidipine" title="Barnidipine">Mepirodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesudipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesudipine (page does not exist)">Mesudipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicardipine" title="Nicardipine">Nicardipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifedipine" title="Nifedipine">Nifedipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niguldipine" title="Niguldipine">Niguldipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niludipine" title="Niludipine">Niludipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilvadipine" title="Nilvadipine">Nilvadipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimodipine" title="Nimodipine">Nimodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisoldipine" title="Nisoldipine">Nisoldipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrendipine" title="Nitrendipine">Nitrendipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olradipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olradipine (page does not exist)">Olradipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxodipine" title="Oxodipine">Oxodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palonidipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palonidipine (page does not exist)">Palonidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranidipine" title="Pranidipine">Pranidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riodipine" title="Riodipine">Ryodipine (riodipine)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagandipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sagandipine (page does not exist)">Sagandipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sornidipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sornidipine (page does not exist)">Sornidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teludipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teludipine (page does not exist)">Teludipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiamdipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiamdipine (page does not exist)">Tiamdipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombodipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trombodipine (page does not exist)">Trombodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vatanidipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vatanidipine (page does not exist)">Vatanidipine</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Diltiazem" title="Diltiazem">Diltiazem</a> derivatives:</i> <a href="/wiki/Clentiazem" title="Clentiazem">Clentiazem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diltiazem" title="Diltiazem">Diltiazem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iprotiazem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iprotiazem (page does not exist)">Iprotiazem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nictiazem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nictiazem (page does not exist)">Nictiazem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siratiazem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siratiazem (page does not exist)">Siratiazem</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Arylalkylamine" title="Arylalkylamine">Phenylalkylamines</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Anipamil" title="Anipamil">Anipamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagapamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dagapamil (page does not exist)">Dagapamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devapamil" title="Devapamil">Devapamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dexverapamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dexverapamil (page does not exist)">Dexverapamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emopamil" title="Emopamil">Emopamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etripamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etripamil (page does not exist)">Etripamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falipamil" title="Falipamil">Falipamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallopamil" title="Gallopamil">Gallopamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levemopamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Levemopamil (page does not exist)">Levemopamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nexopamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nexopamil (page does not exist)">Nexopamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norverapamil" title="Norverapamil">Norverapamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronipamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronipamil (page does not exist)">Ronipamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiapamil" title="Tiapamil">Tiapamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verapamil" title="Verapamil">Verapamil</a>; <i>Others:</i> <a href="/wiki/AH-1058" title="AH-1058">AH-1058</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brinazarone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brinazarone (page does not exist)">Brinazarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budiodarone" title="Budiodarone">Budiodarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celivarone" title="Celivarone">Celivarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">Cyproheptadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dronedarone" title="Dronedarone">Dronedarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantofarone" title="Fantofarone">Fantofarone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-33805&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-33805 (page does not exist)">SR-33805</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydropalmatine" title="Tetrahydropalmatine">Tetrahydropalmatine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/N-type_calcium_channel" title="N-type calcium channel">N-type-selective</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/%CE%A9-Conotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ω-Conotoxin">ω-Conotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A9-Conotoxin_GVIA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ω-Conotoxin GVIA (page does not exist)">ω-Conotoxin GVIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroverine" title="Caroverine">Caroverine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huwentoxin_XVI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huwentoxin XVI (page does not exist)">Huwentoxin XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leconotide" title="Leconotide">Leconotide (ω-conotoxin CVID)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PD-173212&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PD-173212 (page does not exist)">PD-173212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralfinamide" title="Ralfinamide">Ralfinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safinamide" title="Safinamide">Safinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Z160&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Z160 (page does not exist)">Z160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziconotide" title="Ziconotide">Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIA)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/P-type_calcium_channel" title="P-type calcium channel">P-type-selective</a>:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A9-Agatoxin_IVA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ω-Agatoxin IVA (page does not exist)">ω-Agatoxin IVA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A9-Agatoxin_IVB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ω-Agatoxin IVB (page does not exist)">ω-Agatoxin IVB</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/R-type_calcium_channel" title="R-type calcium channel">R-type-selective</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/SNX-482" title="SNX-482">SNX-482</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/T-type_calcium_channel" title="T-type calcium channel">T-type-selective</a>:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ABT-639&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ABT-639 (page does not exist)">ABT-639</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ML-218&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML-218 (page does not exist)">ML-218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NNC_55-0396&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NNC 55-0396 (page does not exist)">NNC 55-0396</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ProTx_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ProTx I (page does not exist)">ProTx I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Z944&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Z944 (page does not exist)">Z944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Non-selective:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A9-Agatoxin_TK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ω-Agatoxin TK (page does not exist)">ω-Agatoxin TK</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A9-Conotoxin_MVIIC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ω-Conotoxin MVIIC (page does not exist)">ω-Conotoxin MVIIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benidipine" title="Benidipine">Benidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bepridil" title="Bepridil">Bepridil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilnidipine" title="Cilnidipine">Cilnidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnarizine" title="Cinnarizine">Cinnarizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dotarizine" title="Dotarizine">Dotarizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efonidipine" title="Efonidipine">Efonidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunarizine" title="Flunarizine">Flunarizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levetiracetam" title="Levetiracetam">Levetiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomerizine" title="Lomerizine">Lomerizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loperamide" title="Loperamide">Loperamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mibefradil" title="Mibefradil">Mibefradil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NP078585&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NP078585 (page does not exist)">NP078585</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TROX-1" title="TROX-1">TROX-1</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Voltage-dependent_calcium_channel#α2δ_Subunit" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-dependent calcium channel">α<sub>2</sub>δ subunit</a>-selective (<a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">gabapentinoids</a>):</b> <a href="/wiki/4-Methylpregabalin" title="4-Methylpregabalin">4-Methylpregabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbaclofen" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbaclofen">Arbaclofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbaclofen_placarbil" title="Arbaclofen placarbil">Arbaclofen placarbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atagabalin" title="Atagabalin">Atagabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baclofen" title="Baclofen">Baclofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin_enacarbil" title="Gabapentin enacarbil">Gabapentin enacarbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagabalin" title="Imagabalin">Imagabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirogabalin" title="Mirogabalin">Mirogabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PD-200,347&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PD-200,347 (page does not exist)">PD-200,347</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PD-217,014" title="PD-217,014">PD-217,014</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PD-299,685&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PD-299,685 (page does not exist)">PD-299,685</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Others/unsorted:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bencyclane" title="Bencyclane">Bencyclane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbamine" title="Berbamine">Berbamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevantolol" title="Bevantolol">Bevantolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadine" title="Canadine">Canadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carboxyamidotriazole" title="Carboxyamidotriazole">Carboxyamidotriazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycleanine" title="Cycleanine">Cycleanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauricine" title="Dauricine">Dauricine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimeditiapramine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimeditiapramine">Dimeditiapramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diproteverine" title="Diproteverine">Diproteverine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enpiperate" title="Enpiperate">Enpiperate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eperisone" title="Eperisone">Eperisone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elpetrigine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elpetrigine (page does not exist)">Elpetrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethadione" title="Ethadione">Ethadione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethosuximide" title="Ethosuximide">Ethosuximide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasudil" title="Fasudil">Fasudil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fendiline" title="Fendiline">Fendiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fostedil" title="Fostedil">Fostedil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imepitoin" title="Imepitoin">Imepitoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JTV-519" title="JTV-519">JTV-519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidoflazine" title="Lidoflazine">Lidoflazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manoalide" title="Manoalide">Manoalide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesuximide" title="Mesuximide">Mesuximide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monatepil" title="Monatepil">Monatepil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftopidil" title="Naftopidil">Naftopidil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochratoxin_A" title="Ochratoxin A">Ochratoxin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osthol" title="Osthol">Osthol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otilonium_bromide" title="Otilonium bromide">Otilonium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramethadione" title="Paramethadione">Paramethadione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phensuximide" title="Phensuximide">Phensuximide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinaverium_bromide" title="Pinaverium bromide">Pinaverium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenylamine" title="Prenylamine">Prenylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchophylline" title="Rhynchophylline">Rhynchophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesamodil" title="Sesamodil">Sesamodil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silperisone" title="Silperisone">Silperisone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sipatrigine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sipatrigine (page does not exist)">Sipatrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terodiline" title="Terodiline">Terodiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrandrine" title="Tetrandrine">Tetrandrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolperisone" title="Tolperisone">Tolperisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethadione" title="Trimethadione">Trimethadione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valperinol" title="Valperinol">Valperinol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_opener" title="Calcium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/L-type_calcium_channel" title="L-type calcium channel">L-type-selective</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bay_K8644" title="Bay K8644">Bay K8644</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel" title="Potassium channel">Potassium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_potassium_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-gated potassium channels"><abbr title="Voltage-gated potassium channels">VGKCs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Voltage-gated potassium channels</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_blocker" title="Potassium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Diaminopyridine" class="mw-redirect" title="3,4-Diaminopyridine">3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Aminopyridine" title="4-Aminopyridine">4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adekalant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adekalant (page does not exist)">Adekalant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almokalant" title="Almokalant">Almokalant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiodarone" title="Amiodarone">Amiodarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azimilide" title="Azimilide">Azimilide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretylium" title="Bretylium">Bretylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunaftine" title="Bunaftine">Bunaftine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charybdotoxin" title="Charybdotoxin">Charybdotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clamikalant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clamikalant (page does not exist)">Clamikalant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conotoxin" title="Conotoxin">Conotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalazatide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalazatide (page does not exist)">Dalazatide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrotoxin" title="Dendrotoxin">Dendrotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dofetilide" title="Dofetilide">Dofetilide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dronedarone" title="Dronedarone">Dronedarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-4031" title="E-4031">E-4031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanatoxin" title="Hanatoxin">Hanatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HgeTx1" title="HgeTx1">HgeTx1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HsTx1" title="HsTx1">HsTx1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibutilide" title="Ibutilide">Ibutilide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inakalant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inakalant (page does not exist)">Inakalant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliotoxin" title="Kaliotoxin">Kaliotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linopirdine" title="Linopirdine">Linopirdine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolitrem_B" title="Lolitrem B">Lolitrem B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurotoxin" title="Maurotoxin">Maurotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifekalant" title="Nifekalant">Nifekalant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notoxin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notoxin (page does not exist)">Notoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paxilline" title="Paxilline">Paxilline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinokalant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinokalant (page does not exist)">Pinokalant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ShK-186&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ShK-186 (page does not exist)">ShK-186</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotalol" title="Sotalol">Sotalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedisamil" title="Tedisamil">Tedisamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terikalant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terikalant (page does not exist)">Terikalant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraethylammonium" title="Tetraethylammonium">Tetraethylammonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernakalant" title="Vernakalant">Vernakalant</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/HERG" title="HERG">hERG</a> (KCNH2, K<sub>v</sub>11.1)-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ajmaline" title="Ajmaline">Ajmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiodarone" title="Amiodarone">Amiodarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmmTX3" title="AmmTX3">AmmTX3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astemizole" title="Astemizole">Astemizole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azaspiracid" title="Azaspiracid">Azaspiracid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZD1305" title="AZD1305">AZD1305</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azimilide" title="Azimilide">Azimilide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedaquiline" title="Bedaquiline">Bedaquiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeKm-1_toxin" title="BeKm-1 toxin">BeKm-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BmTx3" title="BmTx3">BmTx3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRL-32872" title="BRL-32872">BRL-32872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisapride" title="Cisapride">Cisapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarithromycin" title="Clarithromycin">Clarithromycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darifenacin" title="Darifenacin">Darifenacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diallyl_trisulfide" title="Diallyl trisulfide">Diallyl trisulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domperidone" title="Domperidone">Domperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-4031" title="E-4031">E-4031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergtoxin" title="Ergtoxin">Ergtoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythromycin" title="Erythromycin">Erythromycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigactonine" title="Gigactonine">Gigactonine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">Haloperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">Ketoconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norpropoxyphene" title="Norpropoxyphene">Norpropoxyphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphenadrine" title="Orphenadrine">Orphenadrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimozide" title="Pimozide">Pimozide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNU-282,987" title="PNU-282,987">PNU-282,987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethazine" title="Promethazine">Promethazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranolazine" title="Ranolazine">Ranolazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxithromycin" title="Roxithromycin">Roxithromycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertindole" title="Sertindole">Sertindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solifenacin" title="Solifenacin">Solifenacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamulotoxin" title="Tamulotoxin">Tamulotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terodiline" title="Terodiline">Terodiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terfenadine" title="Terfenadine">Terfenadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">Thioridazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolterodine" title="Tolterodine">Tolterodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanoxerine" title="Vanoxerine">Vanoxerine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernakalant" title="Vernakalant">Vernakalant</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/KCNQ" title="KCNQ">KCNQ (K<sub>v</sub>7)</a>-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Linopirdine" title="Linopirdine">Linopirdine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XE-991&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XE-991 (page does not exist)">XE-991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ssm_spooky_toxin" title="Ssm spooky toxin">Spooky toxin (SsTx)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/KCNQ" title="KCNQ">KCNQ (K<sub>v</sub>7)</a>-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Flupirtine" title="Flupirtine">Flupirtine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retigabine" title="Retigabine">Retigabine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Inwardly_rectifying_potassium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Inwardly rectifying potassium channel"><abbr title="Inwardly rectifying potassium channel">IRKs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Inwardly rectifying potassium channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_blocker" title="Potassium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/ATP-sensitive_potassium_channel" title="ATP-sensitive potassium channel"><abbr title="ATP-sensitive potassium channel">K<sub>ATP</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel</span>-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Acetohexamide" title="Acetohexamide">Acetohexamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbutamide" title="Carbutamide">Carbutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpropamide" title="Chlorpropamide">Chlorpropamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glibenclamide" title="Glibenclamide">Glibenclamide (glyburide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glibornuride" title="Glibornuride">Glibornuride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glicaramide" title="Glicaramide">Glicaramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliclazide" title="Gliclazide">Gliclazide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glimepiride" title="Glimepiride">Glimepiride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glipizide" title="Glipizide">Glipizide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliquidone" title="Gliquidone">Gliquidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glisoxepide" title="Glisoxepide">Glisoxepide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glyclopyramide" title="Glyclopyramide">Glyclopyramide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glycyclamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glycyclamide (page does not exist)">Glycyclamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metahexamide" title="Metahexamide">Metahexamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitiglinide" title="Mitiglinide">Mitiglinide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nateglinide" title="Nateglinide">Nateglinide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repaglinide" title="Repaglinide">Repaglinide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolazamide" title="Tolazamide">Tolazamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolbutamide" title="Tolbutamide">Tolbutamide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_inwardly_rectifying_potassium_channel" title="G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel"><abbr title="G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel">GIRK</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel</span>-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caramiphen" title="Caramiphen">Caramiphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloperastine" title="Cloperastine">Cloperastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">Clozapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">Dextromethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethosuximide" title="Ethosuximide">Ethosuximide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifenprodil" title="Ifenprodil">Ifenprodil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertiapin" title="Tertiapin">Tertiapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipepidine" title="Tipepidine">Tipepidine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/ATP-sensitive_potassium_channel" title="ATP-sensitive potassium channel"><abbr title="ATP-sensitive potassium channel">K<sub>ATP</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel</span>-specific:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aprikalim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aprikalim (page does not exist)">Aprikalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimakalim" title="Bimakalim">Bimakalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromakalim" title="Cromakalim">Cromakalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazoxide" title="Diazoxide">Diazoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emakalim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emakalim (page does not exist)">Emakalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levcromakalim" class="mw-redirect" title="Levcromakalim">Levcromakalim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazokalim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mazokalim (page does not exist)">Mazokalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoxidil" title="Minoxidil">Minoxidil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoxidil_sulfate" title="Minoxidil sulfate">Minoxidil sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naminidil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naminidil (page does not exist)">Naminidil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicorandil" title="Nicorandil">Nicorandil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinacidil" title="Pinacidil">Pinacidil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rilmakalim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rilmakalim (page does not exist)">Rilmakalim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarakalim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarakalim (page does not exist)">Sarakalim</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_inwardly_rectifying_potassium_channel" title="G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel"><abbr title="G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel">GIRK</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel</span>-specific:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ML-297&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML-297 (page does not exist)">ML-297 (VU0456810)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium-activated_potassium_channel" title="Calcium-activated potassium channel"><abbr title="Calcium-activated potassium channel">K<sub>Ca</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Calcium-activated potassium channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_blocker" title="Potassium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/BK_channel" title="BK channel">BK<sub>Ca</sub></a>-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAL-021" class="mw-redirect" title="GAL-021">GAL-021</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/BK_channel" title="BK channel">BK<sub>Ca</sub></a>-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimesulide" title="Nimesulide">Nimesulide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rottlerin" title="Rottlerin">Rottlerin (mallotoxin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tandem_pore_domain_potassium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandem pore domain potassium channel"><abbr title="Tandem pore domain potassium channel">K2Ps</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Tandem pore domain potassium channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_blocker" title="Potassium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate" title="12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate">12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachidonic_acid" title="Arachidonic acid">Arachidonic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfluoxetine" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfluoxetine">Norfluoxetine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riluzole" title="Riluzole">Riluzole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel" title="Sodium channel">Sodium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_sodium_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-gated sodium channels"><abbr title="Voltage-gated sodium channels">VGSCs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Voltage-gated sodium channels</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Antianginals:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ranolazine" title="Ranolazine">Ranolazine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antiarrhythmics (class I):</i> <a href="/wiki/Ajmaline" title="Ajmaline">Ajmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aprindine" title="Aprindine">Aprindine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disopyramide" title="Disopyramide">Disopyramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dronedarone" title="Dronedarone">Dronedarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encainide" title="Encainide">Encainide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flecainide" title="Flecainide">Flecainide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">Lidocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorajmine" title="Lorajmine">Lorajmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorcainide" title="Lorcainide">Lorcainide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexiletine" title="Mexiletine">Mexiletine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moracizine" title="Moracizine">Moricizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilsicainide" title="Pilsicainide">Pilsicainide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajmaline" title="Prajmaline">Prajmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procainamide" title="Procainamide">Procainamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propafenone" title="Propafenone">Propafenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparteine" title="Sparteine">Sparteine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocainide" title="Tocainide">Tocainide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Anticonvulsants:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetylpheneturide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acetylpheneturide (page does not exist)">Acetylpheneturide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenobamate" title="Cenobamate">Cenobamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorphenacemide" title="Chlorphenacemide">Chlorphenacemide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elpetrigine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elpetrigine (page does not exist)">Elpetrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eslicarbazepine_acetate" title="Eslicarbazepine acetate">Eslicarbazepine acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethotoin" title="Ethotoin">Ethotoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosphenytoin" title="Fosphenytoin">Fosphenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacosamide" title="Lacosamide">Lacosamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licarbazepine" title="Licarbazepine">Licarbazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephenytoin" title="Mephenytoin">Mephenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxcarbazepine" title="Oxcarbazepine">Oxcarbazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxitriptyline" title="Oxitriptyline">Oxitriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacemide" title="Phenacemide">Phenacemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheneturide" title="Pheneturide">Pheneturide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">Phenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufinamide" title="Rufinamide">Rufinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sipatrigine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sipatrigine (page does not exist)">Sipatrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_valproate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium valproate">Sodium valproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valnoctamide" title="Valnoctamide">Valnoctamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate_pivoxil" title="Valproate pivoxil">Valproate pivoxil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate_semisodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproate semisodium">Valproate semisodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproic acid">Valproic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valpromide" title="Valpromide">Valpromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Local anesthetics:</i> <a href="/wiki/3-(p-Fluorobenzoyloxy)tropane" title="3-(p-Fluorobenzoyloxy)tropane"><i>p</i>FBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amylocaine" title="Amylocaine">Amylocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articaine" title="Articaine">Articaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzocaine" title="Benzocaine">Benzocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupivacaine" title="Bupivacaine">Bupivacaine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Levobupivacaine" title="Levobupivacaine">Levobupivacaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ropivacaine" title="Ropivacaine">Ropivacaine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butacaine" title="Butacaine">Butacaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butamben" title="Butamben">Butamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroprocaine" title="Chloroprocaine">Chloroprocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinchocaine" title="Cinchocaine">Cinchocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclomethycaine" title="Cyclomethycaine">Cyclomethycaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethocaine" title="Dimethocaine">Dimethocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etidocaine" title="Etidocaine">Etidocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexylcaine" title="Hexylcaine">Hexylcaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iontocaine" title="Iontocaine">Iontocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">Lidocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepivacaine" title="Mepivacaine">Mepivacaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meprylcaine" title="Meprylcaine">Meprylcaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabutoxycaine" title="Metabutoxycaine">Metabutoxycaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthocaine" title="Orthocaine">Orthocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperocaine" title="Piperocaine">Piperocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prilocaine" title="Prilocaine">Prilocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procaine" title="Procaine">Procaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propoxycaine" title="Propoxycaine">Propoxycaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxymetacaine" title="Proxymetacaine">Proxymetacaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risocaine" title="Risocaine">Risocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracaine" title="Tetracaine">Tetracaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimecaine" title="Trimecaine">Trimecaine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Analgesics:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=AZD-3161&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZD-3161 (page does not exist)">AZD-3161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSP-2230" title="DSP-2230">DSP-2230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funapide" title="Funapide">Funapide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GDC-0276&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GDC-0276 (page does not exist)">GDC-0276</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NKTR-171&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NKTR-171 (page does not exist)">NKTR-171</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PF-04531083&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PF-04531083 (page does not exist)">PF-04531083</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-05089771" title="PF-05089771">PF-05089771</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralfinamide" title="Ralfinamide">Ralfinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raxatrigine" class="mw-redirect" title="Raxatrigine">Raxatrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RG7893&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RG7893 (page does not exist)">RG7893 (GDC-0287)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Toxins:</i> <a href="/wiki/Conotoxin" title="Conotoxin">Conotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosaxitoxin" title="Neosaxitoxin">Neosaxitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxitoxin" title="Saxitoxin">Saxitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">Tetrodotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zetekitoxin_AB" title="Zetekitoxin AB">Zetekitoxin AB</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Others:</i> <a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenamide" title="Evenamide">Evenamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safinamide" title="Safinamide">Safinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_opener" title="Sodium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aconitine" title="Aconitine">Aconitine</a></li> <li>Atracotoxins (<a href="/wiki/Omega-Atracotoxin" title="Omega-Atracotoxin">ω-Atracotoxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robustoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Robustoxin">Robustoxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Versutoxin" title="Versutoxin">Versutoxin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batrachotoxin" title="Batrachotoxin">Batrachotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciguatoxin" title="Ciguatoxin">Ciguatoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayanotoxin" title="Grayanotoxin">Grayanotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poneratoxin" title="Poneratoxin">Poneratoxin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Epithelial_sodium_channel" title="Epithelial sodium channel"><abbr title="Epithelial sodium channel">ENaC</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Epithelial sodium channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiloride" title="Amiloride">Amiloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzamil" title="Benzamil">Benzamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triamterene" title="Triamterene">Triamterene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_opener" title="Sodium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solnatide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solnatide (page does not exist)">Solnatide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Acid-sensing_ion_channel" title="Acid-sensing ion channel"><abbr title="Acid-sensing ion channel">ASICs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Acid-sensing ion channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-317567&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-317567 (page does not exist)">A-317567</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiloride" title="Amiloride">Amiloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Aspirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">Ibuprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PcTX1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PcTX1 (page does not exist)">PcTX1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel" title="Chloride channel">Chloride</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium-activated_chloride_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium-activated chloride channel"><abbr title="Calcium-activated chloride channel">CaCCs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Calcium-activated chloride channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel_blocker" title="Chloride channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crofelemer" title="Crofelemer">Crofelemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIDS" title="DIDS">DIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethacrynic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethacrynic acid">Ethacrynic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furosemide" title="Furosemide">Furosemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glibenclamide" title="Glibenclamide">Glibenclamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefloquine" title="Mefloquine">Mefloquine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mibefradil" title="Mibefradil">Mibefradil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel_opener" title="Chloride channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbachol" title="Carbachol">Carbachol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis_transmembrane_conductance_regulator" title="Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator"><abbr title="Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator">CFTR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel_blocker" title="Chloride channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glibenclamide" title="Glibenclamide">Glibenclamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonidamine" title="Lonidamine">Lonidamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piretanide" title="Piretanide">Piretanide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel_opener" title="Chloride channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1,7-Phenanthroline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1,7-Phenanthroline (page does not exist)">1,7-Phenanthroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,10-Phenanthroline" title="1,10-Phenanthroline">1,10-Phenanthroline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4,7-Phenanthroline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4,7-Phenanthroline (page does not exist)">4,7-Phenanthroline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7,8-Benzoquinoline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7,8-Benzoquinoline (page does not exist)">7,8-Benzoquinoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivacaftor" title="Ivacaftor">Ivacaftor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenanthridine" title="Phenanthridine">Phenanthridine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;">Unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel_blocker" title="Chloride channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bumetanide" title="Bumetanide">Bumetanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">Mefenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepacrine" title="Mepacrine">Mepacrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talniflumate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talniflumate (page does not exist)">Talniflumate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoperazine" title="Trifluoperazine">Trifluoperazine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient receptor potential channels"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential channels">TRPs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Transient receptor potential channels</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Template:Transient receptor potential channel modulators">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ligand_gated_ion_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligand gated ion channels"><abbr title="Ligand gated ion channels">LGICs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Ligand gated ion channels</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Pharmacomodulation" title="Template:Pharmacomodulation">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Template:Transient receptor potential channel modulators">Transient receptor potential channel modulators</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antiarrhythmic_agents_(C01B)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antiarrhythmic_agents" title="Template:Antiarrhythmic agents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antiarrhythmic_agents" title="Template talk:Antiarrhythmic agents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antiarrhythmic_agents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antiarrhythmic agents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antiarrhythmic_agents_(C01B)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antiarrhythmic_agent" title="Antiarrhythmic agent">Antiarrhythmic agents</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_C01#C01B" title="ATC code C01">C01B</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Channel_blocker" title="Channel blocker">Channel blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="class_I(Na+_channel_blockers)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antiarrhythmic_agent#Class_I_agents" title="Antiarrhythmic agent">class I</a><br />(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Na<sup>+</sup> channel blockers</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">class Ia (<a href="/wiki/Cardiac_action_potential#Phase_0" title="Cardiac action potential">Phase 0</a>→ and <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_action_potential#Phase_3" title="Cardiac action potential">Phase 3</a>→)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajmaline" title="Ajmaline">Ajmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disopyramide" title="Disopyramide">Disopyramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroquinidine" title="Dihydroquinidine">Hydroquinidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorajmine" title="Lorajmine">Lorajmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajmaline" title="Prajmaline">Prajmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procainamide" title="Procainamide">Procainamide</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparteine" title="Sparteine">Sparteine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">class Ib (<a href="/wiki/Cardiac_action_potential#Phase_3" title="Cardiac action potential">Phase 3</a>←)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">IV</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">Lidocaine</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enteral" class="mw-redirect" title="Enteral">enteral</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aprindine" title="Aprindine">Aprindine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexiletine" title="Mexiletine">Mexiletine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocainide" title="Tocainide">Tocainide</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">class Ic (<a href="/wiki/Cardiac_action_potential#Phase_0" title="Cardiac action potential">Phase 0</a>→)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encainide" title="Encainide">Encainide</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethacizine" title="Ethacizine">Ethacizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flecainide" title="Flecainide">Flecainide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecainide" title="Indecainide">Indecainide</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorcainide" title="Lorcainide">Lorcainide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moracizine" title="Moracizine">Moracizine</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propafenone" title="Propafenone">Propafenone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antiarrhythmic_agent#Class_III_agents" title="Antiarrhythmic agent">class III</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Cardiac_action_potential#Phase_3" title="Cardiac action potential">Phase 3</a>→, <a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_blocker" title="Potassium channel blocker">K<sup>+</sup> channel blockers</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiodarone" title="Amiodarone">Amiodarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretylium" title="Bretylium">Bretylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunaftine" title="Bunaftine">Bunaftine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celivarone" title="Celivarone">Celivarone</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dofetilide" title="Dofetilide">Dofetilide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dronedarone" title="Dronedarone">Dronedarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-4031" title="E-4031">E-4031</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibutilide" title="Ibutilide">Ibutilide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifekalant" title="Nifekalant">Nifekalant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotalol" title="Sotalol">Sotalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedisamil" title="Tedisamil">Tedisamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernakalant" title="Vernakalant">Vernakalant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antiarrhythmic_agent#Class_IV_agents" title="Antiarrhythmic agent">class IV</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Cardiac_action_potential#Phase_4" title="Cardiac action potential">Phase 4</a>→, <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel blockers</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diltiazem" title="Diltiazem">Diltiazem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verapamil" title="Verapamil">Verapamil</a><sup>#</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">Receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antiarrhythmic_agent#Class_II_agents" title="Antiarrhythmic agent">class II</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Cardiac_action_potential#Phase_4" title="Cardiac action potential">Phase 4</a>→, <a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">β blockers</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nadolol" title="Nadolol">Nadolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindolol" title="Pindolol">Pindolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propranolol" title="Propranolol">Propranolol</a></li> <li><i>cardioselective</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acebutolol" title="Acebutolol">Acebutolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atenolol" title="Atenolol">Atenolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmolol" title="Esmolol">Esmolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landiolol" title="Landiolol">Landiolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metoprolol" title="Metoprolol">Metoprolol</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A1_receptor" title="Adenosine A1 receptor">A<sub>1</sub> agonist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine" title="Adenosine">Adenosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M2" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2">M<sub>2</sub></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_antagonist" title="Muscarinic antagonist">muscarinic antagonist</a>: <a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disopyramide" title="Disopyramide">Disopyramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_agonist" title="Muscarinic agonist">muscarinic agonist</a>: <a href="/wiki/Digoxin" title="Digoxin">Digoxin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor#.CE.B1_receptors" title="Adrenergic receptor">α receptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiodarone" title="Amiodarone">Amiodarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretylium" title="Bretylium">Bretylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verapamil" title="Verapamil">Verapamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ion_transporter" title="Ion transporter">Ion transporters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Na+/_K+-ATPase" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Na%2B/K%2B-ATPase" class="mw-redirect" title="Na+/K+-ATPase">Na<sup>+</sup>/ K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digitoxin" title="Digitoxin">Digitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digoxin" title="Digoxin">Digoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouabain" title="Ouabain">Ouabain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Local_anesthetics_(primarily_sodium_channel_blockers)_(N01B)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Local_anesthetics" title="Template:Local anesthetics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Local_anesthetics" title="Template talk:Local anesthetics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Local_anesthetics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Local anesthetics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Local_anesthetics_(primarily_sodium_channel_blockers)_(N01B)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic" title="Local anesthetic">Local anesthetics</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(primarily <a class="mw-selflink selflink">sodium channel blockers</a>)</span> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N01#N01B" title="ATC code N01">N01B</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">Esters</a> by acid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/4-Aminobenzoic_acid" title="4-Aminobenzoic acid">Aminobenzoic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzocaine" title="Benzocaine">Benzocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzonatate" title="Benzonatate">Benzonatate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butacaine" title="Butacaine">Butacaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butamben" title="Butamben">Butamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroprocaine" title="Chloroprocaine">Chloroprocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethocaine" title="Dimethocaine">Dimethocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucaine">Lucaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meprylcaine" title="Meprylcaine">Meprylcaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabutethamine" title="Metabutethamine">Metabutethamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabutoxycaine" title="Metabutoxycaine">Metabutoxycaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitracaine" title="Nitracaine">Nitracaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthocaine" title="Orthocaine">Orthocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propoxycaine" title="Propoxycaine">Propoxycaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procaine" title="Procaine">Procaine (Novocaine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxymetacaine" title="Proxymetacaine">Proxymetacaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risocaine" title="Risocaine">Risocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracaine" title="Tetracaine">Tetracaine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benzoic_acid" title="Benzoic acid">Benzoic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amylocaine" title="Amylocaine">Amylocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclomethycaine" title="Cyclomethycaine">Cyclomethycaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Eucaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Eucaine">α-Eucaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucaine" title="Eucaine">β-Eucaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexylcaine" title="Hexylcaine">Hexylcaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isobucaine" title="Isobucaine">Isobucaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperocaine" title="Piperocaine">Piperocaine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ArCO2- (not para-amino or Ph)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amoproxan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amoproxan (page does not exist)">Amoproxan</a> (3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoyl)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-(p-Fluorobenzoyloxy)tropane" title="3-(p-Fluorobenzoyloxy)tropane">3-(p-Fluorobenzoyloxy)tropane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">Amides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articaine" title="Articaine">Articaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupivacaine" title="Bupivacaine">Bupivacaine</a><sup>#</sup>/<a href="/wiki/Levobupivacaine" title="Levobupivacaine">Levobupivacaine</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ropivacaine" title="Ropivacaine">Ropivacaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butanilicaine" title="Butanilicaine">Butanilicaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articaine" title="Articaine">Carticaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinchocaine" title="Cinchocaine"> Cinchocaine (Dibucaine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etidocaine" title="Etidocaine">Etidocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">Lidocaine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepivacaine" title="Mepivacaine">Mepivacaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prilocaine" title="Prilocaine">Prilocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimecaine" title="Trimecaine">Trimecaine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Combinations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic_with_vasoconstrictor" class="mw-redirect" title="Local anesthetic with vasoconstrictor">Anesthetic/vasoconstrictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupivacaine/meloxicam" title="Bupivacaine/meloxicam">Bupivacaine/meloxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidocaine/prilocaine" title="Lidocaine/prilocaine">Lidocaine/prilocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical_tac" title="Topical tac">TAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iontocaine" title="Iontocaine">Iontocaine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;padding:0;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Analgesics_(N02A,_N02B)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Analgesics" title="Template:Analgesics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Analgesics" title="Template talk:Analgesics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Analgesics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Analgesics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Analgesics_(N02A,_N02B)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">Analgesics</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N02#N02A" title="ATC code N02">N02A</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N02#N02B" title="ATC code N02">N02B</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opiate" title="Opiate">Opiates</a>/<a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codeine/aspirin" class="mw-redirect" title="Codeine/aspirin">+aspirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine/paracetamol" title="Codeine/paracetamol">+paracetamol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a><sup>#</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Morphine/naltrexone" title="Morphine/naltrexone">+naltrexone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">Opium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudanum" title="Laudanum">Laudanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paregoric" title="Paregoric">Paregoric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semisynthetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetyldihydrocodeine" title="Acetyldihydrocodeine">Acetyldihydrocodeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzylmorphine" title="Benzylmorphine">Benzylmorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine/naloxone" title="Buprenorphine/naloxone">+naloxone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphanol" title="Butorphanol">Butorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desomorphine" title="Desomorphine">Desomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine (heroin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrocodeine" title="Dihydrocodeine">Dihydrocodeine</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Co-dydramol" title="Co-dydramol">+paracetamol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydromorphine" title="Dihydromorphine">Dihydromorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylmorphine" title="Ethylmorphine">Ethylmorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone/paracetamol" title="Hydrocodone/paracetamol">+paracetamol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone/ibuprofen" title="Hydrocodone/ibuprofen">+ibuprofen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone/aspirin" title="Hydrocodone/aspirin">+aspirin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphinol" title="Hydromorphinol">Hydromorphinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metopon" title="Metopon">Metopon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalbuphine" title="Nalbuphine">Nalbuphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicocodeine" title="Nicocodeine">Nicocodeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodicodine" title="Nicodicodine">Nicodicodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomorphine" title="Nicomorphine">Nicomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/paracetamol" title="Oxycodone/paracetamol">+paracetamol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/aspirin" title="Oxycodone/aspirin">+aspirin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/ibuprofen" title="Oxycodone/ibuprofen">+ibuprofen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/naloxone" title="Oxycodone/naloxone">+naloxone</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxycodone/naltrexone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxycodone/naltrexone (page does not exist)">+naltrexone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymorphone" title="Oxymorphone">Oxymorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaveretum" title="Papaveretum">Papaveretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebacon" title="Thebacon">Thebacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synthetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfentanil" title="Alfentanil">Alfentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prodine" title="Prodine">Alphaprodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anileridine" title="Anileridine">Anileridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezitramide" title="Bezitramide">Bezitramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carfentanil" title="Carfentanil">Carfentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromoramide" title="Dextromoramide">Dextromoramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezocine" title="Dezocine">Dezocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimenoxadol" title="Dimenoxadol">Dimenoxadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipipanone" title="Dipipanone">Dipipanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethoheptazine" title="Ethoheptazine">Ethoheptazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a><sup>#</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Fentanyl/fluanisone" title="Fentanyl/fluanisone">+fluanisone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketobemidone" title="Ketobemidone">Ketobemidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofentanil" title="Lofentanil">Lofentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meptazinol" title="Meptazinol">Meptazinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFEPP" title="NFEPP">NFEPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norpipanone" title="Norpipanone">Norpipanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliceridine" title="Oliceridine">Oliceridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine (meperidine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenadoxone" title="Phenadoxone">Phenadoxone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazocine" title="Phenazocine">Phenazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoperidine" title="Phenoperidine">Phenoperidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piminodine" title="Piminodine">Piminodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piritramide" title="Piritramide">Piritramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proheptazine" title="Proheptazine">Proheptazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiram" title="Propiram">Propiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remifentanil" title="Remifentanil">Remifentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufentanil" title="Sufentanil">Sufentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">Tapentadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilidine" title="Tilidine">Tilidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Celecoxib/tramadol" title="Celecoxib/tramadol">+celecoxib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tramadol/paracetamol" title="Tramadol/paracetamol">+paracetamol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viminol" title="Viminol">Viminol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol</a>-type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetanilide" title="Acetanilide">Acetanilide</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucetin" title="Bucetin">Bucetin</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Butacetin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butacetin (page does not exist)">Butacetin</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol (acetaminophen)</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine" title="Aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine">+aspirin/caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine/paracetamol" title="Codeine/paracetamol">+codeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone/paracetamol" title="Hydrocodone/paracetamol">+hydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen/paracetamol" title="Ibuprofen/paracetamol">+ibuprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol/metoclopramide" title="Paracetamol/metoclopramide">+metoclopramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/paracetamol" title="Oxycodone/paracetamol">+oxycodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyphenazone/paracetamol/caffeine" title="Propyphenazone/paracetamol/caffeine">+propyphenazone/caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol/paracetamol" title="Tramadol/paracetamol">+tramadol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parapropamol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parapropamol (page does not exist)">Parapropamol</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacetin" title="Phenacetin">Phenacetin</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propacetamol" title="Propacetamol">Propacetamol</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" title="Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug">NSAIDs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Propionates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benoxaprofen" title="Benoxaprofen">Benoxaprofen</a> <sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenoprofen" title="Fenoprofen">Fenoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flurbiprofen" title="Flurbiprofen">Flurbiprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">Ibuprofen</a><sup>#</sup><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Dexibuprofen" title="Dexibuprofen">Dexibuprofen</a>)<span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen/paracetamol" title="Ibuprofen/paracetamol">+paracetamol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoprofen" title="Ketoprofen">Ketoprofen</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Dexketoprofen" title="Dexketoprofen">Dexketoprofen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxoprofen" title="Loxoprofen">Loxoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naproxen" title="Naproxen">Naproxen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaprozin" title="Oxaprozin">Oxaprozin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprofen" title="Suprofen">Suprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiaprofenic_acid" title="Tiaprofenic acid">Tiaprofenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaltoprofen" title="Zaltoprofen">Zaltoprofen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxicams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isoxicam" title="Isoxicam">Isoxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lornoxicam" title="Lornoxicam">Lornoxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meloxicam" title="Meloxicam">Meloxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piroxicam" title="Piroxicam">Piroxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenoxicam" title="Tenoxicam">Tenoxicam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acetates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acemetacin" title="Acemetacin">Acemetacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromfenac" title="Bromfenac">Bromfenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclofenac" title="Diclofenac">Diclofenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etodolac" title="Etodolac">Etodolac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indometacin" title="Indometacin">Indometacin</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Indometacin_farnesil" title="Indometacin farnesil">Indometacin farnesil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketorolac" title="Ketorolac">Ketorolac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulindac" title="Sulindac">Sulindac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolmetin" title="Tolmetin">Tolmetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zomepirac" title="Zomepirac">Zomepirac</a> <sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COX-2_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="COX-2 inhibitor">COX-2 inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celecoxib" title="Celecoxib">Celecoxib</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Celecoxib/tramadol" title="Celecoxib/tramadol">+tramadol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etoricoxib" title="Etoricoxib">Etoricoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumiracoxib" title="Lumiracoxib">Lumiracoxib</a> <sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parecoxib" title="Parecoxib">Parecoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rofecoxib" title="Rofecoxib">Rofecoxib</a> <sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdecoxib" title="Valdecoxib">Valdecoxib</a> <sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fenamic_acid" title="Fenamic acid">Fenamates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">Mefenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">Salicylates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)</a><sup>#</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine" title="Aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine">+paracetamol/caffeine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloxiprin" title="Aloxiprin">Aloxiprin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benorilate" title="Benorilate">Benorylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbasalate_calcium" title="Carbasalate calcium">Carbasalate calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline_salicylate" class="mw-redirect" title="Choline salicylate">Choline salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diflunisal" title="Diflunisal">Diflunisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipyrocetyl" title="Dipyrocetyl">Dipyrocetyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethenzamide" title="Ethenzamide">Ethenzamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guacetisal" title="Guacetisal">Guacetisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidazole_salicylate" title="Imidazole salicylate">Imidazole salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_salicylate" title="Magnesium salicylate">Magnesium salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morpholine_salicylate" title="Morpholine salicylate">Morpholine salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_salicylate" title="Potassium salicylate">Potassium salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicin" title="Salicin">Salicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicylamide" title="Salicylamide">Salicylamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsalate" title="Salsalate">Salsalate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_salicylate" title="Sodium salicylate">Sodium salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintergreen" title="Wintergreen">Wintergreen</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Methyl_salicylate" title="Methyl salicylate">methyl salicylate</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyrazolone" title="Pyrazolone">Pyrazolones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aminophenazone" title="Aminophenazone">Aminophenazone</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampyrone" title="Ampyrone">Ampyrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamizole" title="Metamizole">Metamizole (dipyrone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifenazone" title="Nifenazone">Nifenazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazone" title="Phenazone">Phenazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyphenazone" title="Propyphenazone">Propyphenazone</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Propyphenazone/paracetamol/caffeine" title="Propyphenazone/paracetamol/caffeine">+paracetamol/caffeine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzydamine" title="Benzydamine">Benzydamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floctafenine" title="Floctafenine">Floctafenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glafenine" title="Glafenine">Glafenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabumetone" title="Nabumetone">Nabumetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimesulide" title="Nimesulide">Nimesulide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proquazone" title="Proquazone">Proquazone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabilone" title="Nabilone">Nabilone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabiximols" title="Nabiximols">Nabiximols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">Tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Channel_modulator" title="Channel modulator">Ion channel<br />modulators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Calcium blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol (ethanol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin_enacarbil" title="Gabapentin enacarbil">Gabapentin enacarbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leconotide" title="Leconotide">Leconotide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirogabalin" title="Mirogabalin">Mirogabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziconotide" title="Ziconotide">Ziconotide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sodium blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacosamide" title="Lacosamide">Lacosamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic" title="Local anesthetic">Local anesthetics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">lidocaine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexiletine" title="Mexiletine">Mexiletine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefopam" title="Nefopam">Nefopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a><sup>#</sup>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Na<sub>v</sub>1.7/1.8-selective:</i> <a href="/wiki/DSP-2230" title="DSP-2230">DSP-2230</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funapide" title="Funapide">Funapide</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-05089771" title="PF-05089771">PF-05089771</a><sup>§</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Potassium openers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flupirtine" title="Flupirtine">Flupirtine</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">Myorelaxants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carisoprodol" title="Carisoprodol">Carisoprodol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorzoxazone" title="Chlorzoxazone">Chlorzoxazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclobenzaprine" title="Cyclobenzaprine">Cyclobenzaprine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephenoxalone" title="Mephenoxalone">Mephenoxalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methocarbamol" title="Methocarbamol">Methocarbamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphenadrine" title="Orphenadrine">Orphenadrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analgecine" title="Analgecine">Analgecine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analgesic_adjuvant" title="Analgesic adjuvant">Analgesic adjuvant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedinvetmab" title="Bedinvetmab">Bedinvetmab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsaicin" title="Capsaicin">Capsaicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">Clonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frunevetmab" title="Frunevetmab">Frunevetmab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyflurane" title="Methoxyflurane">Methoxyflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazopyridine" title="Phenazopyridine">Phenazopyridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proglumide" title="Proglumide">Proglumide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimazolium" title="Rimazolium">Rimazolium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanezumab" title="Tanezumab">Tanezumab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anticonvulsants_(N03)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anticonvulsants" title="Template:Anticonvulsants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anticonvulsants" title="Template talk:Anticonvulsants"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anticonvulsants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anticonvulsants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anticonvulsants_(N03)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsants</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N03" title="ATC code N03">N03</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GABAergic" title="GABAergic">GABAergics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub>R</a> <a href="/wiki/Allosteric_modulator" title="Allosteric modulator">PAMs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Barbexaclone" title="Barbexaclone">Barbexaclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metharbital" title="Metharbital">Metharbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenobarbital" title="Methylphenobarbital">Methylphenobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentobarbital" title="Pentobarbital">Pentobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">Phenobarbital</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primidone" title="Primidone">Primidone</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Cenobamate" title="Cenobamate">Cenobamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felbamate" title="Felbamate">Felbamate</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Clobazam" title="Clobazam">Clobazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonazepam" title="Clonazepam">Clonazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clorazepate" title="Clorazepate">Clorazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">Diazepam</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">Lorazepam</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midazolam" title="Midazolam">Midazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimetazepam" title="Nimetazepam">Nimetazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrazepam" title="Nitrazepam">Nitrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temazepam" title="Temazepam">Temazepam</a>; <b>Others:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bromide" title="Bromide">Bromide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potassium_bromide" title="Potassium bromide">potassium bromide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bromide" title="Sodium bromide">sodium bromide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imepitoin" title="Imepitoin">Imepitoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraldehyde" title="Paraldehyde">Paraldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiripentol" title="Stiripentol">Stiripentol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GABA_transaminase_inhibitor" title="GABA transaminase inhibitor">GABA-T inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">Fatty acids</a> (and related):</b> <a href="/wiki/Valproate" title="Valproate">Valproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valpromide" title="Valpromide">Valpromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate_pivoxil" title="Valproate pivoxil">Valproate pivoxil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigabatrin" title="Vigabatrin">Vigabatrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/GABA_receptor_agonist" title="GABA receptor agonist">GABAR agonists</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Progabide" title="Progabide">Progabide</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/GABA_reuptake_inhibitor" title="GABA reuptake inhibitor">GAT-1 inhibitors</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Tiagabine" title="Tiagabine">Tiagabine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Channel_modulator" title="Channel modulator">Channel<br />modulators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sodium blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hydantoin" title="Hydantoin">Hydantoins</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ethotoin" title="Ethotoin">Ethotoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosphenytoin" title="Fosphenytoin">Fosphenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephenytoin" title="Mephenytoin">Mephenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">Phenytoin</a><sup>#</sup>; <b><a href="/wiki/Acylurea" title="Acylurea">Ureides</a>:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetylpheneturide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acetylpheneturide (page does not exist)">Acetylpheneturide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorphenacemide" title="Chlorphenacemide">Chlorphenacemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacemide" title="Phenacemide">Phenacemide</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheneturide" title="Pheneturide">Pheneturide</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">Fatty acids</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Valproate" title="Valproate">Valproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valpromide" title="Valpromide">Valpromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate_pivoxil" title="Valproate pivoxil">Valproate pivoxil</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/Carboxamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboxamide">Carboxamides</a>:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eslicarbazepine_acetate" title="Eslicarbazepine acetate">Eslicarbazepine acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxcarbazepine" title="Oxcarbazepine">Oxcarbazepine</a>; <b>Others:</b> <a href="/wiki/Lacosamide" title="Lacosamide">Lacosamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufinamide" title="Rufinamide">Rufinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Calcium blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/2,4-Oxazolidinedione" title="2,4-Oxazolidinedione">Oxazolidinediones</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ethadione" title="Ethadione">Ethadione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramethadione" title="Paramethadione">Paramethadione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethadione" title="Trimethadione">Trimethadione</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/Succinimide" title="Succinimide">Succinimides</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Ethosuximide" title="Ethosuximide">Ethosuximide</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesuximide" title="Mesuximide">Mesuximide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phensuximide" title="Phensuximide">Phensuximide</a>; <b><a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoids</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a>; <b>Others:</b> <a href="/wiki/Imepitoin" title="Imepitoin">Imepitoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Potassium openers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retigabine" title="Retigabine">Retigabine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase_inhibitor" title="Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor">CA inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sulfonamide_(medicine)#Anticonvulsant" title="Sulfonamide (medicine)">Sulfonamides</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Acetazolamide" title="Acetazolamide">Acetazolamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethoxzolamide" title="Ethoxzolamide">Ethoxzolamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultiame" title="Sultiame">Sultiame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albutoin" title="Albutoin">Albutoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beclamide" title="Beclamide">Beclamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brivaracetam" title="Brivaracetam">Brivaracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carisbamate" title="Carisbamate">Carisbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiracetam" title="Etiracetam">Etiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenfluramine" title="Fenfluramine">Fenfluramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganaxolone" title="Ganaxolone">Ganaxolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levetiracetam" title="Levetiracetam">Levetiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perampanel" title="Perampanel">Perampanel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel_blocker&oldid=1184117768">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel_blocker&oldid=1184117768</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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