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href="#Electoral_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Electoral history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Ralston</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Ralston – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Samuel M. Ralston" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%85._%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="ساموئل ام. رالستون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساموئل ام. رالستون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="סמואל רלסטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סמואל רלסטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_M._Ralston" title="Samuel M. Ralston – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Samuel M. Ralston" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%85._%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="سامويل ام. رالستون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سامويل ام. رالستون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_M._Ralston" title="Samuel M. Ralston – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Samuel M. Ralston" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_M._Ralston" title="Samuel M. Ralston – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Samuel M. Ralston" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_M._Ralston" title="Samuel M. Ralston – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Samuel M. Ralston" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q884561#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_M._Ralston" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American politician</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Samuel Moffett Ralston</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sen._Sam%27l_M._Ralston,_12-22-23_LCCN2016848472_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sen._Sam%27l_M._Ralston%2C_12-22-23_LCCN2016848472_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Sen._Sam%27l_M._Ralston%2C_12-22-23_LCCN2016848472_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sen._Sam%27l_M._Ralston%2C_12-22-23_LCCN2016848472_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Sen._Sam%27l_M._Ralston%2C_12-22-23_LCCN2016848472_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sen._Sam%27l_M._Ralston%2C_12-22-23_LCCN2016848472_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Sen._Sam%27l_M._Ralston%2C_12-22-23_LCCN2016848472_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2355" data-file-height="3145" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1923 – October 14, 1925</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Stewart_New" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Stewart New">Harry Stewart New</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Raymond_Robinson" title="Arthur Raymond Robinson">Arthur Raymond Robinson</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">28th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Indiana" title="Governor of Indiana">Governor of Indiana</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 13, 1913 – January 8, 1917</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Indiana" title="Lieutenant Governor of Indiana">Lieutenant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_P._O%27Neill" title="William P. O'Neill">William P. O'Neill</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_P._Goodrich" title="James P. Goodrich">James P. Goodrich</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">December 1, 1857<br /><a href="/wiki/New_Cumberland,_Ohio" title="New Cumberland, Ohio">New Cumberland, Ohio</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 14, 1925<span style="display:none">(1925-10-14)</span> (aged 67)<br /><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Mary Josephine Backous (1881–1882)<br />Jennie Craven (1889–1925)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Emmet Gratan<br />Julian Craven<br />Ruth</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_College_(Indiana)" title="Canterbury College (Indiana)">Central Indiana Normal College</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coal_miner" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal miner">Coal miner</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Teacher" title="Teacher">Teacher</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">Lawyer</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Samuel Moffett Ralston</b> (December 1, 1857 – October 14, 1925) was an American politician of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> who served as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Indiana" title="List of governors of Indiana">28th governor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> and a <a href="/wiki/United_States_senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States senator">United States senator</a> from Indiana. </p><p>Born into a large impoverished family, he took many jobs as a child including working in a <a href="/wiki/Coal_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal mine">coal mine</a>. He taught school and studied law, becoming a prominent state lawyer before becoming active in his local politics. Because he served during the state's 100th anniversary he is sometimes called the Indiana's "Centennial Governor". During his tenure as governor, he was responsible for implementing many <a href="/wiki/Progressive_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive era">progressive era</a> reforms in the state and put down the <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_streetcar_strike_of_1913" title="Indianapolis streetcar strike of 1913">Indianapolis streetcar strike of 1913</a>. He gained the support of the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Klan" title="Indiana Klan">Indiana Ku Klux Klan</a> for his <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Catholicism in the United States">anti-Catholic</a> political positions, and with their support was elected to the U.S. Senate in <a href="/wiki/1922_United_States_Senate_election_in_Indiana" title="1922 United States Senate election in Indiana">1922</a>. Ralston had become popular among the national Democratic Party as an early front-runner for the presidential nomination in <a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election#Democratic_Party_nomination" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>, but he dropped out of the race because of his failing health, and died the next year. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_M._Ralston&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_and_background">Family and background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_M._Ralston&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family and background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moffett-Ralston_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Moffett-Ralston_House.jpg/220px-Moffett-Ralston_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Moffett-Ralston_House.jpg/330px-Moffett-Ralston_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Moffett-Ralston_House.jpg/440px-Moffett-Ralston_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Ralston's childhood home in Owen County</figcaption></figure> <p>Samuel Ralston was born near <a href="/wiki/New_Cumberland,_Ohio" title="New Cumberland, Ohio">New Cumberland, Ohio</a>, on December 1, 1857, the second child of John and Sarah Ralston. He was of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish American">Scottish</a> descent, his great-grandparents immigrated to <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> in about 1760. His older brother John had died at age three, shortly before Samuel's birth. In 1865 the Ralston family moved to <a href="/wiki/Owen_County,_Indiana" title="Owen County, Indiana">Owen County, Indiana</a>, where John purchased a large farm and began to raise livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-d1228_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d1228-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His boyhood home, the <a href="/wiki/Moffett-Ralston_House" title="Moffett-Ralston House">Moffett-Ralston House</a>, was listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-nris_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ralston, and his three brothers and four sisters, worked on the family farm to help the family subsist. The family suffered from financial difficulty and lost their farm in 1873, they then moved to <a href="/wiki/Fontanet,_Indiana" title="Fontanet, Indiana">Fontanet, Indiana</a>. He took up employment in a <a href="/wiki/Butcher" title="Butcher">butcher</a> shop and later worked in a <a href="/wiki/Coal_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal mine">coal mine</a> to help provide income for the family. His father later opened a butcher shop of his own returning the family to prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-d1228_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d1228-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_M._Ralston&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jennie_Craven.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Jennie_Craven.jpg/220px-Jennie_Craven.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Jennie_Craven.jpg/330px-Jennie_Craven.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Jennie_Craven.jpg/440px-Jennie_Craven.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4222" data-file-height="5804" /></a><figcaption>Jennie Craven, Ralston's second wife</figcaption></figure> <p>As a boy he attended public school in <a href="/wiki/Owen_County,_Indiana" title="Owen County, Indiana">Owen County, Indiana</a>. As he grew older, he began working as a school teacher during the winter months while attending college during the summer. After completing high school he married Mary Josephine Backous on December 26, 1881; she died six months later. Ralston graduated from <a href="/wiki/Central_Indiana_Normal_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Indiana Normal College">Central Indiana Normal College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Danville,_Indiana" title="Danville, Indiana">Danville, Indiana</a>, in 1884 having completed a scientific course, but was interested in learning law after attending trial as a spectator.<sup id="cite_ref-d1228_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d1228-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ralston read law in the office of Robinson & Fowler. Unable to afford boarding, he spent several months sleeping on the sofa of the law office. He began a formal course in September 1884 and was <a href="/wiki/Admitted_to_the_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Admitted to the bar">admitted to the bar</a> on January 1, 1886. In June he opened a law practice in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon,_Indiana" title="Lebanon, Indiana">Lebanon, Indiana</a>, with partner John A. Abbott, there he remained for several years. He became well known in the state for skills, and was soon one of Indiana's preeminent lawyers, mostly representing businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-d1229_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d1229-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While attending college he met Jennie Craven and began courting her. The couple later married on December 30, 1889. Together they had three children, Emmet, Julian, and Ruth. The family was <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> and attended church regularly. Ralston had also become a member of the Young Men's Democratic Club and took an interest in politics and began stumping on behalf of Democrat candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-d1229_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d1229-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_campaigns">Early campaigns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_M._Ralston&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ralston had been a <a href="/wiki/US_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="US Democrat">Democrat</a> for all of his adult life. Living in a Republican dominated area though, he had a difficult time to obtain political office. He ran for the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_State_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiana State Senate">Indiana State Senate</a> in 1888 but was defeated. In 1896 and 1898 he ran for <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiana Secretary of State">Indiana Secretary of State</a> but was defeated both times. During his times running for office, he became friends with party boss <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taggart" title="Thomas Taggart">Thomas Taggart</a>. Taggart attempted to have Ralston nominated to run for governor in 1908 because of Ralston's anti-prohibition position, but was defeated at the party convention by prohibitionist and future <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a>. In 1908, Ralston was elected President of the Lebanon School Board and served until 1911, his first election victory.<sup id="cite_ref-d1229_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d1229-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-g246_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g246-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governor">Governor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_M._Ralston&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Governor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1912 Taggart again supported Ralston's nomination for Governor, and this time succeed and was nominated on March 17. Ralston received the endorsement of numerous groups in the state, including the women's suffrage movement and many churches.<sup id="cite_ref-d1229_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d1229-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ralston won the general election by plurality and became the Governor of Indiana on January 13, 1913, defeating Progressive candidate <a href="/wiki/Albert_Beveridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Beveridge">Albert Beveridge</a>, and the Republican candidate former Governor <a href="/wiki/Winfield_T._Durbin" title="Winfield T. Durbin">Winfield T. Durbin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-g246_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g246-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-d1230_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d1230-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indianapolis_riots">Indianapolis riots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_M._Ralston&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Indianapolis riots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1913_Indianapolis_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1913 Indianapolis Riots">1913 Indianapolis Riots</a></div> <p>One of the first events Ralston became involved in was a strike by the street car workers in <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a> that began in October. The strike was called on the week of the city elections and Republicans accused the strikers of trying to prevent them from voting. The union demanded the passage of a law to better protect what they believed to be their rights and wanted the governor to call a <a href="/wiki/Special_session" title="Special session">special session</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_General_Assembly" title="Indiana General Assembly">Indiana General Assembly</a> to pass such a bill. The strike quickly grew into a citywide riot as the growing mob began to attack police, business leaders, and public officials. Business leaders and <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Indianapolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Indianapolis">Mayor of Indianapolis</a> Samuel Shank demanded the governor call out the army and end the strike, but the unions threatened violence if that happened. On November 5 Ralston finally called out the entire <a href="/wiki/Indiana_National_Guard" title="Indiana National Guard">Indiana National Guard</a> and put the city under martial law. At noon on the 6th, the strikers and their sympathizers gathered around the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Statehouse" title="Indiana Statehouse">Indiana Statehouse</a> and began chanting a demand that the troops leave the city. Ralston exited the building and spoke to the crowd offering to withdraw the troops if the strikers would go back to work and negotiate peacefully. He offered concessions and promises that convinced the strikers of his good intentions, which effectively ended the strike that day. After several days passed, and it became apparent that the strike was truly over, he demobilized the guard.<sup id="cite_ref-d1230_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d1230-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-g248_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g248-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the General Assembly convened, Ralston was able to have several acts passed that led to improved working conditions for many workers in the state. Among the laws he advocated and passed were acts banning the sale of narcotic drugs for the first time, a <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a>, conservation measures to prevent deforestation, incentives to encourage development of the livestock industry, free vaccinations for several prevalent diseases, and aid in helping the blind find work. His signature work though was his target of the tenement slums in the state. He successfully lobbied for funds to provide running clean water, children's playgrounds, and several other improvements to the living conditions of the urban poor. The final bill he signed empowered the state police to close the brothels in the state, which effectively ended any forms of legal prostitution in Indiana.<sup id="cite_ref-d1230_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d1230-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-g248_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g248-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Progressive_agenda">Progressive agenda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_M._Ralston&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Progressive agenda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thomas R. Marshall, Ralston's predecessor, had attempted to have a new constitution adopted but his plans were ruled unconstitutional by the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Supreme_Court" title="Indiana Supreme Court">Indiana Supreme Court</a> who ruled a constitutional convention needed to be held. Ralston also favored creating a new constitution to enact numerous reforms that under the present constitution would have been illegal. To accomplish this goal, he began urging the General Assembly to call a constitutional convention. A bill was passed by the assembly in 1913 to permit the state to adopt a new constitution. The measure had to be submitted to a statewide referendum, as required by the current constitution, before the convention could be held. Outside of Indianapolis and the few industrial cities, there was little support for reform for industrial workers, the majority of the state's population was still rural. When the public voted in 1914, the measure was defeated, 235,140–338,947.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His two projects with the longest impact on the state were the Utilities Law and the Vocational Education Act. Ralston advocated and obtained significant increases in education spending and began a system of free vocational education for the state's school students. The regulations he enacted on the public utility companies began a process that would take running water and electricity to the entire state.<sup id="cite_ref-d1230_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d1230-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state park system and the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Department_of_Natural_Resources" title="Indiana Department of Natural Resources">Indiana Department of Natural Resources</a> were created along with several state parks. <a href="/wiki/Carl_G._Fisher" title="Carl G. Fisher">Carl G. Fisher</a> lobbied Ralston to help him promote the creation of a large highway project. At his urging, Ralston helped launch an ambitious project to build a major inter-state highway. He arranged a meeting of seven governors and was able to sell them on a plan to build a highway throughout their states connecting <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville, Florida</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a>, with each state funding its portion of the road. About twenty percent of the road's length would run through Indiana. The road was largest highway project in the United States up until that point, and resulted in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Dixie_Highway" title="Dixie Highway">Dixie Highway</a>, now US-31.<sup id="cite_ref-d1231_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d1231-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other important measures were passed during his term including Indiana's first <a href="/wiki/Worker%27s_compensation" class="mw-redirect" title="Worker's compensation">worker's compensation</a> program, the creation of the state's <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primary election</a> system, and the creation of an <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_tax" title="Inheritance tax">inheritance tax</a>. </p><p>He also made substantial contributions to the state's financial situation. The state had been in debt since the start of the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Mammoth_Internal_Improvement_Act" title="Indiana Mammoth Internal Improvement Act">internal improvements</a> in the early 1830s and had twice verged on total bankruptcy, in 1847 and 1863, and once entered a partial bankruptcy in 1841. Although the state was not in immediate financial risk, it was still heavily burdened by debt. Ralston was insistent on paying off the state's debt and creating a <a href="/wiki/Rainy_day_fund" title="Rainy day fund">rainy day fund</a>, and advocated amending the constitution to prevent the state from borrowing funds in the future. Through a combination of spending cuts and increased taxation and with the support of the General Assembly, the government was able to pay off the entire state debt and create a $3.76 million surplus fund by the time he left office.<sup id="cite_ref-d1231_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d1231-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_M._Ralston&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the United States entered <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Ralston was called on by <a href="/wiki/United_States_President" class="mw-redirect" title="United States President">United States President</a> <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> to help ready Indiana's levies. Numerous regiments, totaling more than 130,000 men, were mustered in Indiana and sent overseas in the state's largest deployment since the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. With most of the Indiana National Guard out of the state, Ralston reactivated the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Legion" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiana Legion">Indiana Legion</a>, which had recently been renamed the Liberty Guard, an organization that had not seen action since the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indiana in the American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. In 1916 tensions began to increase between the United States and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and there was a possibility of war. The majority of the American forces were at that time in Europe, and Wilson requested Ralston to mobilize a full <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigade</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hoosier" title="Hoosier">Hoosiers</a> to defend the Mexican border. It was the largest single unit call the state had responded to, as the federal government typically only called out <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">regiments</a>. Several thousand men were quickly assembled and dispatched to the border.<sup id="cite_ref-d1231_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d1231-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians note that Ralston had one of the most eventful terms in the state's history, and faced more challenges than any governor, except for <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Morton" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Morton">Oliver Morton</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indiana" title="Constitution of Indiana">state constitution</a> prevented him from seeking a second term as governor, and he left office on January 8, 1917, after delivering a farewell address and urging the General Assembly to adopt additional progressive legislation that he was unable to have passed during his term.<sup id="cite_ref-d1231_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d1231-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._Senator">U.S. Senator</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_M._Ralston&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: U.S. Senator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ralston campaigned for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> beginning in 1922. Because of his friendly relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Klan" title="Indiana Klan">Indiana branch of the Ku Klux Klan</a>, he was able to get their endorsement. Ralston delivered a speech at St. Mary's of the Woods where he condemned religious interference in state affairs. The Klan's primary goals at the time were to remove all <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> influence from the government and public schools, and to shut down Catholic private schools. His speech earned him considerable popularity among the group who said he "was not afraid to tell off the papists to their faces."<sup id="cite_ref-c167_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c167-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Klan was one of the most influential groups within the state at the time, and it reprinted and circulated his speech. The Klan's support of Ralston was one of its most forceful attempts to have a candidate elected in Indiana, as it feared the Republican candidate who had publicly condemned the organization. The Klan fell apart in 1926—the year after Ralston's death—after a scandal, revealing that the majority of Indiana's politicians, including Ralston, had ties to the Klan.<sup id="cite_ref-c167_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c167-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ralston won election to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> from Indiana, defeating Albert Beveridge in November 1922. The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> ran a lengthy story on his wife, referring to her as a "Chicken Farmer" because she was reluctant to move to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, she did not want to leave her chickens unattended.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took up his Senate seat on March 4, 1923. In the senate he advocated the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Andrew_W._Mellon" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew W. Mellon">Mellon</a> tax plan, which was effectively a <a href="/wiki/Wealth_redistribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth redistribution">wealth redistribution</a> plan.<sup id="cite_ref-g248_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g248-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1924 Ralston was expected to be the Democratic presidential nominee but, for reasons he did not reveal at the time, he dropped out of the race just before the <a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">convention</a>. Despite Ralston's withdrawal, his ally and friend <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taggart" title="Thomas Taggart">Thomas Taggart</a> seemed about to enable Ralston's nomination as a compromise to resolve the <a href="/wiki/William_G._McAdoo" class="mw-redirect" title="William G. McAdoo">McAdoo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Alfred_E._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred E. Smith">Smith</a> deadlock when Ralston told Taggart to discontinue the effort.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Klan became more powerful than ever in 1924 and virtually took over the Indiana Republican Party, Ralston fought against efforts to condemn the Klan by name in both the Indiana and national Democratic platforms. Due in part to Ralston's efforts, the anti-Klan plank at the national Democratic convention failed by one vote. <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the state convention, Ralston's efforts succeeded at preventing the Klan from technically being denounced by name in the platform. However, the state Democratic party still passed a plank that declared that the Indiana Republican Party had ""been delivered into the hands of an organization which has no place in politics and which promulgates doctrines which tend to break down the safeguards which the Constitution throws around every citizen" and that 1920s Indiana Republicans were "repungant" to Civil War/Reconstruction Republicans such as Abraham Lincoln and Oliver Morton.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ralston later revealed that due to his failing health he did not believe he was fit to become president. His steadily worsening health led to his death on October 14, 1925 at his home near Indianapolis. He was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Oak_Hill_Cemetery_(Lebanon,_Indiana)" title="Oak Hill Cemetery (Lebanon, Indiana)">Oak Hill Cemetery</a> in Lebanon.<sup id="cite_ref-g248_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g248-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_M._Ralston&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Electoral history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="; margin-right:1em; font-size:95%"> <caption>Indiana gubernatorial election, 1912<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn">Samuel M. Ralston </td> <td style="text-align:right">275,357 </td> <td style="text-align:right">48.1 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#B63434;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">Progressive</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Albert_J._Beveridge" title="Albert J. Beveridge">Albert J. Beveridge</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">166,124 </td> <td style="text-align:right">28.6 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Winfield_T._Durbin" title="Winfield T. Durbin">Winfield T. Durbin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">142,850 </td> <td style="text-align:right">26.7 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FF00FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition</a> </td> <td class="fn">Leonard M. Christ </td> <td style="text-align:right">22,352 </td> <td style="text-align:right">3.1 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_M._Ralston&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/48px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-d1228-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d1228_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d1228_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d1228_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunn, p. 1228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nris-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nris_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP">"National Register Information System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. July 9, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System&rft.date=2010-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+M.+Ralston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d1229-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d1229_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d1229_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d1229_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d1229_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunn, p. 1229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gugin, p. 245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g246-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g246_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g246_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gugin, p. 246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d1230-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d1230_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d1230_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d1230_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d1230_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunn, p. 1230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g248-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g248_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g248_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g248_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g248_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gugin, p. 248</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kettleborough, p. 214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gugin, p. 247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d1231-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d1231_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d1231_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d1231_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d1231_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunn, p. 1231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c167-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-c167_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c167_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Charmers, p. 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/12/17/107088928.pdf">"New Senator's Wife Chicken Farmer"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. December 17, 1922<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+Senator%27s+Wife+Chicken+Farmer&rft.date=1922-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1922%2F12%2F17%2F107088928.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+M.+Ralston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Claude_G._Bowers" title="Claude G. Bowers">Claude G. Bowers</a>, <i>My Life: The Memoirs of Claude Bowers</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mylifethememoirs017259mbp/page/n123/mode/1up?view=theater">pp.116-118</a> (New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a> 1962) (retrieved Jul.27, 2024).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David J. Bodenhamer and Robert G. Barrows, eds., <i>The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofin0000unse_y6v0/page/1317/mode/1up?view=theater">p.1317</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>, 1994) (retrieved July 27, 2024).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/183053/craziest-convention-american-history-part-two">"The Craziest Convention in American History: Part Two"</a>. <i>The New Republic</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=The+Craziest+Convention+in+American+History%3A+Part+Two&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F183053%2Fcraziest-convention-american-history-part-two&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+M.+Ralston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/citizenklansmenk0000moor/page/26/mode/2up?q=mcculloch">"Citizen Klansmen : The Ku Klux Klan in Indiana, 1921-1928"</a>. 1991.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Citizen+Klansmen+%3A+The+Ku+Klux+Klan+in+Indiana%2C+1921-1928&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcitizenklansmenk0000moor%2Fpage%2F26%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dmcculloch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+M.+Ralston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiffin1983" class="citation journal cs1">Giffin, William W. (June 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/imh/article/view/10462/14636">"The Political Realignment of Black Voters in Indianapolis, 1924"</a>. <i>Indiana Magazine of History</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indiana+Magazine+of+History&rft.atitle=The+Political+Realignment+of+Black+Voters+in+Indianapolis%2C+1924&rft.date=1983-06&rft.aulast=Giffin&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.iu.edu%2Fjournals%2Findex.php%2Fimh%2Farticle%2Fview%2F10462%2F14636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+M.+Ralston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadison2020" class="citation book cs1">Madison, James H. (October 6, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=efv5DwAAQBAJ&dq=ku+klux+klan+boot+breeches+republican+party+indiana&pg=PT107"><i>The Ku Klux Klan in the Heartland</i></a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-05220-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-05220-9"><bdi>978-0-253-05220-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ku+Klux+Klan+in+the+Heartland&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2020-10-06&rft.isbn=978-0-253-05220-9&rft.aulast=Madison&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Defv5DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dku%2Bklux%2Bklan%2Bboot%2Bbreeches%2Brepublican%2Bparty%2Bindiana%26pg%3DPT107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+M.+Ralston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.history.in.gov/samuel-ralston-denies-klan-affiliation/">"Complicity in Neutrality? Samuel Ralston Denies Klan Affiliation"</a>. 17 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Complicity+in+Neutrality%3F+Samuel+Ralston+Denies+Klan+Affiliation&rft.date=2018-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.history.in.gov%2Fsamuel-ralston-denies-klan-affiliation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+M.+Ralston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newinternationa31unkngoog"><i>New International Encyclopedia</i></a>. Dodd, Mead. 1915. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newinternationa31unkngoog/page/n117">95</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewinternationa31unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+M.+Ralston" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> <b>Bibliography</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharmers,_David_Mark1984" class="citation book cs1">Charmers, David Mark (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2bLU20MbUl4C"><i>Hooded Americanism: the history of the Ku Klux Klan</i></a>. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-0772-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-0772-3"><bdi>0-8223-0772-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hooded+Americanism%3A+the+history+of+the+Ku+Klux+Klan&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8223-0772-3&rft.au=Charmers%2C+David+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2bLU20MbUl4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+M.+Ralston" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn,_Jacob_Piatt1919" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Piatt_Dunn" title="Jacob Piatt Dunn">Dunn, Jacob Piatt</a> (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OXUmzX6kE-4C"><i>Indiana and Indianans</i></a>. Vol. III. Chicago & New York: American Historical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indiana+and+Indianans&rft.place=Chicago+%26+New+York&rft.pub=American+Historical+Society&rft.date=1919&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Jacob+Piatt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOXUmzX6kE-4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+M.+Ralston" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKettleborough,_CharlesBremer,_John_A1916" class="citation book cs1">Kettleborough, Charles & Bremer, John A (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constitutionmak00unkngoog"><i>Constitution Making in Indiana: A Source Book of Constitutional Documents, with Historical Introduction and Critical Notes</i></a>. Indiana Historical Commission.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitution+Making+in+Indiana%3A+A+Source+Book+of+Constitutional+Documents%2C+with+Historical+Introduction+and+Critical+Notes&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Commission&rft.date=1916&rft.au=Kettleborough%2C+Charles&rft.au=Bremer%2C+John+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconstitutionmak00unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+M.+Ralston" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGugin,_Linda_C.St._Clair,_James_E2006" class="citation book cs1">Gugin, Linda C.; St. Clair, James E, eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780871951960"><i>The Governors of Indiana</i></a>. Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana Historical Society Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87195-196-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87195-196-7"><bdi>0-87195-196-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Governors+of+Indiana&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-87195-196-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780871951960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+M.+Ralston" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_M._Ralston&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Samuel_M._Ralston" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Samuel M. Ralston">Samuel M. Ralston</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressR000020" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000020">"Samuel M. Ralston (id: R000020)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Samuel+M.+Ralston+%28id%3A+R000020%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DR000020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+M.+Ralston" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.in.gov/history/2575.htm">Indiana Historical Bureau: Biography and portrait</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ruralhistoryproject.com/reports.asp?F=1&ReportID=14">http://www.ruralhistoryproject.com/reports.asp?F=1&ReportID=14</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204172224/http://www.countyhistory.com/doc.gov/031.htm">Indian County History - Ralston Biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604140642/http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga/menuitem.29fab9fb4add37305ddcbeeb501010a0/?vgnextoid=e7cc224971c81010VgnVCM1000001a01010aRCRDSamuel">Ralston's Biography at the National Governors Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8389/samuel-moffett-ralston">Samuel Ralston at FindAGrave</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Thomas R. Marshall</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Democratic nominee for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Indiana" title="Governor of Indiana">Governor of Indiana</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1912_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1912 Indiana gubernatorial election">1912</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_A._M._Adair" title="John A. M. Adair">John A. M. Adair</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">John W. Kern</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">United States Senator</a> from Indiana<br />(<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_Senators" class="mw-redirect" title="Classes of United States Senators">Class 1</a>) </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1922_United_States_Senate_election_in_Indiana" title="1922 United States Senate election in Indiana">1922</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Evans_Woollen" title="Evans Woollen">Evans Woollen</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Indiana">Governor of Indiana</a> </b><br />January 13, 1913 – January 8, 1917 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_P._Goodrich" title="James P. Goodrich">James P. Goodrich</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">Harry S. New</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Indiana" title="List of United States senators from Indiana"> U.S. senator (Class 1) from Indiana</a> </b><br />March 4, 1923 – October 14, 1925 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/James_E._Watson" title="James E. Watson">James E. Watson</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Raymond_Robinson" title="Arthur Raymond Robinson">Arthur Raymond Robinson</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_Indiana" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" 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title="Thomas Posey">Posey</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="725" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">State <span class="nobold">(since 1816)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Jennings" title="Jonathan Jennings">Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratliff_Boon" title="Ratliff Boon">Boon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hendricks" title="William Hendricks">W. Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Ray" title="James B. Ray">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Noble" title="Noah Noble">Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wallace_(Indiana_politician)" title="David Wallace (Indiana politician)">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bigger" title="Samuel Bigger">Bigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Whitcomb" title="James Whitcomb">J. Whitcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_C._Dunning" title="Paris C. Dunning">Dunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Wright" title="Joseph A. Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashbel_P._Willard" title="Ashbel P. Willard">Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_A._Hammond" title="Abram A. Hammond">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Lane" title="Henry S. Lane">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_P._Morton" title="Oliver P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Baker" title="Conrad Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">T. Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Williams" title="James D. Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_P._Gray" title="Isaac P. Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_G._Porter" title="Albert G. Porter">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_P._Gray" title="Isaac P. Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Peterson_Hovey" title="Alvin Peterson Hovey">Hovey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Joy_Chase" title="Ira Joy Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Matthews" title="Claude Matthews">Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Mount" title="James A. Mount">Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_T._Durbin" title="Winfield T. Durbin">Durbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hanly" title="Frank Hanly">Hanly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ralston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Goodrich" title="James P. Goodrich">Goodrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_T._McCray" title="Warren T. McCray">McCray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Forest_Branch" title="Emmett Forest Branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Jackson" title="Edward L. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_G._Leslie" title="Harry G. Leslie">Leslie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_V._McNutt" title="Paul V. McNutt">McNutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Clifford_Townsend" title="M. Clifford Townsend">Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Schricker" title="Henry F. Schricker">Schricker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_F._Gates" title="Ralph F. Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Schricker" title="Henry F. Schricker">Schricker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_N._Craig" title="George N. Craig">Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_W._Handley" title="Harold W. Handley">Handley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_E._Welsh" title="Matthew E. Welsh">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_D._Branigin" title="Roger D. Branigin">Branigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Whitcomb" title="Edgar Whitcomb">E. Whitcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otis_Bowen" title="Otis Bowen">Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Orr" title="Robert D. Orr">Orr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evan_Bayh" title="Evan Bayh">Bayh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_O%27Bannon" title="Frank O'Bannon">O'Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Kernan_(politician)" title="Joe Kernan (politician)">Kernan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_Daniels" title="Mitch Daniels">Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Holcomb" title="Eric Holcomb">Holcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Braun" title="Mike Braun">Braun</a> (elect)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Indiana" title="Governor of Indiana">Governor of Indiana</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_Indiana" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_Indiana" title="Template:United States senators from Indiana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_Indiana" title="Template talk:United States senators from Indiana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_Indiana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from Indiana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_Indiana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Indiana" title="List of United States senators from Indiana">United States senators from Indiana</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Noble_(Indiana_politician)" title="James Noble (Indiana politician)">Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hanna" title="Robert Hanna">Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tipton" title="John Tipton">Tipton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Smith_White" title="Albert Smith White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_D._Bright" title="Jesse D. Bright">Bright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Wright" title="Joseph A. Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turpie" title="David Turpie">Turpie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">T. Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Pratt" title="Daniel D. Pratt">Pratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._McDonald" title="Joseph E. McDonald">McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turpie" title="David Turpie">Turpie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_J._Beveridge" title="Albert J. Beveridge">Beveridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">New</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ralston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Raymond_Robinson" title="Arthur Raymond Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Minton" title="Sherman Minton">Minton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Willis" title="Raymond E. Willis">Willis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Jenner" title="William E. Jenner">Jenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_Hartke" title="Vance Hartke">Hartke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Lugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Donnelly" title="Joe Donnelly">Donnelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Braun" title="Mike Braun">Braun</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waller_Taylor" title="Waller Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hendricks" title="William Hendricks">W. Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_H._Smith" title="Oliver H. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Hannegan" title="Edward A. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Whitcomb" title="James Whitcomb">Whitcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Cathcart" title="Charles W. Cathcart">Cathcart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pettit" title="John Pettit">Pettit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_N._Fitch" title="Graham N. Fitch">Fitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Lane" title="Henry S. Lane">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_P._Morton" title="Oliver P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Voorhees" title="Daniel W. Voorhees">Voorhees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Hemenway" title="James A. Hemenway">Hemenway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Shively" title="Benjamin F. Shively">Shively</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taggart" title="Thomas Taggart">Taggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Watson" title="James E. Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Van_Nuys" title="Frederick Van Nuys">Van Nuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_D._Jackson" title="Samuel D. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Jenner" title="William E. Jenner">Jenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_E._Capehart" title="Homer E. Capehart">Capehart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_Bayh" title="Birch Bayh">Bayh II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Coats" title="Dan Coats">Coats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evan_Bayh" title="Evan Bayh">Bayh III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Coats" title="Dan Coats">Coats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todd_Young" title="Todd Young">Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q884561#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q884561#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q884561#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000029703130">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/68111308">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/290876/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpJcB7fH4fvXmvm3KMByd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1185839550">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91086080">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17051219c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17051219c">BnF data</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000020">US Congress</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6v99pt4">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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