CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Arthur Sifton - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"196688f9-9c1a-459c-811d-bb755e0243a4","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Arthur_Sifton","wgTitle":"Arthur Sifton","wgCurRevisionId":1250009071,"wgRevisionId":1250009071,"wgArticleId":233742,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from April 2012","Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use Canadian English from January 2023","All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English","Featured articles","1858 births","1921 deaths","Judges in Alberta","Lawyers in Alberta","Alberta Liberal Party MLAs","Canadian Methodists", "Canadian people of Anglo-Irish descent","Leaders of the Alberta Liberal Party","Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Alberta","Canadian members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom","Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada","19th-century members of the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories","People from Middlesex County, Ontario","Politicians from Calgary","University of Toronto alumni","Premiers of Alberta","Unionist Party (Canada) MPs","Canadian King's Counsel","Burials at Beechwood Cemetery (Ottawa)","20th-century members of the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories","20th-century members of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta","20th-century members of the House of Commons of Canada"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Arthur_Sifton","wgRelevantArticleId":233742,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[], "wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q363738","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Arthur_Lewis_Watkins_Sifton.jpg/1200px-Arthur_Lewis_Watkins_Sifton.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Arthur_Lewis_Watkins_Sifton.jpg/800px-Arthur_Lewis_Watkins_Sifton.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1067"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Arthur_Lewis_Watkins_Sifton.jpg/640px-Arthur_Lewis_Watkins_Sifton.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="853"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Arthur Sifton - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Sifton"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sifton&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Sifton"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Arthur_Sifton rootpage-Arthur_Sifton skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Arthur+Sifton" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Arthur+Sifton" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Arthur+Sifton" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Arthur+Sifton" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Early life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Early political career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career_as_a_jurist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career_as_a_jurist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Career as a jurist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career_as_a_jurist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Premier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Premier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Premier </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Premier-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Premier subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Premier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ascension_and_cabinet-building" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ascension_and_cabinet-building"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Ascension and cabinet-building </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ascension_and_cabinet-building-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railway_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Railway policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Natural resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agricultural_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultural_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Agricultural policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultural_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democratic_and_moral_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_and_moral_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Democratic and moral reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_and_moral_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style_and_political_success" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style_and_political_success"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Style and political success </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style_and_political_success-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Federal politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Death and legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Electoral record </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Electoral_record-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Electoral record subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Electoral_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_party_leader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_party_leader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 As party leader </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_party_leader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_MLA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_MLA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 As MLA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_MLA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_MP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_MP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 As MP </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_MP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Archives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Arthur Sifton</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 7 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" > 7 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Sifton" title="Arthur Sifton – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arthur Sifton" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="آرتور سیفتون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آرتور سیفتون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lewis_Sifton" title="Arthur Lewis Sifton – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arthur Lewis Sifton" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="ارثر سيفتون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ارثر سيفتون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lewis_Sifton" title="Arthur Lewis Sifton – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arthur Lewis Sifton" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifton,_Artur" title="Sifton, Artur – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sifton, Artur" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80" title="Сифтон, Артур – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сифтон, Артур" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q363738#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sifton" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Arthur_Sifton" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sifton">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sifton&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sifton&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sifton">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sifton&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sifton&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Arthur_Sifton" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Arthur_Sifton" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sifton&oldid=1250009071" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sifton&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Arthur_Sifton&id=1250009071&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FArthur_Sifton">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FArthur_Sifton">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Arthur_Sifton&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sifton&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arthur_Sifton" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q363738" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Premier of Alberta from 1910 to 1917</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Arthur Sifton</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a> <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Privy Council for Canada">PC (Can)</a> <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Counsel" title="King's Counsel">KC</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Lewis_Watkins_Sifton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Arthur_Lewis_Watkins_Sifton.jpg/220px-Arthur_Lewis_Watkins_Sifton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Arthur_Lewis_Watkins_Sifton.jpg/330px-Arthur_Lewis_Watkins_Sifton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Arthur_Lewis_Watkins_Sifton.jpg/440px-Arthur_Lewis_Watkins_Sifton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3497" data-file-height="4662" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Alberta" title="Premier of Alberta">Premier of Alberta</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office May 26, 1910 – October 30, 1917</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Lieutenant Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_H._V._Bulyea" title="George H. V. Bulyea">George H. V. Bulyea</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brett" title="Robert Brett">Robert Brett</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cameron_Rutherford" title="Alexander Cameron Rutherford">Alexander Cameron Rutherford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_(premier)" title="Charles Stewart (premier)">Charles Stewart</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Treasurer of Alberta</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 26, 1913 – November 28, 1913</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_McKenzie" title="Malcolm McKenzie">Malcolm McKenzie</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Mitchell" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles R. Mitchell">Charles R. Mitchell</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office June 1, 1910 – May 4, 1912</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Alexander Cameron Rutherford</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Malcolm McKenzie</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Alberta Minister of Railways and Telephones</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office December 20, 1912 – October 30, 1917</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Alexander Cameron Rutherford1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Charles Stewart</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Alberta Minister of Public Works</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office June 1, 1910 – May 4, 1912</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Cushing" title="William Henry Cushing">William Henry Cushing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Charles R. Mitchell</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Canada" title="Secretary of State for Canada">Secretary of State for Canada</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office December 31, 1919 – January 21, 1921</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Robert Borden</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Arthur Meighen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Burrell" title="Martin Burrell">Martin Burrell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lumley_Drayton" title="Henry Lumley Drayton">Henry Lumley Drayton</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Works_(Canada)" title="Minister of Public Works (Canada)">Canadian Minister of Public Works</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office September 3, 1919 – December 30, 1919</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">Robert Borden</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Dowsley_Reid" title="John Dowsley Reid">John Dowsley Reid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">John Dowsley Reid</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Revenue#Minister_of_Customs_and_Inland_Revenue" title="Minister of National Revenue">Canadian Minister of Customs and Inland Revenue</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office May 14, 1918 – September 1, 1919</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">Robert Borden</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albert_S%C3%A9vigny" title="Albert Sévigny">Albert Sévigny</a> (as Minister of Inland Revenue) Continuing (as Minister of Customs)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">John Dowsley Reid</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Customs" title="Minister of Customs">Canadian Minister of Customs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office October 12, 1917 – May 14, 1918</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data">Robert Borden</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">John Dowsley Reid</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Continuing</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Northwest Territories Treasurer</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 1, 1901 – January 14, 1903</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton_Ross" title="James Hamilton Ross">James Hamilton Ross</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Haultain" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Haultain">Frederick Haultain</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Northwest Territories Minister of Public Works</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 1, 1901 – January 14, 1903</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">James Hamilton Ross</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Bulyea" class="mw-redirect" title="George Bulyea">George Bulyea</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Parliament">Canadian Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Medicine_Hat_(federal_electoral_district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicine Hat (federal electoral district)">Medicine Hat</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office December 17, 1917 – January 21, 1921</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Ashbury_Buchanan" title="William Ashbury Buchanan">William Ashbury Buchanan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gardiner_(Canadian_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Gardiner (Canadian politician)">Robert Gardiner</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Legislative_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberta Legislative Assembly">Alberta Legislative Assembly</a> for <a href="/wiki/Vermilion_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Vermilion (provincial electoral district)">Vermilion</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office June 29, 1910 – October 12, 1917</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell_(Alberta_politician)" title="Archibald Campbell (Alberta politician)">Archibald Campbell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ebbett" title="Arthur Ebbett">Arthur Ebbett</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories_Legislative_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly">Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly</a> for <a href="/wiki/Banff_(N.W.T._electoral_district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Banff (N.W.T. electoral district)">Banff</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office June 27, 1899 – January 1903</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brett" title="Robert Brett">Robert Brett</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wellington_Fisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Wellington Fisher">Charles Wellington Fisher</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Brandon,_Manitoba" title="Brandon, Manitoba">Brandon</a> City Council</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1882–1884</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Arthur Lewis Watkins Sifton</div> (1858-10-26)October 26, 1858 <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Ontario" title="Middlesex County, Ontario">Middlesex County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada West">Canada West</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 21, 1921(1921-01-21) (aged 62) <a href="/wiki/Ottawa,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottawa, Ontario">Ottawa, Ontario</a>, Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Liberal_Party" title="Alberta Liberal Party">Alberta Liberal</a> (1910–1917)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liberal-Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal-Conservative">Liberal-Conservative</a> (1902–1903) <a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Unionist Party of Canada">Unionist Party</a> (1917–1921)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Mary H. Deering</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Sifton_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arthur Sifton's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arthur_Sifton_Signature.svg/128px-Arthur_Sifton_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arthur_Sifton_Signature.svg/192px-Arthur_Sifton_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arthur_Sifton_Signature.svg/256px-Arthur_Sifton_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="46" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">1 Rutherford served as Minister of Railways until June 1, 1910, after which the position was vacant until Sifton took it. Minister of Telephones was a new position.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Arthur Lewis Watkins Sifton, <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Privy Council for Canada">PC (Can)</a>, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Counsel" title="King's Counsel">KC</a> (October 26, 1858 – January 21, 1921) was a Canadian lawyer, judge and politician who served as the second <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Alberta" title="Premier of Alberta">premier of Alberta</a> from 1910 until 1917. He became a <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crown" title="Minister of the Crown">minister</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_cabinet_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal cabinet of Canada">federal cabinet of Canada</a> thereafter. Born in <a href="/wiki/Canada_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada West">Canada West</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>), he grew up there and in <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, where he became a lawyer. He subsequently practised law with his brother <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Sifton" title="Clifford Sifton">Clifford Sifton</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brandon,_Manitoba" title="Brandon, Manitoba">Brandon</a>, where he was also active in municipal politics. He moved west to <a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert,_Saskatchewan" title="Prince Albert, Saskatchewan">Prince Albert</a> in 1885 and to <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a> in 1889. There, he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/4th_North-West_Legislative_Assembly" title="4th North-West Legislative Assembly">4th</a> and <a href="/wiki/5th_North-West_Legislative_Assembly" title="5th North-West Legislative Assembly">5th</a> North-West Legislative Assemblies; he served as a minister in the government of premier <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Haultain" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Haultain">Frederick Haultain</a>. In 1903, the federal government, at the instigation of his brother (who was then one of its ministers), made Sifton the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice">Chief Justice</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> was created out of a portion of the Northwest Territories in 1905, Sifton became the first <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of Alberta">Chief Justice of Alberta</a> in 1907 and served until 1910. In 1910, the Liberal government of Alberta premier <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cameron_Rutherford" title="Alexander Cameron Rutherford">Alexander Cameron Rutherford</a> was embroiled in the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_and_Great_Waterways_Railway_scandal" title="Alberta and Great Waterways Railway scandal">Alberta and Great Waterways Railway scandal</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Alberta" title="Lieutenant Governor of Alberta">Lieutenant Governor of Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Bulyea" class="mw-redirect" title="George Bulyea">George Bulyea</a>, was a Liberal and determined that for the sake of the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Liberal_Party" title="Alberta Liberal Party">Alberta Liberal Party</a>, Rutherford had to be pushed aside in favour of a new premier. When other prominent Liberals declined it, the position was offered to Sifton, who accepted it. As premier, Sifton smoothed over the divisions in the party that had caused and been exacerbated by the railway scandal. He made attempts to break with the Rutherford railway policy; when these were rebuffed by the courts, he adopted a course similar to Rutherford's. He unsuccessfully pursued the transfer of rights over Alberta's natural resources from the federal government, which had retained them by the terms of Alberta's provincehood. While Sifton was premier, the <a href="/wiki/United_Farmers_of_Alberta" title="United Farmers of Alberta">United Farmers of Alberta</a> rose as a political force. Sifton tried to accommodate many of their demands: his government constructed <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_college" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural college">agricultural colleges</a>, incorporated a farmer-run <a href="/wiki/Grain_elevator" title="Grain elevator">grain elevator</a> cooperative, and implemented a municipal system of <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a> insurance. Outside of agriculture, the UFA was instrumental in the Sifton government's implementation of some <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a> measures (which resulted in <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_Canada" title="Prohibition in Canada">prohibition</a>) and the extension of the vote to women. During the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_crisis_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscription crisis of 1917">conscription crisis of 1917</a>, Sifton supported the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of Canada (historical)">Conservative</a> prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Sir Robert Borden</a>, in his attempt to impose <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> to help win the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. He backed the creation of a federal <a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Canada)" title="Unionist Party (Canada)">Union</a> government composed of Conservatives and pro-conscription Liberals. In 1917, he left provincial politics and became a <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet minister">cabinet minister</a> in the Union government. Over the next three and a half years, he served briefly in four different ministries and was a delegate to the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference of 1919</a>. He died in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> in January 1921 after a brief illness. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sifton&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Arthur Sifton was born on October 26, 1858, in <a href="/wiki/Arva,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Arva, Ontario">Arva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada West">Canada West</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>), to <a href="/wiki/John_Wright_Sifton" title="John Wright Sifton">John Wright Sifton</a> (1833–1912) and Catherine "Kate" Watkins (1832–1909).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerryCraig2006243-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200420-2">[2]</a> He was the older brother of politician <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Sifton" title="Clifford Sifton">Clifford Sifton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200420-2">[2]</a> He attended public schools across southern Ontario, culminating with a boys' school in <a href="/wiki/Dundas,_Ontario" title="Dundas, Ontario">Dundas</a> and high school in <a href="/wiki/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200420-2">[2]</a> His father was a devout <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> and a staunch <a href="/wiki/Reform_movement_(pre-Confederation_Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement (pre-Confederation Canada)">Reformer</a> and, later, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200420-2">[2]</a> These allegiances permeated his home life; the Sifton household was often visited by clergy, laity, businessmen, lawyers, and politicians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200420-2">[2]</a> In 1874<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200420-2">[2]</a> or 1875,<a href="#cite_note-DCB-3">[3]</a> John Sifton won contracts for preliminary construction work on the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a> (CPR) and moved the family to <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, where Arthur completed high school at <a href="/wiki/Wesley_College_(Manitoba)" title="Wesley College (Manitoba)">Wesley College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-leg_bio-4">[4]</a> Following his graduation, he and Clifford attended <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_in_the_University_of_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria University in the University of Toronto">Victoria College</a>, then located in <a href="/wiki/Cobourg,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobourg, Ontario">Cobourg</a>, Ontario. In 1880, he graduated with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200420-2">[2]</a> While in Cobourg, he was not a devoted student: he skipped many classes, and was judged by his classmates to be "intellectually, morally, physically and erratically preeminent in virtue and otherwise, especially otherwise".<a href="#cite_note-DCB-3">[3]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calgary_officials.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Calgary_officials.jpg/220px-Calgary_officials.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Calgary_officials.jpg/330px-Calgary_officials.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Calgary_officials.jpg/440px-Calgary_officials.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="752" /></a><figcaption>Sifton, front row right, as Calgary's city solicitor, 1892</figcaption></figure>Upon graduation, Arthur Sifton returned to Winnipeg to <a href="/wiki/Articled_clerk" title="Articled clerk">article</a> with Albert Monkman until 1881, when he followed his father to <a href="/wiki/Brandon,_Manitoba" title="Brandon, Manitoba">Brandon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200421-5">[5]</a> John hoped to take advantage of a local <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a> boom; nominally, Arthur was running a Brandon branch of Monkman's law firm, though he had not yet finished his articling and was accordingly unqualified to practise law.<a href="#cite_note-DCB-3">[3]</a> On September 20, 1882, he married Mary Deering of Cobourg; the pair had two children, Nellie Louise Sifton (born August 1883) and Lewis Raymond St Clair Sifton (born February 1898).<a href="#cite_note-DCB-3">[3]</a> In 1883, he wrote and passed his <a href="/wiki/Bar_exam" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar exam">bar exam</a> and joined Clifford's Brandon law firm, now styled Sifton and Sifton.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200421-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a> historian David Hall describes the next phase of Sifton's life as "shrouded in mystery".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200421-5">[5]</a> For reasons that are not clear, in 1885 Sifton dissolved his partnership with his brother and moved his family to <a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert,_Saskatchewan" title="Prince Albert, Saskatchewan">Prince Albert</a>. (Hall speculates that the brothers had a falling out, but notes that their later working relationship appears to have been amicable.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200422-6">[6]</a> In 1885, Prince Albert's prospects did not appear bright, as it had been bypassed by the CPR line.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200422-6">[6]</a> Regardless, Sifton practised law and was in 1885 made a <a href="/wiki/Notary_public" title="Notary public">notary public</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200422-6">[6]</a> Three years later, he earned a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">Master of Arts</a> from Victoria College and a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">Bachelor of Laws</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-leg_bio-4">[4]</a> In 1889, he relocated again, to <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>; there is some suggestion that this move was for the sake of his wife's health.<a href="#cite_note-DCB-3">[3]</a> There he opened a law office, worked in the office of the city solicitor, and became a partner in the firm of Sifton, Short, and Stuart. At one point he was a <a href="/wiki/Crown_prosecutor" title="Crown prosecutor">crown prosecutor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200422-6">[6]</a> In 1892, he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Counsel">Queen's Counsel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200422-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sifton&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early political career">edit</a>]</div> Sifton's first foray into politics was in 1878, when he campaigned for the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_Canada" title="Prohibition in Canada">prohibition</a> under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Temperance_Act" title="Canada Temperance Act">Canada Temperance Act</a> in the Manitoba electoral districts of <a href="/wiki/Lisgar_(electoral_district)" title="Lisgar (electoral district)">Lisgar</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marquette_(Canadian_electoral_district)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marquette (Canadian electoral district) (page does not exist)">Marquette</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DCB-3">[3]</a> His first bid for elected office took place in 1882, when he was elected to Brandon's first city council.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200421-5">[5]</a> He was re-elected in 1883, and did not seek re-election at the conclusion of this second term,<a href="#cite_note-DCB-3">[3]</a> though he did briefly consider running for mayor before concluding that he had insufficient support to be elected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200421-5">[5]</a> He also served on the local school board.<a href="#cite_note-DCB-3">[3]</a> When his brother Clifford became <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Wilfrid Laurier</a>'s Minister of the Interior in November 1896, Sifton advised him on Liberal Party affairs in western Canada.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200422-6">[6]</a> This advice included suggested <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a> appointments, one of which was an unimplemented proposal that Arthur himself be appointed chief justice of the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> (a position that did not at the time exist).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200422-6">[6]</a> In 1898, Sifton re-entered politics—Hall speculates to increase his chances at a judgeship—by challenging <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brett" title="Robert Brett">Robert Brett</a>, the long-time Member of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories">Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories</a> for <a href="/wiki/Banff_(N.W.T._electoral_district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Banff (N.W.T. electoral district)">Banff</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/1898_Northwest_Territories_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1898 Northwest Territories general election">1898 territorial election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200422-6">[6]</a> Election day returns showed Sifton with a plurality of thirty-six votes, but by the time contested ballots were dealt with this had turned into a majority of two votes for Brett.<a href="#cite_note-DCB-3">[3]</a> Sifton successfully challenged this result in court, and in the ensuing by-election he defeated Brett by a comfortable margin.<a href="#cite_note-DCB-3">[3]</a> One oft-repeated anecdote from the campaign involved a campaign forum for which Brett was late. After giving his own speech, Sifton offered to give the still-absent Brett's speech as well, since he had heard it so many times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200422–23-7">[7]</a> He did so, and when Brett eventually arrived to give a speech nearly identical to the one Sifton had given on his behalf he was puzzled by the audience's amusement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200423-8">[8]</a> Having defeated Brett, Sifton was immediately one of the area's most prominent Liberals, and he was named president of the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Alberta" title="District of Alberta">District of Alberta</a> Liberals shortly thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200423-8">[8]</a> In 1901, Clifford Sifton appointed <a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton_Ross" title="James Hamilton Ross">James Hamilton Ross</a>, Northwest Territories Treasurer and Minister of Public Works, as <a href="/wiki/Commissioner_of_Yukon" title="Commissioner of Yukon">Commissioner of Yukon</a>. It fell to Northwest Territories Premier <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Gordon_Haultain" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick William Gordon Haultain">Frederick William Gordon Haultain</a> to fill the ensuing vacancy and, to preserve the delicate non-partisan balance of his administration, he had to pick a successor who was, like Ross, a Liberal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200423-8">[8]</a> The role fell to Sifton.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200423-8">[8]</a> Soon after his appointment, Clifford offered him his sought-after position of Northwest Territories Chief Justice. Arthur declined on the basis of his recently assumed ministerial duties, but he made it clear that he was still interested in receiving the judicial post eventually.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200423-8">[8]</a> As minister, Sifton had to cope with increasing expenses and with grants from the federal government that did not keep pace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200423-8">[8]</a> He dealt with this through support for territorial autonomy—the creation of one or more new provinces from the Northwest Territories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200423-8">[8]</a> Campaigning on this position, he was re-elected in the <a href="/wiki/1902_Northwest_Territories_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1902 Northwest Territories general election">1902 territorial election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200423-8">[8]</a> Months later, however, T. H. Maguire retired as territorial chief justice, and this time Sifton accepted his brother's offer of the position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200423-8">[8]</a> He resigned his political offices in January 1903.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200423-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career_as_a_jurist">Career as a jurist</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sifton&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career as a jurist">edit</a>]</div> Despite the accusations of <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotism</a> that greeted his appointment on January 3, 1903, Sifton fast became a well-respected judge.<a href="#cite_note-DCB-3">[3]</a> He served as chief justice of the Northwest Territories until September 16, 1907, when the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Court_of_Queen%27s_Bench" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberta Court of Queen's Bench">Supreme Court of Alberta</a> was established, whereupon he headed this new court, sitting in Calgary as the first <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of Alberta">Chief Justice of Alberta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200423-8">[8]</a> He was notoriously difficult for barristers to read: he generally heard arguments expressionlessly smoking a cigar, and it was as a judge that he first acquired his long-time nickname of the <a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a> for his inscrutability.<a href="#cite_note-DCB-3">[3]</a> In one trial, he sat apparently vigorously taking notes during both sides' lengthy closing arguments and, once they concluded, immediately delivered his judgment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200424-9">[9]</a> The bewildered lawyers wondered what he had been writing down, since he had obviously made up his mind before closing arguments; once Sifton had left the courtroom, they found their answer in the form of page after page covered with the judge's signature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200424-9">[9]</a> He rarely recorded his <a href="/wiki/Ratio_decidendi" title="Ratio decidendi">ratio decidendi</a> but, despite this, few of his decisions were overturned on appeal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200424-9">[9]</a> It has also been argued that his fellow judges had difficulty ruling on appeals from his decisions specifically because he rarely provided reasons. Much of his work was in <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal law</a>, dealing especially with theft of livestock (in which cases he generally delivered a sentence of three years <a href="/wiki/Hard_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard labour">hard labour</a>, severe by the standards of the day).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200424-9">[9]</a> By the end of his judicial career, he had convicted as many Americans as Canadians. His rulings were generally concerned with practicalities rather than legal theory, based more on social morality than legal precedent, and he did not establish any important <a href="/wiki/Stare_decisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stare decisis">precedents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DCB-3">[3]</a> In 1907, Sifton was one member of a three-member commission assigned to investigate labour unrest between coal miners and mine operators.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195948-10">[10]</a> His colleagues were mining executive Lewis Stockett and miners' union executive William Haysom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195948-10">[10]</a> Miners' demands included increased wages,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195947-11">[11]</a> a reduction in working hours to eight per day (from ten), the posting of mine inspection reports, the isolated storage of explosives, the use of non-freezing explosives, and semi-monthly rather than monthly pay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195948-10">[10]</a> The mine operators objected to this last point on the basis that many miners did not report to work the day after payday, and it was thus desirable to keep paydays to a minimum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195948-10">[10]</a> The commission recommended that children under sixteen should not be allowed to work in mines, that inspectors should post their reports, that mine sites should have bath houses, and that ventilation inspection should be improved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195948-10">[10]</a> It also recommended that Albertans keep a supply of coal on hand during the summer for winter use.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195948-10">[10]</a> The commission was silent on wages (except to say that these should not be fixed by legislation), the operation of <a href="/wiki/Company_stores" class="mw-redirect" title="Company stores">company stores</a> (a sore point among the miners), and the <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(business)" title="Incorporation (business)">incorporation</a> of mine unions (which was recommended by mines but opposed by the unions).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195948–49-12">[12]</a> It made no recommendation about working hours, but Premier <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rutherford" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Rutherford">Alexander Rutherford</a>'s government legislated an <a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">eight-hour day</a> anyway.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195949-13">[13]</a> He resigned from the bench on May 25, 1910, to become Premier. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Premier">Premier</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sifton&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Premier">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ascension_and_cabinet-building">Ascension and cabinet-building</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sifton&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ascension and cabinet-building">edit</a>]</div> In 1910, the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Liberal_Party" title="Alberta Liberal Party">Liberal</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cameron_Rutherford" title="Alexander Cameron Rutherford">Alexander Cameron Rutherford</a> was embroiled in the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_and_Great_Waterways_Railway_scandal" title="Alberta and Great Waterways Railway scandal">Alberta and Great Waterways (A&GW) Railway scandal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200424-9">[9]</a> Accusations of favouritism by the government towards the Alberta and Great Waterways Railway had split the Liberal Party, and Rutherford's ability to remain at its head was in doubt.<a href="#cite_note-DCB-3">[3]</a> Lieutenant-Governor <a href="/wiki/George_Bulyea" class="mw-redirect" title="George Bulyea">George Bulyea</a>, a Liberal who had reluctantly asked Rutherford to form a government in 1905, saw his doubts about the Premier's leadership skills validated and quietly began looking for candidates to replace him and save the Liberal Party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195987-14">[14]</a> Several possibilities—including <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Cushing" title="William Henry Cushing">William Henry Cushing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Talbot_(politician)" title="Peter Talbot (politician)">Peter Talbot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Oliver_(politician)" title="Frank Oliver (politician)">Frank Oliver</a>—were considered and either rejected or found to be uninterested in the job.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195988-15">[15]</a> As early as March 14, Bulyea had concluded that Sifton might be "the only permanent solution", though it was not until May that the Lieutenant-Governor was able to secure Rutherford's agreement to resign and the agreement of both major factions in the Liberal caucus to accept Sifton as Premier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195989-16">[16]</a> Even up until the last minute, Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) loyal to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilson_Cross" title="Charles Wilson Cross">Charles Wilson Cross</a>—the province's Attorney-General and a staunch Rutherford ally—threatened to scuttle the arrangement unless Cross was kept on as attorney-general, to which Sifton refused to agree.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195990-17">[17]</a> On May 26, Rutherford resigned and Arthur Sifton became the second Premier of Alberta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200425-18">[18]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sifton_in_Wetaskiwin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sifton_in_Wetaskiwin.jpg/220px-Sifton_in_Wetaskiwin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sifton_in_Wetaskiwin.jpg/330px-Sifton_in_Wetaskiwin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sifton_in_Wetaskiwin.jpg/440px-Sifton_in_Wetaskiwin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Sifton addressing a political meeting in <a href="/wiki/Wetaskiwin" title="Wetaskiwin">Wetaskiwin</a>, August 1910</figcaption></figure>One of his first challenges was to craft a <a href="/wiki/Sifton_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sifton Ministry">cabinet</a> satisfactory to all factions; this he did by excluding the leaders of all sides.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195991-19">[19]</a> He himself took the portfolios of Public Works and Provincial Treasurer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195990-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Mitchell" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles R. Mitchell">Charles R. Mitchell</a>, who like Sifton had been a judge during the scandal and had accordingly played no part in it, became Minister of Education and Attorney-General.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195990–91-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Archibald_J._McLean" title="Archibald J. McLean">Archibald J. McLean</a> was named Provincial Secretary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195990-17">[17]</a> His support for the insurgents (though not as one of their leaders) was offset by the continuation of Rutherford's Agriculture Minister <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Marshall" title="Duncan Marshall">Duncan Marshall</a>, who had played no particular role during the scandal but had remained loyal to Rutherford.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195990–91-20">[20]</a> To the consternation of the opposition <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta" title="Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta">Conservatives</a>, Bulyea <a href="/wiki/Prorogued" class="mw-redirect" title="Prorogued">prorogued</a> the legislation before this new government's strength could be tested by a <a href="/wiki/Vote_of_confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote of confidence">vote of confidence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195991-19">[19]</a> Still, its acceptance by the Liberal caucus can be measured by the fact that only one member, <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Riley" title="Ezra Riley">Ezra Riley</a>, resigned in protest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195993-21">[21]</a> Riley objected to the exclusion from cabinet of insurgency leader W. H. Cushing;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195993-21">[21]</a> after his resignation he ran as an independent Liberal in the ensuing by-election, but was defeated by Sifton supporter <a href="/wiki/Archibald_J._McArthur" title="Archibald J. McArthur">Archibald J. McArthur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195994-22">[22]</a> As time began to heal old wounds, Sifton expanded his cabinet to include several of the old adversaries: in February 1912 Cross was re-instated as Attorney-General and rebel leader <a href="/wiki/John_R._Boyle" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Boyle">John R. Boyle</a> was made Minister of Education (Mitchell, who had previously held both of these posts, was transferred to the Public Works portfolio).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959125-23">[23]</a> The other new additions to cabinet—<a href="/wiki/Malcolm_McKenzie" title="Malcolm McKenzie">Malcolm McKenzie</a> as Provincial Treasurer and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_(premier)" title="Charles Stewart (premier)">Charles Stewart</a> in the new position of Minister of Municipal Affairs<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959125-23">[23]</a>—had voted with the Rutherford government during the scandal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959113-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195984-25">[25]</a> Another early challenge for the new Premier was to win a seat in the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta" title="Legislative Assembly of Alberta">Legislative Assembly of Alberta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195993-21">[21]</a> Although he lived and worked in Calgary,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200425-18">[18]</a> his first cabinet was composed mostly of southern members (McLean represented <a href="/wiki/Lethbridge_District" title="Lethbridge District">Lethbridge District</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195990-17">[17]</a> Marshall represented <a href="/wiki/Olds_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Olds (provincial electoral district)">Olds</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195990-17">[17]</a> and Mitchell was soon elected in <a href="/wiki/Medicine_Hat_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Medicine Hat (provincial electoral district)">Medicine Hat</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195994-22">[22]</a> so Sifton had <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell_(Alberta_politician)" title="Archibald Campbell (Alberta politician)">Archibald Campbell</a> resign his <a href="/wiki/Vermilion_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Vermilion (provincial electoral district)">Vermilion</a> seat and sought election there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195993-21">[21]</a> Sifton made few promises during the campaign, though he did identify as his priorities "the development of [Alberta's] agricultural and mining resources and the transportation facilities".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200425-18">[18]</a> Despite accusations by the Conservatives that the Liberals bought "the foreign vote" with beer, whiskey, and tobacco, he won a comfortable majority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200425-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway_policy">Railway policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sifton&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Railway policy">edit</a>]</div> Before resigning, Rutherford's government had called a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission">Royal Commission</a> into the Alberta and Great Waterways affair, and this commission had not reported by the time that Sifton took office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195995-26">[26]</a> Between that and the proroguing of the legislature, the new Premier enjoyed a calm that lasted until November 10, when the legislature reconvened.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195995-26">[26]</a> Conservative leader <a href="/wiki/Edward_Michener" title="Edward Michener">Edward Michener</a> attacked the government's <a href="/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne" title="Speech from the throne">speech from the throne</a> for failing to commit itself on railway policy and attacked Sifton for failing to call a general election or seek the confidence of the legislature during his first half year in office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959107–108-27">[27]</a> In the meantime, Sifton was facing a breach in his own party on the railway question. Many Liberals from the south of the province, including Sifton himself, felt inclined to abandon the construction of "pioneer" railways (such as the Alberta and Great Waterways Railway) designed to hasten the settlement of the province's emptier areas, and concentrate only on those connecting major population centres.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959109-28">[28]</a> Members from the north of the province, who comprised most of the Liberal caucus, disagreed, and were vehement in their insistence that the A&GW be built.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959110–111-29">[29]</a> Even among this latter group there were divisions: some Liberals agreed with the Conservatives that the railway should be directly built by the government, while others, including Cross, favoured a partnership with a "responsible company".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959111-30">[30]</a> These divisions were not calmed by the release of the commission's report, whose majority condemned Rutherford and Cross for poor judgment even as it concluded that there was insufficient evidence to find that they had engaged in improper behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959106-31">[31]</a> It was against this backdrop that Sifton announced his government's policy with respect to the Alberta and Great Waterways Railway Company. Because it had failed to meet its construction obligations, Sifton introduced legislation to confiscate the proceeds of the sale of government-guaranteed <a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">bonds</a> sold to finance the railway's construction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959110-32">[32]</a> He gave no indication of how the money, which was being held in trust by several banks, would be used.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959110-32">[32]</a> Cross's faction of (primarily northern) Liberals opposed the bill on the grounds that it did not commit the government to using the money to construct the railway,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959110-32">[32]</a> while the Conservatives opposed it as an unjustified confiscation of private property.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959111–112-33">[33]</a> As Conservative <a href="/wiki/R._B._Bennett" title="R. B. Bennett">R. B. Bennett</a> said, <blockquote>[The bill is] an act of confiscation, an act such as never before has been carried out in the British Empire, an act such as has few equals in the pages of history. Similar acts have been carried out, once in Nicaragua and Virginia, and in South Carolina and only in times of war or revolution ... In my opinion the bargain was an improvident one, but that does not justify confiscation ... I did not think the new road would pay. But it is a new doctrine that because a bargain did not pay it should be repudiated and one should become a repudiator of bargains and a confiscator of private rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959112-34">[34]</a></blockquote> In speaking of A&GW President William Clarke (an American), Bennett went on to say "Clarke I despise but Clarke I am bound to respect, because this province gave him a right by charter and if I know the United States I do not think it will allow this province to take his property without due process of the law."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959112-34">[34]</a> The Conservatives, however, had not been expected to support the legislation; the real question was whether Sifton could command enough support among Liberals to pass it. After all, during the Alberta and Great Waterways crisis only nine months earlier, a legislature of very similar makeup had endorsed the Rutherford government's handling of railway policy by a vote of twenty-three votes to fifteen; would Sifton's bill, effectively a repudiation of the Rutherford policy, convince enough Liberals to change sides?<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959112-34">[34]</a> The answer came in December, when the bill passed <a href="/wiki/Third_reading" class="mw-redirect" title="Third reading">third reading</a> by a vote of twenty-five votes to fourteen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959112-34">[34]</a> Nine Liberals had reversed themselves and saved Sifton's government, though both Cross and Rutherford were among those to vote against it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959112–113-35">[35]</a> Despite calls from Clarke for the federal government to use its power of <a href="/wiki/Disallowance_and_reservation_in_Canada" title="Disallowance and reservation in Canada">reservation</a> to stop the legislation, Bulyea granted <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> December 16.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959111-30">[30]</a> Sifton, in his capacity as provincial treasurer, immediately tried to access the money; the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Canada" title="Royal Bank of Canada">Royal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto-Dominion_Bank" title="Toronto-Dominion Bank">Dominion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Union_Bank_of_Halifax" title="Union Bank of Halifax">Union</a> banks, where the funds were deposited, refused payment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959113-24">[24]</a> Attorney-General Mitchell sued the banks; on November 4, 1911, Justice <a href="/wiki/Charles_Allan_Stuart" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Allan Stuart">Charles Allan Stuart</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Court_of_Queen%27s_Bench" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberta Court of Queen's Bench">Supreme Court of Alberta</a> found in the government's favour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959121-36">[36]</a> The Royal Bank appealed this ruling and unsuccessfully petitioned the federal government to use its powers of <a href="/wiki/Disallowance_and_reservation_in_Canada" title="Disallowance and reservation in Canada">disallowance</a> to strike down the provincial act.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959121-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200427-37">[37]</a> In the meantime, Sifton announced a new railway policy that would see eight new lines constructed by private companies with the assistance of provincial <a href="/wiki/Loan_guarantees" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan guarantees">loan guarantees</a>, including several pioneer lines; this policy, in its resemblance to the Rutherford policy, met with the approval of the Cross faction, and the Liberals were once more united.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959121–122-38">[38]</a> In 1912, Justice Stuart's ruling was upheld by the Supreme Court of Alberta <a href="/wiki/En_banc" title="En banc">en banc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959127-39">[39]</a> Again the Royal Bank appealed, and on January 31, 1913, the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a>, which was at the time Canada's highest judicial authority, found for the Royal Bank, ruling that the provincial government did not have the right to confiscate money raised outside of the province.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959127–128-40">[40]</a> On September 22 Sifton announced new management of the AG&W agreeable to the bondholders, the government, and the banks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959148-41">[41]</a> The Conservatives protested that other companies were prepared to construct the railroad for less than the sum agreed on with the A&GW, to which Sifton replied that the Privy Council's ruling meant that the government could not use the money raised to deal with any other company.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959149–150-42">[42]</a> The Conservatives <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibustered</a> the legislation and moved a series of amendments (including one calling for the scheme to be put to <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>), but the Liberals voted unanimously in its favour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959150-43">[43]</a> The Alberta and Great Waterways saga had reached its end, and Sifton's caucus was never more united.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959150-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_resources">Natural resources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sifton&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Natural resources">edit</a>]</div> When Alberta and <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> were made provinces in 1905, the federal government retained control over their lands and natural resources, which made the new provinces unique in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas19598-44">[44]</a> The Rutherford government acquiesced to this state of affairs; because the terms of confederation had been drawn up by the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Wilfrid_Laurier" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Wilfrid Laurier">Sir Wilfrid Laurier</a>, it was natural for the provincial Liberal Party to cast itself as their defender.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195925–26-45">[45]</a> In this capacity, Rutherford pointed to the $375,000 per year that the provincial government received from the federal government as compensation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabcock198927–28-46">[46]</a> In 1910, however, Liberal MLA <a href="/wiki/Alwyn_Bramley-Moore" title="Alwyn Bramley-Moore">Alwyn Bramley-Moore</a> (who was a staunch provincial rights advocate and who many years later was called "Alberta's first <a href="/wiki/Alberta_separatism" title="Alberta separatism">separatist</a>" by the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Journal" title="Edmonton Journal">Edmonton Journal</a>)<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> moved a resolution calling on the Sifton government to "take such steps as may be deemed necessary to acquire the control of all such natural resources as are of purely local concern".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959114–115-48">[48]</a> Sifton responded that it was already the intention of his government to begin negotiations with the federal government to this end.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959115-49">[49]</a> He asserted "I have always believed ... that we should administer our mines and timber. The question is not now whether we would like to control our natural resources, but what is the best way to get them."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200430-50">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Lewis_Sifton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Arthur_Lewis_Sifton.jpg/170px-Arthur_Lewis_Sifton.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Arthur_Lewis_Sifton.jpg/255px-Arthur_Lewis_Sifton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Arthur_Lewis_Sifton.jpg/340px-Arthur_Lewis_Sifton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Sifton at the coronation of <a href="/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George V of the United Kingdom">George V of the United Kingdom</a>, 1910</figcaption></figure>Soon after, Sifton made a trip east and spoke on the subject of provincial resource control to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Club_of_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Club of Toronto">Canadian Club of Toronto</a>, where his points were well received.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200430-50">[50]</a> In May 1910, Sifton and Saskatchewan Premier <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Walter_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a> met with Laurier in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, where he was able to secure the Prime Minister's agreement that if the Liberals were re-elected in the <a href="/wiki/1911_Canadian_federal_election" title="1911 Canadian federal election">1911 federal election</a> they would transfer to Alberta control over its resources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200430-50">[50]</a> This election was fought primarily on the issue of <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(Canadian_politics)" title="Reciprocity (Canadian politics)">reciprocity</a>, which was popular in Alberta, and Sifton campaigned actively for Laurier (distinguishing himself from his brother, who broke with Laurier on reciprocity).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959120–121-51">[51]</a> Despite winning six of Alberta's seven seats, the Liberals were defeated nationally by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Robert Borden</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party of Canada (historical)">Conservatives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959116-52">[52]</a> Initially, this did not appear to be a problem; Borden had long called for the transfer of resource control to the prairie provinces,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200430-50">[50]</a> but when Sifton and Scott raised the issue with the new Prime Minister, little action resulted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200430-50">[50]</a> Borden stalled for some time, and it emerged that he did not wish to buoy the fortunes of the provincial Liberal parties by giving them the political victory that would result from the transfer of resource control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200430-50">[50]</a> Upon the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, the issue fell out of public prominence, and it was not until 1930 that Alberta achieved this long-time objective.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200430-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricultural_policy">Agricultural policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sifton&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Agricultural policy">edit</a>]</div> Sifton's time as Premier corresponded with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/United_Farmers_of_Alberta" title="United Farmers of Alberta">United Farmers of Alberta</a> (UFA) as a political force. Formed in 1909 by the merger of the Society of Equity and the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Farmers%27_Association" title="Alberta Farmers' Association">Alberta Farmers' Association</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERennie200034–35-53">[53]</a> the UFA later became a political party and governed Alberta from 1921 until 1935.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> During Sifton's tenure, however, its entry into direct politics was still several years away, and it confined itself to advocating for farmers' interests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERennie200089-55">[55]</a> In a province in which 50,004 people voted in the <a href="/wiki/1909_Alberta_general_election" title="1909 Alberta general election">1909 provincial election</a>,<a href="#cite_note-EA-56">[56]</a> the UFA claimed an initial membership of 2,100, which climbed to 9,400 in 1913.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERennie200051-57">[57]</a> Moreover, these figures did not include the many farmers who were active in the organization without paying dues; the UFA was a force to be reckoned with, and Sifton took notice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERennie200051-57">[57]</a> The UFA's first provincial victory took place in 1910, and involved the construction of <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_college" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural college">agricultural colleges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200431-58">[58]</a> Premier Alexander Rutherford, always a stalwart ally of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a>, approved a plan to locate Alberta's first agricultural college on the university's campus, in Rutherford's home town of <a href="/wiki/Strathcona,_Alberta" title="Strathcona, Alberta">Strathcona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200431-58">[58]</a> At the 1910 UFA convention, a resolution proposed putting the college in southern Alberta, though it was supplanted by an <a href="/wiki/Edward_Michener" title="Edward Michener">Edward Michener</a> motion calling for the UFA's leadership to consult with the province on a mutually amenable location.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERennie200037-59">[59]</a> After consultation with the UFA, Sifton agreed that, in addition to the college, agricultural schools would be built around the province, and that farmers would be guaranteed representation on the college's board.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERennie200038-60">[60]</a> In fact, Sifton held off on the establishment of the college all together in favour of the creation of seven demonstration farms in different regions of the province.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200431-58">[58]</a> In 1912, the government announced the creation of agricultural colleges in connection with three of these farms (all of them in the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">ridings</a> of provincial cabinet ministers: Duncan Marshall's <a href="/wiki/Olds,_Alberta" title="Olds, Alberta">Olds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claresholm,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Claresholm, Alberta">Claresholm</a> in Archibald McLean's Lethbridge District, and Sifton's <a href="/wiki/Vermilion,_Alberta" title="Vermilion, Alberta">Vermilion</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200431-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959134-61">[61]</a> Another of the UFA's policies called for a single tax on land to replace most other forms of taxation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERennie200042-62">[62]</a> The farmers hoped that this tax would help replace <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a>, which made it harder for them to export their produce,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERennie200042-62">[62]</a> and shift the tax burden towards cities, where land values were higher.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERennie200044-63">[63]</a> They also called for a surtax on undeveloped land to curb <a href="/wiki/Land_speculation" class="mw-redirect" title="Land speculation">land speculation</a> and encourage the sale of land to farmers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERennie200044-63">[63]</a> On this demand too, Sifton acted: in 1911–1912 he allowed municipalities to levy <a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">property taxes</a> and required that rural municipalities tax only land, and in 1914 he imposed a provincial tax on undeveloped land to discourage land speculation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERennie200044-63">[63]</a> Other UFA-motivated acts by Sifton's government included abandonment of a 1912 plan to privatize <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a> insurance (it instead enacted a municipal insurance scheme) and the prohibition of contract clauses that allowed farm machinery companies to avoid responsibility for their products.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERennie200045–46-64">[64]</a> Perhaps the most important piece of farm legislation passed by Sifton's government was the incorporation of the <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Farmers%27_Co-operative_Elevator_Company" title="Alberta Farmers' Co-operative Elevator Company">Alberta Farmers' Co-operative Elevator Company</a> (AFCEC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959135-65">[65]</a> Though the UFA's first preference was for government ownership and operation of <a href="/wiki/Grain_elevators" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain elevators">grain elevators</a>, which Sifton refused,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERennie200046-66">[66]</a> it gladly accepted the AFCEC, in which only farmers could hold shares and which was supported by provincial startup loans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959135-65">[65]</a> Hall writes that "the Sifton government in effect responded wholly or in part to practically every resolution from the 1913 UFA convention related to provincial powers."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200431-58">[58]</a> This rate could not sustain itself, however, especially once the First World War began to occupy an increasing share of the province's attention and resources. During the 1916 legislative session, the government acted on only two of the UFA's twenty-three demands of that year — one to allow the sale of <a href="/wiki/Gopher_(animal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gopher (animal)">gopher</a> poison by UFA locals, and one dealing with <a href="/wiki/Livestock_branding" title="Livestock branding">brand</a> inspection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERennie2000128-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_and_moral_reform">Democratic and moral reform</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sifton&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Democratic and moral reform">edit</a>]</div> It was not only in agricultural policy that the UFA spread its influence. The organization had a strong <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> bent, and advocated <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_Canada" title="Prohibition in Canada">prohibition</a>. In response to the first of these, Sifton in 1913 introduced the Direct Democracy Act.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959136-68">[68]</a> Though it went somewhat less far than the UFA would have liked—for example, it made no provision for <a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">recall</a> of elected officials—it did allow for Albertans to call a referendum directly by submitting a <a href="/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">petition</a> including the names of eligible voters totalling ten percent of the votes cast in the previous provincial election, including at least eight percent in each of eighty-five percent of the province's ridings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959136-68">[68]</a> The Conservatives were on record as supporting direct democracy, and could therefore criticize the bill only in detail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959136-68">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Sifton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arthur_Sifton.jpg/220px-Arthur_Sifton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Arthur_Sifton.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Sifton's official portrait, by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Albert_Long" title="Victor Albert Long">Victor Albert Long</a> </figcaption></figure>The large number of signatures required (beginning with the <a href="/wiki/1913_Alberta_general_election" title="1913 Alberta general election">1913 election</a>, 9,399 signatures were required)<a href="#cite_note-EA-56">[56]</a> meant that only an issue capable of galvanizing much of the province could lead to a referendum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERennie2000126-69">[69]</a> Prohibition was such an issue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERennie2000126-69">[69]</a> The Conservatives were advocates of such a referendum (during the <a href="/wiki/1st_Alberta_Legislative_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Alberta Legislative Assembly">1st Alberta Legislative Assembly</a>, Conservative <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Hiebert" title="Cornelius Hiebert">Cornelius Hiebert</a> had advocated prohibition or, failing that, a government monopoly on alcohol sales), but Sifton and his Liberals were less enthusiastic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959138–139-70">[70]</a> They knew the boon to government coffers that liquor sales represented, and were not eager to alienate either the UFA's moral reformers or the province's hoteliers and saloonkeepers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959139-71">[71]</a> Once the referendum legislation was in place, however, its advocates wasted no time: in 1914 the legislature accepted a petition bearing 23,656 names, and duly called a referendum on the subject.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959158-72">[72]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta_prohibition_referendum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alberta prohibition referendum (page does not exist)">Alberta prohibition referendum</a> passed resoundingly, and the legislature passed the <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition Act">Prohibition Act</a> in the spring of 1916.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959159–160-73">[73]</a> Initially the new Act appeared successful: in 1917 there were 5,151 convictions for all crimes across Alberta, as compared to an annual average of 12,706 over the preceding four years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959163-74">[74]</a> By the time the province's enforcement of the act was exposed as being either deliberately lax or merely futile, depending on the observer, Sifton had left office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959163-74">[74]</a> Alberta's women, especially those of the UFA-affiliated United Farm Women of Alberta, were active in the province's moral reform movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERennie2000118–119-75">[75]</a> They were also active in seeking the vote: in 1913 a delegation of them arrived at the legislature demanding the vote; Sifton asked them "did you ladies wash up your luncheon dishes before you came down here to ask me for the vote? If you haven't you'd better go home because you're not going to get any votes from me."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200434–35-76">[76]</a> In October 1914 another delegation arrived, bearing the signatures of 40,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959164-77">[77]</a> At that time, the Premier agreed that most traditional objections to extension of the franchise were "played out", but expressed concern at the increases that would result to the cost of elections and uncertainty at whether most of the province's women actually wanted suffrage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959164-77">[77]</a> In February 1915 a larger delegation arrived at the legislature and occupied the MLAs' seats,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200435-78">[78]</a> demanding that the franchise be extended quickly enough to allow women to vote in the upcoming prohibition referendum; an angry Sifton refused and suggested to the women that if they wanted the vote, they should contact their MLAs and promise that they would use their votes to re-elect them, "which is after all one of the strongest way in which you can appeal to male human nature, as represented in the legislature."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200435-78">[78]</a> Even so, he committed to raising the issue in the legislature after the referendum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959165-79">[79]</a> On September 17, 1915, he told UFA President James Speakman that he had given instructions for the preparation of a statute "placing men and women in Alberta on the basis of absolute equality so far as Provincial matters are concerned."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959165-79">[79]</a> True to his word, he introduced legislation in the spring of 1916 giving women the vote in all provincial and municipal elections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959165-79">[79]</a> The Conservatives supported it enthusiastically, and only <a href="/wiki/St._Albert_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="St. Albert (provincial electoral district)">St. Albert</a> MLA <a href="/wiki/Lucien_Boudreau" title="Lucien Boudreau">Lucien Boudreau</a> voted against it (though <a href="/wiki/Ribstone_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Ribstone (provincial electoral district)">Ribstone</a> Liberal <a href="/wiki/James_Gray_Turgeon" title="James Gray Turgeon">James Gray Turgeon</a> admitted that he was supporting his leader's legislation against his own convictions).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959165-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Style_and_political_success">Style and political success</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sifton&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Style and political success">edit</a>]</div> Arthur Sifton's political style was to remain aloof and detached, and to say no more than necessary; this cemented his reputation as "the Sphinx".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200438-80">[80]</a> He was authoritarian and, while he inspired respect, he was not loved; historian L. G. Thomas credits him with holding the Liberal Party together through his strength, but blames him for failing to heal its underlying divisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959180-81">[81]</a> Sifton was originally selected as Premier in the hopes that he would lead the Liberal Party to continued dominance of provincial politics in Alberta. His success in this regard was mixed: although he led the party to victory in the <a href="/wiki/1913_Alberta_general_election" title="1913 Alberta general election">1913</a> and <a href="/wiki/1917_Alberta_general_election" title="1917 Alberta general election">1917</a> elections, its majorities declined each time.<a href="#cite_note-EA-56">[56]</a> Moreover, his victories were marred by accusations of unethical electoral tactics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959137&142-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200433-83">[83]</a> In advance of the 1913 election, government-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_(election)" title="Redistribution (election)">redistribution</a> legislation increased the number of ridings from 41 to 56 and left them of unequal size;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959137-84">[84]</a> only 103 votes were cast in <a href="/wiki/Clearwater_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Clearwater (provincial electoral district)">Clearwater</a> in its first election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMardonMardon199351-85">[85]</a> The Liberals argued that a model of straight <a href="/wiki/Representation_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Representation by population">representation by population</a> was inappropriate in a province in which some districts were growing far more quickly than others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959137-84">[84]</a> David Hall has called the bill a "flagrant <a href="/wiki/Gerrymander" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerrymander">gerrymander</a>" and the ensuing election the "crookedest election in Alberta history".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200433-83">[83]</a> There being few policy differences separating the Liberals from the Conservatives, the electoral battle was instead an organizational one, with the two sides accusing one another of bribing ethnic minorities with alcohol and importing elections workers from outside of the province to bribe, intimidate, and mislead rural voters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959142-86">[86]</a> The Conservatives also accused the Liberals of using government-paid civil servants to campaign for their re-election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959142-86">[86]</a> Sifton, not confident of victory in his own riding, sought election both there and in <a href="/wiki/Macleod_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Macleod (provincial electoral district)">Macleod</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200433-83">[83]</a> In the event, he was defeated there but retained his Vermilion riding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200433-83">[83]</a> Since the 1917 election was held in the throes of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, it was unlikely to be an election as usual—indeed, the Conservatives favoured prolonging the legislature until the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959169-87">[87]</a> Sifton was not willing to go that far, but did introduce legislation to re-elect, by act of the legislature, the twelve MLAs who had enlisted in the armed forces—of these, seven were Liberals and five Conservatives; one of the Liberals, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stauffer" title="Joseph Stauffer">Joseph Stauffer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Didsbury_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Didsbury (provincial electoral district)">Disbury</a>, was killed in action before the legislation took effect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959169-87">[87]</a> The Conservatives supported this legislation, though they later cast aspersions on it by suggesting that of the Liberals re-elected, two had never left Canada.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959169-87">[87]</a> A second piece of election legislation provided for two special MLAs to be elected by the 38,000 Albertans serving overseas; the Conservatives protested that two MLAs was not sufficient for such a large number of voters, especially since Clearwater by this time had only 116 eligible voters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959169-87">[87]</a> After a sedate election that the Liberals won by a slightly reduced majority,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959178–179-88">[88]</a> Sifton announced his resignation as Premier to enter federal politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959179-89">[89]</a> Sifton's 1917 victory was the Liberals' last: his successor, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_(premier)" title="Charles Stewart (premier)">Charles Stewart</a>, lost the <a href="/wiki/1921_Alberta_general_election" title="1921 Alberta general election">1921 election</a> to the newly-political UFA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959204-90">[90]</a> In Thomas's estimation, Sifton would have faced a similar fate in 1917 if the UFA had run candidates then.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959207-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federal_politics">Federal politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sifton&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Federal politics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Sifton_federal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Arthur_Sifton_federal.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>Sifton as a federal cabinet minister</figcaption></figure>The <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Conscription Crisis of 1917</a> divided the Liberal Party of Canada, and this division extended into the provincial camp. Federal Liberal leader Laurier opposed Prime Minister Borden's proposal to implement wartime <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a>, a stand which many Liberals, especially those outside <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, denounced as unpatriotic. Borden reached out to these Liberals to propose a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a>, to be led by him and to include Conservatives and pro-conscription Liberals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200437-92">[92]</a> Clifford Sifton was a major broker of the resulting deal and, when the question of a suitable Alberta representative in the cabinet came up, Arthur Sifton was a natural choice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959170-93">[93]</a> In 1914, he had announced Alberta's willingness to sacrifice "its last dollar and its last man", and was a staunch supporter of conscription.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200436-94">[94]</a> He had agreed by August 1917 to join the <a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Canada)" title="Unionist Party (Canada)">Unionist</a> government, and resigned as Premier in October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200437-92">[92]</a> Although he was only 58 at the time of joining government, his health was suffering.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200437-92">[92]</a> He was short of energy and required a car to transport him even the several hundred metres from his Ottawa residence to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons of Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200437-92">[92]</a> Because of this, he was given relatively undemanding portfolios: Minister of Customs and Inland Revenue, Minister of Public Works, and Secretary of State.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200437-92">[92]</a> Hall has called him among the least visible of Borden's ministers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200437-92">[92]</a> Because of his health and his short tenure in each position, he made very little impact.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200437-92">[92]</a> Despite this, Sifton was highly regarded by his colleagues. Borden himself later stated "there was no one in whose judgment I placed firmer reliance".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200437-92">[92]</a> Sifton was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Imperial Privy Council</a> in the 1920 New Year Honours,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> entitling him to the style "The Right Honourable". Sifton was one of four Canadian delegates to the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference of 1919</a>, along with Borden, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Doherty" title="Charles Doherty">Charles Doherty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Eulas_Foster" title="George Eulas Foster">George Eulas Foster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200437-92">[92]</a> There, he acted as vice chair of the Commission on Ports, Waterways, and Railways, and served on the Commission on Aerial Navigation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200437-92">[92]</a> In these capacities he argued for Canada to be treated as an independent state at a time when its foreign policy was still managed by the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200437-92">[92]</a> On June 28, 1919, Arthur Sifton was one of two Canadians to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200438-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sifton&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Death and legacy">edit</a>]</div> In January 1921, Sifton became ill and took leave from his duties for a few days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200438-80">[80]</a> Although his recovery seemed imminent, his condition suddenly worsened. He died at his home on January 21 at the age of 62.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200438-80">[80]</a> Borden mourned the loss of "a public servant of the highest ability and of the most conspicuous patriotism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200439-96">[96]</a> He was buried in Ottawa's <a href="/wiki/Beechwood_Cemetery" title="Beechwood Cemetery">Beechwood Cemetery</a>. His public papers are in the Canadian archives, with some legal papers in a legal collection in Alberta, and others mixed in with those of his brother Clifford.<a href="#cite_note-DCB-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_record">Electoral record</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sifton&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Electoral record">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_party_leader">As party leader</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sifton&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: As party leader">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/1917_Alberta_general_election" title="1917 Alberta general election">1917 Alberta provincial election</a><a href="#cite_note-EA-56">[56]</a> </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="CCCCCC"> <th rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="2">Party </th> <th rowspan="2" align="left">Party leader </th> <th rowspan="2" align="left"># of candidates </th> <th colspan="3" align="center">Seats </th> <th colspan="3" align="center">Popular vote </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="CCCCCC"> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1913_Alberta_general_election" title="1913 Alberta general election">1913</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1917_Alberta_general_election" title="1917 Alberta general election">1917</a> </td> <td align="center">% Change </td> <td align="center"># </td> <td align="center">% </td> <td align="center">% Change </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#EA6D6A; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Liberal_Party" title="Alberta Liberal Party">Liberal</a> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> Arthur Sifton</div> </td> <td align="right">49 </td> <td align="right">38/39 </td> <td align="right">34 </td> <td align="right">-12.8% </td> <td align="right">54,212 </td> <td align="right">48.14% </td> <td align="right">-1.09% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#9999FF; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta" title="Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta">Conservative</a> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Michener" title="Edward Michener">Edward Michener</a></div> </td> <td align="right">48 </td> <td align="right">17 </td> <td align="right">19 </td> <td align="right">+11.8% </td> <td align="right">47,055 </td> <td align="right">41.79% </td> <td align="right">-3.31% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#DCDCDC; width: 16px">  </td> <td colspan="2">Independent </td> <td align="right">11 </td> <td align="right">- </td> <td align="right">2 </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">6,569 </td> <td align="right">5.83% </td> <td align="right">+2.08% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#EEBBBB; width: 16px">  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_candidates_and_parties_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour candidates and parties (Canada)">Labour</a> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">2 </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">3,576 </td> <td align="right">3.17% </td> <td align="right">  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#FFD700; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Alberta" title="Socialist Party of Alberta">Socialist</a> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">3 </td> <td align="right">- </td> <td align="right">- </td> <td align="right">- </td> <td align="right">784 </td> <td align="right">0.70% </td> <td align="right">-1.17% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#EEAAEE; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Non-Partisan_League" title="Alberta Non-Partisan League">Nonpartisan League</a> </td> <td> </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">- </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">416 </td> <td align="right">0.37% </td> <td align="right">  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">Sub-total </td> <td align="right">114 </td> <td align="right">55/56<a href="#cite_note-Cross-97">[97]</a> </td> <td align="right">56 </td> <td align="right">- </td> <td align="right">112,612 </td> <td align="right">100% </td> <th><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">  </div> </th></tr> <tr> <th><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">  </div> </th> <td colspan="2">Soldiers' vote (Province at large) </td> <td align="right">21 </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">2 </td> <td align="right">  </td> <td align="right">13,286 </td> <td align="right">21.00% </td> <td align="right">  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">Total </td> <td align="right">135 </td> <td align="right">55/56 </td> <td align="right">58 </td> <td align="right">+3.6% </td> <td align="right"> 125,898 </td> <td align="right"> 100% </td> <th><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">  </div> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/1913_Alberta_general_election" title="1913 Alberta general election">1913 Alberta provincial election</a><a href="#cite_note-EA-56">[56]</a> </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="CCCCCC"> <th rowspan="2" align="left" colspan="2">Party </th> <th rowspan="2" align="left">Party leader </th> <th rowspan="2" align="left"># of candidates </th> <th colspan="3" align="center">Seats </th> <th colspan="3" align="center">Popular vote </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="CCCCCC"> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1909_Alberta_general_election" title="1909 Alberta general election">1909</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1913_Alberta_general_election" title="1913 Alberta general election">1913</a> </td> <td align="center">% Change </td> <td align="center"># </td> <td align="center">% </td> <td align="center">% Change </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#EA6D6A; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Liberal_Party" title="Alberta Liberal Party">Liberal</a> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> Arthur Sifton</div> </td> <td align="right">55/56<a href="#cite_note-Cross-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> </td> <td align="right">36 </td> <td align="right">38/39<a href="#cite_note-Cross-97">[97]</a> </td> <td align="right">+8.3% </td> <td align="right">47,748 </td> <td align="right">49.23% </td> <td align="right">-10.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#9999FF; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta" title="Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta">Conservative</a> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Michener" title="Edward Michener">Edward Michener</a></div> </td> <td align="right">56 </td> <td align="right">2 </td> <td align="right">17 </td> <td align="right">+750% </td> <td align="right">43,737 </td> <td align="right">45.10% </td> <td align="right">+13.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#DCDCDC; width: 16px">  </td> <td colspan="2">Independent </td> <td align="right">14 </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="right">- </td> <td align="right">-100% </td> <td align="right">3,639 </td> <td align="right">3.75% </td> <td align="right">+0.36% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#FFD700; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Alberta" title="Socialist Party of Alberta">Socialist</a> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._O%27Brien" title="Charles M. O'Brien">Charles M. O'Brien</a></div> </td> <td align="right">5 </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="right">- </td> <td align="right">-100% </td> <td align="right">1,814 </td> <td align="right">1.87% </td> <td align="right">-0.73% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#DCDCDC; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician#Canada" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Independent Liberal </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="right">1 </td> <td align="right">- </td> <td align="right">47 </td> <td align="right">0.05% </td> <td align="right">-2.57% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">Total </td> <td align="right">132 </td> <td align="right">41 </td> <td align="right">55/56 </td> <td align="right">+36.6% </td> <td align="right">96,985 </td> <td align="right"> 100% </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_MLA">As MLA</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sifton&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: As MLA">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" align="center"><a href="/wiki/1917_Alberta_general_election" title="1917 Alberta general election">1917 Alberta general election</a> results (<a href="/wiki/Vermilion_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Vermilion (provincial electoral district)">Vermilion</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMardonMardon1993129-99">[99]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Turnout N.A. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#EA6D6A; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Liberal_Party" title="Alberta Liberal Party">Liberal</a> </td> <td>Arthur Sifton </td> <td align="right">2,063 </td> <td align="right">63.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#9999FF; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta" title="Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta">Conservative</a> </td> <td>John Baker Burch </td> <td align="right">1,210 </td> <td align="right">37.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" align="center"><a href="/wiki/1913_Alberta_general_election" title="1913 Alberta general election">1913 Alberta general election</a> results (<a href="/wiki/Vermilion_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Vermilion (provincial electoral district)">Vermilion</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMardonMardon1993129-99">[99]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Turnout N.A. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#EA6D6A; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Liberal_Party" title="Alberta Liberal Party">Liberal</a> </td> <td>Arthur Sifton </td> <td align="right">772 </td> <td align="right">47.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#9999FF; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta" title="Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta">Conservative</a> </td> <td>J. George Clark </td> <td align="right">571 </td> <td align="right">35.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#DCDCDC; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician#Canada" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> </td> <td>Gregory Krikevsky </td> <td align="right">276 </td> <td align="right">17.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" align="center"><a href="/wiki/1913_Alberta_general_election" title="1913 Alberta general election">1913 Alberta general election</a> results (<a href="/wiki/Macleod_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Macleod (provincial electoral district)">Macleod</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMardonMardon199394-100">[100]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Turnout N.A. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#9999FF; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta" title="Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta">Conservative</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Patterson_(Alberta_politician)" title="Robert Patterson (Alberta politician)">Robert Patterson</a> </td> <td align="right">579 </td> <td align="right">50.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#EA6D6A; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Liberal_Party" title="Alberta Liberal Party">Liberal</a> </td> <td>Arthur Sifton </td> <td align="right">560 </td> <td align="right">49.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" align="center">1910 by-election results (<a href="/wiki/Vermilion_(provincial_electoral_district)" title="Vermilion (provincial electoral district)">Vermilion</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMardonMardon1993129-99">[99]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Turnout N.A. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#EA6D6A; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Liberal_Party" title="Alberta Liberal Party">Liberal</a> </td> <td>Arthur Sifton </td> <td align="right">1,018 </td> <td align="right">58.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#9999FF; width: 16px"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Association_of_Alberta" title="Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta">Conservative</a> </td> <td>J. George Clark </td> <td align="right">710 </td> <td align="right">41.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" align="center"><a href="/wiki/1902_Northwest_Territories_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1902 Northwest Territories general election">1902 Northwest Territories general election</a> results (<a href="/wiki/Banff_(N.W.T._electoral_district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Banff (N.W.T. electoral district)">Banff</a>)<a href="#cite_note-NWT_elections-101">[101]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Turnout N.A. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>Arthur Sifton </td> <td align="right">296 </td> <td align="right">81.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>Robert Smith </td> <td align="right">68 </td> <td align="right">18.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" align="center">1901 by-election results (<a href="/wiki/Banff_(N.W.T._electoral_district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Banff (N.W.T. electoral district)">Banff</a>)<a href="#cite_note-NWT_elections-101">[101]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Turnout N.A. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>Arthur Sifton </td> <td colspan="2" align="right">Acclaimed </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" align="center">1899 by-election results (<a href="/wiki/Banff_(N.W.T._electoral_district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Banff (N.W.T. electoral district)">Banff</a>)<a href="#cite_note-NWT_elections-101">[101]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Turnout N.A. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>Arthur Sifton </td> <td align="right">193 </td> <td align="right">54.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brett" title="Robert Brett">Robert Brett</a> </td> <td align="right">159 </td> <td align="right">45.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" align="center"><a href="/wiki/1898_Northwest_Territories_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1898 Northwest Territories general election">1898 Northwest Territories general election</a> results (<a href="/wiki/Banff_(N.W.T._electoral_district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Banff (N.W.T. electoral district)">Banff</a>)<a href="#cite_note-NWT_elections-101">[101]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">Turnout N.A. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brett" title="Robert Brett">Robert Brett</a> </td> <td align="right">181 </td> <td align="right">50.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td>Arthur Sifton </td> <td align="right">179 </td> <td align="right">49.7% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_MP">As MP</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sifton&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: As MP">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:616px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:left;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1917_Canadian_federal_election/Medicine_Hat" title="Template:1917 Canadian federal election/Medicine Hat"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1917_Canadian_federal_election/Medicine_Hat" title="Template talk:1917 Canadian federal election/Medicine Hat"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1917_Canadian_federal_election/Medicine_Hat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1917 Canadian federal election/Medicine Hat"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><a href="/wiki/1917_Canadian_federal_election" title="1917 Canadian federal election">1917 Canadian federal election</a>: <a href="/wiki/Medicine_Hat%E2%80%94Cardston%E2%80%94Warner" title="Medicine Hat—Cardston—Warner">Medicine Hat</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2 style=" bgcolor="">Party </th> <th width="250px">Candidate </th> <th width="48px">Votes</th> <th width="43px">% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #9999FF; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Canada)" title="Unionist Party (Canada)">Government (Unionist)</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lewis_Sifton" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Lewis Sifton">Arthur Lewis Sifton</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,869</td> <td style="text-align:right;">63.04 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #EA6D6A; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Laurier_Liberals" title="Laurier Liberals">Opposition (Laurier Liberals)</a></td> <td>Clifford Bernardo Reilly</td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,568</td> <td style="text-align:right;">32.74 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; background-color: #EEAAEE; width: 16px;"> </td> <td style="width: 180px; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Non-Partisan_League" title="Alberta Non-Partisan League">Nonpartisan League</a></td> <td>George Paton</td> <td style="text-align:right;">460</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.22 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:white;color:black;"> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">Total valid votes </td> <td style="text-align:right;border-top:1px solid darkgray;">10,897 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archives">Archives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sifton&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Archives">edit</a>]</div> There are Arthur Sifton <a href="/wiki/Fonds" title="Fonds">fonds</a> at <a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Archives_of_Alberta" title="Provincial Archives of Alberta">Provincial Archives of Alberta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sifton&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sifton&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerryCraig2006243-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerryCraig2006243_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerryCraig2006">Perry & Craig 2006</a>, p. 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200420-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200420_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200420_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200420_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200420_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200420_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200420_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200420_2-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2004">Hall 2004</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-DCB-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DCB_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCB_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCB_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCB_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCB_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCB_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCB_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCB_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCB_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCB_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCB_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCB_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCB_3-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCB_3-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DCB_3-14">o</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=8365">"Sifton, Arthur Lewis Watkins"</a>. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Retrieved 2008-12-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.atitle=Sifton%2C+Arthur+Lewis+Watkins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biographi.ca%2F009004-119.01-e.php%3F%26id_nbr%3D8365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Sifton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-leg_bio-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-leg_bio_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-leg_bio_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326193113/http://www.assembly.ab.ca/lao/library/premiers/sifton.htm">"The Honourable Arthur L. Sifton, 1910-17"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta" title="Legislative Assembly of Alberta">Legislative Assembly of Alberta</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.assembly.ab.ca/lao/library/premiers/sifton.htm">the original</a> on 2009-03-26. Retrieved 2008-12-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Honourable+Arthur+L.+Sifton%2C+1910-17&rft.pub=Legislative+Assembly+of+Alberta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.assembly.ab.ca%2Flao%2Flibrary%2Fpremiers%2Fsifton.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Sifton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200421-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200421_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200421_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200421_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200421_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200421_5-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2004">Hall 2004</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200422-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200422_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200422_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200422_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200422_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200422_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200422_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200422_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200422_6-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2004">Hall 2004</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200422–23-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200422–23_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2004">Hall 2004</a>, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200423-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200423_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200423_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200423_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200423_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200423_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200423_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200423_8-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200423_8-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200423_8-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200423_8-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200423_8-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2004">Hall 2004</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200424-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200424_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200424_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200424_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200424_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200424_9-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2004">Hall 2004</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195948-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas195948_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas195948_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas195948_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas195948_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas195948_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas195948_10-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195947-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas195947_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195948–49-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas195948–49_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, pp. 48–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195949-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas195949_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195987-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas195987_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195988-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas195988_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195989-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas195989_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195990-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas195990_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas195990_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas195990_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas195990_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas195990_17-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200425-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200425_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200425_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200425_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200425_18-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2004">Hall 2004</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195991-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas195991_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas195991_19-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195990–91-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas195990–91_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas195990–91_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, pp. 90–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195993-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas195993_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas195993_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas195993_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas195993_21-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195994-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas195994_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas195994_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959125-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959125_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959125_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959113-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959113_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959113_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195984-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas195984_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195995-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas195995_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas195995_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959107–108-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959107–108_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, pp. 107–108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959109-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959109_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959110–111-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959110–111_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, pp. 110–111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959111-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959111_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959111_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959106-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959106_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959110-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959110_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959110_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959110_32-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959111–112-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959111–112_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, pp. 111–112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959112-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959112_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959112_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959112_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959112_34-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959112–113-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959112–113_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, pp. 112–113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959121-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959121_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959121_36-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200427-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200427_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2004">Hall 2004</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959121–122-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959121–122_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, pp. 121–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959127-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959127_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959127–128-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959127–128_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, pp. 127–128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959148-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959148_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959149–150-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959149–150_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, pp. 149–150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959150-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959150_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959150_43-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas19598-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas19598_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas195925–26-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas195925–26_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, pp. 25–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabcock198927–28-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabcock198927–28_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBabcock1989">Babcock 1989</a>, pp. 27–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson2005" class="citation news cs1">Thomson, Graham (November 11, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/blog/thomson.html?post=1939">"Remembrance Day"</a>. Edmonton Journal. Retrieved 2008-01-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Edmonton+Journal&rft.atitle=Remembrance+Day&rft.date=2005-11-11&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2Fedmontonjournal%2Fnews%2Fblog%2Fthomson.html%3Fpost%3D1939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Sifton" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959114–115-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959114–115_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, pp. 114–115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959115-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959115_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200430-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200430_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200430_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200430_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200430_50-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200430_50-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200430_50-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200430_50-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2004">Hall 2004</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959120–121-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959120–121_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, pp. 120–121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959116-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959116_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERennie200034–35-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERennie200034–35_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRennie2000">Rennie 2000</a>, pp. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/united-farmers-of-canada/">"United Farmers of Alberta"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080128175754/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0008226">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=United+Farmers+of+Alberta&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Funited-farmers-of-canada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Sifton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERennie200089-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERennie200089_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRennie2000">Rennie 2000</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-EA-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EA_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EA_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EA_56-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EA_56-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EA_56-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080211122446/http://www.elections.ab.ca/pastelections.html">"Alberta provincial election results"</a>. Elections Alberta. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elections.ab.ca/pastelections.html">the original</a> on February 11, 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alberta+provincial+election+results&rft.pub=Elections+Alberta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elections.ab.ca%2Fpastelections.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Sifton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERennie200051-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERennie200051_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERennie200051_57-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRennie2000">Rennie 2000</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200431-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200431_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200431_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200431_58-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200431_58-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200431_58-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2004">Hall 2004</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERennie200037-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERennie200037_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRennie2000">Rennie 2000</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERennie200038-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERennie200038_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRennie2000">Rennie 2000</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959134-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959134_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERennie200042-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERennie200042_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERennie200042_62-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRennie2000">Rennie 2000</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERennie200044-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERennie200044_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERennie200044_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERennie200044_63-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRennie2000">Rennie 2000</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERennie200045–46-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERennie200045–46_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRennie2000">Rennie 2000</a>, pp. 45–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959135-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959135_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959135_65-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERennie200046-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERennie200046_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRennie2000">Rennie 2000</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERennie2000128-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERennie2000128_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRennie2000">Rennie 2000</a>, p. 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959136-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959136_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959136_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959136_68-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERennie2000126-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERennie2000126_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERennie2000126_69-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRennie2000">Rennie 2000</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959138–139-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959138–139_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, pp. 138–139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959139-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959139_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959158-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959158_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959159–160-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959159–160_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, pp. 159–160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959163-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959163_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959163_74-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERennie2000118–119-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERennie2000118–119_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRennie2000">Rennie 2000</a>, pp. 118–119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200434–35-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200434–35_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2004">Hall 2004</a>, pp. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959164-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959164_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959164_77-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200435-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200435_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200435_78-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2004">Hall 2004</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959165-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959165_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959165_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959165_79-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959165_79-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200438-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200438_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200438_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200438_80-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200438_80-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2004">Hall 2004</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959180-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959180_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959137&142-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959137&142_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, pp. 137&142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200433-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200433_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200433_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200433_83-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200433_83-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2004">Hall 2004</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959137-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959137_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959137_84-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMardonMardon199351-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMardonMardon199351_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMardonMardon1993">Mardon & Mardon 1993</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959142-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959142_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959142_86-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959169-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959169_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959169_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959169_87-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959169_87-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959178–179-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959178–179_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, pp. 178–179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959179-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959179_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959204-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959204_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959207-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959207_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200437-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200437_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200437_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200437_92-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200437_92-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200437_92-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200437_92-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200437_92-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200437_92-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200437_92-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200437_92-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200437_92-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2004">Hall 2004</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1959170-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas1959170_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomas1959">Thomas 1959</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200436-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200436_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2004">Hall 2004</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette31712" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31712/supplement/2">"No. 31712"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a> (Supplement). 30 December 1919. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+31712&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1919-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F31712%2Fsupplement%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Sifton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200439-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200439_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2004">Hall 2004</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cross-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cross_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cross_97-2">c</a> In 1913, Charles Cross ran and won in two different ridings. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Sifton and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Grant_MacKay" title="Alexander Grant MacKay">Alexander Grant MacKay</a> each ran in two ridings and won one. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMardonMardon1993129-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMardonMardon1993129_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMardonMardon1993129_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMardonMardon1993129_99-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMardonMardon1993">Mardon & Mardon 1993</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMardonMardon199394-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMardonMardon199394_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMardonMardon1993">Mardon & Mardon 1993</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-NWT_elections-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NWT_elections_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NWT_elections_101-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NWT_elections_101-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NWT_elections_101-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928101028/http://www.saskarchives.com/web/seld/1-00.pdf">"Territories"</a> (PDF). Saskatchewan Archives Board. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saskarchives.com/web/seld/1-00.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 28, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Territories&rft.pub=Saskatchewan+Archives+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saskarchives.com%2Fweb%2Fseld%2F1-00.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Sifton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=103859&lang=eng">"Arthur Lewis Sifton fonds, Library and Archives Canada"</a>. 20 July 2017. Retrieved 2020-09-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arthur+Lewis+Sifton+fonds%2C+Library+and+Archives+Canada&rft.date=2017-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcentral.bac-lac.gc.ca%2F.redirect%3Fapp%3Dfonandcol%26id%3D103859%26lang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Sifton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hermis.alberta.ca/paa/Details.aspx?st=Arthur+Lewis+Sifton+&ReturnUrl=%2fpaa%2fSearch.aspx%3fst%3dArthur%2bLewis%2bSifton%2b&dv=True&DeptID=1&ObjectID=PR3856">"Arthur Sifton fonds, Provincial Archives of Alberta"</a>. Retrieved 2020-09-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arthur+Sifton+fonds%2C+Provincial+Archives+of+Alberta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhermis.alberta.ca%2Fpaa%2FDetails.aspx%3Fst%3DArthur%2BLewis%2BSifton%2B%26ReturnUrl%3D%252fpaa%252fSearch.aspx%253fst%253dArthur%252bLewis%252bSifton%252b%26dv%3DTrue%26DeptID%3D1%26ObjectID%3DPR3856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Sifton" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sifton&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabcock1989" class="citation book cs1">Babcock, D. R. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexandercameron0000unse">A Gentleman of Strathcona: Alexander Cameron Rutherford</a>. <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>, Alberta: University of Calgary Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-919813-57-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-919813-57-7"><bdi>0-919813-57-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Gentleman+of+Strathcona%3A+Alexander+Cameron+Rutherford&rft.place=Calgary%2C+Alberta&rft.pub=University+of+Calgary+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-919813-57-7&rft.aulast=Babcock&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexandercameron0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Sifton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2004" class="citation book cs1">Hall, David (2004). "Arthur L. Sifton". In Bradford J. Rennie (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/albertapremierso0000unse">Alberta Premiers of the Twentieth Century</a>. <a href="/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan" title="Regina, Saskatchewan">Regina, Saskatchewan</a>: Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88977-151-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-88977-151-0"><bdi>0-88977-151-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arthur+L.+Sifton&rft.btitle=Alberta+Premiers+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Regina%2C+Saskatchewan&rft.pub=Canadian+Plains+Research+Center%2C+University+of+Regina&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-88977-151-0&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falbertapremierso0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Sifton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMardonMardon1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mardon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Mardon">Mardon, Ernest</a>; <a href="/wiki/Austin_Mardon" title="Austin Mardon">Mardon, Austin</a> (1993). Alberta Election Results 1882–1992. <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a>: Documentary Heritage Society of Alberta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alberta+Election+Results+1882%E2%80%931992&rft.place=Edmonton&rft.pub=Documentary+Heritage+Society+of+Alberta&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Mardon&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft.au=Mardon%2C+Austin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Sifton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRennie2000" class="citation book cs1">Rennie, Bradford (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseofagrariande0000renn">The Rise of Agrarian Democracy: The United Farmers and Farm Women of Alberta, 1909–1921</a>. <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Ontario: University of Toronto Press, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-8374-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-8374-9"><bdi>0-8020-8374-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Agrarian+Democracy%3A+The+United+Farmers+and+Farm+Women+of+Alberta%2C+1909%E2%80%931921&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8020-8374-9&rft.aulast=Rennie&rft.aufirst=Bradford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friseofagrariande0000renn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Sifton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1959" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Lewis Gwynne (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/liberalpartyinal0000thom">The Liberal Party in Alberta</a>. <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802050830" title="Special:BookSources/9780802050830"><bdi>9780802050830</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Liberal+Party+in+Alberta&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=9780802050830&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Lewis+Gwynne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fliberalpartyinal0000thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Sifton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerryCraig2006" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Sandra E.; Craig, Jessica J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/centennialseries03perr">The Mantle of Leadership : Premiers of the Northwest Territories and Alberta</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a>, Alberta: <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta" title="Legislative Assembly of Alberta">Legislative Assembly of Alberta</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9689217-2-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9689217-2-8"><bdi>0-9689217-2-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mantle+of+Leadership+%3A+Premiers+of+the+Northwest+Territories+and+Alberta&rft.place=Edmonton%2C+Alberta&rft.pub=Legislative+Assembly+of+Alberta&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-9689217-2-8&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Sandra+E.&rft.au=Craig%2C+Jessica+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcentennialseries03perr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArthur+Sifton" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sifton&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Profile?personId=16360">Arthur Sifton – Parliament of Canada biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/8523448">Arthur Sifton</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alberta_Liberal_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#EA6D6A;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alberta_Liberal_Party" title="Template:Alberta Liberal Party"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alberta_Liberal_Party" title="Template talk:Alberta Liberal Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alberta_Liberal_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alberta Liberal Party"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alberta_Liberal_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Liberal_Party" title="Alberta Liberal Party">Alberta Liberal Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#EA6D6A;color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Liberal_Party#Party_leaders" title="Alberta Liberal Party">Party leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brett" title="Robert Brett">Brett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_H._McDonald" title="Donald H. McDonald">D. McDonald</a> (<a href="/wiki/North-West_Territories_Liberal_Party" title="North-West Territories Liberal Party">NWT</a>) ¤ <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cameron_Rutherford" title="Alexander Cameron Rutherford">Rutherford</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sifton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_(premier)" title="Charles Stewart (premier)">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Boyle" title="John Robert Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Richmond_Mitchell" title="Charles Richmond Mitchell">C. Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Bowen" title="John C. Bowen">Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Tweed_Shaw" title="Joseph Tweed Shaw">Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McDonald" title="John W. McDonald">J. McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Harry_Webster" title="George Harry Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Howson" title="William R. Howson">Howson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Leslie_Gray" title="Edward Leslie Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barrowman" title="Robert Barrowman">Barrowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_John_Montgomery" title="Hugh John Montgomery">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Stambaugh" title="Wesley Stambaugh">Stambaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harper_Prowse" title="James Harper Prowse">Prowse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_MacEwan" title="Grant MacEwan">MacEwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Hunter_(politician)" title="Dave Hunter (politician)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Maccagno" title="Michael Maccagno">Maccagno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Douglas_Berry" title="Adrian Douglas Berry">Berry</a></li> <li>Maccagno</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Lowery" title="John T. Lowery">Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Russell_(Canadian_politician)" title="Bob Russell (Canadian politician)">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Taylor_(politician)" title="Nicholas Taylor (politician)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Decore" title="Laurence Decore">Decore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettie_Hewes" title="Bettie Hewes">Hewes</a> <ul><li>interim</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Mitchell_(politician)" title="Grant Mitchell (politician)">G. Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_MacBeth" title="Nancy MacBeth">MacBeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Nicol_(politician)" title="Ken Nicol (politician)">Nicol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Massey" title="Don Massey">Massey</a> <ul><li>interim</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Taft" title="Kevin Taft">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Swann" title="David Swann">Swann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Sherman" title="Raj Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Swann" title="David Swann">Swann</a> <ul><li>interim</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Khan_(politician)" title="David Khan (politician)">Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roggeveen" title="John Roggeveen">Roggeveen</a> <ul><li>interim</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roggeveen" title="John Roggeveen">Roggeveen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#EA6D6A;color:white;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alberta_Liberal_Party_leadership_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Alberta Liberal Party leadership elections">Leadership elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1930_Alberta_Liberal_Party_leadership_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1930 Alberta Liberal Party leadership election">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Alberta_Liberal_Party_leadership_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1932 Alberta Liberal Party leadership election">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Alberta_Liberal_Party_leadership_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1937 Alberta Liberal Party leadership election">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Alberta_Liberal_Party_leadership_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1947 Alberta Liberal Party leadership election">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Alberta_Liberal_Party_leadership_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 Alberta Liberal Party leadership election">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Alberta_Liberal_Party_leadership_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1962 Alberta Liberal Party leadership election">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Alberta_Liberal_Party_leadership_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1966 Alberta Liberal Party leadership election">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Alberta_Liberal_Party_leadership_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1967 Alberta Liberal Party leadership election">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Alberta_Liberal_Party_leadership_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Alberta Liberal Party leadership election">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Alberta_Liberal_Party_leadership_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Alberta Liberal Party leadership election">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Alberta_Liberal_Party_leadership_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1974 Alberta Liberal Party leadership election">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Alberta_Liberal_Party_leadership_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1988 Alberta Liberal Party leadership election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Alberta_Liberal_Party_leadership_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1994 Alberta Liberal Party leadership election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Alberta_Liberal_Party_leadership_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 Alberta Liberal Party leadership election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Alberta_Liberal_Party_leadership_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Alberta Liberal Party leadership election">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Alberta_Liberal_Party_leadership_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Alberta Liberal Party leadership election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Alberta_Liberal_Party_leadership_election" title="2008 Alberta Liberal Party leadership election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Alberta_Liberal_Party_leadership_election" title="2011 Alberta Liberal Party leadership election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Alberta_Liberal_Party_leadership_election" title="2017 Alberta Liberal Party leadership election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Alberta_Liberal_Party_leadership_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Alberta Liberal Party leadership election">2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Premiers_of_Alberta" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ABPremiers" title="Template:ABPremiers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ABPremiers" title="Template talk:ABPremiers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ABPremiers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ABPremiers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Premiers_of_Alberta" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_Alberta" title="List of premiers of Alberta">Premiers of Alberta</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cameron_Rutherford" title="Alexander Cameron Rutherford">Rutherford</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sifton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_(premier)" title="Charles Stewart (premier)">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Greenfield" title="Herbert Greenfield">Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Brownlee" title="John Edward Brownlee">Brownlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gavin_Reid" title="Richard Gavin Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Aberhart" title="William Aberhart">Aberhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Manning" title="Ernest Manning">Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Strom" title="Harry Strom">Strom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lougheed" title="Peter Lougheed">Lougheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Getty" title="Don Getty">Getty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Klein" title="Ralph Klein">Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Stelmach" title="Ed Stelmach">Stelmach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alison_Redford" title="Alison Redford">Redford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Hancock" title="Dave Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Prentice" title="Jim Prentice">Prentice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Notley" title="Rachel Notley">Notley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Kenney" title="Jason Kenney">Kenney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danielle_Smith" title="Danielle Smith">Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Premiers_of_Alberta" title="Category:Premiers of Alberta">Category:Premiers of Alberta</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_customs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Customs" title="Template:CA-Ministers of Customs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA-Ministers_of_Customs" title="Template talk:CA-Ministers of Customs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Customs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers of Customs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_customs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ministers of customs</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of customs (1867–92)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Leonard_Tilley" title="Samuel Leonard Tilley">Tilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Burpee" title="Isaac Burpee">Burpee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_Bowell" title="Mackenzie Bowell">Bowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Adolphe_Chapleau" title="Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau">Chapleau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controllers of customs (1892–97)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Clarke_Wallace" title="Nathaniel Clarke Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher_Wood" title="John Fisher Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Smith_(Canadian_politician)" title="Frank Smith (Canadian politician)">Smith</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher_Wood" title="John Fisher Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(Canadian_politician)" title="William Paterson (Canadian politician)">Paterson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of customs (1897–1918)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(Canadian_politician)" title="William Paterson (Canadian politician)">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dowsley_Reid" title="John Dowsley Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sifton</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 The offices of Minister of Customs and Minister of Inland Revenue amalgamated and the office of Minister of Customs and Inland Revenue was created by Order in Council dated May 18, 1918.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_inland_revenue" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Inland_Revenue" title="Template:CA-Ministers of Inland Revenue"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA-Ministers_of_Inland_Revenue" title="Template talk:CA-Ministers of Inland Revenue"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Inland_Revenue" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers of Inland Revenue"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_inland_revenue" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Inland_Revenue_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Inland Revenue (Canada)">Ministers of inland revenue</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of Inland Revenue (1867–92)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pearce_Howland" title="William Pearce Howland">Howland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(Canadian_senator)" title="Alexander Campbell (Canadian senator)">Campbell</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Morris_(politician)" title="Alexander Morris (politician)">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connor_(Canadian_politician)" title="John O'Connor (Canadian politician)">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nicholson_Gibbs" title="Thomas Nicholson Gibbs">Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9lesphore_Fournier" title="Télesphore Fournier">Fournier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Geoffrion" title="Félix Geoffrion">Geoffrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolphe_Laflamme" title="Rodolphe Laflamme">Laflamme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-%C3%89douard_Cauchon" title="Joseph-Édouard Cauchon">Cauchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Laurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois_Georges_Baby" title="Louis François Georges Baby">Baby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cox_Aikins" title="James Cox Aikins">Aikins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costigan" title="John Costigan">Costigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controllers of Inland Revenue (1892–97)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher_Wood" title="John Fisher Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gawler_Prior" title="Edward Gawler Prior">Prior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri-Gustave_Joly_de_Lotbini%C3%A8re" title="Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière">de Lotbinière</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of Inland Revenue (1897–1918)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri-Gustave_Joly_de_Lotbini%C3%A8re" title="Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière">de Lotbinière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Esdras_Bernier" class="mw-redirect" title="Michel Esdras Bernier">Bernier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe_Brodeur" title="Louis-Philippe Brodeur">Brodeur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Templeman_(politician)" title="William Templeman (politician)">Templeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Bruno_Nantel" title="Wilfrid Bruno Nantel">Nantel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_%C3%89douard_Blondin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Édouard Blondin">Blondin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esioff-L%C3%A9on_Patenaude" title="Esioff-Léon Patenaude">Patenaude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_S%C3%A9vigny" title="Albert Sévigny">Sévigny</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sifton</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>†The offices of Minister of Customs and Minister of Inland Revenue were amalgamated by <a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">Order in Council</a> dated May 18, 1918.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_national_revenue" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA-Ministers_of_National_Revenue" title="Template:CA-Ministers of National Revenue"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA-Ministers_of_National_Revenue" title="Template talk:CA-Ministers of National Revenue"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers_of_National_Revenue" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers of National Revenue"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_national_revenue" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ministers of national revenue</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of Customs and Inland Revenue (1918–21)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sifton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dowsley_Reid" title="John Dowsley Reid">Reid</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Burrell" title="Martin Burrell">Burrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Wilson_Wigmore" title="Rupert Wilson Wigmore">Wigmore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers of Customs and Excise (1921–27)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Wilson_Wigmore" title="Rupert Wilson Wigmore">Wigmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Babington_Macaulay_Baxter" title="John Babington Macaulay Baxter">Baxter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bureau" title="Jacques Bureau">Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Henri_Boivin" title="Georges Henri Boivin">Boivin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Herbert_Stevens" title="Henry Herbert Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Daum_Euler" title="William Daum Euler">Euler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_National_Revenue_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of National Revenue (Canada)">Ministers of National Revenue</a> (1927–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Daum_Euler" title="William Daum Euler">Euler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Baird_Ryckman" title="Edmond Baird Ryckman">Ryckman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Matthews" title="Robert Charles Matthews">Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Lawson_(politician)" title="Earl Lawson (politician)">Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lorimer_Ilsley" title="James Lorimer Ilsley">Ilsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_W._G._Gibson" title="Colin W. G. Gibson">Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Angus_MacKinnon" title="James Angus MacKinnon">MacKinnon</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Laurence_MacLaren" title="David Laurence MacLaren">D. MacLaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Angus_MacKinnon" title="James Angus MacKinnon">MacKinnon</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_McCann" title="James Joseph McCann">McCann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nowlan" title="George Nowlan">Nowlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_John_Flemming" title="Hugh John Flemming">Flemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Garland_(Canadian_politician)" title="Jack Garland (Canadian politician)">Garland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McIlraith" title="George McIlraith">McIlraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Benson" title="Edgar Benson">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Chrétien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_C%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Jean-Pierre Côté">Côté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Gray" title="Herb Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stanbury" title="Robert Stanbury">Stanbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Basford" title="Ron Basford">Basford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bud_Cullen" title="Bud Cullen">Cullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_B%C3%A9gin" title="Monique Bégin">Bégin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Philippe_Guay" title="Joseph-Philippe Guay">Guay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Abbott_(Ontario_politician)" title="Tony Abbott (Ontario politician)">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Baker_(Canadian_politician)" title="Walter Baker (Canadian politician)">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Rompkey" title="Bill Rompkey">Rompkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bussi%C3%A8res" title="Pierre Bussières">Bussières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_MacLaren_(politician)" title="Roy MacLaren (politician)">R. MacLaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perrin_Beatty" title="Perrin Beatty">Beatty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_MacKay" title="Elmer MacKay">MacKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Jelinek" title="Otto Jelinek">Jelinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garth_Turner" title="Garth Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Anderson_(British_Columbia_politician)" title="David Anderson (British Columbia politician)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Stewart_(politician)" title="Jane Stewart (politician)">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Dhaliwal" title="Herb Dhaliwal">Dhaliwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Cauchon" title="Martin Cauchon">Cauchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Caplan" title="Elinor Caplan">Caplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Keyes" title="Stan Keyes">Keyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCallum" title="John McCallum">McCallum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Skelton" title="Carol Skelton">Skelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_O%27Connor" title="Gordon O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Blackburn" title="Jean-Pierre Blackburn">Blackburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Ashfield" title="Keith Ashfield">Ashfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gail_Shea" title="Gail Shea">Shea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry-Lynne_Findlay" title="Kerry-Lynne Findlay">Findlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Lebouthillier" title="Diane Lebouthillier">Lebouthillier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Claude_Bibeau" title="Marie-Claude Bibeau">Bibeau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Secretaries_of_state_for_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA-Secretaries_of_State_of_Canada" title="Template:CA-Secretaries of State of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA-Secretaries_of_State_of_Canada" title="Template talk:CA-Secretaries of State of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Secretaries_of_State_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Secretaries of State of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Secretaries_of_state_for_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Canada" title="Secretary of State for Canada">Secretaries of state for Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hector-Louis_Langevin" title="Hector-Louis Langevin">Langevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cox_Aikins" title="James Cox Aikins">Aikins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Christie_(politician)" title="David Christie (politician)">Christie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_William_Scott" title="Richard William Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cox_Aikins" title="James Cox Aikins">Aikins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connor_(Canadian_politician)" title="John O'Connor (Canadian politician)">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Alfred_Mousseau" title="Joseph-Alfred Mousseau">Mousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Adolphe_Chapleau" title="Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau">Chapleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Colebrooke_Patterson" title="James Colebrooke Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costigan" title="John Costigan">Costigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rupert_Dickey" title="Arthur Rupert Dickey">Dickey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Humphries_Montague" title="Walter Humphries Montague">Montague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Aldric_Ouimet" title="Joseph-Aldric Ouimet">Ouimet</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mayne_Daly" title="Thomas Mayne Daly">Daly</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_William_Scott" title="Richard William Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murphy_(Canadian_politician)" title="Charles Murphy (Canadian politician)">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Roche" title="William James Roche">Roche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Coderre" title="Louis Coderre">Coderre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_%C3%89douard_Blondin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Édouard Blondin">Blondin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esioff-L%C3%A9on_Patenaude" title="Esioff-Léon Patenaude">Patenaude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_S%C3%A9vigny" title="Albert Sévigny">Sévigny</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Meighen" title="Arthur Meighen">Meighen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Burrell" title="Martin Burrell">Burrell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sifton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lumley_Drayton" title="Henry Lumley Drayton">Drayton</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolphe_Monty" title="Rodolphe Monty">Monty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Bliss_Copp" title="Arthur Bliss Copp">Copp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Edward_Foster" title="Walter Edward Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murphy_(Canadian_politician)" title="Charles Murphy (Canadian politician)">Murphy</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lapointe" title="Ernest Lapointe">Lapointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Halsey_Perley" title="George Halsey Perley">Perley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Rinfret" title="Fernand Rinfret">Rinfret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cahan" title="Charles Cahan">Cahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Rinfret" title="Fernand Rinfret">Rinfret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lapointe" title="Ernest Lapointe">Lapointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Fran%C3%A7ois_Casgrain" title="Pierre-François Casgrain">Casgrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Alexander_McLarty" title="Norman Alexander McLarty">McLarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin_Sr." title="Paul Martin Sr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_W._G._Gibson" title="Colin W. G. Gibson">Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gordon_Bradley" title="Frederick Gordon Bradley">Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Pickersgill" title="Jack Pickersgill">Pickersgill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roch_Pinard" title="Roch Pinard">Pinard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Fairclough" title="Ellen Fairclough">Fairclough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Courtemanche" title="Henri Courtemanche">Courtemanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Balcer" title="Léon Balcer">Balcer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Dorion" title="Noël Dorion">Dorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Balcer" title="Léon Balcer">Balcer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Halpenny" title="Ernest Halpenny">Halpenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Pickersgill" title="Jack Pickersgill">Pickersgill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Lamontagne" title="Maurice Lamontagne">Lamontagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_LaMarsh" title="Judy LaMarsh">LaMarsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Connolly" title="John Joseph Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Marchand" title="Jean Marchand">Marchand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Pelletier" title="Gérard Pelletier">Pelletier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Faulkner_(politician)" title="Hugh Faulkner (politician)">Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Roberts (Canadian politician)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_MacDonald_(Canadian_politician)" title="David MacDonald (Canadian politician)">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fox" title="Francis Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Regan" title="Gerald Regan">Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Joyal" title="Serge Joyal">Joyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_McLean" title="Walter McLean">McLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Bouchard" title="Benoît Bouchard">B. Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Crombie" title="David Crombie">Crombie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bouchard" title="Lucien Bouchard">L. Bouchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Weiner" title="Gerry Weiner">Weiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Cotret" title="Robert de Cotret">de Cotret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_Landry" title="Monique Landry">Landry</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1The department was eliminated in 1993 when the government was reorganized. The position of Secretary of State for Canada was not legally eliminated until 1996 when its remaining responsibilities were assigned to other cabinet positions and departments, particularly the newly created position of <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Canadian_Heritage" title="Minister of Canadian Heritage">Minister of Canadian Heritage</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ministers_of_public_works" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Public_Works" title="Template:CA-Ministers of Public Works"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CA-Ministers_of_Public_Works" title="Template talk:CA-Ministers of Public Works"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers_of_Public_Works" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CA-Ministers of Public Works"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ministers_of_public_works" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Works_(Canada)" title="Minister of Public Works (Canada)">Ministers of public works</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Works_(Canada)" title="Minister of Public Works (Canada)">Ministers of Public Works</a> (1867–1996)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_McDougall_(politician,_born_1822)" class="mw-redirect" title="William McDougall (politician, born 1822)">McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector-Louis_Langevin" title="Hector-Louis Langevin">Langevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(politician)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (politician)">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tupper" title="Charles Tupper">Tupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector-Louis_Langevin" title="Hector-Louis Langevin">Langevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Smith_(Canadian_politician)" title="Frank Smith (Canadian politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Aldric_Ouimet" title="Joseph-Aldric Ouimet">Ouimet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Desjardins_(politician)" title="Alphonse Desjardins (politician)">Desjardins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Isra%C3%ABl_Tarte" title="Joseph-Israël Tarte">Tarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Sutherland_(Canadian_politician)" title="James Sutherland (Canadian politician)">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Hyman" title="C. S. Hyman">Hyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pugsley" title="William Pugsley">Pugsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Debartzch_Monk" title="Frederick Debartzch Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rogers_(Manitoba_politician)" title="Robert Rogers (Manitoba politician)">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ballantyne" title="Charles Ballantyne">Ballantyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Broadstreet_Carvell" title="Frank Broadstreet Carvell">Carvell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dowsley_Reid" title="John Dowsley Reid">Reid</a> (acting)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sifton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dowsley_Reid" title="John Dowsley Reid">Reid</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleming_Blanchard_McCurdy" title="Fleming Blanchard McCurdy">McCurdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewitt_Bostock" title="Hewitt Bostock">Bostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Horace_King" title="James Horace King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Halsey_Perley" title="George Halsey Perley">Perley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Baird_Ryckman" title="Edmond Baird Ryckman">Ryckman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell_Elliott" title="John Campbell Elliott">Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Alexander_Stewart" title="Hugh Alexander Stewart">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cardin" title="Arthur Cardin">P. Cardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Enoil_Michaud" title="Joseph-Enoil Michaud">Michaud</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Fournier" title="Alphonse Fournier">Fournier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Edward_Harris" title="Walter Edward Harris">Harris</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Winters" title="Robert Winters">Winters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Charles_Green" title="Howard Charles Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_James_Walker" title="David James Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Charles_Green" title="Howard Charles Green">Green</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davie_Fulton" title="Davie Fulton">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Deschatelets" title="Jean-Paul Deschatelets">Deschatelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Cardin" title="Lucien Cardin">L. Cardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McIlraith" title="George McIlraith">McIlraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Laing" title="Arthur Laing">Laing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Eudes_Dub%C3%A9" title="Jean-Eudes Dubé">Dubé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Drury" title="Charles Drury">Drury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judd_Buchanan" title="Judd Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ouellet" title="André Ouellet">Ouellet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Nielsen" title="Erik Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cosgrove" title="Paul Cosgrove">Cosgrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A9o_LeBlanc" title="Roméo LeBlanc">LeBlanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lapointe" title="Charles Lapointe">Lapointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roch_La_Salle" title="Roch La Salle">La Salle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_McInnes" title="Stewart McInnes">McInnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Jelinek" title="Otto Jelinek">Jelinek</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_MacKay" title="Elmer MacKay">MacKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dick" title="Paul Dick">Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dingwall" title="David Dingwall">Dingwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Marleau" title="Diane Marleau">Marleau</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Services_and_Procurement" title="Minister of Public Services and Procurement">Minister of Public Works and Government Services</a> (1996–2015)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Marleau" title="Diane Marleau">Marleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Gagliano" title="Alfonso Gagliano">Gagliano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Boudria" title="Don Boudria">Boudria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Goodale" title="Ralph Goodale">Goodale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Owen_(politician)" title="Stephen Owen (politician)">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Brison" title="Scott Brison">Brison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fortier" title="Michael Fortier">Fortier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Paradis" title="Christian Paradis">Paradis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rona_Ambrose" title="Rona Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Finley" title="Diane Finley">Finley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Services_and_Procurement" title="Minister of Public Services and Procurement">Minister of Public Services and Procurement</a> (2015–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Foote" title="Judy Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carla_Qualtrough" title="Carla Qualtrough">Qualtrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_Anand" title="Anita Anand">Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filomena_Tassi" title="Filomena Tassi">Tassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Jaczek" title="Helena Jaczek">Jaczek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Duclos" title="Jean-Yves Duclos">Jean-Yves Duclos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1As part of substantial governmental reorganization, the position was merged with that of the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Supply_and_Services_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Supply and Services (Canada)">Minister of Supply and Services</a> to create the position of <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Public_Works_and_Government_Services_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Public Works and Government Services (Canada)">Minister of Public Works and Government Services</a> on July 12, 1995.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sifton&oldid=1250009071">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sifton&oldid=1250009071</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1858_births" title="Category:1858 births">1858 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1921_deaths" title="Category:1921 deaths">1921 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Judges_in_Alberta" title="Category:Judges in Alberta">Judges in Alberta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lawyers_in_Alberta" title="Category:Lawyers in Alberta">Lawyers in Alberta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alberta_Liberal_Party_MLAs" title="Category:Alberta Liberal Party MLAs">Alberta Liberal Party MLAs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_Methodists" title="Category:Canadian Methodists">Canadian Methodists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_people_of_Anglo-Irish_descent" title="Category:Canadian people of Anglo-Irish descent">Canadian people of Anglo-Irish descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Leaders_of_the_Alberta_Liberal_Party" title="Category:Leaders of the Alberta Liberal Party">Leaders of the Alberta Liberal Party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_House_of_Commons_of_Canada_from_Alberta" title="Category:Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Alberta">Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Alberta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_members_of_the_Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Canadian members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Canadian members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="Category:Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada">Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_members_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="Category:19th-century members of the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories">19th-century members of the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Middlesex_County,_Ontario" title="Category:People from Middlesex County, Ontario">People from Middlesex County, Ontario</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_Calgary" title="Category:Politicians from Calgary">Politicians from Calgary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Toronto_alumni" title="Category:University of Toronto alumni">University of Toronto alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Premiers_of_Alberta" title="Category:Premiers of Alberta">Premiers of Alberta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Unionist_Party_(Canada)_MPs" title="Category:Unionist Party (Canada) MPs">Unionist Party (Canada) MPs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_King%27s_Counsel" title="Category:Canadian King's Counsel">Canadian King's Counsel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Beechwood_Cemetery_(Ottawa)" title="Category:Burials at Beechwood Cemetery (Ottawa)">Burials at Beechwood Cemetery (Ottawa)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_members_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="Category:20th-century members of the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories">20th-century members of the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_members_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_of_Alberta" title="Category:20th-century members of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta">20th-century members of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_members_of_the_House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="Category:20th-century members of the House of Commons of Canada">20th-century members of the House of Commons of Canada</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2012" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2012">Articles with dead external links from April 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_London_Gazette_template_with_parameter_supp_set_to_y" title="Category:Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y">Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Canadian_English_from_January_2023" title="Category:Use Canadian English from January 2023">Use Canadian English from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Canadian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 October 2024, at 00:17 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Sifton&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-cnfgh","wgBackendResponseTime":155,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.698","walltime":"2.139","ppvisitednodes":{"value":37108,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":270240,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":35226,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":220756,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1821.993 1 -total"," 28.98% 527.975 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 27.40% 499.301 199 Template:Sfn"," 14.16% 258.046 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 11.66% 212.524 1 Template:Reflist"," 6.38% 116.189 1 Template:1917_Canadian_federal_election/Medicine_Hat"," 6.30% 114.829 6 Template:Cite_web"," 5.51% 100.402 7 Template:Navbox"," 5.09% 92.801 1 Template:CANelec/top"," 4.76% 86.668 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.890","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10786618,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBabcock1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMardonMardon1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerryCraig2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRennie2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"1917 Canadian federal election/Medicine Hat\"] = 1,\n [\"ABPremiers\"] = 1,\n [\"Alberta Liberal Party\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"CA-Ministers of Customs\"] = 1,\n [\"CA-Ministers of Inland Revenue\"] = 1,\n [\"CA-Ministers of National Revenue\"] = 1,\n [\"CA-Ministers of Public Works\"] = 1,\n [\"CA-Secretaries of State of Canada\"] = 1,\n [\"Canadian Parliament links\"] = 1,\n [\"Canadian party colour\"] = 20,\n [\"Center\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 6,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Sifton, Arthur L.\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Find a Grave\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"London Gazette\"] = 1,\n [\"Post-nominals\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 199,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Canadian English\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-fcn9k","timestamp":"20241122220056","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Arthur Sifton","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arthur_Sifton","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q363738","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q363738","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-05-25T17:19:18Z","dateModified":"2024-10-08T00:17:30Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/78\/Arthur_Lewis_Watkins_Sifton.jpg","headline":"Premier of Alberta (1858-1921)"}</script> </body> </html>