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entities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partition_into_two_entities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legal aspects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legal aspects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>National symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Territory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Division_of_national_property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Division_of_national_property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Division of national property</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Division_of_national_property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Currency_division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currency_division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Currency division</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currency_division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>International law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citizenship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citizenship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Citizenship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citizenship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roma_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roma_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Roma people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roma_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_contacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_contacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Language contacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_contacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telecommunications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecommunications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Telecommunications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telecommunications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Referendum_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referendum_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Referendum controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referendum_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_polling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_polling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Public polling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_polling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactionary_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactionary_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Reactionary movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactionary_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governmental_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Governmental cooperation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governmental_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Military cooperation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_and_tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_and_tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Trade and tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_and_tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Commemorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%83%D9%83_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="تفكك تشيكوسلوفاكيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تفكك تشيكوسلوفاكيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87exoslovakiyan%C4%B1n_s%C3%BCqutu" title="Çexoslovakiyanın süqutu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çexoslovakiyanın süqutu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%99%D1%80%D1%85%D3%99%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%83" title="Бәрхәт тарҡалыу – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бәрхәт тарҡалыу" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Аксамітавы развод – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аксамітавы развод" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Аксамітны развод – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аксамітны развод" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Разделяне на Чехословакия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Разделяне на Чехословакия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissoluci%C3%B3_de_Txecoslov%C3%A0quia" title="Dissolució de Txecoslovàquia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dissolució de Txecoslovàquia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1nik_%C4%8Ceskoslovenska" title="Zánik Československa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zánik Československa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ehhoslovakkia_lagunemine" title="Tšehhoslovakkia lagunemine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tšehhoslovakkia lagunemine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Διάλυση της Τσεχοσλοβακίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διάλυση της Τσεχοσλοβακίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disoluci%C3%B3n_de_Checoslovaquia" title="Disolución de Checoslovaquia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Disolución de Checoslovaquia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pereo_de_%C4%88e%C4%A5oslovakio" title="Pereo de Ĉeĥoslovakio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pereo de Ĉeĥoslovakio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C_%DA%86%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="فروپاشی چکسلواکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فروپاشی چکسلواکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_de_la_Tch%C3%A9coslovaquie" title="Dissolution de la Tchécoslovaquie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dissolution de la Tchécoslovaquie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skealley_yn_%C3%87heckoslovack" title="Skealley yn Çheckoslovack – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Skealley yn Çheckoslovack" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disoluci%C3%B3n_de_Checoslovaquia" title="Disolución de Checoslovaquia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Disolución de Checoslovaquia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%B4%EC%BD%94%EC%8A%AC%EB%A1%9C%EB%B0%94%ED%82%A4%EC%95%84%EC%9D%98_%ED%95%B4%EC%B2%B4" title="체코슬로바키아의 해체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="체코슬로바키아의 해체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspad_%C4%8Cehoslova%C4%8Dke" title="Raspad Čehoslovačke – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Raspad Čehoslovačke" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembubaran_Cekoslowakia" title="Pembubaran Cekoslowakia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembubaran Cekoslowakia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upplausn_T%C3%A9kk%C3%B3sl%C3%B3vak%C3%ADu" title="Upplausn Tékkóslóvakíu – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Upplausn Tékkóslóvakíu" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissoluzione_della_Cecoslovacchia" title="Dissoluzione della Cecoslovacchia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dissoluzione della Cecoslovacchia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A6%27%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%94" title="התפרקות צ'כוסלובקיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התפרקות צ'כוסלובקיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ჩეხოსლოვაკიის დაშლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩეხოსლოვაკიის დაშლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cehoslov%C4%81kijas_sadal%C4%AB%C5%A1an%C4%81s" title="Čehoslovākijas sadalīšanās – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čehoslovākijas sadalīšanās" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cekoslovakijos_i%C5%A1siskyrimas" title="Čekoslovakijos išsiskyrimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čekoslovakijos išsiskyrimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csehszlov%C3%A1kia_felboml%C3%A1sa" title="Csehszlovákia felbomlása – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csehszlovákia felbomlása" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembubaran_Czechoslovakia" title="Pembubaran Czechoslovakia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembubaran Czechoslovakia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deling_van_Tsjecho-Slowakije" title="Deling van Tsjecho-Slowakije – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Deling van Tsjecho-Slowakije" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E9%9B%A2%E5%A9%9A" title="ビロード離婚 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビロード離婚" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84" title="چیکوسلواکیا دی تحلیل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چیکوسلواکیا دی تحلیل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozpad_Czechos%C5%82owacji" title="Rozpad Czechosłowacji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rozpad Czechosłowacji" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_Checoslov%C3%A1quia" title="Dissolução da Checoslováquia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dissolução da Checoslováquia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divor%C8%9Bul_de_Catifea" title="Divorțul de Catifea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Divorțul de Catifea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Бархатный развод – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бархатный развод" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shp%C3%ABrb%C3%ABrja_e_%C3%87ekosllovakis%C3%AB" title="Shpërbërja e Çekosllovakisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shpërbërja e Çekosllovakisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozdelenie_%C4%8Cesko-Slovenska" title="Rozdelenie Česko-Slovenska – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rozdelenie Česko-Slovenska" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8E%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%86%DA%A4%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ھەڵوەشانەوەی چێکۆسلۆڤاکیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەڵوەشانەوەی چێکۆسلۆڤاکیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Распад Чехословачке – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Распад Чехословачке" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspad_%C4%8Cehoslova%C4%8Dke" title="Raspad Čehoslovačke – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Raspad Čehoslovačke" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samettiero" title="Samettiero – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Samettiero" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjeckoslovakiens_uppl%C3%B6sning" title="Tjeckoslovakiens upplösning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tjeckoslovakiens upplösning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="การยุบเชโกสโลวาเกีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การยุบเชโกสโลวาเกีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ekoslovakya%27n%C4%B1n_da%C4%9F%C4%B1lmas%C4%B1" title="Çekoslovakya'nın dağılması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çekoslovakya'nın dağılması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Оксамитове розлучення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оксамитове розлучення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84" title="چیکوسلواکیا کی تحلیل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چیکوسلواکیا کی تحلیل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%B1_chia_c%E1%BA%AFt_Ti%E1%BB%87p_Kh%E1%BA%AFc" title="Sự chia cắt Tiệp Khắc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sự chia cắt Tiệp Khắc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%B5%9D%E7%B5%A8%E5%88%86%E9%9B%A2" title="天鵝絨分離 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="天鵝絨分離" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1059215#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><span style="font-size:85%;">"Velvet Divorce"</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Part of the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:#aaa solid 1px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Czechoslovakia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Czechoslovakia.png/300px-Czechoslovakia.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Czechoslovakia.png/450px-Czechoslovakia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Czechoslovakia.png/600px-Czechoslovakia.png 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="604" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Czechoslovakia between 1968 (<a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Law_of_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Law of Federation">Constitutional Law of Federation</a>) and 1989 (<a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left;">17 July 1992 – 31 December 1992<br />(5 months and 2 weeks)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location" style="text-align: left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Czech_and_Slovak_Federative_Republic" title="Czech and Slovak Federative Republic">Czech and Slovak Federative Republic</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Bohemia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bohemia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Bohemia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bohemia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Bohemia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bohemia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span>→<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia_%281939%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span>→<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovak Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Outcome</th><td class="infobox-data description" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_(politics)" title="Dissolution (politics)">Breakup</a> of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> into the independent <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Republic">Slovak Republic</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Category:History of Czechoslovakia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="History of Czechoslovakia">History of <span class="fn org label">Czechoslovakia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_(1918-1938_and_1945-1961).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281918-1938_and_1945-1961%29.svg/100px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281918-1938_and_1945-1961%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281918-1938_and_1945-1961%29.svg/150px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281918-1938_and_1945-1961%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281918-1938_and_1945-1961%29.svg/200px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia_%281918-1938_and_1945-1961%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="386" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Origins of Czechoslovakia">Origins of Czechoslovakia</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_declaration_of_independence" title="Czechoslovak declaration of independence">Washington Declaration</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">First Czechoslovak Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1918–1938</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1938</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Second Czechoslovak Republic">Second Czechoslovak Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1938–1939</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">German occupation</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1938–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;">     <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1939–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;">     <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1939–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Government of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovak government-in-exile</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1939–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">Third Czechoslovak Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1945–1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;">     <a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">Coup d'état</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1948–1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;">     <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a>/<a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Invasion</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;">     <a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)">Post-revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1989–1992</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Czech_and_Slovak_Federative_Republic" title="Czech and Slovak Federative Republic">Federative Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1990–1992</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:right;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></td><td style="text-align:left;font-size:91%;">1992</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Template:History of Czechoslovakia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Template talk:History of Czechoslovakia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Czechoslovakia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>dissolution of Czechoslovakia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">Rozdělení Československa</i>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>: <i lang="sk">Rozdelenie Československa</i>), which took effect on December 31, 1992, was the <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determined</a> <a href="/wiki/Partition_(politics)" title="Partition (politics)">secession</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">federal republic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Czechoslovak_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> into the independent countries of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> (also known as Czechia) and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>. Both mirrored the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czech Socialist Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovak Socialist Republic</a>, which had been created in 1969 as the constituent states of the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a> until the end of 1989. </p><p>It is sometimes known as the <b>Velvet Divorce</b>, a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_revolution" title="Nonviolent revolution">bloodless</a> <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a> of 1989, which had led to the end of the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="History of Czechoslovakia">History of Czechoslovakia</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> was created with the dissolution of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. In 1918, a meeting took place in the American city of <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, at which the future Czechoslovak President <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Garrigue_Masaryk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk">Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk</a> and other Czech and Slovak representatives signed the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Agreement" title="Pittsburgh Agreement">Pittsburgh Agreement</a>, which promised a common state consisting of two equal nations: Slovaks and Czechs. However, the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Constitution_of_1920" title="Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920">Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920</a> specified a single "Czechoslovak nation". </p><p>In subsequent years, there were political tensions in the new country between <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakism" title="Czechoslovakism">Czechoslovakists</a> and those seeking greater autonomy for the Slovaks in particular. In March 1939, with pressure from <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">First Slovak Republic</a> was created as a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> with limited sovereignty. The alignment with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> oversaw the reunification into the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1945%E2%80%9348)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1945–48)">Third Czechoslovak Republic</a>. </p><p>In 1968, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Law_of_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Law of Federation">Constitutional Law of Federation</a> reinstated an official federal structure of the 1917 type, but during the <a href="/wiki/Normalization_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Normalization (Czechoslovakia)">Normalization Period</a> in the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k" title="Gustáv Husák">Gustáv Husák</a>, despite being a Slovak himself, returned most control to Prague. That approach encouraged a regrowth of Slovak separatism after the fall of communism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Partition_into_two_entities">Partition into two entities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Partition into two entities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bilateral relations</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Czech_Republic_Slovakia_Locator.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating locations of Czech Republic and Slovakia"><img alt="Map indicating locations of Czech Republic and Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Czech_Republic_Slovakia_Locator.png/250px-Czech_Republic_Slovakia_Locator.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Czech_Republic_Slovakia_Locator.png/375px-Czech_Republic_Slovakia_Locator.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Czech_Republic_Slovakia_Locator.png/500px-Czech_Republic_Slovakia_Locator.png 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="1245" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey;color:inherit;"></th></tr><tr style="height:0.6em"> <td style="background:#339933;color:inherit;"></td> <td style="background:#E08020;color:inherit;"></td> </tr><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/68px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/68px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/90px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>By 1991, the Czech Republic's GDP per capita was some 20% higher than Slovakia's. <a href="/wiki/Transfer_payments" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer payments">Transfer payments</a> from the Czech budget to Slovakia, which had been the rule in the past, were stopped in January 1991. </p><p>Many Czechs and Slovaks desired the continued existence of a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal</a> Czechoslovakia. Some major Slovak parties, however, advocated a looser form of coexistence<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Party" title="Slovak National Party">Slovak National Party</a> sought complete independence and <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>. For a few years, political parties re-emerged, but Czech parties had little or no presence in Slovakia and vice versa. To have a functioning state, the government demanded continued control from Prague, but Slovaks continued to ask for decentralisation.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992, the Czech Republic <a href="/wiki/Czech_legislative_election,_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech legislative election, 1992">elected</a> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Klaus" title="Václav Klaus">Václav Klaus</a> and others, who demanded either an even tighter federation ("viable federation") or two independent states. <a href="/wiki/Vladim%C3%ADr_Me%C4%8Diar" title="Vladimír Mečiar">Vladimír Mečiar</a> and other leading Slovak politicians wanted a kind of <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a>. Both sides opened frequent and intense negotiations in June. On July 17, the Slovak parliament adopted the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Council%27s_Declaration_of_Independence_of_the_Slovak_Nation" title="Slovak National Council's Declaration of Independence of the Slovak Nation">declaration of independence of the Slovak nation</a>. Six days later, Klaus and Mečiar agreed to secede Czechoslovakia into two separate states at a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>. Czechoslovak President <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a> resigned, rather than oversee the secession, which he had opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a September 1992 opinion poll, only 37% of Slovaks and 36% of Czechs favoured dissolution.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The goal of negotiations switched to achieving a peaceful division. Peaceful division was prioritized as the process ran in parallel with the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">violent</a> <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">breakup of Yugoslavia</a> (another formerly socialist, Slavic federal state created after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Dissolution of Austria-Hungary">dissolution of Austria-Hungary</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Valkova_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valkova-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 13, the Federal Assembly passed Constitution Act 541, which settled the division of property between the Czech lands and Slovakia.<sup id="cite_ref-mojmir_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mojmir-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Constitution Act 542, passed on November 25, they agreed to the secession of Czechoslovakia into two entities as of December 31, 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-mojmir_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mojmir-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The partition occurred without violence and so was thus said to be "<a href="/wiki/Velvet" title="Velvet">velvet</a>", much like the "<a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a>", which had preceded it and had been accomplished by massive peaceful demonstrations and actions. In contrast, other post-communist breakups (such as the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>) involved violent conflict. Czechoslovakia is the only former Eastern Bloc state that had an entirely peaceful breakup. In the following years, as Slovakia's economy struggled, Slovaks began to describe the dissolution as a "sandpaper divorce".<sup id="cite_ref-tampa_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tampa-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A number of reasons have been given for the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, with the main debates focusing on whether dissolution was inevitable or whether dissolution occurred in conjunction with or even in contrast to the events that occurred between the Velvet Revolution of 1989 and the end of the joined state in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-Innes_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Innes-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those who argue from the inevitability stance tend to point to the differences between the two nations, which date back to the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>, and to other issues. There are differences between the Czechs and Slovaks, such as problems with the shared state during communism, the success of the state in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_lands" title="Czech lands">Czech lands</a>, its failure in the Slovak lands that still resulted in the adoption of communism since the Czechs were more influential in the running of the state than Slovaks, and the 1968 constitution with its minority veto.<sup id="cite_ref-Kraus_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraus-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those who argue that events between 1989 and 1992 led to the dissolution point to international factors such as the breakaway of the Soviet satellite nations, the lack of unified media between the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and most importantly the actions of the political leaders of both nations like the disagreements between Prime Ministers Klaus and Mečiar.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Musil_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musil-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_aspects">Legal aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legal aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_symbols">National symbols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: National symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Coat of arms of Czechoslovakia">coat of arms of Czechoslovakia</a> was a composition of those of the historic geographic areas forming the country, each republic simply kept its own symbol: the Czechs the lion and the Slovaks the double cross. The same principle was applied to the two-part bilingual Czechoslovak national anthem that comprised two separate pieces of music, the Czech stanza <a href="/wiki/Kde_domov_m%C5%AFj" title="Kde domov můj">Kde domov můj</a> and the Slovak stanza <a href="/wiki/Nad_Tatrou_sa_bl%C3%BDska" title="Nad Tatrou sa blýska">Nad Tatrou sa blýska</a>. Disputes occurred only with respect to the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Flag of the Czech Republic">Czechoslovak flag</a>. During the 1992 negotiations on the details of dissolution of Czechoslovakia, as demanded by <a href="/wiki/Vladim%C3%ADr_Me%C4%8Diar" title="Vladimír Mečiar">Vladimír Mečiar</a> and <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Klaus" title="Václav Klaus">Václav Klaus</a>, a clause forbidding the use of the state symbols of Czechoslovakia by its successor states was inserted into the constitutional law on the dissolution of Czechoslovakia.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1990 to 1992, the red and white <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bohemia" title="Flag of Bohemia">flag of Bohemia</a> (differing only slightly from the <a href="/wiki/Polish_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish flag">Polish flag</a> by proportion and tone) officially served as the flag of the Czech Republic. Eventually, after a search for new symbols, the Czech Republic unilaterally decided to ignore the aforementioned law and to keep the Czechoslovak flag, with an altered meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slovakia, meanwhile, adopted its <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Slovakia" title="Flag of Slovakia">traditional flag</a>; however, just before independence, on September 3, 1992, the coat of arms was added in order to prevent confusion with the similar flags of Russia and Slovenia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territory">Territory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Territory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The national territory was divided along the existing internal borders, but the border was not clearly defined at some points and, in some areas, the border cut across streets, access roads and communities that had coexisted for centuries. The most serious issues occurred around the following areas: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=U_Sabot%C5%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U Sabotů (page does not exist)">U Sabotů</a> or Šance (<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ance_(Vrbovce)" class="extiw" title="cs:Šance (Vrbovce)">cs:Šance (Vrbovce)</a>) – historically part of <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>, awarded to Slovakia in 1997</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidonie_(Brumov-Bylnice)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sidonie (Brumov-Bylnice) (page does not exist)">Sidonie</a> or Sidónia (<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidonie" class="extiw" title="cs:Sidonie">cs:Sidonie</a>) – historically part of <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> (which contained all present-day Slovak territory until 1918), awarded to the Czech Republic in 1997</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kas%C3%A1rna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kasárna (page does not exist)">Kasárna</a> (<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kas%C3%A1rna_(Makov)" class="extiw" title="cs:Kasárna (Makov)">cs:Kasárna (Makov)</a>) recreational area – historically Moravian, disputed between Moravia and Hungary since the 16th century, formally part of Hungary since 1734; accessible by car only from the Czech side until early 2000s; remained in Slovakia despite heavy objections from the mostly-Czech property owners, whose real estate effectively fell into a foreign country.</li></ul> <p>The new countries were able to solve the difficulties via mutual negotiations, financial compensation and then an international treaty covering the border modifications.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>People living or owning property in the border area, however, continued to experience practical problems until both new countries entered the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement">Schengen Agreement</a> Area in 2007, rendering the border less significant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Division_of_national_property">Division of national property</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Division of national property"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most federal assets were divided in a ratio of two to one, the approximate ratio between the Czech and Slovak population in Czechoslovakia, including army equipment, rail and airliner infrastructure. Some minor disputes, such as gold reserves stored in Prague and federal know-how valuation, lasted for a few years after the dissolution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Currency_division">Currency division</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Currency division"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:100_Czechoslovakan_koruna_1993_Provisional_Issue_Obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/100_Czechoslovakan_koruna_1993_Provisional_Issue_Obverse.jpg/220px-100_Czechoslovakan_koruna_1993_Provisional_Issue_Obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/100_Czechoslovakan_koruna_1993_Provisional_Issue_Obverse.jpg/330px-100_Czechoslovakan_koruna_1993_Provisional_Issue_Obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/100_Czechoslovakan_koruna_1993_Provisional_Issue_Obverse.jpg/440px-100_Czechoslovakan_koruna_1993_Provisional_Issue_Obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption>100 <i><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_koruna" title="Czechoslovak koruna">korun československých</a></i> with Czech stamp in 1993</figcaption></figure> <p>Initially, the old Czechoslovak currency, the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_koruna" title="Czechoslovak koruna">Czechoslovak koruna</a>, remained <a href="/wiki/Monetary_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetary union">in use by both countries</a>. Czech fears of an economic loss caused the adoption of two national currencies as early as February 8, 1993. On February 2, 1993 Act No. 60/1993 Coll. came in effect in the Czech Republic to create a separate currency that was already envisaged in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Constitution of the Czech Republic">Czech Constitution</a> and in Act No. 6/1993 Coll. that created the <a href="/wiki/Czech_National_Bank" title="Czech National Bank">Czech National Bank</a> by stamping Czechoslovak banknotes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The stamps had already been prepared in secret in 1992 after the decision about the dissolution of Czechoslovakia. In December 1992 some of the reserve banknotes started to be stamped in the selected banks<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in secret.<sup id="cite_ref-histČnb_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histČnb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 8 February to 12 February old banknotes of 100, 500 and 1,000 Kčs (Czechoslovak crowns) were exchanged for the stamped ones in the Czech Republic and a new 200 Kč banknote was introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-CurrSep_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CurrSep-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each person over 15 could exchange banknotes up to 4,000 crowns, and minors below 15 years of age up to 1,000 crowns. Banknotes of lower denominations and coins remained until new ones were printed and minted. Banks in the Czech Republic converted all money on 8 February 1993 from Kčs to Kč. In Slovakia stamps were also applied on banknotes, and a new 10 SK coin was introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-SNBkor_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SNBkor-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the beginning, the currencies could be exchanged at par, but later the value of the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_koruna" title="Slovak koruna">Slovak koruna</a> was usually lower than that of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_koruna" title="Czech koruna">Czech koruna</a> (in 2004, around 25–27% lower). On August 2, 1993, both currencies were distinguished by different stamps that were first affixed to and then printed on old Czechoslovak koruna banknotes.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Czech and Slovak coins replaced old ones during 1993. </p><p>On January 1, 2009, Slovakia adopted the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> as its currency, with a conversion rate of 30.126 SK/€, and the <a href="/wiki/%E2%82%AC2_commemorative_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="€2 commemorative coins">€2 commemorative coin for 2009</a>, Slovakia's first, featured the 20th anniversary of the Velvet Revolution in remembrance of the common struggle of the Czechoslovaks for democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By a quirk of fate, the welcoming speech on the behalf of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> on the occasion of Slovakia's entry to the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">eurozone</a> was delivered by <a href="/wiki/Mirek_Topol%C3%A1nek" title="Mirek Topolánek">Mirek Topolánek</a>, the prime minister of the presiding country, the Czech Republic, naturally in his native language, but the other guest speakers used English. The Czech Republic continues to use the Czech koruna, or crown, but are bound to switch to the Euro in the future. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_law">International law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: International law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neither the Czech Republic nor Slovakia sought recognition as the sole <a href="/wiki/Successor_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor state">successor state</a> to Czechoslovakia. This can be contrasted to the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> was recognized as successor state not only to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a> but also to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> itself, and also contrasts with the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of Yugoslavia">dissolution of Yugoslavia</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">rump</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a>, dominated by <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and encompassing only it and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, unsuccessfully demanded recognition as the sole successor to the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federative_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia</a>, even though the four remaining ex-Yugoslav states, now independent, collectively encompassed around three-fifths of former Yugoslavia, both in population and in territory. Therefore, Czechoslovakia's membership in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> ceased upon the dissolution of the country, but on January 19, 1993, the Czech Republic and Slovakia were admitted as new, separate states.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With respect to other international treaties, the Czechs and the Slovaks agreed to honour the treaty obligations of Czechoslovakia. The Slovaks transmitted a letter to the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary General of the United Nations">Secretary General of the United Nations</a> on May 19, 1993, to express their intent to remain a party to all treaties signed and ratified by Czechoslovakia and to ratify treaties signed but not ratified before dissolution of Czechoslovakia. The letter acknowledged that under <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, all treaties signed and ratified by Czechoslovakia would remain in force. For example, both countries are recognized as signatories of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a> from the date that Czechoslovakia had signed the agreement in 1962. </p><p>Both countries have ratified the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Succession_of_States_in_respect_of_Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties">Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties</a>, and it was not a factor in the dissolution of Czechoslovakia since it did not come into force until 1996. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248332772"><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This section has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Special:EditPage/Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Talk:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Talk:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Special:EditPage/Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The dissolution had some negative impact on the two economies, especially in 1993, as traditional links were severed to accommodate the bureaucracy of international trade, but the impact was considerably less than expected by many people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs union</a> between the Czech Republic and Slovakia remained in place from the dissolution until May 1, 2004, when both countries entered the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many Czechs hoped that dissolution would quickly start an era of high economic growth in the Czech Republic, which no longer had to sponsor the "less-developed Slovakia". Similarly, others looked forward to an independent unexploited Slovakia that might become a new "<a href="/wiki/Tiger_economy" title="Tiger economy">economic tiger</a>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_Post" title="The Prague Post">The Prague Post</a></i>, "Slovak GDP reached 95 percent of the Czech GDP, and it is likely to draw level with it. The Slovak gross national product (GNP), which includes citizens' incomes abroad and deducts the money multinational companies move out of the country, is higher than the Czech one. Old-age pensions are more or less at the same level in both countries, and the consumption per capita is slightly higher in Slovakia. However, salaries are 10 percent lower on average in Slovakia than in the Czech Republic".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Martin Filko, the head of the Institute of Financial Policy of the Slovak Finance Ministry, pointed out that Slovakia is among the EU countries whose salaries form the lowest portion of their GDP. In other words, some of people's incomes come from sources other than their main employment, which reduces the real difference between the Czech and the Slovak salaries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Until 2005, the GDP of the two countries was growing at a similar rate. However, from 2005 to 2008, the Slovak economy grew faster than the Czech economy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citizenship">Citizenship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citizenship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>very confusingly written.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Special:EditPage/Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">improve this section</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Since federalisation in 1968, Czechoslovakia had divided citizenship, either of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czech Socialist Republic</a> or of the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovak Socialist Republic</a>, the word Socialist being dropped from both names shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a>. That distinction, however, had little effect on citizens' life. On January 1, 1993, all Czechoslovak citizens automatically became citizens either of the Czech Republic or the Slovak Republic, based on their previous citizenship, permanent residence address, birthplace, family ties, job and other criteria. Additionally, people had one year's time to claim the other citizenship under certain conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slovak legislation allowed dual citizenship until 2010, when it was abolished under the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_nationality_law" title="Slovak nationality law">Citizenship Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only a handful of people have exercised that right, but its significance is lessened by both nations' membership in the EU as the <a href="/wiki/Free_movement_of_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Free movement of workers">freedom of movement for workers</a>, a policy that guarantees <a href="/wiki/EU_citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="EU citizens">EU citizens</a> the right to work and to live anywhere in the Union. In the case of movement between the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the policy took effect from 2004. </p><p>By contrast, the Czech Republic has prohibited dual citizenship for naturalized citizens and requires them to give up existing citizenship(s) prior to receiving citizenship of the Czech Republic. That requirement can be waived only if giving up an existing citizenship might put the applicant or their relatives in danger of persecution in their homeland, which was not the case of applicants from Slovakia. That situation changed with the new Citizenship Act of 2013 (186/2013 Sb.), in force since January 1, 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most Slovak citizens are still unable to become dual citizens of both the Czech Republic and Slovakia since they automatically lose Slovak citizenship upon voluntarily acquiring another one (see previous paragraph). Exempt from that law are only Slovak citizens who obtain a foreign citizenship by virtue of marriage with a foreign national. Some Slovak politicians<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (February 2020)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> have speculated in the media<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (February 2020)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> about softening the Citizenship Act, but no change has yet materialised as of January 2015. </p><p>Citizens of both countries were allowed to cross the border using an ID card instead of a passport and were allowed to work anywhere without the need to obtain an official permit. Border checks were completely removed on December 21, 2007, when both countries joined the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement">Schengen Agreement</a>. </p><p>Under the current European regulations, citizens of either country are entitled to the diplomatic protection of any other EU country and so both have been considering merging their embassies, together with nations of the <a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a>, to reduce costs.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roma_people">Roma people</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Roma people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the problems not solved during dissolution was the question of a large number of <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> living in the Czech Republic born and officially registered in today's Slovakia. Most of them did not re-register their official place of stay during the months before dissolution and so the question of their citizenship was left open. The 1992 Czech Nationality Act allowed a grant of automatic citizenship only to those who were born on Czech territory. For others, the right to citizenship required proof of a five-year period of residence, an "unobjectionable" criminal record, significant fees and a complicated bureaucratic process, which reportedly excluded a rather large percentage of Roma.<sup id="cite_ref-stateless_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stateless-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Slovak government did not want to grant citizenship to nonresidents. Significant numbers of Roma living in Czech <a href="/wiki/Orphanages" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphanages">orphanages</a> did not have their legal status clarified and were released from care as adult noncitizens without any right to work or live in the Czech Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under pressure from the European Union, the Czech government made amendments to its nationality law in 1999 and 2003, which effectively solved the problem, but compensation has not been provided to those rendered stateless in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-stateless_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stateless-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_contacts">Language contacts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Language contacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Special:EditPage/Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Dissolution+of+Czechoslovakia%22">"Dissolution of Czechoslovakia"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Dissolution+of+Czechoslovakia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Dissolution+of+Czechoslovakia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Dissolution+of+Czechoslovakia%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Dissolution+of+Czechoslovakia%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Dissolution+of+Czechoslovakia%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the former Czechoslovakia, the <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Communist_Czechoslovakia#TV_and_radio" title="Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia">first television channel</a> was a federal one, and the <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak languages</a> were used in equal ratios in the television news there, but foreign films and television series were almost exclusively dubbed into Czech, for example. That and the great similarity of the two languages made almost all people of both nations <a href="/wiki/Passive_speakers_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive speakers (language)">passively bilingual</a>: they could understand but not necessarily speak the other language. After the dissolution in 1990s, the new television channels in the Czech Republic practically stopped using Slovak, and young Czech people now have a much lower understanding of Slovak. Also, the number of Slovak-language books and newspapers sold in the Czech Republic dropped drastically. The Czech television news, however, started to reintroduce Slovak-language coverage from Slovakia and Slovak television (STV2) rebroadcasts the Czech television newscast <i>Události ČT</i> daily, ten minutes after midnight. </p><p>On the public <a href="/wiki/Radio_and_Television_of_Slovakia" title="Radio and Television of Slovakia">Radio and Television of Slovakia</a>, it is common to have at least one daily newscast from the Czech Republic during prime time news. Furthermore, many programmes on Slovak television channels are still dubbed into Czech, some films in cinemas are subtitled in Czech and there are far more Czech-language books and periodicals on the market than there were before the dissolution. The major boost for the language interchange has come from private television channel providers like <a href="/wiki/CS_Link" title="CS Link">CS Link</a> (Czech Republic) and <a href="/wiki/Skylink_(TV_platform)" title="Skylink (TV platform)">Sky Link</a> (Slovakia) that offer Slovak channels in the Czech Republic and vice versa. Additionally, several channels, regardless of their national origin, offer programs both in Czech and Slovak (CSFilm, <a href="/wiki/TV_Barrandov" title="TV Barrandov">TV Barrandov</a>) or even mix like <a href="/wiki/TV_Nova_(Czech_Republic)" title="TV Nova (Czech Republic)">TV Nova</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nova_Sport_(Czech_TV)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Sport (Czech TV)">Nova Sport</a> coverage of the English <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">Premier League</a>. New impulses to mutual contacts coming via television are also common shows like the Intelligence Test of Nations, Czechoslovakia's <a href="/wiki/Got_Talent" title="Got Talent">Got Talent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Masked_Singer" title="Masked Singer">Masked Singer</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> broadcast by PRIMA and TV JOJ, and <a href="/wiki/Czecho-Slovak_SuperStar" class="mw-redirect" title="Czecho-Slovak SuperStar">Czecho-Slovak SuperStar</a>, the latter being the first international edition of the <a href="/wiki/Pop_Idol" title="Pop Idol">Pop Idol</a> song contest broadcast by TV Nova and Markíza (both owned by <a href="/wiki/Central_European_Media_Enterprises" title="Central European Media Enterprises">CME</a>), which also organized joint versions of <a href="/wiki/MasterChef" title="MasterChef">MasterChef</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Voice_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Voice (TV series)">The Voice</a> in 2012. Also, the New Year's Eve Program for 2009 was prepared and broadcast jointly by ČT and STV and for 2010 by the Czech TV PRIMA and the Slovak TV JOJ, this time even including the singing of the Czechoslovak national anthem. </p><p>Young Slovak people still have the same knowledge of Czech as their predecessors, if not better.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In Slovakia, Czech may still be used automatically in all judicial proceedings, and all documents written in Czech are acknowledged by Slovak authorities and vice versa. Further, the Slovak Official Language Act, passed in 2009, reconfirmed the right of Czechs to use their language in all official communication when dealing with Slovak authorities although it explicitly limited the use of Czech in Slovakia to persons with Czech as their mother tongue. The same is true about using <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a> in the Czech Republic under the Administration Procedure Act of 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gust%C3%A1v_Slame%C4%8Dka" title="Gustáv Slamečka">Gustáv Slamečka</a>, a Slovak citizen who was the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_(Czech_Republic)" title="Ministry of Transport (Czech Republic)">Czech transport minister</a> (2009–2010), used only Slovak exclusively during his official communication. </p><p>See also <a href="/wiki/Differences_between_Slovak_and_Czech_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Differences between Slovak and Czech languages">differences between Slovak and Czech languages</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The official breakup occurred right in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/1993_World_Junior_Ice_Hockey_Championships" title="1993 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships">1993 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships</a>, which took place in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. The team representing <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia_men%27s_national_junior_ice_hockey_team" title="Czechoslovakia men's national junior ice hockey team">Czechoslovakia</a> was renamed "Czech–Slovak" on January 1. In international ice hockey tournaments, the Czech Republic took over Czechoslovakia's place in the A-groups, and Slovakia had to start in the lower divisions.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_1993" title="FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1993">FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1993</a> in <a href="/wiki/Falun" title="Falun">Falun</a>, Sweden, the ski jumping team competed as a combined Czech–Slovakia team in the team large hill event and won silver. The team had been selected before the dissolution. <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Sakala" title="Jaroslav Sakala">Jaroslav Sakala</a> won two medals in the individual hill events for the Czech Republic at those games along with his silver in the team event. </p><p>In their <a href="/wiki/1994_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_(UEFA)#Group_4" title="1994 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)">qualifying section</a> for the <a href="/wiki/1994_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1994 FIFA World Cup">1994 FIFA World Cup</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia_national_football_team" title="Czechoslovakia national football team">Czechoslovakia national football team</a> competed under the name RCS, which stood for "Representation of Czechs and Slovaks". In their last game as "Representation of Czechs and Slovaks", the team failed to qualify after it got only a draw in its final match against <a href="/wiki/Belgium_national_football_team" title="Belgium national football team">Belgium</a>, a match that it had to win to qualify.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was afterward that it was officially split up into <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic_national_football_team" title="Czech Republic national football team">Czech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia_national_football_team" title="Slovakia national football team">Slovak</a> national teams, with both being declared successors to Czechoslovakia.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mutual encounters between the national teams of both countries in many sports are followed by most of the populations, and the number of players and coaches active in the other republic is significant. Martin Lipták, a Slovak handball coach, successfully led the Czech national team to the EHF 2010 Handball European Championship in Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Slovak team under his coaching, Tatran Prešov, won the Czech national league in 2008 and 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Czech ice hockey coach <a href="/wiki/Vladim%C3%ADr_V%C5%AFjtek_(ice_hockey,_born_1947)" title="Vladimír Vůjtek (ice hockey, born 1947)">Vladimír Vůjtek</a> led the Slovak national team to the silver medal at the <a href="/wiki/2012_IIHF_World_Championship" title="2012 IIHF World Championship">2012 IIHF World Championship</a>, having beaten the Czech team in the semifinals. </p><p>Several sports have featured a common league, and discussions about having a common football or ice hockey league continue.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The road cyclist <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1n_Svorada" title="Ján Svorada">Ján Svorada</a> earned Slovak citizenship in 1993. In <a href="/wiki/1994_Tour_de_France" title="1994 Tour de France">1994</a>, he became the first Slovak rider ever to win a <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France" title="Tour de France">Tour de France</a> stage. Two years later, he earned Czech citizenship, and he became the first Czech rider ever to win another Tour de France stage in <a href="/wiki/1998_Tour_de_France" title="1998 Tour de France">1998</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Telecommunications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two successor states continued to use the <a href="/wiki/List_of_country_calling_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of country calling codes">country code</a> <b>+42</b> until February 1997,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when it was replaced by two separate codes: <a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Telephone numbers in the Czech Republic">+420</a> for the Czech Republic<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/%2B421" class="mw-redirect" title="+421">+421</a> for Slovakia.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, telephone calls between both countries have required international dialing.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Referendum_controversy">Referendum controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Referendum controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soon after the dissolution, public contentment was at relatively low levels with high shares of the population on both sides of the border protesting the fact that the dissolution of the common state was not put towards a vote, as described by politologist Lubomír Kopeček of <a href="/wiki/Masaryk_University" title="Masaryk University">Masaryk University</a>. A March 1993 study conducted by <a href="/wiki/Martin_B%C3%BAtora" title="Martin Bútora">Martin Bútora</a> and his wife <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zora_B%C3%BAtorov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zora Bútorová (page does not exist)">Zora</a> indicated that in case of a referendum about 50% of the population would've voted against the dissolution of the state with only about 30% in favour of the dissolution.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former Slovak <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_(Slovakia)" title="Ministry of Culture (Slovakia)">Minister of Culture</a> <a href="/wiki/Marek_Ma%C4%8Fari%C4%8D" title="Marek Maďarič">Marek Maďarič</a>, pointed out, in January 2023, that the dissolution without a referendum reflected the historic practice and a tradition of constitutional stately affairs decided without a referendum in Czechoslovak history. Namely, both the formation of the <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">First Czechoslovak Republic</a> from the rubbles of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> in 1918 as well as the reunion of the <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak State</a> to form a <a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">Third Republic</a> in 1945 after the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> were achieved without a referendum, solely through the pursuit of political representatives of the era.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_polling">Public polling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Public polling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public perception of the dissolution has not changed much, with a December 2017 poll showing that just 42% of Czechs and 40% of Slovaks agree with what happened (compared to 36% and 37% in 1992, respectively). Surveys from 2010 showed that the majority of the population of Prague (Czechs) still considers the division of the country a mistake;<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similarly, the general representative survey in Slovakia (from 2008)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showed that society is still divided in opinion on the dissolution, with 47% favouring the dissolution and 44% considering it a mistake. A 2023 poll from the Czech republic has shown that 50% of Czechs consider the dissolution a correct decision, 39% consider it wrong and 11% are neutral or undecided.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactionary_movements">Reactionary movements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Reactionary movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2015, a Slovak movement called "Czechoslovakia 2018" was established to try to get a referendum by 2018. Its leader, Ladislav Zelinka, said that he had received thousands of emails and calls from supporters, but it was unable to reach the necessary 350,000 petition signatures. The younger generations of both countries are largely indifferent to the issue since they never experienced the previous period themselves, and older generations are more focused on present issues such as <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a> and favour their own separate <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governmental_cooperation">Governmental cooperation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Governmental cooperation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Political influences between the countries are minimal, but social democrats tend to cooperate very closely on regional and European topics in recent years. Furthermore, it has become customary that the elected presidents pay their first and last official foreign visits during their term to the other republic of the former Czechoslovakia. Appointed foreign ministers tend to follow that unwritten rule. On October 29, 2012, to commemorate Czechoslovakia's declaration of independence, which occurred on October 28, 1918, the Czech and the Slovak governments held, for the first time, a joint cabinet meeting in the communities of <a href="/wiki/Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn" title="Trenčín">Trenčín</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uhersk%C3%A9_Hradi%C5%A1t%C4%9B" title="Uherské Hradiště">Uherské Hradiště</a>, near the common border.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_cooperation">Military cooperation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Military cooperation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peacekeeping troops stationed in the former <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> were put under joint command on several occasions. For example, from 2002 to July 2005, the Czech Armed Forces joined with the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic to form a joint Czech–Slovak KFOR battalion in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, which contributed to the Multinational Brigade CENTRE.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_and_tourism">Trade and tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Trade and tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trade relations were re-established and stabilised, and the Czech Republic continues to be Slovakia's most important business partner. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After a short interruption, Slovakia's resorts in the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian mountains">Carpathian mountains</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/High_Tatras" title="High Tatras">High Tatras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Low_Tatras" title="Low Tatras">Low Tatras</a> are again the destination of a growing number of Czech tourists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commemorations">Commemorations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Commemorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the death of the last Czechoslovak (and the first Czech) president, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a>, on December 18, 2011, both the Czech Republic and Slovakia observed a day of national mourning. During the funeral mass in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>'s <a href="/wiki/St._Vitus_Cathedral" title="St. Vitus Cathedral">St. Vitus Cathedral</a>, prayers were recited in an equal ratio in <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphen_War" title="Hyphen War">Hyphen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Slovakia_relations" title="Czech Republic–Slovakia relations">Czech Republic–Slovakia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_union_between_Norway_and_Sweden" title="Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden">Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden</a> (another example of a peaceful dissolution)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSkalnik_Leff1997" class="citation book cs1">Skalnik Leff, Carol (1997). <i>The Czech and Slovak Republics. Nation versus state</i>. <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">129–</span>139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-2922-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-2922-1"><bdi>0-8133-2922-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Czech+and+Slovak+Republics.+Nation+versus+state&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E139&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8133-2922-1&rft.aulast=Skalnik+Leff&rft.aufirst=Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADissolution+of+Czechoslovakia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/21/world/vaclav-havel-still-puckish-still-a-politician-no-longer-president.html">Vaclav Havel: Still Puckish, Still a Politician, No Longer President</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, July 21, 1992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamm, Henry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CEED71431F93AA35753C1A964958260">"At Fork in Road, Czechoslovaks Fret"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, dateline October 9, 1992. Retrieved January 1, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Valkova-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Valkova_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValková2014" class="citation thesis cs1">Valková, Adriána (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://studenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2624514/view"><i>A Violence that did not happen: The peaceful partition of Czechoslovakia</i></a> (Master Thesis). <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+Violence+that+did+not+happen%3A+The+peaceful+partition+of+Czechoslovakia&rft.inst=Leiden+University&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Valkov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Adri%C3%A1na&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl%2Faccess%2Fitem%253A2624514%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADissolution+of+Czechoslovakia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mojmir-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mojmir_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mojmir_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMrak1999" class="citation book cs1">Mrak, Mojmir (1999). <i>Succession of States</i>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1145-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1145-6"><bdi>978-90-411-1145-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Succession+of+States&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-411-1145-6&rft.aulast=Mrak&rft.aufirst=Mojmir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADissolution+of+Czechoslovakia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tampa-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tampa_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1993/03/28/a-failing-economy-sours-mood-in-newly-independent-slovakia/">"A failing economy sours mood in newly independent Slovakia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+failing+economy+sours+mood+in+newly+independent+Slovakia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tampabay.com%2Farchive%2F1993%2F03%2F28%2Fa-failing-economy-sours-mood-in-newly-independent-slovakia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADissolution+of+Czechoslovakia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Innes-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Innes_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInnes2001" class="citation book cs1">Innes, Abby (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/czechoslovakiash0000inne"><i>Czechoslovakia: The Short Goodbye</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-09063-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-09063-3"><bdi>0-300-09063-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Czechoslovakia%3A+The+Short+Goodbye&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-300-09063-3&rft.aulast=Innes&rft.aufirst=Abby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fczechoslovakiash0000inne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADissolution+of+Czechoslovakia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kraus-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kraus_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraus2000" class="citation book cs1">Kraus, Michael (2000). "International Forces and Factors". <i>Irreconcilable Differences? Explaining Czechoslovakia's Dissolution</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8476-9020-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8476-9020-2"><bdi>0-8476-9020-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=International+Forces+and+Factors&rft.btitle=Irreconcilable+Differences%3F+Explaining+Czechoslovakia%27s+Dissolution&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8476-9020-2&rft.aulast=Kraus&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADissolution+of+Czechoslovakia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/01/world/czechoslovakia-breaks-in-two-to-wide-regret.html?pagewanted=all">"Czechoslovakia Breaks in Two, To Wide Regret"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. January 1, 1993.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Czechoslovakia+Breaks+in+Two%2C+To+Wide+Regret&rft.date=1993-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F01%2F01%2Fworld%2Fczechoslovakia-breaks-in-two-to-wide-regret.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADissolution+of+Czechoslovakia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Musil-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Musil_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusil1995" class="citation book cs1">Musil, Jiri (1995). <i>The End of Czechoslovakia</i>. Central European University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85866-020-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85866-020-3"><bdi>1-85866-020-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+Czechoslovakia&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-85866-020-3&rft.aulast=Musil&rft.aufirst=Jiri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADissolution+of+Czechoslovakia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zakonypreludi.sk/zz/1992-542">Ústavný zákon č. 542/1992 Zb. o zániku Českej a Slovenskej Federatívnej Republiky</a>, Čl. 3 ods. 2<br />(<i>Constitutional act. No. 542/1992 Col. on the dissolution of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic, art. 3 sect. 2</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.uhk.cz/cvp/TZ03%20O_autorovi_vlajky.doc">"Czech society of vexicologists about the origin of the Czechoslovak state flag"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(MS Word)</span> (in Czech)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Czech+society+of+vexicologists+about+the+origin+of+the+Czechoslovak+state+flag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.uhk.cz%2Fcvp%2FTZ03%2520O_autorovi_vlajky.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADissolution+of+Czechoslovakia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Treaty between the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic on Common Borders (1996), published in Slovakia under Announcement 274/1997 Z.z.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-histČnb-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-histČnb_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historie.cnb.cz/cs/emisni_cinnost/ceska_narodni_banka/index.html">"Česká národní banka"</a>. <i>Historie ČNB</i>. Czech National Bank.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historie+%C4%8CNB&rft.atitle=%C4%8Cesk%C3%A1+n%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD+banka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historie.cnb.cz%2Fcs%2Femisni_cinnost%2Fceska_narodni_banka%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADissolution+of+Czechoslovakia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CurrSep-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CurrSep_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historie.cnb.cz/cs/menova_politika/6_menova_politika_na_ceste_ke_standardu_vyspelych_zemi/3_menova_odluka_cr_a_sr/">"Měnová odluka ČR a SR"</a>. <i>Historie ČNB</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historie+%C4%8CNB&rft.atitle=M%C4%9Bnov%C3%A1+odluka+%C4%8CR+a+SR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historie.cnb.cz%2Fcs%2Fmenova_politika%2F6_menova_politika_na_ceste_ke_standardu_vyspelych_zemi%2F3_menova_odluka_cr_a_sr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADissolution+of+Czechoslovakia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SNBkor-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SNBkor_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nbs.sk/_img/documents/_publikacie/ostatnepublik/nbs_spomienka_na_korunu.pdf"><i>Spomienka na korunu</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bratislava: Národná banka Slovenska. 2013. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-8043-184-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-8043-184-6"><bdi>978-80-8043-184-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spomienka+na+korunu&rft.place=Bratislava&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=N%C3%A1rodn%C3%A1+banka+Slovenska&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-80-8043-184-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnbs.sk%2F_img%2Fdocuments%2F_publikacie%2Fostatnepublik%2Fnbs_spomienka_na_korunu.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADissolution+of+Czechoslovakia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecurrencycollector.com/pdfs/The_Significance_of_Stamps_Used_on_Bank_Notes.pdf">"The Significance of Stamps Used on Bank Notes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. thecurrencycollector.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091229145646/http://www.thecurrencycollector.com/pdfs/The_Significance_of_Stamps_Used_on_Bank_Notes.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 29, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Significance+of+Stamps+Used+on+Bank+Notes&rft.pub=thecurrencycollector.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecurrencycollector.com%2Fpdfs%2FThe_Significance_of_Stamps_Used_on_Bank_Notes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADissolution+of+Czechoslovakia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecb.int/euro/coins/comm/html/comm_2009.sk.html">"Pamätné mince 2 € – 2009"</a>. Ecb.int<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=15th+ACR+Contingent+in+KFOR&rft.pub=Army.cz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.army.cz%2Fscripts%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D6527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADissolution+of+Czechoslovakia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInnes2001" class="citation book cs1">Innes, Abby (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/czechoslovakiash0000inne"><i>Czechoslovakia: the short goodbye</i></a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09063-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09063-5"><bdi>978-0-300-09063-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Czechoslovakia%3A+the+short+goodbye&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09063-5&rft.aulast=Innes&rft.aufirst=Abby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fczechoslovakiash0000inne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADissolution+of+Czechoslovakia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRupnik2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Rupnik, Jacques (2001). "Divorce à l'amiable ou guerre de sécession? (Tchécoslovaquie-Yougoslavie)". <i>Transeuropéennes</i>. 19/20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transeurop%C3%A9ennes&rft.atitle=Divorce+%C3%A0+l%27amiable+ou+guerre+de+s%C3%A9cession%3F+%28Tch%C3%A9coslovaquie-Yougoslavie%29&rft.volume=19%2F20&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Rupnik&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADissolution+of+Czechoslovakia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWehrle1994" class="citation book cs1">Wehrle, Frédéric (1994). <i>Le divorce tchéco-slovaque: vie et mort de la Tchécoslovaquie 1918-1992</i>. Pays de l'Est. Paris: L'Harmattan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7384-2609-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7384-2609-3"><bdi>978-2-7384-2609-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+divorce+tch%C3%A9co-slovaque%3A+vie+et+mort+de+la+Tch%C3%A9coslovaquie+1918-1992&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Pays+de+l%27Est&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-2-7384-2609-3&rft.aulast=Wehrle&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADissolution+of+Czechoslovakia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilde1999" class="citation journal cs1">Hilde, Paal Sigurd (June 1999). "Slovak Nationalism and the Break-up of Czechoslovakia". <i>Europe-Asia Studies</i>. <b>51</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">647–</span>665. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668139998831">10.1080/09668139998831</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0966-8136">0966-8136</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/153565">153565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=Slovak+Nationalism+and+the+Break-up+of+Czechoslovakia&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E647-%3C%2Fspan%3E665&rft.date=1999-06&rft.issn=0966-8136&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F153565%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668139998831&rft.aulast=Hilde&rft.aufirst=Paal+Sigurd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADissolution+of+Czechoslovakia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Czech)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050205145609/http://www.e-politika.cz/bulletin/clanky/wintr01.html">Constitutional changes from Velvet revolution until dissolution, detailed overview</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived February 5, 2005)</li> <li>Krejčí, Oskar: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060816024204/http://book.publica.cz/">"Geopolitics of the Central European Region. The view from Prague and Bratislava"</a> Bratislava: Veda, 2005. 494 pp.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Timeline_of_Czechoslovak_statehood150" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Czechoslovakia_timeline" title="Template:Czechoslovakia timeline"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Czechoslovakia_timeline" title="Template talk:Czechoslovakia timeline"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Czechoslovakia_timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Czechoslovakia timeline"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Timeline_of_Czechoslovak_statehood150" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovak</a> <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">statehood</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:120%;"> <td> </td> <td colspan="1" style="border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Origins of Czechoslovakia">Pre-1918</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1" style="width:24%; border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">1918–1938</a></b> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_by_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany">1938–1945</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1" style="width:4%; border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1945%E2%80%931948)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1945–1948)">1945–1948</a></b> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-left:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1948%E2%80%931989)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1948–1989)">1948–1989</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1" style="width:4%; border-left:1px solid #bbb;border-right:1px solid #bbb;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)">1989–1992</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1993–</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;line-height:1.4em;font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#d0f0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Austrian Empire</a> </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">First Republic</a></b><sup>a</sup> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#f4c2c2;"><a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a><sup>b</sup> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">Third Republic</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="width:14%; background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Czechoslovak_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Czechoslovak Republic">Fourth Republic</a></b><sup>e</sup><br /><small>1948–1960</small> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="width:36%; background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a></b><sup>f</sup><br /><small>1960–1990</small> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Czech_and_Slovak_Federative_Republic" title="Czech and Slovak Federative Republic">Czech and Slovak Federative Republic</a></b><br /><small>1990–1992</small> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#eef;"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="width:2%; background:#e6e7e8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Second Czechoslovak Republic">Second<br /><span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"> Republic</span></a></b><sup>c</sup><br /><small>1938–1939</small> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="width:10%; background:#f4c2c2;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a></b><br /><small>1939–1945</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></b> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background:#d0f0c0;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> </td> <td style="background:#f4c2c2;"><b><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak Republic (1939–45)">Slovak Republic</a></b><br /><small>1939–1945</small> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="padding-bottom:0.4em;background:#eef;"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#f4c2c2;"><b>Southern Slovakia and <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ukraine_(1938-1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ukraine (1938-1939)">Carpathian Ukraine</a></span></span></b><sup>d</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;border-bottom:1px solid #bbb;font-size:110%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Subcarpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcarpathian Ruthenia">Subcarpathian Ruthenia</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background:#ecebb8;"><a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia Oblast</a><sup>g</sup><br /><small>1944 / 1946 – 1991</small> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#eeeeae;"><a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia Oblast</a><sup>h</sup><br /><small>1991–present</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td style="background:#d6f7c8;white-space:nowrap;font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background:#e6e7e8;text-align:centre;font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_government-in-exile" title="Czechoslovak government-in-exile">Czechoslovak <span class="nowrap">government-in-exile</span></a> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;background:none;text-align:left;font-size:85%;"> <p><sup>a</sup> ČSR; boundaries and government established by <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Constitution_of_1920" title="Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920">the 1920 constitution</a>.<br /> <sup>b</sup> Annexed by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<br /> <sup>c</sup> ČSR; included the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous area">autonomous regions</a> of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia.<br /> <sup>d</sup> <a href="/wiki/First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">Annexed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Hungary</a> (1939–1945).<br /> </p> </td> <td colspan="8" style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;background:none;text-align:left;font-size:85%;"> <p><sup>e</sup> ČSR; declared a "people's democracy" (without a formal name change) under the <a href="/wiki/Ninth-of-May_Constitution" title="Ninth-of-May Constitution">Ninth-of-May Constitution</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948">1948 coup</a>.<br /> <sup>f</sup> ČSSR; from 1969, after the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a>, consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czech Socialist Republic</a> (ČSR) and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovak Socialist Republic</a> (SSR).<br /> <sup>g</sup> <a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">Oblast</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a>.<br /> <span style="font-size:110%;"><sup>h</sup></span> Oblast of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<br /> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Bloc308" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Bloc" title="Template:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Bloc" title="Template talk:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Bloc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Bloc308" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan#Rejection_by_Stalin" title="Marshall Plan">Soviet response to the Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet-allied states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">People's Republic of Albania <span style="font-size:85%;">(to 1961)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia <span style="font-size:85%;">(to 1948)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">COMECON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">World Federation of Trade Unions <span style="font-size:85%;">(WFTU)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">World Federation of Democratic Youth <span style="font-size:85%;">(WFDY)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Revolts and<br />opposition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goryani" title="Goryani">Goryani Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_East_German_State_Railway_strike" title="1949 East German State Railway strike">1949 East German State Railway strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cazin_rebellion" title="Cazin rebellion">Rebellion of Cazin 1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Plze%C5%88_uprising" title="1953 Plzeň uprising">1953 Plzeň uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">1953 East German uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">1956 Hungarian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> / <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_protests_in_Kosovo" title="1981 protests in Kosovo">1981 protests in Kosovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Emigration and defection</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_and_Eastern_Bloc_defectors" title="List of Soviet and Eastern Bloc defectors">list of defectors</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovietization_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Sovietization of the Baltic states">Sovietization of the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_media_and_propaganda" title="Eastern Bloc media and propaganda">Information dissemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_politics" title="Eastern Bloc politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Bloc economies">Economies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_tapping_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc">Telephone tapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dissolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Die Wende</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_communism_in_Hungary" title="End of communism in Hungary">End of communism in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Collapse of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events" title="January Events">January 1991 events in Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">January 1991 events in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War16183" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War16183" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation <i>Priboi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation <i>Jungle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation <i>Unthinkable</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation <i>Masterdom</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation <i>Blacklist Forty</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the <i>Tuapse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation <i>Gladio</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS <i>Pueblo</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Bolivian coup d'état">1971 Bolivian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation <i>Condor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological<br />competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and<br />intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Atomica" title="Pax Atomica">Pax Atomica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secessionist_movements_of_Canada" title="Secessionist movements of Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_separatism" title="Alberta separatism">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_sovereignty_movement" title="Quebec sovereignty movement">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Denmark (Greenland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_Oceania" title="List of active separatist movements in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_Australia" title="Secession in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secessionism_in_Tasmania" title="Secessionism in Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessionism_in_Western_Australia" title="Secessionism in Western Australia">Western Australia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_South_America" title="List of active separatist movements in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Separatism_in_Brazil" title="Category:Separatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_historical_separatist_movements" title="Lists of historical separatist movements">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Separatism_in_Brazil" title="Category:Separatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_of_Panama_from_Colombia" title="Secession of Panama from Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Gran_Colombia" title="Dissolution of Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Mexico" title="Territorial evolution of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Peru%E2%80%93Bolivian_Confederation" title="Dissolution of the Peru–Bolivian 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