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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_inhabitants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Native inhabitants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_inhabitants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_and_early_Federal_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_and_early_Federal_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Colonial and early Federal period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_and_early_Federal_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Hilltowns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>The Hilltowns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Hilltowns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Quabbin_and_Quaboag_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Quabbin_and_Quaboag_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>The Quabbin and Quaboag regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Quabbin_and_Quaboag_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_highways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>State highways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_highways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bridges_and_tunnels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bridges_and_tunnels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Bridges and tunnels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bridges_and_tunnels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Airports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nearby_airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nearby_airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.1</span> <span>Nearby airports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nearby_airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail_and_bus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail_and_bus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Rail and bus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail_and_bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leisure_activities_and_places_of_historical_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leisure_activities_and_places_of_historical_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Leisure activities and places of historical interest</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leisure_activities_and_places_of_historical_interest-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only 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href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Western_Massachusetts&params=42_20_N_72_50_W_scale:500000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°20′N</span> <span class="longitude">72°50′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.333°N 72.833°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.333; -72.833</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region of Massachusetts, United States</div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Western_Massachusetts&params=42_20_N_72_50_W_scale:500000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°20′N</span> <span class="longitude">72°50′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.333°N 72.833°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.333; -72.833</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px 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href="/wiki/File:Unbalanced_scales.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of the style of writing in this article is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Western_Massachusetts" title="Special:EditPage/Western Massachusetts">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Western+Massachusetts%22">"Western Massachusetts"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Western+Massachusetts%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Western+Massachusetts%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Western+Massachusetts%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Western+Massachusetts%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Western+Massachusetts%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Western_Counties.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Western_Counties.svg/300px-Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Western_Counties.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Western_Counties.svg/450px-Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Western_Counties.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Western_Counties.svg/600px-Map_of_Massachusetts_highlighting_Western_Counties.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="1819" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the area typically considered to make up western Massachusetts (dark green). <a href="/wiki/Worcester_County,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester County, Massachusetts">Worcester County</a> is usually considered to be in central Massachusetts (light green), although western parts of Worcester County are sometimes considered western Massachusetts.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Western Massachusetts</b>, known colloquially as "western Mass," is a region in <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, one of the six <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a> that make up the <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Western Massachusetts has diverse topography; 22 colleges and universities including <a href="/wiki/UMass" class="mw-redirect" title="UMass">UMass</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amherst,_MA" class="mw-redirect" title="Amherst, MA">Amherst, MA</a>, with approximately 100,000 students;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and such institutions as <a href="/wiki/Tanglewood" title="Tanglewood">Tanglewood</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Springfield_Armory" title="Springfield Armory">Springfield Armory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_Pillow_Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob's Pillow Dance">Jacob's Pillow</a>. </p><p>The western part of western Massachusetts includes the <a href="/wiki/Berkshire_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkshire Mountains">Berkshire Mountains</a>, where there are several vacation resorts. The eastern part of the region includes the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Connecticut River Valley">Connecticut River Valley</a>, which has a number of <a href="/wiki/College_towns" class="mw-redirect" title="College towns">university towns</a>, the major city <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a>, and numerous agricultural hamlets.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the eastern part of the area, the <a href="/wiki/Quabbin_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Quabbin Valley">Quabbin</a> region is a place of outdoor recreation.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_inhabitants">Native inhabitants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Native inhabitants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archeological efforts in the Connecticut River Valley have revealed traces of human life dating back at least 9,000 years. Pocumtuck tradition describes the creation of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Hitchcock" title="Lake Hitchcock">Lake Hitchcock</a> in Deerfield by a giant beaver, possibly representing the action of a <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacier</a> that retracted at least 12,000 years ago. Western Massachusetts was originally settled by <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> societies, including the <a href="/wiki/Pocomtuc" title="Pocomtuc">Pocomtuc</a>, Nonotuck <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohawk nation">Mohawk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nipmuck" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipmuck">Nipmuck</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mahican" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahican">Mahican</a>. Various sites indicate millennia of fishing, horticulture, beaver-hunting, and burials. The passage of the <a href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act</a> in 1990 ordered museums across western Massachusetts and the country to repatriate these remains to Native peoples, an ongoing process. </p><p>The region was inhabited by several Algonkian-speaking Native American communities, culturally connected but distinguished by the place names they assigned to their respective communities: Agawam (low land), Woronco (in a circular way), Nonotuck (in the midst of the river), Pocumtuck (narrow, swift river), and Sokoki (separated from their neighbors). The modern-day Springfield metropolitan area was inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Agawam_people" title="Agawam people">Agawam people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruhac-thesis_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruhac-thesis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Agawam, as well as other groups, belong to the larger cultural category of <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Alongkian Indians</a>. </p><p>In 1634, a plague, probably <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, reduced the Native American population of the Connecticut River Valley to a tiny percentage of its previous size. <a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(governor)" title="William Bradford (governor)">Governor Bradford</a> of Massachusetts writes that in <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Massachusetts" title="Windsor, Massachusetts">Windsor</a>, notably the site of a trading post, where European diseases often spread to Native populations, "of 1,000 of [the Native Americans] 150 of them died." With so many dead, English colonists were emboldened to attempt significant settlement of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_and_early_Federal_period">Colonial and early Federal period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Colonial and early Federal period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first European explorers to reach western Massachusetts were <a href="/wiki/English_Puritans" class="mw-redirect" title="English Puritans">English Puritans</a>, who in 1635, at the request of William Pynchon, settled the land that they considered most advantageous for both agriculture and trading in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Agawam,_Massachusetts" title="Agawam, Massachusetts">Agawam</a>, adjacent to modern <a href="/wiki/Metro_Center,_Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Metro Center, Springfield, Massachusetts">Metro Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a>. In 1636, a group of English colonists—lured by the promise of a "great river" and the northeast's most fertile farmland—ventured to Springfield, where they established a permanent colony. Originally, this settlement was called <i>Agawam Plantation</i>, and administered by the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut Colony</a>. (Springfield lies only 4 miles north of Connecticut; however, Agawam included lands as far south as <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Locks,_Connecticut" title="Windsor Locks, Connecticut">Windsor Locks</a>, as far north as <a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">Holyoke</a>, and as far west as <a href="/wiki/Westfield,_Massachusetts" title="Westfield, Massachusetts">Westfield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) In 1640, Springfield voted to separate from the Connecticut Colony following a series of contentious incidents and, after a brief period of independence, decided to align with the coastal <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a>, shaping the region's political boundaries. The Massachusetts Bay Colony settled at the Connecticut River Valley's most fertile land―stretching from <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Connecticut" title="Windsor, Connecticut">Windsor, Connecticut</a>, (once part of Springfield,) to <a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Northampton, Massachusetts">Northampton, Massachusetts</a>―from 1636 to 1654.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the next several decades, Native people experienced a complex relationship with European settlers. The <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">fur trade</a> stood at the heart of their economic interactions, a lucrative business that guided many other policy decisions. White settlers traded wampum, cloth and metal in exchange for furs, as well as horticultural produce. Because of the seasonal nature of goods provided by Native people compared with the constant availability of colonial goods, a credit system developed. Land, the natural resource whose availability did not fluctuate, served as collateral for mortgages in which Native people bought goods from the colonists in exchange for the future promise of beavers. However, trade with the colonists made pelts so lucrative that the beaver was rapidly overhunted. The volume of the trade fell, from a 1654 high of 3723 pelts to a mere 191 ten years later. With every mortgage, Native people lost more land, although their population recovered and expanded from the old plague.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a process that historian <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Brooks" title="Lisa Brooks">Lisa Brooks</a> calls "the deed game", colonists acquired an increasing amount of land from Indian tribes through debt, fraudulent purchases and a variety of other methods.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Native people began to construct and gather in palisaded “forts”―structures that were not necessary beforehand. These sites were excavated in the 19th and 20th centuries by anthropologists who took cultural objects and human remains and displayed them for years in area museums. With the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act</a> (NAGPRA) in 1990, a long process of repatriation began.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Tensions between the colonists and surrounding Indian tribes, which had already been poor for some time, continued to deteriorate in the years preceding the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a>. Colonial encroachment on Indian lands combined with the <a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Population history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas">decimation of the native population with European diseases</a> led to increasing Native resentment and hostility towards the colonists. Though some Indians became integrated into colonial society, with many being employed in white households, numerous pieces of legislation were passed which prevented Indians from marrying settlers and staying in colonial settlements after dark, while colonists were prevented from living among the Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1662, the leader of the eastern Massachusetts <a href="/wiki/Wampanoag_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Wampanoag people">Wampanoag</a> Indian tribe, <a href="/wiki/Wamsutta" title="Wamsutta">Wamsutta</a>, died shortly after being questioned at gunpoint by Plymouth colonists. Wamsutta's brother, Chief <a href="/wiki/Metacomet" title="Metacomet">Metacomet</a> (known to inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a> as "Philip,") began a war against colonial expansion in New England which spread across the region. As the conflict grew in its initial months, colonists throughout western Massachusetts became deeply concerned with maintaining the loyalty of "their Indians."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Agawams cooperated, even providing valuable intelligence to the colonists.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In August 1675, a group of colonists in Hadley demanded the disarming of a “fort” of Nonotuck Indians. Unwilling to relinquish their weapons, they left on the night of August 25. A hundred colonists pursued them, catching up to them at the foot of Sugarloaf Hill, which was a sacred space for the Nonotucks called the Great Beaver. The colonists attacked, but the Nonotucks forced them to withdraw and were able to keep moving.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrows_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrows-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shedding of Native blood on sacred land was an attack on their entire kinship network, and caused Native peoples in western Massachusetts to join the ongoing conflict.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Following the war, the greater part of the Native American population left western Massachusetts behind.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many refugees of the war joined the <a href="/wiki/Wabanaki_Confederacy" title="Wabanaki Confederacy">Wabanaki</a> in the north, where their descendants remain today. Native American influence remains evident in the land and culture of western Massachusetts, from the practice of tobacco farming to the names of cities and rivers<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1777, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Henry Knox</a> selected Springfield for the site of the fledgling United States' <a href="/wiki/Springfield_Armory" title="Springfield Armory">National Armory</a>. Built atop a high bluff overlooking the Connecticut River, Washington and Knox agreed that Springfield provided an ideal location—beside a great river and at the confluence of major rivers and highways. For the following 200 years, the Springfield Armory would bring concentrated prosperity and innovation to Springfield and its surrounding towns. </p><p>After the American Revolution, <a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">a rebellion</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Shays" title="Daniel Shays">Daniel Shays</a> culminated in a battle at the <a href="/wiki/Springfield_Armory" title="Springfield Armory">National Armory</a> in Springfield.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berkshires_in_Winter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Berkshires_in_Winter.jpg/220px-Berkshires_in_Winter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Berkshires_in_Winter.jpg/330px-Berkshires_in_Winter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Berkshires_in_Winter.jpg/440px-Berkshires_in_Winter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The Berkshire mountains in winter</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berkshire_Mountains">Berkshire Mountains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Berkshire Mountains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Berkshires have long been patronized by artists (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a>, who wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Moby-Dick" title="Moby-Dick">Moby-Dick</a></i> while living in <a href="/wiki/Pittsfield,_Massachusetts" title="Pittsfield, Massachusetts">Pittsfield</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a>, who wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Mirth" title="The House of Mirth">The House of Mirth</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Frome" title="Ethan Frome">Ethan Frome</a></i> while living in <a href="/wiki/Lenox,_Massachusetts" title="Lenox, Massachusetts">Lenox</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Rockwell" title="Norman Rockwell">Norman Rockwell</a>, many of whose painting were based on scenes that he observed in the town of <a href="/wiki/Stockbridge,_Massachusetts" title="Stockbridge, Massachusetts">Stockbridge</a>). Cultural institutions include Lenox's <a href="/wiki/Tanglewood" title="Tanglewood">Tanglewood</a>, Becket's <a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_Pillow" title="Jacob's Pillow">Jacob's Pillow</a>, and Stockbridge's <a href="/wiki/Norman_Rockwell_Museum" title="Norman Rockwell Museum">Norman Rockwell Museum</a>, as well the <a href="/wiki/Clark_Art_Institute" title="Clark Art Institute">Clark Art Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Williamstown,_Massachusetts" title="Williamstown, Massachusetts">Williamstown</a>. The city of Pittsfield is the largest community located in the Berkshires. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connecticut_River_Valley">Connecticut River Valley</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Connecticut River Valley"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New England's largest river, the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River" title="Connecticut River">Connecticut</a>, flows through the center of its agricultural valley. Nearly bisected by the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Range" title="Holyoke Range">Holyoke Range</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tom_Range" title="Mount Tom Range">Mount Tom Range</a>, this relatively small area contains a number of college towns, urban environments, and rural hamlets. The portion of this valley in Massachusetts is also commonly referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Valley" title="Pioneer Valley">Pioneer Valley</a>. </p><p>At its southern tip, the <a href="/wiki/Hartford-Springfield_Commuter_Rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartford-Springfield Commuter Rail">Springfield-Hartford</a> region is home to 29 colleges and universities and over 160,000 university students—the United States' second highest concentration of higher learning institutions after the <a href="/wiki/Boston_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston metropolitan area">Boston metropolitan area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Innovations originating in the valley include the sports of <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_Naismith" title="James Naismith">James Naismith</a>, 1895) and <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_G._Morgan" title="William G. Morgan">William Morgan</a>, 1895); the first American automobile (<a href="/wiki/Duryea_Motor_Wagon_Company" title="Duryea Motor Wagon Company">Duryea</a>, 1893); the first motorcycle company (<a href="/wiki/Indian_(motorcycle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian (motorcycle)">Indian</a>, 1901); the first use of interchangeable parts in manufacturing (<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Blanchard_(inventor)" title="Thomas Blanchard (inventor)">Thomas Blanchard</a>, 1825); and the first commercial radio station, (<a href="/wiki/WBZ_(AM)" title="WBZ (AM)">WBZ</a>, 1920, from Springfield's <a href="/wiki/Kimball_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimball Hotel">Kimball Hotel</a>). </p><p>Significant Massachusetts towns and cities in the valley's so-called "Knowledge Corridor" include <a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Northampton, Massachusetts">Northampton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amherst,_Massachusetts" title="Amherst, Massachusetts">Amherst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easthampton,_Massachusetts" title="Easthampton, Massachusetts">Easthampton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">Holyoke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicopee,_Massachusetts" title="Chicopee, Massachusetts">Chicopee</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="West Springfield, Massachusetts">West Springfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Longmeadow" class="mw-redirect" title="East Longmeadow">East Longmeadow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Longmeadow,_Massachusetts" title="Longmeadow, Massachusetts">Longmeadow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludlow,_Massachusetts" title="Ludlow, Massachusetts">Ludlow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agawam,_Massachusetts" title="Agawam, Massachusetts">Agawam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Westfield,_Massachusetts" title="Westfield, Massachusetts">Westfield</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Hilltowns">The Hilltowns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Hilltowns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hilltowns include the areas of Berkshire, Franklin, Hampshire, and Hampden counties west of and above the <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">escarpment</a> bordering the ancient rift valley through which the Connecticut River flows. Elevations increase from about 200 feet (60 m) to at least 1,000 feet (300 m) in the escarpment zone. On top, elevations rise gradually to the west. <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Massachusetts" title="Williamsburg, Massachusetts">Williamsburg</a> in Hampshire County and <a href="/wiki/Becket,_Massachusetts" title="Becket, Massachusetts">Becket</a> in Berkshire County are prominent hilltowns. Generally, the hilltowns west of the Connecticut River Valley were less attractive for agricultural uses, which resulted in later migration there than, for example, the fertile Connecticut River Valley. <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsistence farming">Subsistence farming</a> predominated in this area. </p><p>The 1,000-foot elevation difference between uplands and the Connecticut River Valley produced streams and rivers with gradients around 40 feet/mile (8 meters/km) flowing through steep-sided valleys, notably the <a href="/wiki/Westfield_River" title="Westfield River">Westfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deerfield_River" title="Deerfield River">Deerfield</a> rivers and their larger tributaries. Mills were built to exploit the kinetic energy of falling water, and <a href="/wiki/Mill_town" title="Mill town">mill towns</a> grew up around them, or <a href="/wiki/Company_town" title="Company town">company towns</a> integrating production, residential and commercial activities. </p><p>The development of steam engines to free industrialization from reliance on water power brought about the so-called <a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a> when <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport" title="History of rail transport">railroads</a> were built along the rivers to take advantage of relatively gentle grades over the Appalachians. And so as hilltop farming towns declined in importance, industrial towns in the river valleys rose to local prominence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Quabbin_and_Quaboag_regions">The Quabbin and Quaboag regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Quabbin and Quaboag regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Main_Street,_Athol_MA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Main_Street%2C_Athol_MA.jpg/220px-Main_Street%2C_Athol_MA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Main_Street%2C_Athol_MA.jpg/330px-Main_Street%2C_Athol_MA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Main_Street%2C_Athol_MA.jpg/440px-Main_Street%2C_Athol_MA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Athol, Massachusetts in 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>In northern Massachusetts, the higher altitude area to the east of the Connecticut River Valley is known as the North Quabbin region. These northern municipalities include <a href="/wiki/Warwick,_Massachusetts" title="Warwick, Massachusetts">Warwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange,_Massachusetts" title="Orange, Massachusetts">Orange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petersham,_Massachusetts" title="Petersham, Massachusetts">Petersham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phillipston,_Massachusetts" title="Phillipston, Massachusetts">Phillipston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wendell,_Massachusetts" title="Wendell, Massachusetts">Wendell</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Salem,_Massachusetts" title="New Salem, Massachusetts">New Salem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Athol,_Massachusetts" title="Athol, Massachusetts">Athol</a> near the <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> border. </p><p>The South Quabbin region (formerly the Swift River Valley) includes the towns of <a href="/wiki/Barre,_Massachusetts" title="Barre, Massachusetts">Barre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belchertown,_Massachusetts" title="Belchertown, Massachusetts">Belchertown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelham,_Massachusetts" title="Pelham, Massachusetts">Pelham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ware,_Massachusetts" title="Ware, Massachusetts">Ware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hardwick,_Massachusetts" title="Hardwick, Massachusetts">Hardwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leverett,_Massachusetts" title="Leverett, Massachusetts">Leverett</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shutesbury,_Massachusetts" title="Shutesbury, Massachusetts">Shutesbury</a>. This area once included the four "Lost Towns" of Enfield, Dana, Greenwich, and Prescott, which were destroyed to make way for the <a href="/wiki/Quabbin_Reservoir" title="Quabbin Reservoir">Quabbin Reservoir</a>. </p><p>Farther south, the area called the <a href="/wiki/Quaboag_River" title="Quaboag River">Quaboag Hills</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Hampden,_Massachusetts" title="Hampden, Massachusetts">Hampden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monson,_Massachusetts" title="Monson, Massachusetts">Monson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales,_Massachusetts" title="Wales, Massachusetts">Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warren,_Massachusetts" title="Warren, Massachusetts">Warren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holland,_Massachusetts" title="Holland, Massachusetts">Holland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wilbraham,_Massachusetts" title="Wilbraham, Massachusetts">Wilbraham</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> border. Numerous other towns stretching east towards Worcester are sometimes included in the Quaboag Valley region. </p><p>Geology is similar to the Hilltown-Berkshire uplands with resistant metamorphic rocks overlain by thin and rocky soil. With less relief, the river valleys are less pronounced, but still moderately high gradient. The Quaboag Hills and Valley, the Quabbin Regions, and populated places stretching east towards Worcester are all locally known as "Hill Towns"; a term interchangeable with the Hill Towns west of the Pioneer Valley. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mountain range in <a href="/wiki/Berkshire_County,_Massachusetts" title="Berkshire County, Massachusetts">Berkshire County</a> at the western end of Massachusetts is conventionally known as the "Berkshires". Geologically, however, the Berkshires are a westward continuation of uplands west of the Connecticut River and a southern extension of Vermont's <a href="/wiki/Green_Mountains" title="Green Mountains">Green Mountains</a>. </p><p>The Hilltown-Berkshire upland ends at the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Housatonic_River" title="Housatonic River">Housatonic River</a> which flows south to Long Island Sound, and in the extreme north west of Massachusetts at the <a href="/wiki/Hoosic_River" title="Hoosic River">Hoosic River</a>, a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson</a>. From these valleys, uplands to the east appear as a rounded mountain range, rising some 1,600 feet (490 meters) although they are actually a <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a>. West of the Housatonic-Hoosic valley system rises the narrower <a href="/wiki/Taconic_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Taconic Range">Taconic Range</a> along the New York border. Upper tributaries of the Hoosic separate Massachusetts' highest peak, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Greylock" title="Mount Greylock">Mount Greylock</a> 3,491 ft (1,064 meters) from both ranges, however Greylock's geology connects it with the Taconics. </p><p>Most of this region is a rolling upland of <a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">schist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneiss</a> and other resistant <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphics</a> with intrusions of <a href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">pegmatite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>. Scraping by continental <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> during the Pleistocene left thin, rocky soil that supported hardscrabble <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence farming</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. There was hardly a <a href="/wiki/Land_run" title="Land run">land rush</a> into such marginal land, but the uplands were slowly settled by farmers throughout most of the 18th century and organized into <a href="/wiki/Township" title="Township">townships</a>. Then in the early 1800s better land opened up in <a href="/wiki/Western_New_York" title="Western New York">Western New York</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a>. The hilltown agricultural population went into a long decline and fields began reverting to forest. </p><p>The Connecticut River Valley is an ancient downfaulted <a href="/wiki/Graben" title="Graben">graben</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rift_valley" title="Rift valley">rift valley</a> that formed during the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> <a href="/wiki/Era#Geological_era" title="Era">Era</a> when rifting developed in the <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a> supercontinent to separate North America from Europe and South America from Africa. Secondary rifts branched off the main crustal fracture, and this one was eventually occupied by the Connecticut River. The <a href="/wiki/Metacomet_Ridge" title="Metacomet Ridge">Metacomet Ridge</a> is a series of narrow <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">traprock</a> ridges where lava penetrated this rift zone, beginning at the northern end of the graben near Greenfield and extending south across Massachusetts and Connecticut to <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Sound" title="Long Island Sound">Long Island Sound</a>. Fossil <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River_Valley_trackways" title="Connecticut River Valley trackways">dinosaur footprints</a> in <a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">Holyoke</a> attest to the life present in this region during the Mesozoic. </p><p>As continental <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> receded near the end of the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glacial period</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">moraine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Hill,_Connecticut" title="Rocky Hill, Connecticut">Rocky Hill, Connecticut</a>, dammed the river to create <a href="/wiki/Lake_Hitchcock" title="Lake Hitchcock">Lake Hitchcock</a>, extending northward some 200 miles (320 km) inundating places such as Springfield, Agawam, and West Springfield, while certain highlands remained above water, (i.e. sections of Holyoke). </p><p>Accumulation of fine sediments during the era of Lake Hitchcock accounts for this region's exceptionally rich agricultural soil, which attracted settlers as early as 1635. Although the Connecticut River Valley's soil is the richest in New England, many of its fields have been covered by urban and suburban development. Regardless, the valley remains <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>'s most productive farmland. Tobacco, tomatoes, sweet corn, and other vegetables are still produced there in commercial quantities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berkshire, Franklin, Hampshire and Hampden counties, in the year 2020 collectively had 828,188 residents, a population greater than that of any one of the six smallest U.S. states. The population amounted to approximately 12.84% of the 2000 population of the entire state of Massachusetts, which was 6,349,097.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its average <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> is 293.07 inhabitants per square mile (113.16/km<sup>2</sup>), compared to 422.34/km<sup>2</sup> (1,093.87/sq mi) for the rest of Massachusetts, and 312.68/km<sup>2</sup> (809.83/sq mi) for the state as a whole. </p><p>Western Massachusetts' population is concentrated in the cities and suburbs along the Connecticut River in an urban axis surrounding Springfield that is contiguous with greater <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford, Connecticut</a> (i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge Corridor">Knowledge Corridor</a>.) A secondary population concentration exists in the Housatonic-Hoosic valley due to the industrial heritage of Pittsfield and North Adams, and the development of tourism throughout that valley. This far-western zone is linked to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>, more than with the rest of Massachusetts, however both populated zones are ultimately part of the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_megalopolis" title="Northeast megalopolis">Northeast megalopolis</a>. The rest of western Massachusetts is lightly populated, particularly the Hilltowns where densities below 50 persons per square mile (20 per km<sup>2</sup>) are the rule. </p><p>In descending order of size, its largest communities are: Springfield, Chicopee, Pittsfield, Westfield, Holyoke, Northampton, Agawam, West Springfield, <a href="/wiki/Amherst_Center,_Massachusetts" title="Amherst Center, Massachusetts">Amherst Center</a> (CDP), Easthampton, <a href="/wiki/Longmeadow,_Massachusetts" title="Longmeadow, Massachusetts">Longmeadow</a> (CDP), East Longmeadow, <a href="/wiki/North_Adams,_Massachusetts" title="North Adams, Massachusetts">North Adams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greenfield,_Massachusetts" title="Greenfield, Massachusetts">Greenfield</a> (CDP). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Springfield-MA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Springfield-MA.jpg/220px-Springfield-MA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Springfield-MA.jpg/330px-Springfield-MA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Springfield-MA.jpg/440px-Springfield-MA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>Skyline of Springfield, Massachusetts</figcaption></figure> <p>Western Massachusetts has been compared as a microcosm of the rest of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third largest city in Massachusetts, Springfield is situated in the region, and it has struggled financially coming close to bankruptcy at the beginning of the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unemployment rate in the area lags behind that of eastern Massachusetts by double<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though officials have pushed for ways to lure more longer-term business growth into the region to tap the abundance of students being turned out by colleges and universities in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To combat the higher cost of telecommunications which were roughly double that of eastern Massachusetts, the government of the Commonwealth invested $45.4 Million in building out a broadband network using Federal grant under the 'Massachusetts Technology Park - MassBroadband 123' initiative,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> funds which were matched by $45 million in federal investment.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1,200 mile 'middle mile' project was completed in early 2014,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> connecting public institutions throughout central and western Massachusetts, but also providing a fiber-optic backbone to allow for further expansion in these regions. Building off of that project, the Commonwealth launched a 'Last Mile' initiative targeting 54 communities that were unserved or under-served by broadband. That program has invested in municipal fiber-to-the-home networks,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are also supported by municipal bonds; private provider projects;<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and advanced wireless projects<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to connect homes and businesses in these communities. Small, rural towns such as Mount Washington, Mass., now have access to internet speeds that reach 500 megabit per second (Mbps) symmetrical service.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years there has been a push for adding high-speed rail from western Massachusetts for eastern Massachusetts.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The residents of western Massachusetts have vibrant culture in and support the local mix of arts, tourism, and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UMass_Amherst_Pond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/UMass_Amherst_Pond.jpg/220px-UMass_Amherst_Pond.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/UMass_Amherst_Pond.jpg/330px-UMass_Amherst_Pond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/UMass_Amherst_Pond.jpg/440px-UMass_Amherst_Pond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>UMass Amherst in 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>The decline of manufacturing as the region's economic engine since World War II—and in particular, since the controversial closing of the <a href="/wiki/Springfield_Armory" title="Springfield Armory">Springfield Armory</a>—was counterbalanced in western Massachusetts by growth in post-secondary education and healthcare. </p><p>This created new jobs, land development, and had <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrifying</a> effects in many <a href="/wiki/College_towns" class="mw-redirect" title="College towns">college towns</a>. State and community-funded schools (e.g., <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst" title="University of Massachusetts Amherst">University of Massachusetts Amherst</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westfield_State_University" title="Westfield State University">Westfield State University</a>) were conspicuous in their growth, as were the region's highly regarded <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_colleges" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts colleges">liberal arts colleges</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Williams_College" title="Williams College">Williams</a> founded 1793, <a href="/wiki/Amherst_College" title="Amherst College">Amherst</a> founded 1821, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College" title="Mount Holyoke College">Mount Holyoke</a> founded 1837, <a href="/wiki/Smith_College" title="Smith College">Smith</a> founded 1871, and <a href="/wiki/American_International_College" title="American International College">American International</a> founded 1885. </p><p>Despite the gains in higher ed, the region has sought to obtain equitable share of the state's education budget to place into local primary education as well. Several communities in western Massachusetts have fought to have changes made the Chapter 70 structure which the state presently uses to allocate education funding to cities and towns.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges_and_universities">Colleges and universities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Colleges and universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amherst_College" title="Amherst College">Amherst College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_International_College" title="American International College">American International College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bard_College_at_Simon%27s_Rock" title="Bard College at Simon's Rock">Bard College at Simon's Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Path_University" title="Bay Path University">Bay Path University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkshire_Community_College" title="Berkshire Community College">Berkshire Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_College" title="Cambridge College">Cambridge College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_School_of_Landscape_Design" title="Conway School of Landscape Design">Conway School of Landscape Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elms_College" title="Elms College">Elms College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Colleges_(Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Colleges (Massachusetts)">Five Colleges Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenfield_Community_College_(Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenfield Community College (Massachusetts)">Greenfield Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampshire_College" title="Hampshire College">Hampshire College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Community_College" title="Holyoke Community College">Holyoke Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_College_of_Liberal_Arts" title="Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts">Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College" title="Mount Holyoke College">Mount Holyoke College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_College" title="Smith College">Smith College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_College" title="Springfield College">Springfield College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_Technical_Community_College" title="Springfield Technical Community College">Springfield Technical Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst" title="University of Massachusetts Amherst">University of Massachusetts Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield_State_University" title="Westfield State University">Westfield State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_University" title="Western New England University">Western New England University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_College" title="Williams College">Williams College</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Government and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Western Massachusetts used to be the Republican stronghold in an otherwise heavily Democratic state, but it is now consistently viewed by political analysts as one of the most politically liberal regions in the United States. In 2006 and 2010, the region voted heavily in favor of Democratic gubernatorial candidate <a href="/wiki/Deval_Patrick" title="Deval Patrick">Deval Patrick</a>. </p><p>In <i>Crash!ng the Party</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a> includes western Massachusetts as one of the few places in the country where he believes small-town spirit is still strong. In a 2010 editorial, the <i>Boston Globe</i> berated communities in northern western-Massachusetts for resisting efforts to force consolidation of local school districts.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the Franklin County School Committee Caucus released a map that overlaid the county north-to-south over Metro Boston. The overlay reached from Rhode Island in the south to New Hampshire in the north and Framingham in the west. </p><p>In 2008 the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Office of the Governor</a> of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts opened a local office in western Massachusetts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counties">Counties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Counties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The western portion of Massachusetts consists approximately of the four counties of <a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Massachusetts" title="Franklin County, Massachusetts">Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampshire_County,_Massachusetts" title="Hampshire County, Massachusetts">Hampshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampden_County,_Massachusetts" title="Hampden County, Massachusetts">Hampden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berkshire_County,_Massachusetts" title="Berkshire County, Massachusetts">Berkshire</a>. This set of four counties is sometimes regarded as defining western Massachusetts; for example, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mass.gov/governor/administration/staff/westernmassachusetts/">Western Massachusetts Office of the Governor</a> serves residents of these counties. Towns at the western edge of <a href="/wiki/Worcester_County,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester County, Massachusetts">Worcester County</a>, especially those near the <a href="/wiki/Quabbin_Reservoir" title="Quabbin Reservoir">Quabbin Reservoir</a>, may be considered to be in western Massachusetts for some purposes; for example, two Worcester County towns have telephone numbers in western Massachusetts's <a href="/wiki/Area_code_413" title="Area code 413">area code 413</a>. </p><p>Hampden County, with over half of the population of western Massachusetts, includes the <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">City of Springfield</a>; to the north, Hampshire County contains the college towns of <a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Northampton, Massachusetts">Northampton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amherst,_Massachusetts" title="Amherst, Massachusetts">Amherst</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Hadley,_Massachusetts" title="South Hadley, Massachusetts">South Hadley</a>; further north, rural Franklin County borders Vermont and New Hampshire; to the west is Berkshire County, bordering New York, Vermont and Connecticut and the other three counties. </p><p>After a number of county governments were eliminated in Massachusetts in the late 1990s (including Franklin, Hampshire, Hampden, Berkshire and Worcester), most county functions were assigned to the state government. The municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Massachusetts" title="Franklin County, Massachusetts">Franklin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hampshire_County,_Massachusetts" title="Hampshire County, Massachusetts">Hampshire</a> counties then organized two voluntary county-oriented "regional councils of government". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attitude_towards_eastern_Massachusetts/Boston"><span id="Attitude_towards_eastern_Massachusetts.2FBoston"></span>Attitude towards eastern Massachusetts/Boston</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Attitude towards eastern Massachusetts/Boston"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some residents of western Massachusetts are critical towards <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston</a>, the state's capital and largest city. This group believes that the Massachusetts legislative and executive branches know little of and care little about western Massachusetts, which comprises 20% of the total population of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the incidents that have created this feeling: </p> <ul><li>The dismantling, submerging and disincorporation of four western Massachusetts towns, <a href="/wiki/Prescott,_Massachusetts" title="Prescott, Massachusetts">Prescott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enfield,_Massachusetts" title="Enfield, Massachusetts">Enfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenwich,_Massachusetts" title="Greenwich, Massachusetts">Greenwich</a> (formerly in Hampshire County) and <a href="/wiki/Dana,_Massachusetts" title="Dana, Massachusetts">Dana</a> (formerly in Worcester County), to build the <a href="/wiki/Quabbin_Reservoir" title="Quabbin Reservoir">Quabbin Reservoir</a> that supplies water to Boston. Also disruption of small towns accompanying flood control projects such as <a href="/wiki/North_Branch_Westfield_River" title="North Branch Westfield River">Knightville Reservoir</a> and construction of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Turnpike" title="Massachusetts Turnpike">Massachusetts Turnpike</a>.</li> <li>Extreme inequities in additional state assistances per capita for western Massachusetts cities compared with eastern Massachusetts cities—for example, in 2006, for every $278.66 Boston received, its neighbor Cambridge received $176.37, Greater Boston's westernmost city, Worcester, received $67.50, while the City of Springfield received $12.04 per person.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Former state House Speaker <a href="/wiki/Tom_Finneran" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Finneran">Tom Finneran</a>'s use of parliamentary rules to deny Northampton an election to fill a vacant House seat.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Abolishing county governance<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> placed formerly local property and employees under the direct administration of the eastern capital. This also affected representation of low-population/large-land rural towns which previously relied on their county seat in budgeting of road maintenance funding.</li></ul> <p>Long a haven for small, independent businesses, western Massachusetts has expressed conflicted feelings towards <a href="/wiki/Big-box_store" title="Big-box store">big box</a> corporations, leading to controversies about zoning changes and variances that would allow companies such as <a href="/wiki/Wal-Mart" class="mw-redirect" title="Wal-Mart">Wal-Mart</a> to build in western Massachusetts towns. The debate has been particularly strong in northern towns; for example, in <a href="/wiki/Greenfield,_Massachusetts" title="Greenfield, Massachusetts">Greenfield, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Massachusetts">Transportation in Massachusetts</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I-91_North_-_Exit_12_-_Interstate_391_North_(30174146088).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/I-91_North_-_Exit_12_-_Interstate_391_North_%2830174146088%29.jpg/220px-I-91_North_-_Exit_12_-_Interstate_391_North_%2830174146088%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/I-91_North_-_Exit_12_-_Interstate_391_North_%2830174146088%29.jpg/330px-I-91_North_-_Exit_12_-_Interstate_391_North_%2830174146088%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/I-91_North_-_Exit_12_-_Interstate_391_North_%2830174146088%29.jpg/440px-I-91_North_-_Exit_12_-_Interstate_391_North_%2830174146088%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Interstate 91 North</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interstates">Interstates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Interstates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/I-84.svg/24px-I-84.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/I-84.svg/36px-I-84.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/I-84.svg/48px-I-84.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_84_(Pennsylvania%E2%80%93Massachusetts)" title="Interstate 84 (Pennsylvania–Massachusetts)">I-84</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/I-90.svg/24px-I-90.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/I-90.svg/36px-I-90.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/I-90.svg/48px-I-90.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_90" title="Interstate 90">I-90</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/I-91.svg/24px-I-91.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/I-91.svg/36px-I-91.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/I-91.svg/48px-I-91.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_91" title="Interstate 91">I-91</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/I-291.svg/30px-I-291.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/I-291.svg/45px-I-291.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/I-291.svg/60px-I-291.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_291_(Massachusetts)" title="Interstate 291 (Massachusetts)">I-291</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/I-391.svg/30px-I-391.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/I-391.svg/45px-I-391.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/I-391.svg/60px-I-391.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_391_(Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 391 (Massachusetts)">I-391</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._Routes">U.S. Routes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: U.S. Routes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/US_5.svg/24px-US_5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/US_5.svg/36px-US_5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/US_5.svg/48px-US_5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_5" title="U.S. Route 5">US 5</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/US_7.svg/24px-US_7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/US_7.svg/36px-US_7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/US_7.svg/48px-US_7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_7" title="U.S. Route 7">US 7</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/US_20.svg/24px-US_20.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/US_20.svg/36px-US_20.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/US_20.svg/48px-US_20.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_20" title="U.S. Route 20">US 20</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/US_202.svg/30px-US_202.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/US_202.svg/45px-US_202.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/US_202.svg/60px-US_202.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_202" title="U.S. Route 202">US 202</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_highways">State highways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: State highways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/MA_Route_2.svg/24px-MA_Route_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/MA_Route_2.svg/36px-MA_Route_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/MA_Route_2.svg/48px-MA_Route_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_2" title="Massachusetts Route 2">Route 2</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/MA_Route_2A.svg/24px-MA_Route_2A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/MA_Route_2A.svg/36px-MA_Route_2A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/MA_Route_2A.svg/48px-MA_Route_2A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_2A" title="Massachusetts Route 2A">Route 2A</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/MA_Route_5A.svg/24px-MA_Route_5A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/MA_Route_5A.svg/36px-MA_Route_5A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/MA_Route_5A.svg/48px-MA_Route_5A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_5A" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Route 5A">Route 5A</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/MA_Route_7A.svg/24px-MA_Route_7A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/MA_Route_7A.svg/36px-MA_Route_7A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/MA_Route_7A.svg/48px-MA_Route_7A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_7A" title="Massachusetts Route 7A">Route 7A</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/MA_Route_8.svg/24px-MA_Route_8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/MA_Route_8.svg/36px-MA_Route_8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/MA_Route_8.svg/48px-MA_Route_8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_8" title="Massachusetts Route 8">Route 8</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/MA_Route_8A.svg/24px-MA_Route_8A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/MA_Route_8A.svg/36px-MA_Route_8A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/MA_Route_8A.svg/48px-MA_Route_8A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_8A" title="Massachusetts Route 8A">Route 8A</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/MA_Route_9.svg/24px-MA_Route_9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/MA_Route_9.svg/36px-MA_Route_9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/MA_Route_9.svg/48px-MA_Route_9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_9" title="Massachusetts Route 9">Route 9</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/MA_Route_10.svg/24px-MA_Route_10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/MA_Route_10.svg/36px-MA_Route_10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/MA_Route_10.svg/48px-MA_Route_10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_10" title="Massachusetts Route 10">Route 10</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/MA_Route_19.svg/24px-MA_Route_19.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/MA_Route_19.svg/36px-MA_Route_19.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/MA_Route_19.svg/48px-MA_Route_19.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_19" title="Massachusetts Route 19">Route 19</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/MA_Route_20A.svg/30px-MA_Route_20A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/MA_Route_20A.svg/45px-MA_Route_20A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/MA_Route_20A.svg/60px-MA_Route_20A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_20A" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Route 20A">Route 20A</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/MA_Route_21.svg/24px-MA_Route_21.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/MA_Route_21.svg/36px-MA_Route_21.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/MA_Route_21.svg/48px-MA_Route_21.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_21" title="Massachusetts Route 21">Route 21</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/MA_Route_23.svg/24px-MA_Route_23.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/MA_Route_23.svg/36px-MA_Route_23.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/MA_Route_23.svg/48px-MA_Route_23.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_23" title="Massachusetts Route 23">Route 23</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/MA_Route_30.svg/24px-MA_Route_30.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/MA_Route_30.svg/36px-MA_Route_30.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/MA_Route_30.svg/48px-MA_Route_30.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_30" title="Massachusetts Route 30">Route 30</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/MA_Route_32.svg/24px-MA_Route_32.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/MA_Route_32.svg/36px-MA_Route_32.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/MA_Route_32.svg/48px-MA_Route_32.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_32" title="Massachusetts Route 32">Route 32</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/MA_Route_33.svg/24px-MA_Route_33.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/MA_Route_33.svg/36px-MA_Route_33.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/MA_Route_33.svg/48px-MA_Route_33.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_33" title="Massachusetts Route 33">Route 33</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/MA_Route_38.svg/24px-MA_Route_38.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/MA_Route_38.svg/36px-MA_Route_38.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/MA_Route_38.svg/48px-MA_Route_38.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_38" title="Massachusetts Route 38">Route 38</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/MA_Route_41.svg/24px-MA_Route_41.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/MA_Route_41.svg/36px-MA_Route_41.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/MA_Route_41.svg/48px-MA_Route_41.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_41" title="Massachusetts Route 41">Route 41</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/MA_Route_43.svg/24px-MA_Route_43.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/MA_Route_43.svg/36px-MA_Route_43.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/MA_Route_43.svg/48px-MA_Route_43.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_43" title="Massachusetts Route 43">Route 43</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/MA_Route_47.svg/24px-MA_Route_47.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/MA_Route_47.svg/36px-MA_Route_47.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/MA_Route_47.svg/48px-MA_Route_47.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_47" title="Massachusetts Route 47">Route 47</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/MA_Route_57.svg/24px-MA_Route_57.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/MA_Route_57.svg/36px-MA_Route_57.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/MA_Route_57.svg/48px-MA_Route_57.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_57" title="Massachusetts Route 57">Route 57</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/MA_Route_62.svg/24px-MA_Route_62.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/MA_Route_62.svg/36px-MA_Route_62.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/MA_Route_62.svg/48px-MA_Route_62.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_62" title="Massachusetts Route 62">Route 62</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/MA_Route_63.svg/24px-MA_Route_63.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/MA_Route_63.svg/36px-MA_Route_63.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/MA_Route_63.svg/48px-MA_Route_63.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_63" title="Massachusetts Route 63">Route 63</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/MA_Route_66.svg/24px-MA_Route_66.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/MA_Route_66.svg/36px-MA_Route_66.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/MA_Route_66.svg/48px-MA_Route_66.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_66" title="Massachusetts Route 66">Route 66</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/MA_Route_67.svg/24px-MA_Route_67.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/MA_Route_67.svg/36px-MA_Route_67.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/MA_Route_67.svg/48px-MA_Route_67.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_67" title="Massachusetts Route 67">Route 67</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/MA_Route_71.svg/24px-MA_Route_71.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/MA_Route_71.svg/36px-MA_Route_71.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/MA_Route_71.svg/48px-MA_Route_71.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_71" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Route 71">Route 71</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/MA_Route_75.svg/24px-MA_Route_75.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/MA_Route_75.svg/36px-MA_Route_75.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/MA_Route_75.svg/48px-MA_Route_75.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_75" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Route 75">Route 75</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/MA_Route_78.svg/24px-MA_Route_78.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/MA_Route_78.svg/36px-MA_Route_78.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/MA_Route_78.svg/48px-MA_Route_78.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_78" title="Massachusetts Route 78">Route 78</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/MA_Route_83.svg/24px-MA_Route_83.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/MA_Route_83.svg/36px-MA_Route_83.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/MA_Route_83.svg/48px-MA_Route_83.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_83" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Route 83">Route 83</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/MA_Route_97.svg/24px-MA_Route_97.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/MA_Route_97.svg/36px-MA_Route_97.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/MA_Route_97.svg/48px-MA_Route_97.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_97" title="Massachusetts Route 97">Route 97</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/MA_Route_102.svg/30px-MA_Route_102.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/MA_Route_102.svg/45px-MA_Route_102.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/MA_Route_102.svg/60px-MA_Route_102.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_102" title="Massachusetts Route 102">Route 102</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/MA_Route_106.svg/30px-MA_Route_106.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/MA_Route_106.svg/45px-MA_Route_106.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/MA_Route_106.svg/60px-MA_Route_106.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_106" title="Massachusetts Route 106">Route 106</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MA_Route_112.svg/30px-MA_Route_112.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MA_Route_112.svg/45px-MA_Route_112.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/MA_Route_112.svg/60px-MA_Route_112.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_112" title="Massachusetts Route 112">Route 112</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/MA_Route_116.svg/30px-MA_Route_116.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/MA_Route_116.svg/45px-MA_Route_116.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/MA_Route_116.svg/60px-MA_Route_116.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_116" title="Massachusetts Route 116">Route 116</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/MA_Route_122.svg/30px-MA_Route_122.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/MA_Route_122.svg/45px-MA_Route_122.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/MA_Route_122.svg/60px-MA_Route_122.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_122" title="Massachusetts Route 122">Route 122</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/MA_Route_141.svg/30px-MA_Route_141.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/MA_Route_141.svg/45px-MA_Route_141.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/MA_Route_141.svg/60px-MA_Route_141.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_141" title="Massachusetts Route 141">Route 141</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/MA_Route_142.svg/30px-MA_Route_142.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/MA_Route_142.svg/45px-MA_Route_142.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/MA_Route_142.svg/60px-MA_Route_142.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_142" title="Massachusetts Route 142">Route 142</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/MA_Route_143.svg/30px-MA_Route_143.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/MA_Route_143.svg/45px-MA_Route_143.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/MA_Route_143.svg/60px-MA_Route_143.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_143" title="Massachusetts Route 143">Route 143</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MA_Route_147.svg/30px-MA_Route_147.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MA_Route_147.svg/45px-MA_Route_147.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/MA_Route_147.svg/60px-MA_Route_147.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_147" title="Massachusetts Route 147">Route 147</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/MA_Route_159.svg/30px-MA_Route_159.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/MA_Route_159.svg/45px-MA_Route_159.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/MA_Route_159.svg/60px-MA_Route_159.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_159" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Route 159">Route 159</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/MA_Route_168.svg/30px-MA_Route_168.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/MA_Route_168.svg/45px-MA_Route_168.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/MA_Route_168.svg/60px-MA_Route_168.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_168" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Route 168">Route 168</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/MA_Route_181.svg/30px-MA_Route_181.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/MA_Route_181.svg/45px-MA_Route_181.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/MA_Route_181.svg/60px-MA_Route_181.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_181" title="Massachusetts Route 181">Route 181</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/MA_Route_183.svg/30px-MA_Route_183.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/MA_Route_183.svg/45px-MA_Route_183.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/MA_Route_183.svg/60px-MA_Route_183.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_183" title="Massachusetts Route 183">Route 183</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/MA_Route_186.svg/30px-MA_Route_186.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/MA_Route_186.svg/45px-MA_Route_186.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/MA_Route_186.svg/60px-MA_Route_186.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_186" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Route 186">Route 186</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/MA_Route_187.svg/30px-MA_Route_187.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/MA_Route_187.svg/45px-MA_Route_187.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/MA_Route_187.svg/60px-MA_Route_187.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_187" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Route 187">Route 187</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/MA_Route_189.svg/30px-MA_Route_189.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/MA_Route_189.svg/45px-MA_Route_189.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/MA_Route_189.svg/60px-MA_Route_189.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_189" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Route 189">Route 189</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/MA_Route_192.svg/30px-MA_Route_192.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/MA_Route_192.svg/45px-MA_Route_192.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/MA_Route_192.svg/60px-MA_Route_192.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_192" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Route 192">Route 192</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/MA_Route_225.svg/30px-MA_Route_225.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/MA_Route_225.svg/45px-MA_Route_225.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/MA_Route_225.svg/60px-MA_Route_225.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_225" title="Massachusetts Route 225">Route 225</a></li> <li><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/MA_Route_295.svg/30px-MA_Route_295.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/MA_Route_295.svg/45px-MA_Route_295.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/MA_Route_295.svg/60px-MA_Route_295.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="601" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_295" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts Route 295">Route 295</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bridges_and_tunnels">Bridges and tunnels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bridges and tunnels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoosac_Tunnel" title="Hoosac Tunnel">Hoosac Tunnel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Airports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rooftop_Solar_at_Northampton_Airport_(11353930316).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Rooftop_Solar_at_Northampton_Airport_%2811353930316%29.jpg/220px-Rooftop_Solar_at_Northampton_Airport_%2811353930316%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Rooftop_Solar_at_Northampton_Airport_%2811353930316%29.jpg/330px-Rooftop_Solar_at_Northampton_Airport_%2811353930316%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Rooftop_Solar_at_Northampton_Airport_%2811353930316%29.jpg/440px-Rooftop_Solar_at_Northampton_Airport_%2811353930316%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Northampton Airport in 2013</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrington_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Barrington Airport">Great Barrington Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Adams_Airport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Adams Airport (page does not exist)">North Adams Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northampton_Airport" title="Northampton Airport">Northampton Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Municipal_Airport" title="Orange Municipal Airport">Orange Municipal Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsfield_Municipal_Airport_(Massachusetts)" title="Pittsfield Municipal Airport (Massachusetts)">Pittsfield Municipal Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turners_Falls_Airport" title="Turners Falls Airport">Turners Falls Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield-Barnes_Regional_Airport" title="Westfield-Barnes Regional Airport">Westfield-Barnes Regional Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westover_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Westover Airport">Westover Airport</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nearby_airports">Nearby airports</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Nearby airports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logan_International_Airport" title="Logan International Airport">Logan International Airport</a> in Boston, 3 miles (4.8 km) northeast of downtown Boston, New England's largest transportation center</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester_Regional_Airport" title="Worcester Regional Airport">Worcester Regional Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester, Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester-Boston_Regional_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester-Boston Regional Airport">Manchester-Boston Regional Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manchester,_New_Hampshire" title="Manchester, New Hampshire">Manchester, New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_International_Airport" title="Albany International Airport">Albany International Airport</a>, West of the Berkshires in upstate New York</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_International_Airport" title="Bradley International Airport">Bradley International Airport</a>, South of Springfield in Connecticut</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail_and_bus">Rail and bus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Rail and bus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Amtrak_Hartford_Line" title="Amtrak Hartford Line">Amtrak Hartford Line</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hartford_Line_locomotive_at_New_Haven_Union_Station,_September_2018.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Hartford_Line_locomotive_at_New_Haven_Union_Station%2C_September_2018.JPG/220px-Hartford_Line_locomotive_at_New_Haven_Union_Station%2C_September_2018.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Hartford_Line_locomotive_at_New_Haven_Union_Station%2C_September_2018.JPG/330px-Hartford_Line_locomotive_at_New_Haven_Union_Station%2C_September_2018.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Hartford_Line_locomotive_at_New_Haven_Union_Station%2C_September_2018.JPG/440px-Hartford_Line_locomotive_at_New_Haven_Union_Station%2C_September_2018.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hartford_Line" title="Hartford Line">Hartford Line</a> provides regular commuter rail service between Springfield, <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a>, with tentative plans to increase service frequency and provide additional stops<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> operates three lines through western Massachusetts. All three stop at <a href="/wiki/Springfield_Union_Station_(Massachusetts)" title="Springfield Union Station (Massachusetts)">Springfield Union Station</a>. <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lake_Shore_Limited" title="Lake Shore Limited">Lake Shore Limited</a></i> Line: Travels from Chicago, Illinois to Boston: Travels from the capitol in Boston, stops at Springfield-Union, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Scelsi_Intermodal_Transportation_Center" title="Joseph Scelsi Intermodal Transportation Center">Joseph Scelsi Intermodal Transportation Center</a> (Pittsfield, MA), and service onward to upstate New York towards Buffalo via Albany.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Regional" title="Northeast Regional">Northeast Regional</a></i> Travels from Springfield to D.C./Virginia, converges at New Haven, CT into the mainline with the separate-branch from Boston.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vermonter_(train)" title="Vermonter (train)">Vermonter</a></i> Line: Travels from Washington, D.C. to Vermont with four stops in western Massachusetts including: Union-Springfield, <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_station" title="Holyoke station">Holyoke station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(Northampton,_Massachusetts)" title="Union Station (Northampton, Massachusetts)">Union-Northampton</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_W._Olver_Transit_Center" title="John W. Olver Transit Center">John W. Olver Transit Center</a> (Greenfield, MA).</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTRail" class="mw-redirect" title="CTRail">CTRail</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hartford_Line" title="Hartford Line">Hartford Line</a> started operating to Union Station-Springfield as the northern terminus. Trains operate from New Haven, CT with multiple stops in Connecticut along the way. The <a href="/wiki/New_Haven%E2%80%93Springfield_Line" title="New Haven–Springfield Line">New Haven–Springfield Line</a> was upgraded in conjunction with the launch of the Hartford Line service. The project received funding from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the Federal Government, and the State of Connecticut. Amtrak trains on the route between New Haven and Springfield reach speeds of 110 mph (177 km/h). <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Corridor_Rail_Line" title="Central Corridor Rail Line">Central Corridor Rail Line</a>: A proposed line is under review from New London, CT. This line would also have stations in western Massachusetts at: <a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(Palmer,_Massachusetts)" title="Union Station (Palmer, Massachusetts)">Union-Palmer</a> (Palmer, MA); <a href="/wiki/Amherst_station_(Massachusetts)" title="Amherst station (Massachusetts)">Amherst station</a>; and Millers Falls before reaching Vermont.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>The following regional transit authorities operate in western Massachusetts: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berkshire_Regional_Transit_Authority" title="Berkshire Regional Transit Authority">Berkshire Regional Transit Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Regional_Transit_Authority" title="Franklin Regional Transit Authority">Franklin Regional Transit Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Valley_Transit_Authority" title="Pioneer Valley Transit Authority">Pioneer Valley Transit Authority</a> (connects with <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Transit_Hartford" class="mw-redirect" title="Connecticut Transit Hartford">Connecticut Transit Hartford</a> rail)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leisure_activities_and_places_of_historical_interest">Leisure activities and places of historical interest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Leisure activities and places of historical interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Birthplace_Museum" title="Susan B. Anthony Birthplace Museum">Susan B. Anthony Birthplace Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead_(Herman_Melville)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrowhead (Herman Melville)">Arrowhead (Herman Melville)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketball_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Basketball Hall of Fame">Basketball Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Big_E" class="mw-redirect" title="The Big E">The Big E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Art_Institute" title="Clark Art Institute">Clark Art Institute</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Five_Colleges_(Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Colleges (Massachusetts)">Five Colleges</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amherst_College" title="Amherst College">Amherst College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampshire_College" title="Hampshire College">Hampshire College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College" title="Mount Holyoke College">Mount Holyoke College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smith_College" title="Smith College">Smith College</a>, and <a href="/wiki/UMass_Amherst" class="mw-redirect" title="UMass Amherst">UMass Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Park_(Springfield,_Massachusetts)" title="Forest Park (Springfield, Massachusetts)">Forest Park</a> in Springfield – one of the largest urban parks in the U.S., featuring a zoo and <i>Bright Nights</i> during the holidays</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Carle_Museum_of_Picture_Book_Art" title="Eric Carle Museum of Picture Book Art">Eric Carle Museum of Picture Book Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Deerfield" title="Historic Deerfield">Historic Deerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickinson_Homestead" class="mw-redirect" title="Dickinson Homestead">Emily Dickinson Museum: The Homestead and The Evergreens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_Pillow" title="Jacob's Pillow">Jacob's Pillow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Museum_of_Contemporary_Art" title="Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art">MassMoCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Yiddish_Book_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="National Yiddish Book Center">National Yiddish Book Center</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Quadrangle_(Springfield,_Massachusetts)" title="Quadrangle (Springfield, Massachusetts)">Quadrangle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Seuss_Memorial" title="Dr. Seuss Memorial">Dr. Seuss Memorial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mount_(Lenox,_Massachusetts)" title="The Mount (Lenox, Massachusetts)">The Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Rockwell_Museum" title="Norman Rockwell Museum">Norman Rockwell Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanglewood" title="Tanglewood">Tanglewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Flags_New_England" title="Six Flags New England">Six Flags New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._A._Skinner_State_Park" title="J. A. Skinner State Park">J. A. Skinner State Park</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Springfield_Armory" title="Springfield Armory">Springfield Armory</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="National Park">National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield, Massachusetts</a>' <a href="/wiki/Club_Quarter" title="Club Quarter">Club Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Candle" title="Yankee Candle">Yankee Candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_Flowers_(bridge)" title="Bridge of Flowers (bridge)">Shelburne Falls Bridge of Flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelburne_Falls_Trolley_Museum" title="Shelburne Falls Trolley Museum">Shelburne Falls Trolley Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wistariahurst" title="Wistariahurst">Wistariahurst</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outdoor_recreation">Outdoor recreation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Outdoor recreation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Trail" title="Appalachian Trail">Appalachian Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashuwillticook_Rail_Trail" title="Ashuwillticook Rail Trail">Ashuwillticook Rail Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bash_Bish_Falls_State_Park" title="Bash Bish Falls State Park">Bash Bish Falls State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkshire_East_Ski_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkshire East Ski Area">Berkshire East Ski Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Berkshires" class="mw-redirect" title="The Berkshires">The Berkshires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blandford_Ski_Area" title="Blandford Ski Area">Blandford Ski Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bousquet" title="Bousquet">Bousquet Ski Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River" title="Connecticut River">Connecticut River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deerfield_River" title="Deerfield River">Deerfield River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmington_River" title="Farmington River">Farmington River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiminy_Peak_(ski_area)" title="Jiminy Peak (ski area)">Jiminy Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Buel" title="Lake Buel">Lake Buel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Onota" title="Lake Onota">Lake Onota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Everett_State_Reservation" title="Mount Everett State Reservation">Mount Everett State Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Greylock" title="Mount Greylock">Mount Greylock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Holyoke" title="Mount Holyoke">Mount Holyoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tom_(Massachusetts)" title="Mount Tom (Massachusetts)">Mount Tom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otis_Reservoir" title="Otis Reservoir">Otis Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsfield_State_Forest" title="Pittsfield State Forest">Pittsfield State Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quabbin_Reservoir" title="Quabbin Reservoir">Quabbin Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_Butternut" title="Ski Butternut">Ski Butternut</a>—<a href="/wiki/Great_Barrington,_Massachusetts" title="Great Barrington, Massachusetts">Great Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield_River" title="Westfield River">Westfield River</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_code_413" title="Area code 413">Area code 413</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperating_Colleges_of_Greater_Springfield" title="Cooperating Colleges of Greater Springfield">Cooperating Colleges of Greater Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_College_Consortium" title="Five College Consortium">Five College Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Massachusetts" title="Geography of Massachusetts">Geography of Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Massachusetts" title="List of counties in Massachusetts">List of counties in Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sisters_(colleges)" title="Seven Sisters (colleges)">Seven Sisters (colleges)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514002956/http://gonewengland.about.com/od/westernmasscolleges/Colleges_and_Universities_Western_Massachusetts.htm">"Colleges and Universities in Western Massachusetts"</a>. Gonewengland.about.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gonewengland.about.com/od/westernmasscolleges/Colleges_and_Universities_Western_Massachusetts.htm">the original</a> on 2013-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colleges+and+Universities+in+Western+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Gonewengland.about.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgonewengland.about.com%2Fod%2Fwesternmasscolleges%2FColleges_and_Universities_Western_Massachusetts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.massvacation.com/regions-towns/western-massachusetts/">"Western Massachusetts | Western MA | Things to Do in Western Mass"</a>. Massvacation.com. 2016-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+Massachusetts+%26%23124%3B+Western+MA+%26%23124%3B+Things+to+Do+in+Western+Mass&rft.pub=Massvacation.com&rft.date=2016-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.massvacation.com%2Fregions-towns%2Fwestern-massachusetts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/dcr/water-res-protection/watershed-mgmt/quabbin-reservoir-fishing-guide.html">"Quabbin Reservoir Fishing Guide"</a>. Mass.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quabbin+Reservoir+Fishing+Guide&rft.pub=Mass.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mass.gov%2Feea%2Fagencies%2Fdcr%2Fwater-res-protection%2Fwatershed-mgmt%2Fquabbin-reservoir-fishing-guide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruhac-thesis-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bruhac-thesis_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruhac2007" class="citation thesis cs1">Bruhac, Margaret (May 2007). <i>HISTORICAL ERASURE AND CULTURAL RECOVERY: INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN THE CONNECTICUT RIVER VALLEY</i> (Thesis).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=HISTORICAL+ERASURE+AND+CULTURAL+RECOVERY%3A+INDIGENOUS+PEOPLE+IN+THE+CONNECTICUT+RIVER+VALLEY&rft.date=2007-05&rft.aulast=Bruhac&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1949" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Henry Andrew (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofwesternma01wrig"><i>The Story of Western Massachusetts</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Western+Massachusetts&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Henry+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryofwesternma01wrig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWayne_Phaneuf2011" class="citation web cs1">Wayne Phaneuf (22 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masslive.com/history/index.ssf/2011/05/375_years_of_change_business_and_work_landscape_help_define_springfield.html">"375 years of changing business and work landscape help define Springfield"</a>. 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In Buckley, Kerry (ed.). <i>A Place Called Paradise</i>. 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Hartford Springfield News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hartfordspringfieldnews.com/entity/profile/knowledge-corridor/">the original</a> on 2018-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Articles+that+mention+Knowledge+Corridor&rft.pub=Hartford+Springfield+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hartfordspringfieldnews.com%2Fentity%2Fprofile%2Fknowledge-corridor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov">"U.S. Census website"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Census+website&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wgbh.org/news/local-news/2019/03/05/whats-it-worth-to-move-to-western-mass-maybe-10-000">What's It Worth To Move To Western Mass.? Maybe $10,000</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.governing.com/topics/finance/gov-springfield-massachusetts-turnaround-bankruptcy.html">This Small New England City Was on the Verge of Bankruptcy. Now It’s a Turnaround Success Story.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.masslive.com/business-news/2017/12/springfield_area_creating_jobs_on_par_wi.html">'Most of the growth is to the east': Springfield gains jobs, but unemployment rate stays well above Worcester and Boston</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bestplaces.net/economy/city/massachusetts/springfield">Economy in Springfield, Massachusetts</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gazettenet.com/Regional-economy-in-good-shape-experts-say-15198120ubhub">Business 2018: Valley’s economy is riding high, experts more optimistic than they’ve been in years</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.ntia.doc.gov/grantee/massachusetts-technology-park">Federal government grants to expand broadband Internet access in Western Massachusetts</a>, Broadband USA.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://broadband.masstech.org/press-releases/construction-turnover-complete-new-1200-mile-fiber-backbone-western-and-central">"Construction, Turnover Complete on New 1,200 Mile Fiber Backbone for Western and Central Massachusetts"</a>. broadband.masstech.org (MBI)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Construction%2C+Turnover+Complete+on+New+1%2C200+Mile+Fiber+Backbone+for+Western+and+Central+Massachusetts&rft.pub=broadband.masstech.org+%28MBI%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbroadband.masstech.org%2Fpress-releases%2Fconstruction-turnover-complete-new-1200-mile-fiber-backbone-western-and-central&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemersStaff2014" class="citation web cs1">Demers, Phil; Staff, Berkshire Eagle (19 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berkshireeagle.com/stories/massachusetts-broadband-institute-announces-completion-of-rural-high-speed-network,383024">"Massachusetts Broadband Institute announces completion of rural high-speed network"</a>. <i>The Berkshire Eagle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Berkshire+Eagle&rft.atitle=Massachusetts+Broadband+Institute+announces+completion+of+rural+high-speed+network&rft.date=2014-02-19&rft.aulast=Demers&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft.au=Staff%2C+Berkshire+Eagle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.berkshireeagle.com%2Fstories%2Fmassachusetts-broadband-institute-announces-completion-of-rural-high-speed-network%2C383024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wwlp.com/news/local-news/last-mile-broadband-project-update-for-small-towns-in-western-mass/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Last Mile' broadband project update for small towns in western Mass"</a>. WWLP. 2018-08-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Last+Mile%27+broadband+project+update+for+small+towns+in+western+Mass.&rft.pub=WWLP&rft.date=2018-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwlp.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Flast-mile-broadband-project-update-for-small-towns-in-western-mass%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerreze2018" class="citation web cs1">Serreze, Mary (2018-09-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.masslive.com/news/2018/09/state_celebrates_comcast_cable.html">"Officials celebrate Comcast broadband expansion in 9 rural Western Massachusetts towns"</a>. MassLive. <i>The Republican</i>. Springfield, Mass<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Republican&rft.atitle=Officials+celebrate+Comcast+broadband+expansion+in+9+rural+Western+Massachusetts+towns&rft.date=2018-09-07&rft.aulast=Serreze&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.masslive.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2F09%2Fstate_celebrates_comcast_cable.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParnass2018" class="citation web cs1">Parnass, Larry (18 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berkshireeagle.com/stories/savoy-florida-back-wireless-route-to-last-mile-internet,542531">"Savoy, Florida back wireless route to last-mile internet"</a>. <i>The Berkshire Eagle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Berkshire+Eagle&rft.atitle=Savoy%2C+Florida+back+wireless+route+to+last-mile+internet&rft.date=2018-06-18&rft.aulast=Parnass&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.berkshireeagle.com%2Fstories%2Fsavoy-florida-back-wireless-route-to-last-mile-internet%2C542531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theberkshireedge.com/little-engine-that-could-mount-washington-flips-switch-on-fiber/">"Little engine that could: Mount Washington flips switch on fiber"</a>. <i>The Berkshire Eagle</i>. 6 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Berkshire+Eagle&rft.atitle=Little+engine+that+could%3A+Mount+Washington+flips+switch+on+fiber&rft.date=2017-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheberkshireedge.com%2Flittle-engine-that-could-mount-washington-flips-switch-on-fiber%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gazettenet.com/East-west-rail-studied-27273888">East-west rail gains headway in western Mass.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.masstransitmag.com/rail/news/21141767/ma-massdot-eastwest-rail-ridership-could-be-4-times-greater-than-expected-but-project-out-of-reach-without-federal-help">MA: MassDOT: East-West rail ridership could be 4 times greater than expected, but project out of reach without federal help</a> - Jim Kinney, June 11th, 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonwealthmagazine.org/arts-and-culture/western-mass-hilltowns-look-for-a-foothold/">"Western Mass. 'Hilltowns' look for a foothold"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mma.org/advocacy/school-funding-overhaul-requires-a-much-larger-state-commitment/">School funding overhaul requires a much larger state commitment</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20110807054332/http://articles.boston.com/2010-12-13/editorial/29305423_1_school-boards-districts-elementary-school-level">"School Board Districts at the Elementary School Level"</a>. 13 December 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.boston.com/2010-12-13/editorial/29305423_1_school-boards-districts-elementary-school-level">the original</a> on 7 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=School+Board+Districts+at+the+Elementary+School+Level&rft.date=2010-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.boston.com%2F2010-12-13%2Feditorial%2F29305423_1_school-boards-districts-elementary-school-level&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazarakis2016" class="citation news cs1">Mazarakis, James (September 20, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailycollegian.com/2016/09/bridging-the-divide-between-eastern-and-western-massachusetts/">"Bridging the divide between eastern and western Massachusetts"</a>. Op/Ed. Massachusetts Daily Collegian<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bridging+the+divide+between+eastern+and+western+Massachusetts&rft.date=2016-09-20&rft.aulast=Mazarakis&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailycollegian.com%2F2016%2F09%2Fbridging-the-divide-between-eastern-and-western-massachusetts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springfieldcityhall.com/planning/fileadmin/Planning_files/Springfieldpanel.pdf"><i>Springfield Panel</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Urban Land Institute, 24–29 September 2006</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Springfield+Panel&rft.pub=Urban+Land+Institute&rft.date=2006-09-24%2F2006-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springfieldcityhall.com%2Fplanning%2Ffileadmin%2FPlanning_files%2FSpringfieldpanel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130415095304/http://www.massgreens.org/pipermail/candidate-development/2002-January/000185.html">"Northampton Special Election"</a>. Green-Rainbow Party of Massachusetts. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.massgreens.org/pipermail/candidate-development/2002-January/000185.html">the original</a> on 2013-04-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northampton+Special+Election&rft.pub=Green-Rainbow+Party+of+Massachusetts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.massgreens.org%2Fpipermail%2Fcandidate-development%2F2002-January%2F000185.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2001" class="citation news cs1">Phillips, Frank (21 December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cltg.org/cltg/cltg2001/01-12-28.htm#Hampshire">"Hampshire district's empty seat suits speaker"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Hampshire+district%27s+empty+seat+suits+speaker&rft.date=2001-12-21&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcltg.org%2Fcltg%2Fcltg2001%2F01-12-28.htm%23Hampshire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cisctlist/ctlistcounin.htm">"Historical Data Relating to the Incorporation of and Abolishment of Counties in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts"</a>. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Data+Relating+to+the+Incorporation+of+and+Abolishment+of+Counties+in+the+Commonwealth+of+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Secretary+of+the+Commonwealth+of+Massachusetts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sec.state.ma.us%2Fcis%2Fcisctlist%2Fctlistcounin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081007134002/http://walmartwatch.com/battlemart/resources/greenfield_ma_stops_wal_mart_rezoning/">"Wal-Mart Watch - Greenfield, MA stops Wal-Mart rezoning"</a>. <i>Making Change at Walmart</i>. United Food and Commercial Workers International Union. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://walmartwatch.com/battlemart/resources/greenfield_ma_stops_wal_mart_rezoning/">the original</a> on October 7, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Making+Change+at+Walmart&rft.atitle=Wal-Mart+Watch+-+Greenfield%2C+MA+stops+Wal-Mart+rezoning&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwalmartwatch.com%2Fbattlemart%2Fresources%2Fgreenfield_ma_stops_wal_mart_rezoning%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYonkunas2018" class="citation news cs1">Yonkunas, Rachel (December 27, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wfsb.com/news/state-leaders-are-hoping-to-expand-state-rail-service-beyond/article_0e8885ec-0a43-11e9-aa5d-7bdbe72ed348.html">"State Leaders Are Hoping to Expand State Rail Service Beyond Springfield"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WFSB" title="WFSB">WFSB Eyewitness News 3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=State+Leaders+Are+Hoping+to+Expand+State+Rail+Service+Beyond+Springfield&rft.date=2018-12-27&rft.aulast=Yonkunas&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wfsb.com%2Fnews%2Fstate-leaders-are-hoping-to-expand-state-rail-service-beyond%2Farticle_0e8885ec-0a43-11e9-aa5d-7bdbe72ed348.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hilltownfamilies.org">"Hilltown Families"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hilltown+Families&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hilltownfamilies.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402081750/http://www.granbyma.net/whattodoinpioneervalley.php">"What to Do in Pioneer Valley"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.granbyma.net/whattodoinpioneervalley.php">the original</a> on 2 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+to+Do+in+Pioneer+Valley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.granbyma.net%2Fwhattodoinpioneervalley.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cispdf/City_Town_Map.pdf">"(Map of) Massachusetts Cities and Towns"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Citizen Information Service, Secretary of the Commonwealth. 27 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%28Map+of%29+Massachusetts+Cities+and+Towns&rft.pub=Citizen+Information+Service%2C+Secretary+of+the+Commonwealth&rft.date=2019-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sec.state.ma.us%2Fcis%2Fcispdf%2FCity_Town_Map.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://explorewmass.blogspot.com/">"Homepage"</a>. Exploring Western Massachusetts.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homepage&rft.pub=Exploring+Western+Massachusetts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexplorewmass.blogspot.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Massachusetts" class="Z3988"></span> Local history blog.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Massachusetts&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westernmassedc.com/">Western Massachusetts Economic Development Council</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.massvacation.com/regions-towns/western-massachusetts/">Western Mass culture, arts, and tourism</a>, Massachusetts Office of Travel and Tourism</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.state-maps.info/state-maps/map-of-massachussetts-state-west.htm">Western Massachusetts Map (modern)</a>—YellowMaps</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shop.old-maps.com/productimage.php?product_id=89087">Western Massachusetts 1855 Bowles—Old State Map Reprint</a>—1855 map at Old Maps</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Massachusetts" title="Administrative divisions of Massachusetts">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_congressional_districts" title="Massachusetts's congressional districts">Congressional districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in Massachusetts">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Massachusetts" title="Geography of Massachusetts">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Massachusetts" title="Geology of Massachusetts">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Massachusetts" title="Government of Massachusetts">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Images_of_Massachusetts" title="Category:Images of Massachusetts">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Massachusetts" title="Law of Massachusetts">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Massachusetts" title="List of lighthouses in Massachusetts">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Massachusetts" title="Music of Massachusetts">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Massachusetts" title="List of people from Massachusetts">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_state_symbols" title="List of Massachusetts state symbols">State symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Massachusetts">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Massachusetts" title="List of villages in Massachusetts">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Massachusetts" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Massachusetts">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_windmills_in_Massachusetts" title="List of windmills in Massachusetts">Windmills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Massachusetts" title="Abortion in Massachusetts">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massachusetts_culture" title="Category:Massachusetts culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Massachusetts" title="Climate change in Massachusetts">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Massachusetts" title="Crime in Massachusetts">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Massachusetts" title="Demographics of Massachusetts">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Massachusetts">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Massachusetts">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Massachusetts" title="History of education in Massachusetts">History of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Massachusetts" title="Gun laws in Massachusetts">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Massachusetts">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Massachusetts">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Massachusetts" title="Politics of Massachusetts">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Massachusetts" title="Sports in Massachusetts">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Massachusetts" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Ann" title="Cape Ann">Cape Ann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Massachusetts" title="Central Massachusetts">Central Massachusetts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Blackstone_Valley" title="Blackstone Valley">Blackstone Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montachusett-North_County" title="Montachusett-North County">Montachusett-North County</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_County_(Massachusetts)" title="South County (Massachusetts)">South County</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Boston" title="Greater Boston">Greater Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Lowell" title="Greater Lowell">Greater Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrimack_Valley" title="Merrimack Valley">Merrimack Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetroWest" title="MetroWest">MetroWest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Shore_(Massachusetts)" title="North Shore (Massachusetts)">North Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Massachusetts" title="Southeastern Massachusetts">Southeastern Massachusetts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Coast_(Massachusetts)" title="South Coast (Massachusetts)">South Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Shore_(Massachusetts)" title="South Shore (Massachusetts)">South Shore</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western Massachusetts</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Berkshires" class="mw-redirect" title="The Berkshires">The Berkshires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Housatonic_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Housatonic Valley">Housatonic Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Valley" title="Pioneer Valley">Pioneer Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quabbin-Swift_River_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Quabbin-Swift River Valley">Quabbin-Swift River Valley</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Massachusetts" title="List of counties in Massachusetts">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnstable_County,_Massachusetts" title="Barnstable County, Massachusetts">Barnstable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkshire_County,_Massachusetts" title="Berkshire County, Massachusetts">Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_County,_Massachusetts" title="Bristol County, Massachusetts">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukes_County,_Massachusetts" title="Dukes County, Massachusetts">Dukes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Essex County, Massachusetts">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Massachusetts" title="Franklin County, Massachusetts">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampden_County,_Massachusetts" title="Hampden County, Massachusetts">Hampden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampshire_County,_Massachusetts" title="Hampshire County, Massachusetts">Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Massachusetts" title="Middlesex County, Massachusetts">Middlesex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantucket" title="Nantucket">Nantucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Norfolk County, Massachusetts">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_County,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth County, Massachusetts">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_Massachusetts" title="Suffolk County, Massachusetts">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester_County,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester County, Massachusetts">Worcester</a></li> <li>Note: Nine former counties were in the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Maine" title="District of Maine">District of Maine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Massachusetts" title="List of municipalities in Massachusetts">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agawam,_Massachusetts" title="Agawam, Massachusetts">Agawam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amherst,_Massachusetts" title="Amherst, Massachusetts">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amesbury,_Massachusetts" title="Amesbury, Massachusetts">Amesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attleboro,_Massachusetts" title="Attleboro, Massachusetts">Attleboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnstable,_Massachusetts" title="Barnstable, Massachusetts">Barnstable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly,_Massachusetts" title="Beverly, Massachusetts">Beverly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braintree,_Massachusetts" title="Braintree, Massachusetts">Braintree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgewater,_Massachusetts" title="Bridgewater, Massachusetts">Bridgewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brockton,_Massachusetts" title="Brockton, Massachusetts">Brockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_Massachusetts" title="Chelsea, Massachusetts">Chelsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicopee,_Massachusetts" title="Chicopee, Massachusetts">Chicopee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Longmeadow,_Massachusetts" title="East Longmeadow, Massachusetts">East Longmeadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easthampton,_Massachusetts" title="Easthampton, Massachusetts">Easthampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett,_Massachusetts" title="Everett, Massachusetts">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_River,_Massachusetts" title="Fall River, Massachusetts">Fall River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitchburg,_Massachusetts" title="Fitchburg, Massachusetts">Fitchburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framingham,_Massachusetts" title="Framingham, Massachusetts">Framingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Massachusetts" title="Franklin, Massachusetts">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner,_Massachusetts" title="Gardner, Massachusetts">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester,_Massachusetts" title="Gloucester, Massachusetts">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenfield,_Massachusetts" title="Greenfield, Massachusetts">Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haverhill,_Massachusetts" title="Haverhill, Massachusetts">Haverhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">Holyoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence,_Massachusetts" title="Lawrence, Massachusetts">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leominster,_Massachusetts" title="Leominster, Massachusetts">Leominster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn,_Massachusetts" title="Lynn, Massachusetts">Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malden,_Massachusetts" title="Malden, Massachusetts">Malden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlborough,_Massachusetts" title="Marlborough, Massachusetts">Marlborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medford,_Massachusetts" title="Medford, Massachusetts">Medford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melrose,_Massachusetts" title="Melrose, Massachusetts">Melrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methuen,_Massachusetts" title="Methuen, Massachusetts">Methuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts" title="New Bedford, Massachusetts">New Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburyport,_Massachusetts" title="Newburyport, Massachusetts">Newburyport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton,_Massachusetts" title="Newton, Massachusetts">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Adams,_Massachusetts" title="North Adams, Massachusetts">North Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Northampton, Massachusetts">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer,_Massachusetts" title="Palmer, Massachusetts">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peabody,_Massachusetts" title="Peabody, Massachusetts">Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsfield,_Massachusetts" title="Pittsfield, Massachusetts">Pittsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts" title="Quincy, Massachusetts">Quincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph,_Massachusetts" title="Randolph, Massachusetts">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revere,_Massachusetts" title="Revere, Massachusetts">Revere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Massachusetts" title="Salem, Massachusetts">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southbridge,_Massachusetts" title="Southbridge, Massachusetts">Southbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taunton,_Massachusetts" title="Taunton, Massachusetts">Taunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waltham,_Massachusetts" title="Waltham, Massachusetts">Waltham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watertown,_Massachusetts" title="Watertown, Massachusetts">Watertown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield,_Massachusetts" title="Westfield, Massachusetts">Westfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="West Springfield, Massachusetts">West Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Weymouth, Massachusetts">Weymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop,_Massachusetts" title="Winthrop, Massachusetts">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woburn,_Massachusetts" title="Woburn, Massachusetts">Woburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a></li> <li>Note: Municipalities not listed have a town meeting form of government (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Massachusetts" title="List of municipalities in Massachusetts">all municipalities</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/32px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" 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