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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Czech–Slovak languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Чэска-славацкія мовы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чэска-славацкія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cesko-slovensk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Česko-slovenské jazyky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Česko-slovenské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_checoslovacas" title="Lenguas checoslovacas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas checoslovacas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%86%DA%A9-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های چک-اسلواکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های چک-اسلواکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_tch%C3%A9coslovaques" title="Langues tchécoslovaques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues tchécoslovaques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%B4%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%AC%EB%A1%9C%EB%B0%94%ED%82%A4%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4" title="체코슬로바키아어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="체코슬로바키아어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Ceko-Slowakia" title="Rumpun bahasa Ceko-Slowakia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Ceko-Slowakia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cehu-slov%C4%81ku_valodas" title="Čehu-slovāku valodas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čehu-slovāku valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cek%C5%B3-slovak%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Čekų-slovakų kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čekų-slovakų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%82%AD%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="チェコ・スロバキア語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チェコ・スロバキア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_czesko-s%C5%82owackie" title="Języki czesko-słowackie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki czesko-słowackie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Чешско-словацкие языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чешско-словацкие языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cesko-slovensk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Česko-slovenské jazyky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Česko-slovenské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Чесько-словацькі мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чесько-словацькі мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_S%C3%A9c-Slovak" title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Séc-Slovak – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Séc-Slovak" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2334789#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_language" title="Czechoslovak language">Czechoslovak language</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c9ffd9;">Czech–Slovak</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Balto-Slavic">Balto-Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Czech–Slovak</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a><br />  •  <a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a><br />  • <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/czec1260">czec1260</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zapadoslovanske.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Zapadoslovanske.jpg/300px-Zapadoslovanske.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Zapadoslovanske.jpg/450px-Zapadoslovanske.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Zapadoslovanske.jpg/600px-Zapadoslovanske.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="575" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Czech–Slovak dialects in yellow and gold (A/C), within <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Czech–Slovak languages</b> (or <b>Czecho-Slovak</b>) are a subgroup within the <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic languages</a> comprising the <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak languages</a>. </p><p>Most varieties of Czech and Slovak are <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a>, forming a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> (spanning the intermediate <a href="/wiki/Moravian_dialects" title="Moravian dialects">Moravian dialects</a>) rather than being two clearly distinct languages; standardised forms of these two languages are, however, easily distinguishable and recognizable because of disparate vocabulary, orthography, pronunciation, phonology, suffixes and prefixes. The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slovak_dialects" title="Eastern Slovak dialects">eastern Slovak dialects</a> are more divergent and form a broader dialect continuum with the <a href="/wiki/Lechitic_languages" title="Lechitic languages">Lechitic subgroup</a> of West Slavic, most notably <a href="/wiki/Polish_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish (language)">Polish</a>. </p><p>The name "<a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_language" title="Czechoslovak language">Czechoslovak language</a>" is mostly reserved for an official <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">written standard</a> devised in the 19th century that was intended to unify Czech and Slovak. It was proclaimed an official language of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> and functioned <i>de facto</i> as Czech with slight Slovak input. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech%E2%80%93Slovak_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_language" title="History of the Czech language">History of the Czech language</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slovak_language" title="History of the Slovak language">History of the Slovak language</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">early Slavic expansion</a> reached Central Europe in the 7th century, and the West Slavic dialects diverged from common Slavic over the following centuries. The West Slavic tribes settled on the eastern fringes of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a>, along the <i><a href="/wiki/Limes_Saxoniae" title="Limes Saxoniae">Limes Saxoniae</a></i>. Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">Magyar invasion of Pannonia</a> in the 890s, the West Slavic polity of <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a> spanned much of Central Europe between what is now Eastern Germany and Western Romania. In the high medieval period, the West Slavic tribes were again pushed to the east by the incipient German <i><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a></i>, decisively so following the <a href="/wiki/Wendish_Crusade" title="Wendish Crusade">Wendish Crusade</a> in the 11th century. </p><p>West Slavic as a group distinct from common Slavic thus emerges during the 7th to 9th centuries. The Czech-Slovak in turn develops as a separate dialect continuum within West Slavic during roughly the 10th to 12th centuries, just predating the first written attestation of the language in the 13th to 14th centuries. The diversification of West Slavic had the characteristic of a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>. For example, the spirantisation of Slavic /g/ to /h/ is an areal feature shared by the Czech-Slovak group with both Ukrainian and Sorbian (but not with Polish). This innovation appears to have traveled from east to west, and is sometimes attributed to contact with <a href="/wiki/Scytho-Sarmatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scytho-Sarmatian">Scytho-Sarmatian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is approximately dated to the 12th century in Slovak, the 12th to 13th century in Czech and the 14th century in Upper Sorbian.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Bohemian state</a> was incorporated as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a> in the 13th century. The <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a>, on the other hand, never became part of the Holy Roman Empire in the medieval period, being incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>. For this reason, the history of the closely related Czech and Slovak peoples took a significantly different course during the later medieval period, the Czechs being associated with the Holy Roman Empire and the Slovaks being affected by the history of Eastern Europe (the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">history of Hungary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion">Mongol invasion</a>). In the 16th century, however, they were once again united under <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg rule</a>, and after the fall of the Habsburg monarchy sharing their own country of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> during 1918–1992. </p><p>In the modern period, the spoken language of Bohemia became influenced by the written standard and developed into <a href="/wiki/Common_Czech" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Czech">Common Czech</a>, largely effacing dialectal variation within Bohemia. By contrast, <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> remained dialectally diverse, with a series of variants intermediate between Czech and Slovak,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKortmannvan_der_Auwera2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvi_VCm51kpkCpgPA516_516])_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKortmannvan_der_Auwera2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvi_VCm51kpkCpgPA516_516])-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are thus sometimes viewed as dialects of Slovak rather than Czech. The Czech–Slovak group was summarized under the term "Bohemian–Moravian–Slovak" (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Böhmisch-Mährisch-Slowakisch</i></span></i>) in the Austrian census of <a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Cisleithania</a> beginning in the 1880s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKortmannvan_der_Auwera2011714_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKortmannvan_der_Auwera2011714-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_language" title="Czechoslovak language">Czechoslovak language</a> was an attempt to create a single <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">written standard</a>, first proposed during the <a href="/wiki/Czech_National_Revival" title="Czech National Revival">national revival</a> in the 1830s and the official language of the <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">First Czechoslovak Republic</a> from 1920 to 1938. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Communist_Czechoslovakia#TV_and_radio" title="Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia">television and radio</a>, Czech and Slovak were used in equal ratios. Since the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a> in 1993, the Czech and Slovak written standards have been the official languages of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, respectively. </p><p>Beginning in the 1990s, a political movement of Moravian linguistic separatism has developed. <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the occasion of <a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of the Czech Republic">2011 Census of the Czech Republic</a>, several Moravian organizations (<a href="/wiki/Moravan%C3%A9" title="Moravané">Moravané</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moravian_National_Community" title="Moravian National Community">Moravian National Community</a> among others) led a campaign to promote the Moravian nationality and language. The 2011 census recorded 62,908 native speakers of Moravian.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech%E2%80%93Slovak_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Czech-Slovak dialect continuum historically blended into <a href="/wiki/Silesian_language" title="Silesian language">Silesian</a> in the west and <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Old Ruthenian</a> (also known as Chancery Slavonic) in the east. With the development of the written standards in the 19th century, it has become less diversified, but there remains a pronounced dialectal division in <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>. The southeastern Moravian dialects, in particular, are sometimes considered dialects of Slovak rather than Czech, e.g. using the same declension patterns for nouns and pronouns and the same verb conjugations as Slovak.<sup id="cite_ref-tartu_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tartu-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech language</a>: (since the later 20th century largely standardised, dialectal use is now mostly restricted to older speakers)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Common_Czech" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Czech">Common Czech</a> (<span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">obecná čeština</i></span>) is the main vernacular based on the dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Nářečí středočeská</i></span> (Central Bohemian dialects)</li> <li><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Nářečí jihozápadočeská</i></span> (Southwestern Bohemian dialects) <ul><li><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Podskupina chodská</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Chod_dialect" title="Chod dialect">Chod</a> subgroup)</li> <li><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Podskupina doudlebská</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Doudleby" title="Doudleby">Doudleby</a> subgroup)</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Nářečí severovýchodočeská</i></span> (Northeastern Bohemian dialects) <ul><li><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Podskupina podkrknošská</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Krkono%C5%A1e" class="mw-redirect" title="Krkonoše">Krkonoše</a> subgroup)</li> <li><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs"><a href="/wiki/Litomy%C5%A1l#Language" title="Litomyšl">Teták</a></i></span> (Litomyšl) †</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_dialects" title="Moravian dialects">Moravian dialects</a> (<span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">moravština</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson201049f._11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201049f.-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Bohemian-Moravian (<span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Nářečí českomoravská</i></span>, transitional to Bohemian Czech)</li> <li>Central Moravian (Hanakian, <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Nářečí středomoravská</i></span>) <ul><li><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Podskupina tišnovská</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Ti%C5%A1nov" title="Tišnov">Tišnov</a> subgroup)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lach_dialects" title="Lach dialects">Lach/Silesian</a> (<span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Nářečí slezská</i></span>, transitional Silesian)</li> <li>Eastern Moravian (Moravian-Slovak, <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Nářečí východomoravská</i></span>, transitional to Slovak) <ul><li><span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk">Podskupina slovácká</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Slovakia" title="Moravian Slovakia">Moravian Slovak</a> subgroup)</li> <li><span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk">Podskupina valašská</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Wallachia" title="Moravian Wallachia">Moravian Wallachian</a> subgroup)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic language</a> (Judeo-Czech) †</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak language</a> <ul><li>Western Slovak dialects (in <a href="/wiki/Kysuce" title="Kysuce">Kysuce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn" title="Trenčín">Trenčín</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trnava" title="Trnava">Trnava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitra" title="Nitra">Nitra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A1horie" title="Záhorie">Záhorie</a>)</li> <li>Central Slovak dialects (in <a href="/wiki/Liptov" title="Liptov">Liptov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orava_(region)" title="Orava (region)">Orava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turiec" title="Turiec">Turiec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tekov" title="Tekov">Tekov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hont_County" title="Hont County">Hont</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3gr%C3%A1d_County_(former)" title="Nógrád County (former)">Novohrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemer">Gemer</a> and the historic <a href="/wiki/Zvolen_county" class="mw-redirect" title="Zvolen county">Zvolen county</a>)</li> <li>Lowland (<span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk">dolnozemské</i></span>) Slovak dialects (outside Slovakia in the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Plain">Pannonian Plain</a> in Serbian <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>, and in southeastern <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, and the Croatian part of <a href="/wiki/Syrmia" title="Syrmia">Syrmia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slovak_dialects" title="Eastern Slovak dialects">Eastern Slovak dialects</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Spi%C5%A1" title="Spiš">Spiš</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ari%C5%A1" title="Šariš">Šariš</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zempl%C3%ADn_(region)" title="Zemplín (region)">Zemplín</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abov" title="Abov">Abov</a>, transitional to Ruthenian)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>In a 1964 textbook on Czech <a href="/wiki/Dialectology" title="Dialectology">dialectology</a>, Břetislav Koudela used the sentence <i>put the flour from the mill in the cart</i> to highlight phonetic differences between dialects:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table border="0"> <tbody><tr> <td>Standard Czech: </td> <td><span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">D<b>ej</b> m<b>ou</b>k<b>u</b> ze m<b>lý</b>na na voz<b>í</b>k.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Standard Slovak: </td> <td><span title="Slovak-language text"><i lang="sk">D<b>aj</b> m<b>ú</b>ku z m<b>ly</b>na na voz<b>í</b>k.</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_of_written_standards">Comparison of written standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech%E2%80%93Slovak_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Comparison of written standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Comparison"></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid 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.mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Czech%E2%80%93Slovak_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Czech–Slovak languages">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Czech%E2%80%93Slovak+languages%22">"Czech–Slovak languages"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Czech%E2%80%93Slovak+languages%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Czech%E2%80%93Slovak+languages%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Czech%E2%80%93Slovak+languages%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Czech%E2%80%93Slovak+languages%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Czech%E2%80%93Slovak+languages%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The following comparison concerns the contemporary written standards: </p> <dl><dt>Orthography</dt></dl> <p>Slovak graphemes that do not exist in Czech are: ä, ľ, ĺ, ŕ, ô. Czech graphemes that do not exist in Slovak are: ě, ř and ů (see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Czech" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA for Czech">Pronunciation for Czech language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Slovak" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA for Slovak">Pronunciation for Slovak language</a>). </p> <dl><dt>Phonology</dt></dl> <p>Slovak has the following phonemes which Czech does not have: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʎ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rː/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lː/</span>, and the diphthongs <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪɐ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪe/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪʊ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʊo/</span> (also <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛɐ/</span> in higher-style standard Slovak, or some dialects); and on the contrary, Czech has <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r̝/</span>. Slovak, unlike Czech, uses <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal consonants</a> more frequently (that is, is phonetically "softer"), but there are some exceptions. Slovak <i>de</i>, <i>te</i>, <i>ne</i> are usually pronounced as the Czech <i>dě</i>, <i>tě</i>, <i>ně</i>. The "rhythmic law" in Slovak prohibits two adjacent long syllables.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Grammar</dt></dl> <p>Slovak grammar is somewhat more regular than the grammar of literary Czech, since present-day standard Slovak was not codified until the 19th century. The two languages have differences in declension and conjugation endings and paradigms (e.g. Slovak <i>-cia</i>, <i>-ej</i>, <i>-dlo</i>, <i>-ť</i>, <i>-ov</i>, <i>-om</i>, <i>-mi</i> – Czech <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">-c(i)e</i></span>, <i>-é</i>, <span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">-tko</i></span>, <i>-t</i>, <i>-ů</i>, <i>-em</i>, <i>y</i>). Slovak does not commonly use the <a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative case</a>, while the Czech vocative is still very much alive.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slovak uses the <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive voice</a> formed as in English less than Czech, and prefers the passive voice formed using the reflexive pronoun <i>sa</i> (as in <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic languages</a>) instead. </p> <dl><dt>Lexicon</dt></dl> <p>Lexical differences are mostly of simple historical origin. As for professional terminology, except for biology (esp. all names of animals and plants), the Czech terminology was mostly taken over (in Slovakised form) for practical reasons. The Czech-Slovak Dictionary of Different Terms (1989, Prague) contains some 11,000 entries (without professional terminology): </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height: 1.25em;"> <caption>Examples of basic different words </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Slovak</th> <th>Czech </th></tr> <tr> <td>yeah</td> <td>hej</td> <td>jo </td></tr> <tr> <td>if</td> <td>ak</td> <td>jestli, jestliže, -li </td></tr> <tr> <td>really, actually</td> <td>naozaj</td> <td>opravdu </td></tr> <tr> <td>just, only</td> <td>iba, len</td> <td>pouze, jenom, jen </td></tr> <tr> <td>to like</td> <td>páčiť sa</td> <td>líbit se </td></tr> <tr> <td>as well</td> <td>tiež</td> <td>také, taky, (less commonly) též </td></tr> <tr> <td>but</td> <td>veď</td> <td>vždyť </td></tr> <tr> <td>hot</td> <td>horúci</td> <td>horký </td></tr> <tr> <td>let, may</td> <td>nech</td> <td>ať, nechť </td></tr> <tr> <td>to wish</td> <td>želať</td> <td>přát </td></tr> <tr> <td>to see</td> <td>zbadať</td> <td>spatřit </td></tr> <tr> <td>next to</td> <td>pri, popri, vedľa</td> <td>vedle </td></tr> <tr> <td>cemetery</td> <td>cintorín</td> <td>hřbitov </td></tr> <tr> <td>especially</td> <td>najmä</td> <td>především, obzvlášť, zejména </td></tr> <tr> <td>to forgive, to excuse</td> <td>prepáčiť</td> <td>prominout </td></tr> <tr> <td>apart from, besides</td> <td>okrem</td> <td>kromě, mimo, vyjma </td></tr> <tr> <td>operation (of machine)</td> <td>prevádzka</td> <td>provoz, chod </td></tr> <tr> <td>traffic</td> <td>premávka</td> <td>provoz </td></tr> <tr> <td>war</td> <td>vojna</td> <td>válka, (less commonly) vojna </td></tr> <tr> <td>current</td> <td>terajší</td> <td>stávající </td></tr> <tr> <td>bad</td> <td>zlý</td> <td>špatný </td></tr> <tr> <td>worse (adv.)</td> <td>horšie</td> <td>hůř </td></tr> <tr> <td>to go</td> <td>ísť</td> <td>jet, jít </td></tr> <tr> <td>as soon as</td> <td>len čo</td> <td>jakmile </td></tr> <tr> <td>to forget</td> <td>zabudnúť</td> <td>zapomenout </td></tr> <tr> <td>once</td> <td>raz</td> <td>jednou </td></tr> <tr> <td>next</td> <td>budúci</td> <td>příští </td></tr> <tr> <td>ball</td> <td>lopta</td> <td>míč </td></tr> <tr> <td>button</td> <td>gombík</td> <td>knoflík </td></tr> <tr> <td>pub</td> <td>krčma</td> <td>hospoda </td></tr> <tr> <td>stamp</td> <td>pečiatka</td> <td>razítko </td></tr> <tr> <td>room</td> <td>izba</td> <td>pokoj </td></tr> <tr> <td>to acquire</td> <td>nadobudnúť</td> <td>nabýt </td></tr> <tr> <td>behaviour</td> <td>správanie</td> <td>chování </td></tr> <tr> <td>to listen</td> <td>počuť</td> <td>slyšet </td></tr> <tr> <td>to watch (TV)</td> <td>pozerať (televíziu)</td> <td>dívat se na (televizi) </td></tr> <tr> <td>to look</td> <td>pozerať</td> <td>koukat </td></tr> <tr> <td>to look like</td> <td>vyzerať</td> <td>vypadat </td></tr> <tr> <td>to say, to speak</td> <td>povedať, vravieť</td> <td>říct, mluvit </td></tr> <tr> <td>pocket</td> <td>vrecko</td> <td>kapsa </td></tr> <tr> <td>to clean up</td> <td>upratovať</td> <td>uklízet </td></tr> <tr> <td>because</td> <td>keďže</td> <td>jelikož </td></tr> <tr> <td>surname</td> <td>priezvisko</td> <td>příjmení </td></tr> <tr> <td>cellar</td> <td>pivnica</td> <td>sklep </td></tr> <tr> <td>including</td> <td>vrátane</td> <td>včetně </td></tr> <tr> <td>autumn</td> <td>jeseň</td> <td>podzim </td></tr> <tr> <td>be called (as in name),</td> <td>volať sa</td> <td>jmenovat se </td></tr> <tr> <td>boy</td> <td>chalan</td> <td>kluk </td></tr> <tr> <td>girl</td> <td>dievča</td> <td>holka, děvče </td></tr> <tr> <td>breakfast</td> <td>raňajky</td> <td>snídaně </td></tr> <tr> <td>to count</td> <td>rátať, počítať</td> <td>počítat </td></tr> <tr> <td>snack</td> <td>olovrant</td> <td>svačina </td></tr> <tr> <td>to clug, to stuff</td> <td>pchať</td> <td>cpát </td></tr> <tr> <td>laundry</td> <td>bielizeň</td> <td>prádlo </td></tr> <tr> <td>press, newspaper</td> <td>tlač</td> <td>tisk </td></tr> <tr> <td>although</td> <td>hoci</td> <td>ačkoliv </td></tr> <tr> <td>pillow</td> <td>vankúš</td> <td>polštář </td></tr> <tr> <td>that is</td> <td>čiže</td> <td>čili </td></tr> <tr> <td>thirst</td> <td>smäd</td> <td>žízeň </td></tr> <tr> <td>strike (of employees)</td> <td>štrajk</td> <td>stávka </td></tr> <tr> <td>bet, wager, stake</td> <td>stávka</td> <td>sázka </td></tr> <tr> <td>race</td> <td>preteky</td> <td>závod </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good bye</td> <td>dovidenia</td> <td>na shledanou </td></tr> <tr> <td>cat</td> <td>mačka</td> <td>kočka </td></tr> <tr> <td>blackbird</td> <td>drozd</td> <td>kos </td></tr> <tr> <td>to kiss</td> <td>bozkať</td> <td>líbat </td></tr> <tr> <td>now</td> <td>teraz</td> <td>teď, nyní </td></tr> <tr> <td>goods</td> <td>tovar</td> <td>zboží </td></tr> <tr> <td>potatoes</td> <td>zemiaky</td> <td>brambory </td></tr> <tr> <td>trap</td> <td>klepec, pasca</td> <td>past, léčka </td></tr> <tr> <td>the same, equal</td> <td>rovnaký</td> <td>stejný </td></tr> <tr> <td>dishes</td> <td>riad</td> <td>nádobí </td></tr> <tr> <td>tissue, handkerchief</td> <td>vreckovka</td> <td>kapesník </td></tr> <tr> <td>be surprised, wonder</td> <td>čudovať sa</td> <td>divit se </td></tr> <tr> <td>pencil</td> <td>ceruzka</td> <td>tužka </td></tr> <tr> <td>perhaps</td> <td>azda, vari, snáď</td> <td>snad </td></tr> <tr> <td>easy</td> <td>ľahký</td> <td>snadný, lehký </td></tr> <tr> <td>trouble</td> <td>ťažkosť</td> <td>potíž, nesnáz </td></tr> <tr> <td>baggage</td> <td>batožina</td> <td>zavazadlo </td></tr> <tr> <td>branch</td> <td>konár</td> <td>větev </td></tr> <tr> <td>to meet</td> <td>stretnúť sa</td> <td>setkat se, potkat </td></tr> <tr> <td>spine</td> <td>chrbtica</td> <td>páteř </td></tr> <tr> <td>he/she/it is not</td> <td>nie je</td> <td>není </td></tr> <tr> <td>to do, to make</td> <td>robiť, spraviť</td> <td>dělat, udělat </td></tr> <tr> <td>to apologize, to excuse</td> <td>ospravedlniť sa</td> <td>omluvit se </td></tr> <tr> <td>to smoke</td> <td>fajčiť</td> <td>kouřit </td></tr> <tr> <td>whatever</td> <td>hocičo, voľačo</td> <td>leccos, cokoliv </td></tr> <tr> <td>blueberry</td> <td>čučoriedka</td> <td>borůvka </td></tr> <tr> <td>apricot</td> <td>marhuľa</td> <td>meruňka </td></tr> <tr> <td>cabbage</td> <td>kapusta</td> <td>zelí </td></tr> <tr> <td>Savoy cabbage</td> <td>kel</td> <td>kapusta </td></tr> <tr> <td>legume, pulses</td> <td>strukoviny</td> <td>luštěniny </td></tr> <tr> <td>chickpeas</td> <td>cícer</td> <td>cizrna </td></tr> <tr> <td>lentils</td> <td>šošovica</td> <td>čočka </td></tr> <tr> <td>rye</td> <td>raž</td> <td>žito </td></tr> <tr> <td>demand</td> <td>dopyt</td> <td>poptávka </td></tr> <tr> <td>offer; supply</td> <td>ponuka</td> <td>nabídka </td></tr> <tr> <td>early, soon</td> <td>skoro, čoskoro</td> <td>brzy </td></tr> <tr> <td>earlier, sooner</td> <td>skôr</td> <td>dřív </td></tr> <tr> <td>late</td> <td>neskorý, neskoro</td> <td>pozdní, opožděný, pozdě </td></tr> <tr> <td>later</td> <td>neskôr</td> <td>později </td></tr> <tr> <td>suddenly</td> <td>zrazu</td> <td>najednou </td></tr> <tr> <td>fairy tale</td> <td>rozprávka</td> <td>pohádka </td></tr> <tr> <td>tramway</td> <td>električka</td> <td>tramvaj </td></tr> <tr> <td>pork</td> <td>bravčové</td> <td>vepřové </td></tr> <tr> <td>mutton</td> <td>baranina</td> <td>skopové </td></tr> <tr> <td>breastfeed</td> <td>dojčiť</td> <td>kojit </td></tr> <tr> <td>infant</td> <td>dojča</td> <td>kojenec </td></tr> <tr> <td>baby</td> <td>bábätko</td> <td>miminko </td></tr> <tr> <td>(the) rest (of a group)</td> <td>zvyšok</td> <td>zbytek </td></tr> <tr> <td>lips</td> <td>pery</td> <td>rty </td></tr> <tr> <td>lipstick</td> <td>rúž</td> <td>rtěnka </td></tr> <tr> <td>flock</td> <td>kŕdeľ</td> <td>hejno </td></tr> <tr> <td>railway station</td> <td>(železničná) stanica</td> <td>nádraží </td></tr> <tr> <td>despite</td> <td>napriek</td> <td>navzdory </td></tr> <tr> <td>when</td> <td>keď</td> <td>když </td></tr> <tr> <td>glass (of water)</td> <td>pohár</td> <td>sklenice, sklenička </td></tr> <tr> <td>pepper</td> <td>čierne korenie</td> <td>pepř </td></tr> <tr> <td>ill</td> <td>chorý</td> <td>nemocný </td></tr> <tr> <td>illness</td> <td>choroba</td> <td>nemoc, (less commonly) choroba </td></tr> <tr> <td>dot</td> <td>bodka</td> <td>tečka </td></tr> <tr> <td>wall</td> <td>múr</td> <td>zeď </td></tr> <tr> <td>bricklayer</td> <td>murár</td> <td>zedník </td></tr> <tr> <td>shoulder</td> <td>plece</td> <td>rameno </td></tr> <tr> <td>to heat</td> <td>kúriť</td> <td>topit </td></tr> <tr> <td>turtle</td> <td>korytnačka</td> <td>želva </td></tr> <tr> <td>camel</td> <td>ťava</td> <td>velbloud </td></tr> <tr> <td>even (number)</td> <td>párny</td> <td>sudý </td></tr> <tr> <td>odd (number)</td> <td>nepárny</td> <td>lichý </td></tr> <tr> <td>finally</td> <td>napokon, nakoniec</td> <td>nakonec </td></tr> <tr> <td>butcher</td> <td>mäsiar</td> <td>řezník </td></tr> <tr> <td>slim, thin</td> <td>chudý</td> <td>hubený </td></tr> <tr> <td>poor</td> <td>chudobný</td> <td>chudý </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Examples of words with different meanings: SK <i>topiť</i> (to melt/to drown) (could be same meanings, depends on region) – CZ <i>topit</i> (to heat/to drown), SK <i>kúriť</i> (to heat) – CZ <i>kouřit</i> (to smoke), SK <i>horký</i> (bitter) – CZ <i>horký</i> (hot) but <i>hořký</i> (bitter), SK <i>stávka</i> (stake, bet) – CZ <i>stávka</i> (strike), SK <i>chudý</i> (slim, skinny) – CZ <i>chudý</i> (poor; metaphorically also slim), SK <i>kapusta</i> (cabbage) – CZ <i>kapusta</i> (Savoy cabbage), SK <i>pivnica</i> (cellar) – CZ <i>pivnice</i> (pub), SK <i>syrový</i> (cheesy, of cheese) – CZ <i>syrový</i> (raw, uncooked) but <i>sýrový</i> (of cheese), SK <i>spraviť</i> (to make, to create) – CZ <i>spravit</i> (to repair, to fix). <a href="/wiki/Czech_months" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech months">Czech months</a> are of Slavic origin (e.g. <i>říjen</i>), whereas the Slovak months are of Latin origin (e.g. <i>október</i>). </p><p>Although most words are in fact different, they are largely similar, being <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a>, which makes both languages mutually intelligible to a significant extent; e.g. foreign (SK <i>cudzí</i> – CZ <i>cizí</i>), reason (SK <i>dôvod</i> – CZ <i>důvod</i>), to want (SK <i>chcieť</i> – CZ <i>chtít</i>), to promise (SK <i>sľubovať </i> – CZ <i>slibovat</i>), if (SK <i>keby</i> – CZ <i>kdyby</i>), river (SK <i>rieka</i> – CZ <i>řeka</i>), church (SK <i>kostol</i> – CZ <i>kostel</i>), wedding (SK <i>svadobný</i> – CZ <i>svatební</i>), who (SK <i>kto</i> – CZ <i>kdo</i>), to ask (SK <i>spýtať sa</i> – CZ <i>zeptat se</i>), to fail (SK <i>zlyhať</i> – CZ <i>selhat</i>), almost (SK <i>takmer</i> – CZ <i>téměř</i>), thanks (SK <i>ďakujem, vďaka</i> – CZ <i>děkuju, díky</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example_text">Example text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech%E2%80%93Slovak_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Example text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 1 of <a href="/wiki/The_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="The Universal Declaration of Human Rights">the Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> in Slovak: </p> <dl><dd>Všetci ľudia sa rodia slobodní a rovní v dôstojnosti aj právach. Sú obdarení rozumom a svedomím a majú sa k sebe správať v duchu bratstva.</dd></dl> <p>Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Czech (adjusted to Slovak translation): </p> <dl><dd>Všichni lidé se rodí svobodní a rovní v důstojnosti i právech. Jsou obdařeni rozumem a svědomím a mají se k sobě chovat v duchu bratrství.</dd></dl> <p>Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: </p> <dl><dd>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech%E2%80%93Slovak_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_language" title="History of the Czech language">History of the Czech language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slovak_language" title="History of the Slovak language">History of the Slovak language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_language" title="Czechoslovak language">Czechoslovak language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech%E2%80%93Slovak_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHabijanec2020" class="citation book cs1">Habijanec, Siniša (2020). "Pannonian Rusyn". In Greenberg, Marc; Grenoble, Lenore (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/db/eslo"><i>Brill Encyclopedia of Slavic Languages and Linguistics</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978900437500" title="Special:BookSources/978900437500"><bdi>978900437500</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2589-6229">2589-6229</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-01</span></span>. <q>The third theory defines Pannonian Rusyn as a West Slavic language originating in the East Slovak Zemplín and Šariš dialects and being a mixture of the two. It fits the linguistic data in the most consistent manner and has been accepted by an overwhelming majority of scholars in the field (Bidwell 1966; Švagrovský 1984; Witkowski 1984; Lunt 1998; Čarskij 2011) and verified by several comprehensive analyses of Pannonian Rusyn language data (Bidwell 1966; Lunt 1998; Čarskij 2011).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pannonian+Rusyn&rft.btitle=Brill+Encyclopedia+of+Slavic+Languages+and+Linguistics&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=2589-6229&rft.aulast=Habijanec&rft.aufirst=Sini%C5%A1a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fdb%2Feslo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech%E2%80%93Slovak+languages" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|isbn=</code> value: length (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_isbn" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Абаев В. И. О происхождении фонемы <i>g (h)</i> в славянском языке // Проблемы индоевропейского языкознания. М., 1964, 115—121. Эдельман Д. И. К происхождению ирано-славянских диахронических паралелей // Славянская языковая и этноязыковая системы в контакте с неславянским окружением. М., 2002, 76—77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pronk-Tiethoff, <i>The Germanic loanwords in Proto-Slavic</i>, 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0iWLAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA71">p. 71 (fn 26)</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKortmannvan_der_Auwera2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvi_VCm51kpkCpgPA516_516])-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKortmannvan_der_Auwera2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvi_VCm51kpkCpgPA516_516])_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKortmannvan_der_Auwera2011">Kortmann & van der Auwera 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vi_VCm51kpkC&pg=PA516">516</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKortmannvan_der_Auwera2011714-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKortmannvan_der_Auwera2011714_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKortmannvan_der_Auwera2011">Kortmann & van der Auwera 2011</a>, p. 714.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BLÁHA, Ondřej. Moravský jazykový separatismus: zdroje, cíle, slovanský kontext. In Studia Moravica. Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis Facultas Philosophica – Moravica. Olomouc : UP v Olomouci, 2005. ISSN 1801-7061. Svazek III.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vdb.czso.cz/vdbvo2/faces/index.jsf?page=vystup-objekt&pvokc=&katalog=30718&pvo=SPCR153&z=T#w%5Bk%5D=metainfo&w%5Bp%5D%5Brozsirene%5D=A&w%5Bh%5D%5Bk%5D=metainfo&w%5Bh%5D%5Bp%5D%5Bident%5D=145042413&w%5Bh%5D%5Bp%5D%5Bpodpis%5D=2c10d823d7440315072052da38c365d5&w%5Bh%5D%5Bp%5D%5Btyplnk%5D=INT_HODNOTAMETAINFO&w%5Bh%5D%5Bp%5D%5Bcele%5D=&w%5Bh%5D%5Bp%5D%5Breal%5D=&w%5Bh%5D%5Bp%5D%5Bdate%5D=&w%5Bh%5D%5Bp%5D%5Bpvo%5D=SPCR153&w%5Bh%5D%5Bp%5D%5Bverze%5D=-1&w%5Bh%5D%5Bp%5D%5Bnahled%5D=N&w%5Bh%5D%5Bp%5D%5Bpvokc%5D=&w%5Bh%5D%5Bp%5D%5Bpvoch%5D=&w%5Bh%5D%5Bp%5D%5Bhash%5D=099c981b8066ed65760ca36f00992640cc319496dddcc648504fa3d164da6af0&w%5Bh%5D%5Bp%5D%5Bcasrazitko%5D=9acc43968c6291f3e5fb11dc5c746a45bf3a87446e1a10692499f724c395c37d&w%5Bh%5D%5Bp%5D%5Bhash2%5D=&w%5Bh%5D%5Bp%5D%5BudIdent%5D=&w%5Bh%5D%5Bp%5D%5BpoznamkaCislo%5D=null&w%5Bh%5D%5Bp%5D%5Bkp%5D=false&w%5Bh%5D%5Bh%5D=">Tab. 153 Obyvatelstvo podle národnosti, mateřského jazyka a podle pohlaví (czso.cz)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tartu-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tartu_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠustek1998" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Šustek, Zbyšek (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britskelisty.cz/9809/19980914d.html">"Otázka kodifikace spisovného moravského jazyka (The question of codifying a written Moravian language)"</a> (in Czech). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tartu" title="University of Tartu">University of Tartu</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ot%C3%A1zka+kodifikace+spisovn%C3%A9ho+moravsk%C3%A9ho+jazyka+%28The+question+of+codifying+a+written+Moravian+language%29&rft.pub=University+of+Tartu&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=%C5%A0ustek&rft.aufirst=Zby%C5%A1ek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britskelisty.cz%2F9809%2F19980914d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech%E2%80%93Slovak+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEckert1993">Eckert 1993</a>, pp. 143–144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson2010">Wilson 2010</a>, p. 21. Compared to standard Czech, Common Czech is characterized by simpler inflection patterns and some phonological differences. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaneš2003" class="citation web cs1">Daneš, František (2003). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=15079160">"The present-day situation of Czech"</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic">Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+present-day+situation+of+Czech&rft.pub=Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+Czech+Republic&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Dane%C5%A1&rft.aufirst=Franti%C5%A1ek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcat.inist.fr%2F%3FaModele%3DafficheN%26cpsidt%3D15079160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech%E2%80%93Slovak+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson201049f.-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson201049f._11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson2010">Wilson 2010</a>, pp. 49f..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoudela1964" class="citation book cs1">Koudela, Břetislav (1964). <i>Vývoj českého jazyka a dialektologie</i>. Československé státní pedagogické nakladatelství. p. 173.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=V%C3%BDvoj+%C4%8Desk%C3%A9ho+jazyka+a+dialektologie&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=%C4%8Ceskoslovensk%C3%A9+st%C3%A1tn%C3%AD+pedagogick%C3%A9+nakladatelstv%C3%AD&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Koudela&rft.aufirst=B%C5%99etislav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech%E2%80%93Slovak+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christina Y. Bethin, <i>Slavic Prosody: Language Change and Phonological Theory</i> (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xN_8himuvQYC&pg=PA217">p. 217</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheer2001" class="citation journal cs1">Scheer, Tobias (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tscheer.free.fr/papers/Cz_Vfinal_prefixes.pdf">"The Rhythmic Law in Czech: Vowel-final Prefixes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Current Issues in Formal Slavic Linguistics</i>: <span class="nowrap">37–</span>48<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Issues+in+Formal+Slavic+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+Rhythmic+Law+in+Czech%3A+Vowel-final+Prefixes&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Scheer&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftscheer.free.fr%2Fpapers%2FCz_Vfinal_prefixes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech%E2%80%93Slovak+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSussexCubberley2011" class="citation book cs1">Sussex, Rolan; Cubberley, Paul (2011). <i>The Slavic Languages</i>. Cambridge Language Surveys. pp. <span class="nowrap">57–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29448-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29448-5"><bdi>978-0-521-29448-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slavic+Languages&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.pub=Cambridge+Language+Surveys&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29448-5&rft.aulast=Sussex&rft.aufirst=Rolan&rft.au=Cubberley%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech%E2%80%93Slovak+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech%E2%80%93Slovak_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckert1993" class="citation book cs1">Eckert, Eva (1993). <i>Varieties of Czech: Studies in Czech Sociolinguistics</i>. Editions Rodopi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5183-490-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5183-490-1"><bdi>978-90-5183-490-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Varieties+of+Czech%3A+Studies+in+Czech+Sociolinguistics&rft.pub=Editions+Rodopi&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-90-5183-490-1&rft.aulast=Eckert&rft.aufirst=Eva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech%E2%80%93Slovak+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKortmannvan_der_Auwera2011" class="citation book cs1">Kortmann, Bernd; van der Auwera, Johan (2011). <i>The Languages and Linguistics of Europe: A Comprehensive Guide</i>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110220261" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110220261"><bdi>978-3110220261</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+Europe%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3110220261&rft.aulast=Kortmann&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft.au=van+der+Auwera%2C+Johan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech%E2%80%93Slovak+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2010" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, James (2010). <i>Moravians in Prague: A Sociolinguistic Study of Dialect Contact in the Czech Republic</i>. Peter Lang. pp. <span class="nowrap">49–</span>50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moravians+in+Prague%3A+A+Sociolinguistic+Study+of+Dialect+Contact+in+the+Czech+Republic&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech%E2%80%93Slovak+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Czech%E2%80%93Slovak_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121201000809/http://www.osu.cz/fpd/kcd/dokumenty/cestinapositi/kuldanova/mapka_01.htm">"Map of Czech Dialects"</a>. Český statistický úřad (<a href="/wiki/Czech_Statistical_Office" title="Czech Statistical Office">Czech Statistical Office</a>). 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osu.cz/fpd/kcd/dokumenty/cestinapositi/kuldanova/mapka_01.htm">the original</a> on 1 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Map+of+Czech+Dialects&rft.pub=%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD+statistick%C3%BD+%C3%BA%C5%99ad+%28Czech+Statistical+Office%29&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osu.cz%2Ffpd%2Fkcd%2Fdokumenty%2Fcestinapositi%2Fkuldanova%2Fmapka_01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACzech%E2%80%93Slovak+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/19px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/29px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/38px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Czech_Republic" title="Portal:Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Slovakia" title="Portal:Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>15 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-76b788f4d4-lfwrt","wgBackendResponseTime":147,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.647","walltime":"0.794","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2372,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":51559,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2098,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":43391,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 693.127 1 -total"," 22.81% 158.133 22 Template:Lang"," 22.21% 153.913 1 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