In Focus: Machine learning - Institute for Advanced Study (IAS)

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disparities in astrophysics </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/news-events-insights/annual-report-2023/scientific-reports/fixing-gender-inequity-in-science-from-statistics-to-games/" target="_self" title="Fixing gender inequity in science: From statistics to games"> Fixing gender inequity in science: From statistics to games </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/news-events-insights/annual-report-2023/scientific-reports/analysis-of-chinas-role-in-global-economic-governance/" target="_self" title="Analysis of China’s role in global economic governance"> Analysis of China’s role in global economic governance </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/news-events-insights/annual-report-2023/scientific-reports/new-paradigms-for-optimal-transport/" target="_self" title="New paradigms for optimal transport"> New paradigms for optimal transport </a> </li> <li 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href="/ias/news-events-insights/annual-report-2023/facts-and-figures/" target="_self" title="Facts and Figures"> Facts and Figures </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/news-events-insights/annual-report-2023/people/" target="_self" title="People" class="accordion-header c-sitenav__header"> People </a> <button class="accordion-button collapsed c-sitenav__button" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#l1-e2-l2-e6-l3-e8" aria-label="Öffne das Untermenü von People" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="l1-e2-l2-e6-l3-e8" > </button> <div id="l1-e2-l2-e6-l3-e8" class="accordion-collapse collapse c-sitenav__accordion" > <div class="accordion-body c-sitenav__body"> <ul id="menuMainl1-e2-l2-e6-l3-e8" class=" c-sitenav__menu-children" > <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/news-events-insights/annual-report-2022/people/board-of-trustees-1/" target="_self" title="Board of Trustees"> Board of Trustees </a> 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<li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/people/members/gottfried-wilhelm-leibniz-prizewinners/" target="_self" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prizewinners"> Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prizewinners </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/people/members/tum-ambassadors/" target="_self" title="TUM Ambassadors"> TUM Ambassadors </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/people/members/tum-distinguished-affiliated-professors/" target="_self" title="TUM Distinguished Affiliated Professors"> TUM Distinguished Affiliated Professors </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/people/members/tum-liesel-beckmann-distinguished-professors/" target="_self" title="TUM Liesel Beckmann Distinguished Professors"> TUM Liesel Beckmann Distinguished Professors </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a 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</li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/programs/fellowship-programs/albrecht-struppler-fellowship/" target="_self" title="Albrecht Struppler Fellowship"> Albrecht Struppler Fellowship </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/programs/fellowship-programs/anna-boyksen-fellowship/" target="_self" title="Anna Boyksen Fellowship"> Anna Boyksen Fellowship </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/programs/fellowship-programs/carl-von-linde-fellowship/" target="_self" title="Carl von Linde Fellowship"> Carl von Linde Fellowship </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/programs/fellowship-programs/dieter-schwarz-fellowship/" target="_self" title="Dieter Schwarz Fellowship"> Dieter Schwarz Fellowship </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/programs/fellowship-programs/dieter-schwarz-courageous-research-grant/" target="_self" title="Dieter Schwarz Courageous Research Grant"> Dieter Schwarz Courageous Research Grant </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/programs/fellowship-programs/hans-fischer-fellowship/" target="_self" title="Hans Fischer Fellowship"> Hans Fischer Fellowship </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/programs/fellowship-programs/hans-fischer-senior-fellowship/" target="_self" title="Hans Fischer Senior Fellowship"> Hans Fischer Senior Fellowship </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/programs/fellowship-programs/philosopher-in-residence-fellowship/" target="_self" title="Philosopher in Residence Fellowship"> Philosopher in Residence Fellowship </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/programs/fellowship-programs/rudolf-diesel-industry-fellowship/" target="_self" title="Rudolf Diesel Industry Fellowship"> Rudolf Diesel Industry Fellowship </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/programs/fellowship-programs/rudolf-moessbauer-tenure-track-professorship/" target="_self" title="Rudolf Mößbauer Tenure Track Professorship"> Rudolf Mößbauer Tenure Track Professorship </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/programs/focal-periods/" target="_self" title="Focal Periods"> Focal Periods </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/programs/tum-innovation-networks/" target="_self" title="TUM Innovation Networks"> TUM Innovation Networks </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/" target="_self" title="Research Areas" class="accordion-header"> Research Areas </a> <button class="accordion-button collapsed c-sitenav__button" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#menuMain5" aria-label="Öffne das 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class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/artificial-intelligence-in-traffic-engineering-and-control/" target="_self" title="Artificial Intelligence in Traffic Engineering and Control"> Artificial Intelligence in Traffic Engineering and Control </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/data-based-maintenance-of-offshore-wind-energy-conversion/" target="_self" title="Data-Based Maintenance of Offshore Wind Energy Conversion"> Data-Based Maintenance of Offshore Wind Energy Conversion </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/digital-twins-of-civil-structures-and-protection-systems-in-a-climate-change-perspective-react/" target="_self" title="Digital Twins Of Civil StRucturEs And Protection Systems In A ClimAte Change PerspecTive (REACT)"> Digital Twins Of Civil StRucturEs And Protection Systems In A ClimAte Change PerspecTive (REACT) </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/enabling-neuromorphic-computing-for-multi-tenant-ai/" target="_self" title="Enabling Neuromorphic Computing for Multi-Tenant AI"> Enabling Neuromorphic Computing for Multi-Tenant AI </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/human-ai-collaboration-for-decision-making/" target="_self" title="Human-AI Collaboration for Decision Making"> Human-AI Collaboration for Decision Making </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/light-induced-molecular-transformations-on-cluster-assembled-materials/" target="_self" title="Light-Induced Molecular Transformations on Cluster-Assembled Materials"> Light-Induced Molecular Transformations on Cluster-Assembled Materials </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/machine-learning/" target="_self" title="Machine Learning"> Machine Learning </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/machine-learning-for-energy-analysis/" target="_self" title="Machine Learning for Energy Analysis"> Machine Learning for Energy Analysis </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/model-reduction-for-structural-reliability-analysis/" target="_self" title="Model Reduction for Structural Reliability Analysis"> Model Reduction for Structural Reliability Analysis </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/multibody-systems/" target="_self" title="Multibody Systems"> Multibody Systems </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/next-generation-deep-learning-in-therapy-monitoring/" target="_self" title="Next Generation Deep Learning in Therapy Monitoring"> Next Generation Deep Learning in Therapy Monitoring </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/novel-tensor-network-methods-for-strongly-correlated-quantum-systems/" target="_self" title="Novel tensor network methods for strongly correlated quantum systems"> Novel tensor network methods for strongly correlated quantum systems </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/quantitative-imaging-biomarkers-for-predictive-healthcare/" target="_self" title="Quantitative Imaging Biomarkers for Predictive Healthcare"> Quantitative Imaging Biomarkers for Predictive Healthcare </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/quantum-logic-and-the-second-quantum-revolution/" target="_self" title="Quantum Logic and the Second Quantum Revolution"> Quantum Logic and the Second Quantum Revolution </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/responsible-ai-for-trustworthy-technology-and-automation/" target="_self" title="Responsible AI for Trustworthy Technology and Automation"> Responsible AI for Trustworthy Technology and Automation </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/scientific-machine-learning/" target="_self" title="Scientific Machine Learning"> Scientific Machine Learning </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/software-engineering-for-ai/" target="_self" title="Software Engineering for AI"> Software Engineering for AI </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/structural-design/" target="_self" title="Structural Design"> Structural Design </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/systematically-improvable-modeling-of-electrochemical-processes/" target="_self" title="Systematically Improvable Modeling of Electrochemical Processes"> Systematically Improvable Modeling of Electrochemical Processes </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/theoretical-methods-in-spectroscopy/" target="_self" title="Theoretical Methods in Spectroscopy"> Theoretical Methods in Spectroscopy </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/trustworthy-knowledge-graphs/" target="_self" title="Trustworthy Knowledge Graphs"> Trustworthy Knowledge Graphs </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/visual-computing/" target="_self" title="Visual Computing"> Visual Computing </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/alumni-focus-groups/" target="_self" title="Alumni Focus Groups" class="accordion-header c-sitenav__header"> Alumni Focus Groups </a> <button class="accordion-button collapsed c-sitenav__button" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#l1-e5-l2-e0-l3-e25" aria-label="Öffne das Untermenü von Alumni Focus Groups" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="l1-e5-l2-e0-l3-e25" > </button> <div id="l1-e5-l2-e0-l3-e25" class="accordion-collapse collapse c-sitenav__accordion" > <div class="accordion-body c-sitenav__body"> <ul id="menuMainl1-e5-l2-e0-l3-e25" class=" c-sitenav__menu-children" > <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/alumni-focus-groups/advanced-cardiac-mechanics-emulator/" target="_self" title="Advanced Cardiac Mechanics Emulator"> Advanced Cardiac Mechanics Emulator </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/alumni-focus-groups/advanced-computation/" target="_self" title="Advanced Computation"> Advanced Computation </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/alumni-focus-groups/advanced-stability-analysis/" target="_self" title="Advanced Stability Analysis"> Advanced Stability Analysis </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/alumni-focus-groups/built-environment-digital-twinning/" target="_self" title="Built Environment Digital Twinning"> Built Environment Digital Twinning </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/alumni-focus-groups/complex-systems-modeling-and-computation/" target="_self" title="Complex Systems Modeling and Computation"> Complex Systems Modeling and Computation </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/alumni-focus-groups/computational-biomechanics/" target="_self" title="Computational Biomechanics"> Computational Biomechanics </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/alumni-focus-groups/computer-vision-and-machine-learning/" target="_self" title="Computer Vision and Machine Learning"> Computer Vision and Machine Learning </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/alumni-focus-groups/computational-transport-oncophysics/" target="_self" title="Computational Transport Oncophysics"> Computational Transport Oncophysics </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/alumni-focus-groups/computational-mechanics-geometry-and-numerical-simulation/" target="_self" title="Computational Mechanics: Geometry and Numerical Simulation"> Computational Mechanics: Geometry and Numerical Simulation </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/alumni-focus-groups/data-driven-dynamical-systems-analysis-in-fluid-mechanics/" target="_self" title="Data-driven Dynamical Systems Analysis in Fluid Mechanics"> Data-driven Dynamical Systems Analysis in Fluid Mechanics </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/alumni-focus-groups/data-informed-decisions-for-structures-and-infrastructures/" target="_self" title="Data-informed Decisions for Structures and Infrastructures"> Data-informed Decisions for Structures and Infrastructures </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/alumni-focus-groups/data-mining-analytics/" target="_self" title="Data Mining & Analytics"> Data Mining & Analytics </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/alumni-focus-groups/high-performance-computing-hpc/" target="_self" title="High Performance Computing (HPC)"> High Performance Computing (HPC) </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/alumni-focus-groups/optimal-transport-in-science-technology-and-society/" target="_self" title="Optimal Transport in Science, Technology, and Society"> Optimal Transport in Science, Technology, and Society </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/alumni-focus-groups/risk-analysis-and-stochastic-modeling/" target="_self" title="Risk Analysis and Stochastic Modeling"> Risk Analysis and Stochastic Modeling </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/alumni-focus-groups/network-dynamics/" target="_self" title="Network Dynamics"> Network Dynamics </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/alumni-focus-groups/neuromorphic-computing/" target="_self" title="Neuromorphic Computing"> Neuromorphic Computing </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/alumni-focus-groups/simulation-and-digital-twin/" target="_self" title="Simulation and Digital Twin"> Simulation and Digital Twin </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/advanced-computation-and-modeling/alumni-focus-groups/uncertainty-quantification-and-predictive-modeling/" target="_self" title="Uncertainty Quantification and Predictive Modeling"> Uncertainty Quantification and Predictive Modeling </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/bio-engineering-imaging/" target="_self" title="Bio-Engineering & Imaging" class="accordion-header c-sitenav__header"> Bio-Engineering & Imaging </a> <button class="accordion-button collapsed c-sitenav__button" type="button" 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Radiotherapy"> Clinical Translation of Microbeam Radiotherapy </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/bio-engineering-imaging/imaging-cancer-metabolism-using-magnetic-resonance/" target="_self" title="Imaging Cancer Metabolism using Magnetic Resonance"> Imaging Cancer Metabolism using Magnetic Resonance </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/bio-engineering-imaging/x-ray-and-computed-tomography-research/" target="_self" title="X-Ray and Computed Tomography Research"> X-Ray and Computed Tomography Research </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/bio-engineering-imaging/alumni-focus-groups/" target="_self" title="Alumni Focus Groups" class="accordion-header c-sitenav__header"> Alumni Focus Groups </a> <button class="accordion-button collapsed c-sitenav__button" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" 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href="/ias/research-areas/bio-engineering-imaging/alumni-focus-groups/human-machine-collaborative-systems/" target="_self" title="Human-Machine Collaborative Systems"> Human-Machine Collaborative Systems </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/bio-engineering-imaging/alumni-focus-groups/microfluidic-design-automation-mda/" target="_self" title="Microfluidic Design Automation (MDA)"> Microfluidic Design Automation (MDA) </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/bio-engineering-imaging/alumni-focus-groups/molecular-imaging/" target="_self" title="Molecular Imaging"> Molecular Imaging </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/bio-engineering-imaging/alumni-focus-groups/neuroimaging/" target="_self" title="Neuroimaging"> Neuroimaging </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/bio-engineering-imaging/alumni-focus-groups/phase-contrast-computed-tomography/" target="_self" title="Phase Contrast Computed Tomography"> Phase Contrast Computed Tomography </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/bio-engineering-imaging/alumni-focus-groups/subcellular-dynamics-in-neurons/" target="_self" title="Subcellular Dynamics in Neurons"> Subcellular Dynamics in Neurons </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/bio-engineering-imaging/alumni-focus-groups/optimal-control-and-medical-imaging/" target="_self" title="Optimal Control and Medical Imaging"> Optimal Control and Medical Imaging </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/communication-and-information/" target="_self" title="Communication and Information" class="accordion-header 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title="Coding for DNA Storage Applications"> Coding for DNA Storage Applications </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/communication-and-information/cryptography/" target="_self" title="Cryptography"> Cryptography </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/communication-and-information/alumni-focus-groups/" target="_self" title="Alumni Focus Groups" class="accordion-header c-sitenav__header"> Alumni Focus Groups </a> <button class="accordion-button collapsed c-sitenav__button" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#l1-e5-l2-e2-l3-e3" aria-label="Öffne das Untermenü von Alumni Focus Groups" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="l1-e5-l2-e2-l3-e3" > </button> <div id="l1-e5-l2-e2-l3-e3" class="accordion-collapse collapse c-sitenav__accordion" > <div class="accordion-body c-sitenav__body"> <ul id="menuMainl1-e5-l2-e2-l3-e3" class=" c-sitenav__menu-children" > <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/communication-and-information/alumni-focus-groups/coding-for-communications-and-data-storage-cod/" target="_self" title="Coding for Communications and Data Storage (COD)"> Coding for Communications and Data Storage (COD) </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/communication-and-information/alumni-focus-groups/exploiting-antenna-arrays-for-next-generation-wireless-communications-systems/" target="_self" title="Exploiting Antenna Arrays for Next Generation Wireless Communications Systems"> Exploiting Antenna Arrays for Next Generation Wireless Communications Systems </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/communication-and-information/alumni-focus-groups/fiber-optic-communication-and-information-theory/" target="_self" title="Fiber-Optic Communication and Information Theory"> Fiber-Optic Communication and Information Theory </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/communication-and-information/alumni-focus-groups/information-interaction-and-mechanism-design/" target="_self" title="Information, Interaction and Mechanism Design"> Information, Interaction and Mechanism Design </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/control-theory-systems-engineering-and-robotics/" target="_self" title="Control Theory, Systems Engineering and Robotics" class="accordion-header c-sitenav__header"> Control Theory, Systems Engineering and Robotics </a> <button class="accordion-button collapsed c-sitenav__button" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#l1-e5-l2-e3" aria-label="Öffne das Untermenü von Control Theory, Systems Engineering and Robotics" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="l1-e5-l2-e3" > </button> <div id="l1-e5-l2-e3" class="accordion-collapse collapse c-sitenav__accordion" > <div class="accordion-body c-sitenav__body"> <ul id="menuMainl1-e5-l2-e3" class=" c-sitenav__menu-children" > <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/control-theory-systems-engineering-and-robotics/autonomous-vehicles-systems-avs/" target="_self" title="Autonomous Vehicles Systems (AVS)"> Autonomous Vehicles Systems (AVS) </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/control-theory-systems-engineering-and-robotics/efficient-and-reliable-energy-conversion-technique-for-20mw-level-offshore-wind-energy/" target="_self" title="Efficient and Reliable Energy Conversion Technique for 20MW-level Offshore Wind Energy"> Efficient and Reliable Energy Conversion Technique for 20MW-level Offshore Wind Energy </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a 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c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/control-theory-systems-engineering-and-robotics/alumni-focus-groups/artificial-electronic-skin/" target="_self" title="Artificial Electronic Skin"> Artificial Electronic Skin </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/control-theory-systems-engineering-and-robotics/alumni-focus-groups/automated-controller-synthesis/" target="_self" title="Automated Controller Synthesis"> Automated Controller Synthesis </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/control-theory-systems-engineering-and-robotics/alumni-focus-groups/cognitive-technology/" target="_self" title="Cognitive Technology"> Cognitive Technology </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/control-theory-systems-engineering-and-robotics/alumni-focus-groups/control-and-robotics/" target="_self" title="Control and Robotics"> Control and Robotics </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/control-theory-systems-engineering-and-robotics/alumni-focus-groups/diesel-reloaded/" target="_self" title="Diesel Reloaded"> Diesel Reloaded </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/control-theory-systems-engineering-and-robotics/alumni-focus-groups/embedded-systems-and-internet-of-things/" target="_self" title="Embedded Systems and Internet of Things"> Embedded Systems and Internet of Things </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/control-theory-systems-engineering-and-robotics/alumni-focus-groups/human-in-the-loop-ocean-robotics/" target="_self" title="Human-in-the-Loop Ocean Robotics"> Human-in-the-Loop Ocean Robotics </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/control-theory-systems-engineering-and-robotics/alumni-focus-groups/networked-cyber-physical-systems-netcyphy/" target="_self" title="Networked Cyber-Physical Systems (NetCyPhy)"> Networked Cyber-Physical Systems (NetCyPhy) </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/control-theory-systems-engineering-and-robotics/alumni-focus-groups/networked-dynamical-systems/" target="_self" title="Networked Dynamical Systems"> Networked Dynamical Systems </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/control-theory-systems-engineering-and-robotics/alumni-focus-groups/safe-adaptive-dependable-aerospace-systems-sadas/" target="_self" title="Safe Adaptive Dependable Aerospace Systems (SADAS)"> Safe Adaptive Dependable Aerospace Systems (SADAS) </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/environmental-and-earth-sciences-building-technology/" target="_self" title="Environmental and Earth Sciences, Building Technology" class="accordion-header c-sitenav__header"> Environmental and Earth Sciences, Building Technology </a> <button class="accordion-button collapsed c-sitenav__button" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#l1-e5-l2-e4" aria-label="Öffne das Untermenü von Environmental and Earth Sciences, Building Technology" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="l1-e5-l2-e4" > </button> <div id="l1-e5-l2-e4" class="accordion-collapse collapse c-sitenav__accordion" > <div class="accordion-body c-sitenav__body"> <ul id="menuMainl1-e5-l2-e4" class=" c-sitenav__menu-children" > <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/environmental-and-earth-sciences-building-technology/air-pollution-and-climate/" target="_self" title="Air Pollution and Climate"> Air Pollution and Climate </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/environmental-and-earth-sciences-building-technology/citizen-science-nature-watch/" target="_self" title="Citizen Science Nature Watch"> Citizen Science Nature Watch </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/environmental-and-earth-sciences-building-technology/earth-observation-for-ecosystem-management/" target="_self" title="Earth Observation for Ecosystem Management"> Earth Observation for Ecosystem Management </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/environmental-and-earth-sciences-building-technology/human-centric-building-performance/" target="_self" title="Human-Centric Building Performance"> Human-Centric Building Performance </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/environmental-and-earth-sciences-building-technology/travel-behavior/" target="_self" title="Travel Behavior"> Travel Behavior </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/environmental-and-earth-sciences-building-technology/alumni-focus-groups/" target="_self" title="Alumni Focus Groups" class="accordion-header c-sitenav__header"> Alumni Focus Groups </a> <button class="accordion-button collapsed c-sitenav__button" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#l1-e5-l2-e4-l3-e5" aria-label="Öffne das Untermenü von Alumni Focus Groups" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="l1-e5-l2-e4-l3-e5" > </button> <div id="l1-e5-l2-e4-l3-e5" class="accordion-collapse collapse c-sitenav__accordion" > <div class="accordion-body c-sitenav__body"> <ul id="menuMainl1-e5-l2-e4-l3-e5" class=" c-sitenav__menu-children" > <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/environmental-and-earth-sciences-building-technology/alumni-focus-groups/advanced-construction-chemicals-and-materials/" target="_self" title="Advanced Construction Chemicals and Materials"> Advanced Construction Chemicals and Materials </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/environmental-and-earth-sciences-building-technology/alumni-focus-groups/engineering-risk-analysis/" target="_self" title="Engineering Risk Analysis"> Engineering Risk Analysis </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/environmental-and-earth-sciences-building-technology/alumni-focus-groups/environmental-sensing-and-modeling/" target="_self" title="Environmental Sensing and Modeling"> Environmental Sensing and Modeling </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/environmental-and-earth-sciences-building-technology/alumni-focus-groups/global-change/" target="_self" title="Global Change"> Global Change </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/environmental-and-earth-sciences-building-technology/alumni-focus-groups/high-resolution-gravity-modeling/" target="_self" title="High-Resolution Gravity Modeling"> High-Resolution Gravity Modeling </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/environmental-and-earth-sciences-building-technology/alumni-focus-groups/metropolis-nonformal/" target="_self" title="Metropolis Nonformal"> Metropolis Nonformal </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/environmental-and-earth-sciences-building-technology/alumni-focus-groups/modeling-spatial-mobility/" target="_self" title="Modeling Spatial Mobility"> Modeling Spatial Mobility </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/environmental-and-earth-sciences-building-technology/alumni-focus-groups/pollutants-and-sustainability-governance/" target="_self" title="Pollutants and Sustainability Governance"> Pollutants and Sustainability Governance </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/environmental-and-earth-sciences-building-technology/alumni-focus-groups/satellite-geodesy/" target="_self" title="Satellite Geodesy"> Satellite Geodesy </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/environmental-and-earth-sciences-building-technology/alumni-focus-groups/soil-architecture/" target="_self" title="Soil Architecture"> Soil Architecture </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/environmental-and-earth-sciences-building-technology/alumni-focus-groups/sustainable-water-cycling-for-cities-of-the-future/" target="_self" title="Sustainable Water Cycling for Cities of the Future"> Sustainable Water Cycling for Cities of the Future </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/fundamental-natural-and-life-sciences/" target="_self" title="Fundamental Natural and Life Sciences" class="accordion-header c-sitenav__header"> Fundamental Natural and Life Sciences </a> <button class="accordion-button collapsed c-sitenav__button" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#l1-e5-l2-e5" aria-label="Öffne das Untermenü von Fundamental Natural and Life Sciences" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="l1-e5-l2-e5" > </button> <div id="l1-e5-l2-e5" class="accordion-collapse collapse c-sitenav__accordion" > <div class="accordion-body c-sitenav__body"> <ul id="menuMainl1-e5-l2-e5" class=" c-sitenav__menu-children" > <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/fundamental-natural-and-life-sciences/auxin-exporters-as-targets-for-herbicide-resistance/" target="_self" title="Auxin Exporters as Targets for Herbicide Resistance"> Auxin Exporters as Targets for Herbicide Resistance </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/fundamental-natural-and-life-sciences/brain-circuit-function-and-dysfunction/" target="_self" title="Brain Circuit Function and Dysfunction"> Brain Circuit Function and Dysfunction </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/fundamental-natural-and-life-sciences/cell-stress-in-intestinal-tissue-repair-and-microbiome-homeostasis/" target="_self" title="Cell Stress in Intestinal Tissue Repair and Microbiome Homeostasis"> Cell Stress in Intestinal Tissue Repair and Microbiome Homeostasis </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/fundamental-natural-and-life-sciences/molecular-designs-of-site-specific-activity/" target="_self" title="Molecular Designs of Site-Specific Activity"> Molecular Designs of Site-Specific Activity </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/fundamental-natural-and-life-sciences/molecular-imaging-of-cellular-metabolism/" target="_self" title="Molecular Imaging of Cellular Metabolism"> Molecular Imaging of Cellular Metabolism </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/fundamental-natural-and-life-sciences/neuroglial-circuits-in-health-and-disease/" target="_self" title="Neuroglial circuits in health and disease"> Neuroglial circuits in health and disease </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/fundamental-natural-and-life-sciences/optoelectronic-properties-of-perovskite-semiconductors/" target="_self" title="Optoelectronic Properties of Perovskite Semiconductors"> Optoelectronic Properties of Perovskite Semiconductors </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/fundamental-natural-and-life-sciences/photophysics-and-electronic-structure-of-metal-organic-frameworks/" target="_self" title="Photophysics and Electronic Structure of Metal-Organic Frameworks"> Photophysics and Electronic Structure of Metal-Organic Frameworks </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/fundamental-natural-and-life-sciences/synthetic-biochemistry/" target="_self" title="Synthetic Biochemistry"> Synthetic Biochemistry </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/fundamental-natural-and-life-sciences/alumni-focus-groups/" target="_self" title="Alumni Focus Groups" class="accordion-header c-sitenav__header"> Alumni Focus Groups </a> <button class="accordion-button collapsed c-sitenav__button" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#l1-e5-l2-e5-l3-e9" aria-label="Öffne das Untermenü von Alumni Focus Groups" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="l1-e5-l2-e5-l3-e9" > </button> <div id="l1-e5-l2-e5-l3-e9" class="accordion-collapse collapse c-sitenav__accordion" > <div class="accordion-body c-sitenav__body"> <ul id="menuMainl1-e5-l2-e5-l3-e9" class=" c-sitenav__menu-children" > <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/fundamental-natural-and-life-sciences/alumni-focus-groups/biochemistry/" target="_self" title="Biochemistry"> Biochemistry </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/fundamental-natural-and-life-sciences/alumni-focus-groups/biologically-inspired-materials-science/" target="_self" title="Biologically Inspired Materials Science"> Biologically Inspired Materials Science </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/fundamental-natural-and-life-sciences/alumni-focus-groups/biophysics/" target="_self" title="Biophysics"> Biophysics </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/fundamental-natural-and-life-sciences/alumni-focus-groups/c-h-activation-chemistry/" target="_self" title="C-H Activation Chemistry"> C-H Activation Chemistry </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/fundamental-natural-and-life-sciences/alumni-focus-groups/cellular-protein-biochemistry/" target="_self" title="Cellular Protein Biochemistry"> Cellular Protein Biochemistry </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/fundamental-natural-and-life-sciences/alumni-focus-groups/chemical-catalysis-photo-catalysis-and-electro-catalysis/" target="_self" title="Chemical Catalysis, Photo-catalysis and Electro-catalysis"> Chemical Catalysis, Photo-catalysis and Electro-catalysis </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/fundamental-natural-and-life-sciences/alumni-focus-groups/computational-biology/" target="_self" title="Computational Biology"> Computational Biology </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/fundamental-natural-and-life-sciences/alumni-focus-groups/drought-mitigation-through-ecosystem-restoration-challenges-and-opportunities/" target="_self" title="Drought mitigation through ecosystem restoration: Challenges and opportunities"> Drought mitigation through ecosystem restoration: Challenges and opportunities </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/fundamental-natural-and-life-sciences/alumni-focus-groups/functional-metagenomics/" target="_self" title="Functional Metagenomics"> Functional Metagenomics </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/fundamental-natural-and-life-sciences/alumni-focus-groups/fundamental-physics/" target="_self" title="Fundamental Physics"> Fundamental Physics </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/fundamental-natural-and-life-sciences/alumni-focus-groups/fungal-sensing-and-signaling-of-the-environment/" target="_self" title="Fungal Sensing and Signaling of the Environment"> Fungal Sensing and Signaling of the Environment </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/fundamental-natural-and-life-sciences/alumni-focus-groups/integrated-structural-biology/" target="_self" title="Integrated Structural Biology"> Integrated Structural Biology </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/fundamental-natural-and-life-sciences/alumni-focus-groups/medicinal-and-bioinorganic-chemistry/" target="_self" title="Medicinal and Bioinorganic Chemistry"> Medicinal and Bioinorganic Chemistry </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/fundamental-natural-and-life-sciences/alumni-focus-groups/multi-messenger-astrophysics-and-the-united-nations-open-universe-initiative/" target="_self" title="Multi-Messenger astrophysics and the United Nations Open Universe initiative"> Multi-Messenger astrophysics and the United Nations Open Universe initiative </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/fundamental-natural-and-life-sciences/alumni-focus-groups/physics-with-effective-field-theories/" target="_self" title="Physics with Effective Field Theories"> Physics with Effective Field Theories </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/fundamental-natural-and-life-sciences/alumni-focus-groups/population-epigenetics-and-epigenomics/" target="_self" title="Population Epigenetics and Epigenomics"> Population Epigenetics and Epigenomics </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/fundamental-natural-and-life-sciences/alumni-focus-groups/protein-misfolding-and-amyloid-diseases/" target="_self" title="Protein Misfolding and Amyloid Diseases"> Protein Misfolding and Amyloid Diseases </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/fundamental-natural-and-life-sciences/alumni-focus-groups/statistical-and-quantitative-genomics/" target="_self" title="Statistical and Quantitative Genomics"> Statistical and Quantitative Genomics </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/fundamental-natural-and-life-sciences/alumni-focus-groups/sterile-neutrinos-and-dark-matter/" target="_self" title="Sterile Neutrinos and Dark Matter"> Sterile Neutrinos and Dark Matter </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/fundamental-natural-and-life-sciences/alumni-focus-groups/structural-membrane-biochemistry/" target="_self" title="Structural Membrane Biochemistry"> Structural Membrane Biochemistry </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/fundamental-natural-and-life-sciences/alumni-focus-groups/supramolecular-chemistry/" target="_self" title="Supramolecular Chemistry"> Supramolecular Chemistry </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/fundamental-natural-and-life-sciences/alumni-focus-groups/theory-of-functional-energy-materials/" target="_self" title="Theory of Functional Energy Materials"> Theory of Functional Energy Materials </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/fundamental-natural-and-life-sciences/alumni-focus-groups/theory-of-soft-matter/" target="_self" title="Theory of Soft Matter"> Theory of Soft Matter </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/gender-and-diversity-in-science-and-engineering/" target="_self" title="Gender and Diversity in Science and Engineering" class="accordion-header c-sitenav__header"> Gender and Diversity in Science and Engineering </a> <button class="accordion-button collapsed c-sitenav__button" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#l1-e5-l2-e6" aria-label="Öffne das Untermenü von Gender and Diversity in Science and Engineering" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="l1-e5-l2-e6" > </button> <div id="l1-e5-l2-e6" class="accordion-collapse collapse c-sitenav__accordion" > <div class="accordion-body c-sitenav__body"> <ul id="menuMainl1-e5-l2-e6" class=" c-sitenav__menu-children" > <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/gender-and-diversity-in-science-and-engineering/feminism-and-digital-cultures-in-architecture/" target="_self" title="Feminism and Digital Cultures in Architecture"> Feminism and Digital Cultures in Architecture </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/gender-and-diversity-in-science-and-engineering/gene-regulatory-mechanisms/" target="_self" title="Gene-regulatory mechanisms"> Gene-regulatory mechanisms </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/gender-and-diversity-in-science-and-engineering/he-for-she-understanding-mens-allyship-to-promote-gender-equality/" target="_self" title="He for She: Understanding Men’s Allyship to Promote Gender Equality"> He for She: Understanding Men’s Allyship to Promote Gender Equality </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/gender-and-diversity-in-science-and-engineering/inclusion-and-diversity-in-the-manufacturing-sector-in-industry-40/" target="_self" title="Inclusion and Diversity in the Manufacturing sector in Industry 4.0"> Inclusion and Diversity in the Manufacturing sector in Industry 4.0 </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/gender-and-diversity-in-science-and-engineering/learning-sciences-and-educational-design-technologies/" target="_self" title="Learning Sciences and Educational Design Technologies"> Learning Sciences and Educational Design Technologies </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/gender-and-diversity-in-science-and-engineering/alumni-focus-groups/" target="_self" title="Alumni Focus Groups" class="accordion-header c-sitenav__header"> Alumni Focus Groups </a> <button class="accordion-button collapsed c-sitenav__button" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#l1-e5-l2-e6-l3-e5" aria-label="Öffne das Untermenü von Alumni Focus Groups" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="l1-e5-l2-e6-l3-e5" > </button> <div id="l1-e5-l2-e6-l3-e5" class="accordion-collapse collapse c-sitenav__accordion" > <div class="accordion-body c-sitenav__body"> <ul id="menuMainl1-e5-l2-e6-l3-e5" class=" c-sitenav__menu-children" > <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/gender-and-diversity-in-science-and-engineering/alumni-focus-groups/biomedical-humanities/" target="_self" title="Biomedical Humanities"> Biomedical Humanities </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/gender-and-diversity-in-science-and-engineering/alumni-focus-groups/building-bridges-to-promote-gender-inclusivity-in-science/" target="_self" title="Building Bridges to Promote Gender Inclusivity in Science"> Building Bridges to Promote Gender Inclusivity in Science </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/gender-and-diversity-in-science-and-engineering/alumni-focus-groups/diversity-in-information-technology/" target="_self" title="Diversity in Information Technology"> Diversity in Information Technology </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/gender-and-diversity-in-science-and-engineering/alumni-focus-groups/gender-and-diversity-in-science-and-engineering/" target="_self" title="Gender and Diversity in Science and Engineering"> Gender and Diversity in Science and Engineering </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/gender-and-diversity-in-science-and-engineering/alumni-focus-groups/gender-stereotypes-in-organizations/" target="_self" title="Gender Stereotypes in Organizations"> Gender Stereotypes in Organizations </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/gender-and-diversity-in-science-and-engineering/alumni-focus-groups/inclusion-and-diversity-in-physics/" target="_self" title="Inclusion and Diversity in Physics"> Inclusion and Diversity in Physics </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/gender-and-diversity-in-science-and-engineering/alumni-focus-groups/modern-technology-to-support-cognitive-and-mental-health/" target="_self" title="Modern Technology to Support Cognitive and Mental Health"> Modern Technology to Support Cognitive and Mental Health </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/gender-and-diversity-in-science-and-engineering/alumni-focus-groups/preventive-pediatrics/" target="_self" title="Preventive Pediatrics"> Preventive Pediatrics </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/gender-and-diversity-in-science-and-engineering/alumni-focus-groups/removing-institutional-roadblocks-for-inclusion-in-science/" target="_self" title="Removing Institutional Roadblocks for Inclusion in Science"> Removing Institutional Roadblocks for Inclusion in Science </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/gender-and-diversity-in-science-and-engineering/alumni-focus-groups/rethinking-patterns-of-inequity-and-diversity-in-architecture/" target="_self" title="Rethinking Patterns of (In)equity and Diversity in Architecture"> Rethinking Patterns of (In)equity and Diversity in Architecture </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/health-prevention-care/" target="_self" title="Health, Prevention, Care" class="accordion-header c-sitenav__header"> Health, Prevention, Care </a> <button class="accordion-button 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type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#l1-e5-l2-e8" aria-label="Öffne das Untermenü von Medical Natural Sciences" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="l1-e5-l2-e8" > </button> <div id="l1-e5-l2-e8" class="accordion-collapse collapse c-sitenav__accordion" > <div class="accordion-body c-sitenav__body"> <ul id="menuMainl1-e5-l2-e8" class=" c-sitenav__menu-children" > <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/medical-natural-sciences/advanced-organoid-technologies-for-mental-health-research/" target="_self" title="Advanced Organoid Technologies for Mental Health Research"> Advanced Organoid Technologies for Mental Health Research </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/medical-natural-sciences/chronobiology-health/" target="_self" title="Chronobiology & Health"> Chronobiology & Health </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/medical-natural-sciences/engineering-cells-for-immune-therapie/" target="_self" title="Engineering Cells for Immune Therapie"> Engineering Cells for Immune Therapie </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/medical-natural-sciences/intestinal-inflammation-anastomotic-healing-and-fibrosis/" target="_self" title="Intestinal inflammation, anastomotic healing and fibrosis"> Intestinal inflammation, anastomotic healing and fibrosis </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/medical-natural-sciences/linking-genomics-with-computational-science/" target="_self" title="Linking genomics with computational science"> Linking genomics with computational science </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/medical-natural-sciences/neurons-and-metabolism/" target="_self" title="Neurons and Metabolism"> Neurons and Metabolism </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/medical-natural-sciences/translational-microbiome-data-integration/" target="_self" title="Translational Microbiome Data Integration"> Translational Microbiome Data Integration </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/medical-natural-sciences/alumni-focus-groups/" target="_self" title="Alumni Focus Groups" class="accordion-header c-sitenav__header"> Alumni Focus Groups </a> <button class="accordion-button collapsed c-sitenav__button" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#l1-e5-l2-e8-l3-e7" aria-label="Öffne das Untermenü von Alumni Focus Groups" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="l1-e5-l2-e8-l3-e7" > </button> <div id="l1-e5-l2-e8-l3-e7" class="accordion-collapse collapse c-sitenav__accordion" > <div class="accordion-body c-sitenav__body"> <ul id="menuMainl1-e5-l2-e8-l3-e7" class=" c-sitenav__menu-children" > <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/medical-natural-sciences/alumni-focus-groups/brain-temperature-control-of-metabolic-diseases/" target="_self" title="Brain-Temperature Control of Metabolic Diseases"> Brain-Temperature Control of Metabolic Diseases </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/medical-natural-sciences/alumni-focus-groups/clinical-cell-processing-and-purification/" target="_self" title="Clinical Cell Processing and Purification"> Clinical Cell Processing and Purification </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/medical-natural-sciences/alumni-focus-groups/early-biomarkers-of-prenatal-stress-felicity/" target="_self" title="Early Biomarkers of Prenatal Stress (FELICITy)"> Early Biomarkers of Prenatal Stress (FELICITy) </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/medical-natural-sciences/alumni-focus-groups/intra-operative-therapy/" target="_self" title="Intra-Operative Therapy"> Intra-Operative Therapy </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/medical-natural-sciences/alumni-focus-groups/micrornas-regulating-diabetes-and-obesity/" target="_self" title="MicroRNAs Regulating Diabetes and Obesity"> MicroRNAs Regulating Diabetes and Obesity </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/medical-natural-sciences/alumni-focus-groups/neuroscience/" target="_self" title="Neuroscience"> Neuroscience </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/medical-natural-sciences/alumni-focus-groups/proteases-in-the-brain/" target="_self" title="Proteases in the Brain"> Proteases in the Brain </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a 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href="/ias/research-areas/surface-interface-nano-and-quantum-science/quantum-technologies/" target="_self" title="Quantum Technologies"> Quantum Technologies </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/surface-interface-nano-and-quantum-science/seeing-batteries-from-a-new-perspective/" target="_self" title="Seeing batteries from a new perspective"> Seeing batteries from a new perspective </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/surface-interface-nano-and-quantum-science/sustainable-photocatalysis-using-plasmons-and-2d-materials-susphup2m/" target="_self" title="Sustainable photocatalysis using plasmons and 2D materials (SusPhuP2M)"> Sustainable photocatalysis using plasmons and 2D materials (SusPhuP2M) </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/surface-interface-nano-and-quantum-science/systematically-improvable-modeling-of-electrochemical-processes/" target="_self" title="Systematically Improvable Modeling of Electrochemical Processes"> Systematically Improvable Modeling of Electrochemical Processes </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/surface-interface-nano-and-quantum-science/unprecedented-visualization-of-interfacial-phenomena-and-carrier-dynamics-in-energy-materials/" target="_self" title="Unprecedented visualization of interfacial phenomena and carrier dynamics in energy materials"> Unprecedented visualization of interfacial phenomena and carrier dynamics in energy materials </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/surface-interface-nano-and-quantum-science/alumni-focus-groups/" target="_self" title="Alumni Focus Groups" class="accordion-header c-sitenav__header"> Alumni Focus Groups </a> <button class="accordion-button collapsed c-sitenav__button" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#l1-e5-l2-e12-l3-e15" aria-label="Öffne das Untermenü von Alumni Focus Groups" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="l1-e5-l2-e12-l3-e15" > </button> <div id="l1-e5-l2-e12-l3-e15" class="accordion-collapse collapse c-sitenav__accordion" > <div class="accordion-body c-sitenav__body"> <ul id="menuMainl1-e5-l2-e12-l3-e15" class=" c-sitenav__menu-children" > <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/surface-interface-nano-and-quantum-science/alumni-focus-groups/collective-quantum-dynamics/" target="_self" title="Collective Quantum Dynamics"> Collective Quantum Dynamics </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/surface-interface-nano-and-quantum-science/alumni-focus-groups/computer-simulation-of-charge-transport-in-organic-semiconductors/" target="_self" title="Computer Simulation of 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Materials </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/surface-interface-nano-and-quantum-science/alumni-focus-groups/nanoscience-for-renewable-energy-sources/" target="_self" title="Nanoscience for Renewable Energy Sources"> Nanoscience for Renewable Energy Sources </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/surface-interface-nano-and-quantum-science/alumni-focus-groups/nonequilibrium-statistical-mechanics-at-the-nanoscale/" target="_self" title="Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics at the Nanoscale"> Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics at the Nanoscale </a> </li> <li class="accordion-item c-sitenav__item-children"> <a href="/ias/research-areas/surface-interface-nano-and-quantum-science/alumni-focus-groups/quantum-electronics-and-computer-engineering/" target="_self" title="Quantum Electronics and Computer Engineering"> Quantum Electronics and Computer Engineering </a> </li> <li 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frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h1>In Focus:<br> Machine learning</h1> </div> <div id="c11777" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <div class="ce-textpic ce-center ce-below" > <div class="ce-bodytext"> <p class="intro">In the brain’s natural intelligence and in DNA, evolution has produced systems for processing, communicating, and storing information that remain unrivaled by technology – and never cease to inspire scientific exploration and creative innovation. TUM-IAS Fellow Reinhard Heckel and his collaborators combine artificial intelligence and information theory to improve existing technologies and devise new ones, such as data storage in synthetic DNA.</p> </div> <div class="ce-gallery " data-ce-columns="1" data-ce-images="1" > <div class="ce-outer"> <div class="ce-inner"> <figure class="image"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 1400px)" srcset="/fileadmin/_processed_/5/2/csm_Titelbild_59ca8da897.webp" type="image/webp"><source srcset="/fileadmin/_processed_/5/2/csm_Titelbild_8414e2d3a5.webp 869w, /fileadmin/_processed_/5/2/csm_Titelbild_5fe64e4350.webp 575w, /fileadmin/_processed_/5/2/csm_Titelbild_5c12a4c054.webp 656w, /fileadmin/_processed_/5/2/csm_Titelbild_3b5d8bf644.webp 481w " sizes=" (min-width: 1200px) 869px, (min-width: 768px) 575px, calc(100vw - 24px)" type="image/webp"><img class="image-embed-item" loading="lazy" src="/fileadmin/_processed_/5/2/csm_Titelbild_76f32bde62.webp" width="936" height="395" alt="" /></picture> <figcaption class="image-caption">ediundsepp</figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="c11776" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h6>Machine learning is a broad and expanding field of artificial intelligence with diverse, multifaceted branches. The Machine Learning Focus Group of the TUM Institute for Advanced Study centers on the research interests of Reinhard Heckel, who joined the Technical University of Munich in 2019 as an assistant professor in the Department of Computer and Electrical Engineering.</h6> </div> <div id="c11775" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <p>A Rudolf Mößbauer Tenure Track Fellow of the TUM-IAS, Heckel leads research that explores the fundamentals of so-called deep learning, enables systems to learn from few and noisy examples, and applies deep learning to solving inverse problems in science, engineering, and medicine. In addition, he is a pioneer in encoding and decoding information for storage in the biological molecule DNA.</p> <p>On behalf of the TUM-IAS, science journalist Patrick Regan spoke with Reinhard Heckel via videoconference in January 2022. Their conversation has been edited for clarity and length.</p> </div> <div id="c11774" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h4>Q: Artificial intelligence in general, and deep networks and deep learning in particular, are not just hot topics but have scored some achievements – in the study of protein folding, for instance – that may have real-world consequences. What are the areas you see as most interesting and promising? Are there any areas where you think proponents might risk claiming too much, or expecting too much?</h4> </div> <div id="c11773" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <p>There are some areas where machine learning works particularly well, and it’s well known that it works well. Those are computer vision and natural language processing. I would say most people who work on deep learning work on applications in one of those two areas. Computer vision is very broad. It includes vision for self-driving cars, building apps that can detect how you do an exercise, and it ranges from things like that to surveillance applications and more. Similarly, natural language processing ranges from applications like summarizing news to translating languages or helping as assistants, like chatbots, or also more sophisticated things like supporting other computer scientists in writing code faster. There are a lot of applications, and it works really well. I personally work in the area of using deep learning for signal and image reconstruction problems.</p> </div> <div id="c11772" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h4> Q: Speaking of imaging, you’ve worked on both radar and MRI. How do you approach these different technologies, and how do these relate to each other? </h4> <div class="ce-textpic ce-center ce-below" > <div class="ce-bodytext"> <p>Radar and MRI are both imaging technologies. They have in common that a device collects measurements of an object through a physical process. In MRI, the object may be a person’s brain. The measurement device is a magnetic coil that takes the measurement. In radar a device sends a signal and receives a response, which is the measurement. In both examples, and really any imaging system, there’s a physical process that describes a relationship between the image and the measurement.</p> <p>Traditionally algorithms that reconstruct an image from measurements were designed without machine learning. Experts, physicists or engineers, were handcrafting sophisticated algorithms and designing sophisticated models for images and other signals. Most current imaging technologies still work with those traditional algorithms.</p> <p>But scientists and engineers have realized in the past five years that for all those imaging problems, deep networks work extremely well, and yield significantly better image quality.</p> </div> <div class="ce-gallery " data-ce-columns="1" data-ce-images="1" > <div class="ce-outer"> <div class="ce-inner"> <figure class="image"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 1400px)" srcset="/fileadmin/_processed_/a/f/csm_TUM_IAS_Mock-up_Interview_dfb3156652.webp" type="image/webp"><source srcset="/fileadmin/_processed_/a/f/csm_TUM_IAS_Mock-up_Interview_72cb64ed02.webp 869w, /fileadmin/_processed_/a/f/csm_TUM_IAS_Mock-up_Interview_a9d7db8bc3.webp 575w, /fileadmin/_processed_/a/f/csm_TUM_IAS_Mock-up_Interview_b0fa47d9c1.webp 656w, /fileadmin/_processed_/a/f/csm_TUM_IAS_Mock-up_Interview_1d2c9cdbc8.webp 481w " sizes=" (min-width: 1200px) 869px, (min-width: 768px) 575px, calc(100vw - 24px)" type="image/webp"><img class="image-embed-item" loading="lazy" src="/fileadmin/_processed_/a/f/csm_TUM_IAS_Mock-up_Interview_a174dd73fa.webp" width="936" height="623" alt="" /></picture> <figcaption class="image-caption">Patrick Regan (left) and Prof. Reinhard Heckel (right) in conversation via video conference.<br /> Image: Fizkes /shutterstock</figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="c11771" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h4> Q: With radar, you have little or no control over the space in which you’re making the measurement, whereas with MRI you can engineer a lot of the constraints. So is learning applicable in different ways to those two situations? </h4> <p>Those technologies are actually quite similar in a way. For an MRI scanner, you can design the sequences that you are running, and thus decide how to take measurements. And similarly in radar you can decide on the signal that you’re sending. The reason deep networks perform well in both domains is that both radar and MRI images are difficult to model accurately using mathematics, and deep networks can learn very good models from data.</p> <p>For example, it’s difficult to mathematically model how a brain looks. But if I show you a few images of a brain, then it’s easy for you to tell me what is or is not a brain. Or if I show you a brain and then I draw something, it is easy for you to see that this is not an image of the brain. But it’s very difficult to formulate such intuition in computer code. And that’s why, in these kinds of problems, machine learning helps a lot. Because it’s very helpful for the algorithm to have such knowledge built in. If you’re imaging a brain, it’s very helpful for the algorithm to know what a brain looks like.</p> </div> <div id="c11770" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h4> Q: Do you continue to be active in this area? What does the research focus on? </h4> <p>In our research, we’re interested in developing algorithms that are “learned” from data. We use learning to derive the algorithm itself from data. We are interested, of course, in<br> good performance. So if we image a knee, we want an accurate image so the radiologist can make a good diagnosis based on that.</p> <p>We’re also interested in understanding the inner workings of deep learning-based algorithms, and in providing guarantees about properties like robustness. Our concern is the following. Let’s say the algorithm is trained on data from measurements with a particular MRI scanner and a particular patient population in Munich. Then someplace else, the algorithm is applied to data from a slightly different scanner, and another technician operates the scanner, and the patient population is different. I still need to be sure that my algorithm works well as intended. And that is very challenging. Ensuring robustness is what keeps us busy.</p> </div> <div id="c11769" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h4> Q: How do you improve the robustness? </h4> <div class="ce-textpic ce-center ce-below ce-textpic-equalheight" > <div class="ce-bodytext"> <p>By measuring robustness, identifying robustness issues, and fixing them. We measure robustness by performing experiments on data collected by us, or we work with scientists who collect data. Then we construct algorithms where we build everything that we understand explicitly into the model, the physics for example. Everything that we know, we want to build into our system. Everything that we don’t know, or that we are not sure of, we want to leave open, so that we can learn it on the basis of data. This algorithm design approach works very well.</p> </div> <div class="ce-gallery " data-ce-columns="1" data-ce-images="1" > <div class="ce-outer"> <div class="ce-inner"> <figure class="image"> <picture><img class="image-embed-item" loading="lazy" src="/fileadmin/_processed_/3/a/csm_IAS_Hand_zeichnet_gruen_schwarz_01_1cfc575578.webp" width="354" height="300" alt="" /></picture> <figcaption class="image-caption">ediundsepp</figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="c11768" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h4> Q: And then the process of improvement is writing new code, or asking the networks to do something? </h4> <p>Sometimes it’s not clear what can lead to an improvement. It could be that all you need to do to improve your system is to collect more data, or it could be that you need to improve your model, or it could be that if you have much more data you actually use a different model. If you have much more data, you have more to learn from, and if you have more to learn from, you need to hard-code less into your model. And if you hard-code less in your model, you also have fewer biases in the model that you hard-coded. So you use different models, for example, in a setup where you have a lot of data. We are always thinking about these models and performing experiments to validate whether they work well. We carefully test hypotheses to design a good algorithm. Sometimes we might have an idea about what should work, and that then becomes a hypothesis that we test. After testing such a hypothesis on data, we go back and forth until we have a well performing and robust system.</p> </div> <div id="c11767" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h4> Q: So there’s an iterative process of refining the models and algorithms. </h4> <p>Yes.</p> </div> <div id="c11766" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h4> Q: Now, does this connect directly with the DNA storage, or is that a completely separate item? </h4> <p>It’s pretty separate. But I really hope that the idea from imaging that we can learn an algorithm is also applicable in DNA storage. We’ve started looking into that, because in DNA storage systems, there are situations where we don’t have satisfying algorithmic solutions. Specifically, we have algorithms that work but take a lot of computational resources. We want to build algorithms that are significantly faster, and one idea about how to design such algorithms is to learn them from data using deep networks. So there is a connection, but it started out completely separate. Now I am trying to use similar ideas.</p> </div> <div id="c11765" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h4><strong>Q: Let’s talk about DNA-based information storage. As I understand it: With DNA, you’re translating binary code into A-T and G-C bonds? So you use a conventional computer to translate digital information into a sequence of these four amino acids, and then you chemically synthesize strands of DNA with that -exact sequence? Then the physical DNA is somehow applied to a surface that can provide you later with samples that can be sequenced, and the recovered sequence can be translated to the original digital data? OK so far?</strong></h4> <p>Yes, everything is correct.</p> </div> <div id="c11764" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h4> Q: So this might, like quantum computing, be practical as long as there are applications that justify the extra effort. For DNA information storage, what would such applications be? </h4> <p>DNA data storage is already practical today for some specific applications. Of course, there are some storage applications like active working memory in a computer where DNA doesn’t make sense. But then there are storage applications where DNA makes a lot of sense. Those are applications where we want to store data with a very high information density. The information density that we already achieve on DNA today is by orders of magnitude higher than what we achieve on tape or on a hard disk.</p> </div> <div id="c11763" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h4> Q: So, information per unit of area or volume. </h4> <p>Exactly. A lot of information in a very small space. And the second reason we are interested in DNA storage is longevity. Data on DNA lasts very long.</p> </div> <div id="c11762" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h4> Q: It’s counter-intuitive, isn’t it. We and all other living things are, in the grand scheme of things, fleeting phenomena. But this molecule outlasts us somehow. </h4> <p>Yes, there are some good examples demonstrating DNA’s longevity. DNA has been found, preserved, in the bones of horses that lived 400,000 years ago. And researchers have been able to extract DNA from the bones of a mammoth more than a million years old. Sometimes insects are found in amber, and from those you can also extract the DNA. If DNA is preserved in a dry form, then it can last very long.</p> </div> <div id="c11761" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h4>Q: I’m still grappling with how you package it so that a person in the future will recognize what it is and know what to do with it. That question seems comparable to labeling nuclear waste as hazardous in a way that future generations should understand, something people are working on right now. The potential longevity of data stored in DNA makes me think of the Voyager space probes, which are carrying information about us and our world into the universe beyond the solar system. As unlikely as it may be that the golden disks will ever be retrieved and understood, if that does happen, the information they contain might have outlived human civilization. Potentially, what you’re working on may not be so different.</h4> </div> <div id="c11760" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <div class="ce-textpic ce-center ce-below" > <div class="ce-bodytext"> <p>That’s a good point. It’s also a separate problem in a way, an important problem. If you want to store something for a long time, you still have to remember how you stored it and what you even mean with all that information. Even if we write sentences in English, we have to understand the language, and on a lower level there are additional ways we write data and encode it, and we have to remember “in what technical language” we wrote that information. This meta information has to be preserved as well, potentially close to the storage medium. The Voyager golden records are a good example. They were included aboard the Voyager spacecrafts and are a sort of time capsule. Those records carry information on how to read the information on the disks.</p> </div> <div class="ce-gallery " data-ce-columns="1" data-ce-images="1" > <div class="ce-outer"> <div class="ce-inner"> <figure class="image"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 1400px)" srcset="/fileadmin/_processed_/b/a/csm_DNA_01_a7e4f104b0.webp" type="image/webp"><source srcset="/fileadmin/_processed_/b/a/csm_DNA_01_48fff0e470.webp 869w, /fileadmin/_processed_/b/a/csm_DNA_01_e6d59eeba6.webp 575w, /fileadmin/_processed_/b/a/csm_DNA_01_552462b881.webp 656w, /fileadmin/_processed_/b/a/csm_DNA_01_9fd8fb365b.webp 481w " sizes=" (min-width: 1200px) 869px, (min-width: 768px) 575px, calc(100vw - 24px)" type="image/webp"><img class="image-embed-item" loading="lazy" src="/fileadmin/_processed_/b/a/csm_DNA_01_6f00bb1a1f.webp" width="936" height="226" alt="" /></picture> <figcaption class="image-caption">ediundsepp</figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="c11759" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h4> Q: Right, there are instructions on how to play it. So there are a bunch of important steps involved. Where are you placing most of your emphasis? </h4> <p>For the DNA project, I put all my energy into the encoding and the decoding. My chemist collaborator, Prof. Robert Grass, does all things chemistry. I essentially tell them, here is what we need to write, and then they write it on DNA, carry out an experiment, and return the read DNA back to me. Everything in between encoding and decoding is really the job of a chemist.</p> </div> <div id="c11758" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h4> Q: Your main collaborators are still in Zurich? </h4> <p>Yes, at ETH Zurich. That’s a collaboration that’s been going for ten years now.</p> </div> <div id="c11757" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h4> Q: Do you foresee any application that would correspond to short-term working memory in a computer or communication system? </h4> <p>No, not really. There are different things that you want from memory. In some indifferent applications you want to store a lot of data. There are applications where the data should be very dense. There are applications where the data should last very long. And there are applications where the data should be accessible very quickly. Depending on what you’re interested in, one storage medium is better than the other. DNA will never be extremely fast to access. It will never be as fast to read and write as the working memory in your computer. Some chips have memory access times of 10 nanoseconds and less. But then there are some things you can only do with DNA right now. For example, we had one project where we stored the music of a rock band in DNA. We put it in spray paint, and the band made a graffiti painting with it.</p> </div> <div id="c11756" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h4> Q: So the painting could be sampled, the sample could be sequenced, and the resulting digital file could then be played? </h4> <p>Yes. If you scratch off just a tiny piece of the painting and take it to the chemist, Prof. Grass, he can extract the DNA, and then you give the data to me to decode it, and you get all the music back.</p> </div> <div id="c11755" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h4> Q: So in the graffiti painting, there would be millions of copies of this sequence. </h4> <p>Millions.</p> </div> <div id="c11754" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h4> Q: And each one is like a hologram of the original file? </h4> <p>Right. You have millions and millions of tiny copies everywhere, and if you take just a little bit, you can get all your data back. I don’t see how you could do that with anything else right now. And you can even embed it in plastic and things like that. So there are applications for which DNA is already interesting now.</p> </div> <div id="c11753" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h4>Q: To what extent is this approach to encoding and decoding tied to classic information theory? At the time information theory was first being developed at Bell Labs, other researchers there were creating some of the essential components for digital computing and communications. Information theory and transistor-based electronics seem to be made for each other. This makes me wonder: Is there something else that might be “made for” DNA? DNA may suggest potentials that a binary operation, or even superposition scenarios, could not do or would not even suggest. Are you tempted to rethink information theory?</h4> </div> <div id="c11752" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <p>That’s a good question. We used a lot of the coding theory that was developed at that time, and we build on the information theory that was developed at that time. When there a new storage medium, like DNA, arises you need to develop new or update current information theory for the particular problem. So what is particular about DNA, why it is necessary to develop new codes, is the following. Typically when you store information or you send a signal, you just have a relatively long string of data. In a hard disk, it’s just written on your disk. And you know where you wrote it. It’s just physically there. That’s what’s different about DNA. In our bodies, DNA is very long, it’s a very long sequence, about three billion nucleotides. But we cannot write long pieces of DNA. It’s not possible now, and it doesn’t look as if it’s going to be possible any time soon. What we can do is write very short pieces of DNA. Those pieces are typically a hundred nucleotides long.</p> </div> <div id="c11751" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h4> Q: Analogous to packets in data communications? Or so-called shotgun sequencing in DNA analysis? </h4> <p>It’s related to shotgun sequencing. We do shotgun sequencing because it’s difficult to read long pieces of DNA. If we could just read the entire DNA of a person, we wouldn’t need shotgun sequencing. We can only write and read short pieces of DNA, so we have to split long pieces of DNA into smaller ones to read it, and that’s why scientists do shotgun sequencing.</p> </div> <div id="c11750" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h4> Q: So part of the encoding process is splitting it up? </h4> <p>Exactly. However, even if you split things up into blocks, you typically know where these blocks are. But in DNA, you have the following situation: We can write short pieces of DNA, and we can write as many as we want. But then the writing is imperfect. We make a lot of errors when we write.</p> </div> <div id="c11749" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h4> Q: So you had to invent error correction for DNA as well? </h4> <p>We didn’t have to invent it. We could build our codes on the work of Shannon, Hamming, Reed and Solomon, and others. But we had to make specific information theory for the DNA data storage channel. A channel model distorts the information at its input. For DNA, we have a very different channel model, and when you have a different channel model, then you have to study that, and you have to study the capacity again, which Shannon defined. Then you have to develop codes for that. Essentially you use the language of information theory.</p> </div> <div id="c11748" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h4> Q: Even though you’re dealing with this chemically synthesized material. </h4> <p>Exactly. It’s really nice that you brought this up, because that’s really what I’m doing. That’s why the encoding and decoding is interesting. If you could write a long piece of DNA, then we could use established techniques. I would think: All these information theory problems are solved already, so I’m just going to use existing codes. There wouldn’t be much to do from a research perspective. That would also be fine, right? Then I would have worked on something else. But one other thing that’s specific to DNA is that you also have deletions and insertions. That makes it difficult too, because we don’t have good codes for deletions and insertions, and we actually don’t understand fundamental questions on the capacity of deletion and insertion channels.</p> </div> <div id="c11747" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h4> Q: But I’m guessing you’re not looking for a biomimetic approach to coding. </h4> <p>No. We are not trying to mimic biology in any way. You mentioned that transistors and information theory are kind of made for each other. The one thing you can do very easily with DNA is to copy it. That’s very cheap. But other than that, we are not trying to use biological approaches. I don’t think it makes that much sense. There are also some error correction mechanisms in biology, but it’s very inefficient because of the computational limitations that biology has. So I don’t think there’s anything there to mimic, unfortunately.</p> </div> <div id="c11746" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <div class="ce-textpic ce-center ce-above" > <div class="ce-gallery ce-gallery-full" data-ce-columns="1" data-ce-images="1" > <div class="ce-outer"> <div class="ce-inner"> <figure class="image"> <picture><source media="(min-width: 1400px)" srcset="/fileadmin/_processed_/f/1/csm_Schrift_5cf28ae70d.webp" type="image/webp"><source srcset=" /fileadmin/_processed_/f/1/csm_Schrift_4945deec9a.webp 575w, /fileadmin/_processed_/f/1/csm_Schrift_5ac7e91266.webp 656w, /fileadmin/_processed_/f/1/csm_Schrift_0aa0bca624.webp 481w " sizes=" (min-width: 1200px) 869px, (min-width: 768px) 575px, calc(100vw - 24px)" type="image/webp"><img class="image-embed-item" loading="lazy" src="/fileadmin/_processed_/f/1/csm_Schrift_5a5e8e98f8.webp" width="720" height="300" alt="" /></picture> <figcaption class="image-caption">image: ediundsepp</figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="c11745" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h4> Q: Last question on DNA. What do you imagine a DNA-based archive or library would look like at some point in the future? How do you picture people interacting with this information source, putting things in and taking things out? </h4> <p>I think eventually it’s going to look more or less like a USB stick. There is already a device only slightly larger than a USB stick that can read DNA. I imagine if it’s ever going to really become a thing like that, it will probably be a device that can read and write the DNA, so you can put information in and out.</p> </div> <div id="c11744" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h4> Q: Something using microfluidics integrated with electronics? </h4> <p>I think that’s the vision. But who knows what will happen? It can also be that DNA storage will just not take off for long-term storage of information, but then it’ll likely have another application area. For example, for marking products or embedding information in them, you might use DNA storage as an industrial tool. That’s the first thing that will happen, I think. Because it’s much easier. You don’t have to store so much information. You can make use of the fact that you need to copy it.</p> </div> <div id="c11743" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h4> Q: So, for example, the information could be in the ink on the label? </h4> <p>Yes, the information can be in the ink. DNA can be embedded in many objects. It can be in olive oil, to mark where the olive oil is coming from. The first successful applications of DNA storage are going to be things like that.</p> </div> <div id="c11742" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h4> Q: So it could have applications in control and logistics. </h4> <p>That’s right.</p> </div> <div id="c11741" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h4> Q: Your last position was in the Computer and Electrical Engineering Department at Rice University, and clearly that’s a good place to be. How did TUM lure you away? </h4> <p>Rice is actually a fantastic research environment. It’s a small department but functions very well. The people are very nice and supportive, and it’s very good for young scientists. TUM was interesting, first, because within Germany it is the best university, so it attracts good students. And it’s a big university, with lots of students. If you have a lot of students, then there are also many especially good students. That makes it easier to find good PhD candidates at TUM, and good PhD candidates are super important. That was one of the main reasons I came here.</p> </div> <div id="c11740" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h4> Q: Did the Mößbauer Tenure Track program and the connection to the TUM-IAS offer any special advantages that played a role in your decision? </h4> <p>That did make it more interesting. The TUM-IAS provided funding to start with and to build a lab. That was very helpful. That gave me extra freedom at the beginning. The money is not tied to one or the other thing. That’s very important at the beginning. I traveled quite a bit, and I bought some equipment like computers that you can’t easily purchase with public grants. So the freedom of having the funding and being able to use it for anything I want was very important. I think that is very important in general. Ideally, money in research should come with very few strings attached. Then it’s going to be used most efficiently.</p> </div> <div id="c11739" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h4> Q: What kinds of topics are your current PhD candidates working on? </h4> <p>In imaging we have seen that image reconstruction problems can be solved by traditional algorithms without any learning, but we can do much better when we learn the algorithms from data, that is, if we take a data-driven approach to imaging. The reason is that machine learning algorithms can learn very effective prior assumptions about the data. So they learn structure about the data. In imaging, the algorithms learn what natural images look like.</p> <p>I think this idea is much more broadly applicable. For example, we are interested in other types of data, such as proteins. In medicine and chemistry it is very important to know what a given protein looks like, for drug discovery and other applications like that. To image and use a protein in a computer system, we want to view the protein as protein, not as an image of a crystal. Because it moves and occurs in different configurations. You don’t want to view it as a 3D object. You want to see and model it for what it is, and for this neural networks and machine learning can be very effective.</p> <p>One concrete project we are working on is how to learn prior assumptions about such objects. Of course we can work with images of such objects, but then we’re not really interested in the image per se, we’re interested in a representation of that object. The same thing goes for other types of data. For example, in communications, potentially, you have a channel, and it’s not an image, but it also has some representation. And what I’m interested in, and also what a lot of my PhD candidates are working on, is how we can take the idea of learning in algorithms to other fields and other types of data.</p> </div> <div id="c11738" class="frame frame-type-textmedia frame-layout-0"> <h4> Q: Are any of them working on the DNA side yet? </h4> <p>I just found an excellent young student. She started in April 2022 to work on DNA data storage, and I’m very excited about what she’ll do. It’s been a bit more difficult to find such an excellent student for DNA storage than for machine learning. A student in that area needs to have similar skills, but many of today’s students want to work on machine learning, because it is hot right now. There was a time when all the smart students wanted to work in information theory. 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