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<li id="toc-Origin_of_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origin of name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Mount_Holyoke_Summit_House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Mount_Holyoke_Summit_House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The Mount Holyoke Summit House</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Mount_Holyoke_Summit_House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology_and_ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology_and_ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geology and ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul 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id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cultural references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mount Holyoke</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Holyoke&params=42_18_03_N_72_35_13_W_type:mountain_region:US_scale:100000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°18′03″N</span> <span class="longitude">72°35′13″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.30083°N 72.58694°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.30083; -72.58694</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mountain in Massachusetts, United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the mountain located in western Massachusetts. For the private women's liberal arts college in South Hadley, Massachusetts, see <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College" title="Mount Holyoke College">Mount Holyoke College</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Mount Holyoke</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cole_Thomas_The_Oxbow_(The_Connecticut_River_near_Northampton_1836).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cole_Thomas_The_Oxbow_%28The_Connecticut_River_near_Northampton_1836%29.jpg/272px-Cole_Thomas_The_Oxbow_%28The_Connecticut_River_near_Northampton_1836%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cole_Thomas_The_Oxbow_%28The_Connecticut_River_near_Northampton_1836%29.jpg/408px-Cole_Thomas_The_Oxbow_%28The_Connecticut_River_near_Northampton_1836%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cole_Thomas_The_Oxbow_%28The_Connecticut_River_near_Northampton_1836%29.jpg/544px-Cole_Thomas_The_Oxbow_%28The_Connecticut_River_near_Northampton_1836%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3181" data-file-height="2161" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding: 0.2em 0em;">View of the Connecticut River Oxbow from Mount Holyoke summit. 1836 painting by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Thomas Cole</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Highest point</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Summit" title="Summit">Elevation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">935 ft (285 m)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mount_Holyoke&params=42_18_03_N_72_35_13_W_type:mountain_region:US_scale:100000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°18′03″N</span> <span class="longitude">72°35′13″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.30083°N 72.58694°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.30083; -72.58694</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geography</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-overlays="["_85a26ea76ec5c928c5b0867bf0c5186dfb9b3c75"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Mount_Holyoke&revid=1255336083&groups=_85a26ea76ec5c928c5b0867bf0c5186dfb9b3c75" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Mount_Holyoke&revid=1255336083&groups=_85a26ea76ec5c928c5b0867bf0c5186dfb9b3c75 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Hadley,_Massachusetts" title="Hadley, Massachusetts">Hadley</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Hadley,_Massachusetts" title="South Hadley, Massachusetts">South Hadley, Massachusetts</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range"><span class="nowrap">Parent range</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Range" title="Holyoke Range">Holyoke Range</a> / <a href="/wiki/Metacomet_Ridge" title="Metacomet Ridge">Metacomet Ridge</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geological_time_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological time scale">Rock age</a></th><td class="infobox-data">200 million years</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_types" title="List of mountain types">Mountain type(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fault-block" class="mw-redirect" title="Fault-block">Fault-block</a>; <a href="/wiki/Igneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Igneous">igneous</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Climbing</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Normal_route" title="Normal route"><span class="nowrap">Easiest route</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data">Auto road</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mount Holyoke,</b> a <a href="/wiki/Traprock_mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Traprock mountain">traprock mountain</a>, elevation 935 feet (285 m), is the westernmost peak of the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Range" title="Holyoke Range">Holyoke Range</a> and part of the 100-mile (160 km) <a href="/wiki/Metacomet_Ridge" title="Metacomet Ridge">Metacomet Ridge</a>. The mountain is located in the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Connecticut River Valley">Connecticut River Valley</a> of western <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, and is the namesake of nearby <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College" title="Mount Holyoke College">Mount Holyoke College</a>. The mountain is located in the towns of <a href="/wiki/Hadley,_Massachusetts" title="Hadley, Massachusetts">Hadley</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Hadley,_Massachusetts" title="South Hadley, Massachusetts">South Hadley, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known for its historic summit house, auto road, scenic vistas, and <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>. The mountain is crossed by the 110-mile (180 km) <a href="/wiki/Metacomet-Monadnock_Trail" title="Metacomet-Monadnock Trail">Metacomet-Monadnock Trail</a> and numerous shorter trails. Mount Holyoke is the home of <a href="/wiki/J._A._Skinner_State_Park" title="J. A. Skinner State Park">J.A. Skinner State Park</a> which is accessible from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_47" title="Massachusetts Route 47">Route 47</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hadley,_Massachusetts" title="Hadley, Massachusetts">Hadley, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EF_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MM_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Holyoke&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Holyoke_summit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Mount_Holyoke_summit.jpg/140px-Mount_Holyoke_summit.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Mount_Holyoke_summit.jpg/210px-Mount_Holyoke_summit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Mount_Holyoke_summit.jpg/280px-Mount_Holyoke_summit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>View from Mount Holyoke Summit House</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_name">Origin of name</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Holyoke&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin of name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mountain was named after <a href="/wiki/Elizur_Holyoke" title="Elizur Holyoke">Elizur Holyoke</a>, an early resident of <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield, Massachusetts</a> and immigrant from Tamworth, England, who was the first European to explore the mountainous region that came to bear his name. The city of <a href="/wiki/Holyoke,_Massachusetts" title="Holyoke, Massachusetts">Holyoke, Massachusetts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Range" title="Holyoke Range">Holyoke Range</a>, and the <i>Mount Holyoke Female Seminary</i> (now <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College" title="Mount Holyoke College">Mount Holyoke College</a>) were all named after this mountain, Mount Holyoke, and not directly after Elizur Holyoke. However, Elizur Holyoke's name is still invoked in many references to the mountain.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Mount_Holyoke_Summit_House">The Mount Holyoke Summit House</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Holyoke&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Mount Holyoke Summit House"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Holyoke1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mount_Holyoke1.jpg/220px-Mount_Holyoke1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mount_Holyoke1.jpg/330px-Mount_Holyoke1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mount_Holyoke1.jpg/440px-Mount_Holyoke1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption>Mount Holyoke Summit House</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Summit_hotel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Summit_hotel.jpg/220px-Summit_hotel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Summit_hotel.jpg/330px-Summit_hotel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Summit_hotel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Mt Holyoke Hotel, showing summit house and covered electric tram circa 1931</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1821, an 18-by-24-foot (5.5 by 7.3 m) guest cabin was built on Mount Holyoke by a local committee—one of the first New England summit houses. The property changed hands several times between 1821 and 1851 when it was bought and rebuilt as a two-story, eight-room hotel. Local entrepreneurs John and Frances French were the primary owners; between 1851 and 1900, the hotel and property were subject to a number of upgrades and related construction projects including a covered tramway to the summit of the mountain (first drawn by horse, then mechanized), a railroad from the base of the mountain to a <a href="/wiki/Steamboat" title="Steamboat">steamboat</a> dock on the Connecticut River, and the construction of a number of outbuildings and trails. With passenger steamship to the connecting summit railway established, the Mount Holyoke "Prospect House" became a popular tourist destination. The steamship would pick up guests at the <i>Smiths Ferry</i> railroad station across the Connecticut River in what was then <a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Northampton, Massachusetts">Northampton</a>, ferry them to a tramway leading to the Half Way House. From there guests could take a steep (600 feet long, rising 365 feet) covered inclined tram to the summit (shown in drawing at right<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The track for this tram was first laid in 1867 and the system electrified in 1926. Competing establishments were soon built on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tom_(Massachusetts)" title="Mount Tom (Massachusetts)">Mount Tom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Nonotuck" title="Mount Nonotuck">Mount Nonotuck</a> across the Connecticut River, and on <a href="/wiki/Sugarloaf_Mountain_(Franklin_County,_Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugarloaf Mountain (Franklin County, Massachusetts)">Sugarloaf Mountain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Toby" title="Mount Toby">Mount Toby</a> to the north. The Prospect House property passed hands again in the early 1900s, to chain <a href="/wiki/Hotel" title="Hotel">hotelier</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Allen_Skinner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Allen Skinner (page does not exist)">Joseph Allen Skinner</a>, who eventually donated the hotel and property to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts for a state park in 1939 on the condition that the park be named after him (now the <a href="/wiki/J._A._Skinner_State_Park" title="J. A. Skinner State Park">J.A. Skinner State Park</a>). </p><p>The summit house's 1894 annex had suffered from storm damage during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hurricane_of_1938" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Hurricane of 1938">Great Hurricane of 1938</a> and had been demolished; in 1942 the enclosed tramway to the summit house broke down. A heavy snow storm in 1948 collapsed sections of the roof. Despite proposals to repair the tram it never ran again. The tram was finally demolished in 1965. State funds for maintenance of the summit house during the 1950s and 1960s were never adequate and by the mid-1970s there were proposals to condemn and demolish the summit house. This led to a public outcry and in the mid-1980s the summit house, consisting of the original 1851 structure and the 1861 addition, was restored by the state and through the efforts of local volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-C_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Holyoke_south.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mount_Holyoke_south.jpg/180px-Mount_Holyoke_south.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mount_Holyoke_south.jpg/270px-Mount_Holyoke_south.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Mount_Holyoke_south.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>View from Mount Holyoke south ledges along the <a href="/wiki/Metacomet-Monadnock_Trail" title="Metacomet-Monadnock Trail">Metacomet-Monadnock Trail</a>. <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River" title="Connecticut River">Connecticut River</a> in background</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology_and_ecology">Geology and ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Holyoke&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geology and ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mount Holyoke, like much of the Metacomet Ridge, is composed of <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/Trap_rock" title="Trap rock">trap rock</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic">volcanic</a> rock. The mountain formed near the end of the <a href="/wiki/Triassic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Triassic Period">Triassic Period</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Rift_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rift (geology)">rifting</a> apart of the <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> continent from <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">Lava</a> welled up from the rift and solidified into sheets of strata hundreds of feet thick. Subsequent <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">faulting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> activity tilted the strata, creating the dramatic cliffs and ridges of Mount Holyoke.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hot, dry upper slopes, cool, moist ravines, and mineral-rich ledges of basalt <a href="/wiki/Scree" title="Scree">talus</a> produce a combination of <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimate</a> ecosystems on the mountain that support plant and animal species uncommon in greater Massachusetts.<sup id="cite_ref-EF_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The Metacomet Ridge article has more information on the <a href="/wiki/Metacomet_Ridge#Geology" title="Metacomet Ridge">geology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metacomet_Ridge#Ecosystem" title="Metacomet Ridge">ecosystem</a> of Mount Holyoke). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recreation">Recreation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Holyoke&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Recreation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The summit automobile road is open for driving from April through November, and the hiking trails year-round. The Summit House is open weekends and holidays from <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Memorial Day</a> through <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Day" title="Columbus Day">Columbus Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DCR_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCR-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of hiking trails also cross the mountain, most notably the 110 mile (180k) <a href="/wiki/Metacomet-Monadnock_Trail" title="Metacomet-Monadnock Trail">Metacomet-Monadnock Trail</a> and the 47-mile (76 km) <a href="/wiki/Robert_Frost_Trail_(Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Frost Trail (Massachusetts)">Robert Frost Trail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MM_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Every year in early fall, since 1838, students from nearby <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College" title="Mount Holyoke College">Mount Holyoke College</a> participate in <i><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Day" title="Mountain Day">Mountain Day</a>.</i> On that day, at the sound of ringing bells from Abbey Chapel on a random Autumn morning, all classes are cancelled and students hike to the summit of Mount Holyoke.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The area around the summit house has many picnic tables. Also, there are trailheads and memorials. One notable memorial is that to the men aboard a military plane that crashed into the flank of the mountain. On May 27, 1944, a <a href="/wiki/B-24_Liberator" class="mw-redirect" title="B-24 Liberator">B-24 Liberator</a>, flying a night training mission out of <a href="/wiki/Westover_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Westover Air Force Base">Westover Air Force Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicopee,_Massachusetts" title="Chicopee, Massachusetts">Chicopee, Massachusetts</a>, crashed into a cliff on the side of the range, killing all ten crewmen.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A memorial plaque on the summit of Mount Holyoke, installed in May 1989,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eulogizes the disaster. The crash site itself is one-half mile (0.80 km) away, toward the southwest.<sup id="cite_ref-C_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The views from the top of the mountain are some of the best in Massachusetts. They have inspired artists and poets. The nearby <a href="/wiki/The_Oxbow" title="The Oxbow">Connecticut River Oxbow</a> (now a lake), immortalized by the famous landscape painter <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Thomas Cole</a> just four years before natural flooding and erosion separated it from the Connecticut River, was composed from sketches the artist made from the summit of Mount Holyoke in 1836.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the south are the cities of Holyoke, Springfield, and Hartford. To the north are the University of Massachusetts in Amherst and mountains in Sunderland. To the east is the Holyoke Range and the town of South Hadley. To the west are the foothills of the Berkshires, the Connecticut River, and Northampton. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Holyoke&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of Mount Holyoke is located within the <a href="/wiki/J._A._Skinner_State_Park" title="J. A. Skinner State Park">Skinner State Park</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_Range_State_Park" title="Mount Holyoke Range State Park">Mount Holyoke Range State Park</a> is a sister park occupying the east side of the Holyoke Range. Its visitor center is located at "the Notch", where <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_116" title="Massachusetts Route 116">Route 116</a> crosses the range in <a href="/wiki/Amherst,_Massachusetts" title="Amherst, Massachusetts">Amherst</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, Mount Holyoke was included in a study by the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> for the designation of a new <a href="/wiki/National_Scenic_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="National Scenic Trail">National Scenic Trail</a> now tentatively called the <a href="/wiki/New_England_National_Scenic_Trail" title="New England National Scenic Trail">New England National Scenic Trail</a>, which would include the <a href="/wiki/Metacomet-Monadnock_Trail" title="Metacomet-Monadnock Trail">Metacomet-Monadnock Trail</a> in Massachusetts and the <a href="/wiki/Mattabesett_Trail" title="Mattabesett Trail">Mattabesett Trail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metacomet_Trail" title="Metacomet Trail">Metacomet Trail</a> trails in Connecticut.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Holyoke&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metacomet_Ridge" title="Metacomet Ridge">Metacomet Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacomet-Monadnock_Trail" title="Metacomet-Monadnock Trail">Metacomet-Monadnock Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Frost_Trail_(Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Frost Trail (Massachusetts)">Robert Frost Trail (Massachusetts)</a></li> <li><b>Adjacent summits:</b></li></ul> <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <th>< West</th> <th>East > </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" width="120pt"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Tom_Massachusetts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mount_Tom_Massachusetts.jpg/80px-Mount_Tom_Massachusetts.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mount_Tom_Massachusetts.jpg/120px-Mount_Tom_Massachusetts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mount_Tom_Massachusetts.jpg/160px-Mount_Tom_Massachusetts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tom_Range" title="Mount Tom Range">Mount Tom Range</a></figcaption></figure></td> <td align="center" width="120pt"><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sisters_(Massachusetts)" title="Seven Sisters (Massachusetts)">Seven Sisters</a><br />(no image) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Holyoke&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cultural references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mount Holyoke is mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a>'s 1875 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Roderick_Hudson" title="Roderick Hudson">Roderick Hudson</a></i>, in chapters II and IX.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Holyoke&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DeLorme Topo 6.0. Mapping software. DeLorme. Yarmouth, Maine.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EF-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EF_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EF_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Farnsworth, Elizabeth J. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmmtrail.org/NaturalResourcesAssessmentFinal.pdf">Metacomet-Mattabesett Trail Natural Resource Assessment.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070807215610/http://mmmtrail.org/NaturalResourcesAssessmentFinal.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-08-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" 2004. PDF wefile cited November 1, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MM-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MM_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MM_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Metacomet-Monadnock Trail Guide</i>. 9th Edition. The Appalachian Mountain Club. Amherst, Massachusetts, 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/cic/about/history.shtml">Mount Holyoke College</a> Cited Dec. 6, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">from the personal correspondence of W. Rolfe Brown, August 23, 1931</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">*<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chronos-historical.org/mtholyoke/"><i>Mt. Holyoke Range Historical Timeline</i></a> Cited November 20, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Raymo,_Chet" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymo, Chet">Raymo, Chet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raymo,_Maureen_E." class="mw-redirect" title="Raymo, Maureen E.">Raymo, Maureen E.</a> <i>Written in Stone: A Geologic History of the Northeastern United States</i>. Globe Pequot, Chester, Connecticut, 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DCR-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DCR_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mass.gov/dcr/parks/skinner/">"J.S.Skinner State Park"</a> Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation. Cited Dec. 25, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/csj/961004/mtday.html">Mount Holyoke College</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060304210709/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/csj/961004/mtday.html">Archived</a> 2006-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFreeman" class="citation web cs1">Freeman, Stan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.masslive.com/talk/2011/07/from_the_archives_lost_airmen.html">"From the archives: Lost airmen of Westover B-24 Liberator crash on Mount Holyoke get final tribute"</a>. <i>www.masslive.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.masslive.com&rft.atitle=From+the+archives%3A+Lost+airmen+of+Westover+B-24+Liberator+crash+on+Mount+Holyoke+get+final+tribute&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Stan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.masslive.com%2Ftalk%2F2011%2F07%2Ffrom_the_archives_lost_airmen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Holyoke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newenglandaviationhistory.com/mt-holyoke-b-24-memorial/">"Mount Holyoke, Massachusetts – May 27, 1944"</a>. <i>newenglandaviationhistory.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newenglandaviationhistory.com&rft.atitle=Mount+Holyoke%2C+Massachusetts+%E2%80%93+May+27%2C+1944&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewenglandaviationhistory.com%2Fmt-holyoke-b-24-memorial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMount+Holyoke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roque, Oswaldo Rodriguez (1982). "The Oxbow" by Thomas Cole: Iconography of an American Landscape Painting. Metropolitan Museum Journal. pp. 63–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mass.gov/dcr/">Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation.</a> Cited Nov. 20, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmmtrail.org/">Monadnock, Metacoment, Mattabesett National Scenic Trail Study.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071008120916/http://www.mmmtrail.org/">Archived</a> 2007-10-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Cited Nov. 4, 2007.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Holyoke&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz. <i>Alma Mater: Design and experience in the women's colleges from their nineteenth-century beginnings to the 1930s</i> (Univ of Massachusetts Press, 1993) .<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/almamaterdesigne0000horo/page/n7/mode/2up">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Olsen, Deborah M. “Remaking the Image: Promotional Literature of Mount Holyoke, Smith, and Wellesley Colleges in the Mid-to-Late 1940s.” <i>History of Education Quarterly</i> 40#4 (2000), pp. 418–59. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/369724">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Solomon, Barbara Miller. <i>In the Company of Educated Women: A History of Women and Higher Education in America</i> (Yale University Press, 1985) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/incompanyofeduca0000solo/page/n4/mode/1up">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Holyoke&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c110:H.R.1528:">U.S. Congress <i>New England National Scenic Trail Designation Act.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160704225141/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c110:H.R.1528:">Archived</a> 2016-07-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunstar-solutions.com/sunstar/geology/Olsen92/NEIGC84.htm">Geology of the northern Metacomet Ridge region</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/dcr/massparks/region-west/skinner-state-park-generic.html">State website for Skinner State Park</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amherstma.gov/departments/Conservation/Robert%20Frost%20Trail%20Guide.pdf">Guide to the Robert Frost Trail</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mountains_of_Massachusetts" title="Template:Mountains of Massachusetts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mountains_of_Massachusetts" title="Template talk:Mountains of Massachusetts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mountains_of_Massachusetts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mountains of Massachusetts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mountains_of_Massachusetts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Massachusetts" title="List of mountains in Massachusetts">Mountains of Massachusetts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Berkshires" class="mw-redirect" title="The Berkshires">The Berkshires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hoosac_Range" title="Hoosac Range">Hoosac Range</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crum_Hill" title="Crum Hill">Crum Hill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakke_Mountain" title="Bakke Mountain">Bakke Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borden_Mountain" title="Borden Mountain">Borden Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crum_Hill" title="Crum Hill">Crum Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massaemett_Mountain" title="Massaemett Mountain">Massaemett Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_Mountain_(Berkshire_County,_Massachusetts)" title="Monument Mountain (Berkshire County, Massachusetts)">Monument Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Institute" title="Mount Institute">Mount Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocumtuck_Mountain" title="Pocumtuck Mountain">Pocumtuck Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekoa_Mountain_(Massachusetts)" title="Tekoa Mountain (Massachusetts)">Tekoa Mountain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Range" title="Holyoke Range">Holyoke Range</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Mountain_(Massachusetts)" title="Bare Mountain (Massachusetts)">Bare Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Mountain_(Hampshire_County,_Massachusetts)" title="Long Mountain (Hampshire County, Massachusetts)">Long Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hitchcock" title="Mount Hitchcock">Mount Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mount Holyoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Norwottuck" title="Mount Norwottuck">Mount Norwottuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Mountain_(Massachusetts)" title="Round Mountain (Massachusetts)">Round Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sisters_(Massachusetts)" title="Seven Sisters (Massachusetts)">Seven Sisters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metacomet_Ridge" title="Metacomet Ridge">Metacomet Ridge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Mountain_(Massachusetts)" title="Bare Mountain (Massachusetts)">Bare Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crag_Mountain_(Massachusetts)" title="Crag Mountain (Massachusetts)">Crag Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Mountain_(Massachusetts)" title="East Mountain (Massachusetts)">East Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farley_Ledges" title="Farley Ledges">Farley Ledges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Grace" title="Mount Grace">Mount Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hitchcock" title="Mount Hitchcock">Mount Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mount Holyoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lincoln_(Massachusetts)" title="Mount Lincoln (Massachusetts)">Mount Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Nonotuck" title="Mount Nonotuck">Mount Nonotuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Norwottuck" title="Mount Norwottuck">Mount Norwottuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Orient" title="Mount Orient">Mount Orient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratton_Mountain_(Massachusetts)" title="Stratton Mountain (Massachusetts)">Stratton Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Toby" title="Mount Toby">Mount Toby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tom_(Massachusetts)" title="Mount Tom (Massachusetts)">Mount Tom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northfield_Mountain" title="Northfield Mountain">Northfield Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Cobble_Mountain" title="Pine Cobble Mountain">Pine Cobble Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provin_Mountain" title="Provin Mountain">Provin Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Mountain_(Massachusetts)" title="Round Mountain (Massachusetts)">Round Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sisters_(Massachusetts)" title="Seven Sisters (Massachusetts)">Seven Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarloaf_Mountain_(Massachusetts)" title="Sugarloaf Mountain (Massachusetts)">Sugarloaf Mountain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tom_Range" title="Mount Tom Range">Mount Tom Range</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Nonotuck" title="Mount Nonotuck">Mount Nonotuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tom_(Massachusetts)" title="Mount Tom (Massachusetts)">Mount Tom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pocumtuck_Range" title="Pocumtuck Range">Pocumtuck Range</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sugarloaf_Mountain_(Massachusetts)" title="Sugarloaf Mountain (Massachusetts)">Sugarloaf Mountain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taconic_Mountains" title="Taconic Mountains">Taconic Mountains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alander_Mountain" title="Alander Mountain">Alander Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Mountain" title="Berlin Mountain">Berlin Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_Hill_(Taconic_Mountains)" title="Berry Hill (Taconic Mountains)">Berry Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_Mountain" title="Berry Mountain">Berry Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brodie_Mountain" title="Brodie Mountain">Brodie Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doll_Mountain" title="Doll Mountain">Doll Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Mount" title="Holy Mount">Holy Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honwee_Mountain" title="Honwee Mountain">Honwee Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misery_Mountain_(Taconic_Mountains)" title="Misery Mountain (Taconic Mountains)">Misery Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Everett" title="Mount Everett">Mount Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Fitch_(Massachusetts)" title="Mount Fitch (Massachusetts)">Mount Fitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Fray" title="Mount Fray">Mount Fray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Frissell" title="Mount Frissell">Mount Frissell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Greylock" title="Mount Greylock">Mount Greylock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Race" title="Mount Race">Mount Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Raimer" title="Mount Raimer">Mount Raimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Williams_(Massachusetts)" title="Mount Williams (Massachusetts)">Mount Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Mountain_(Taconic_Mountains)" title="Pine Mountain (Taconic Mountains)">Pine Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_Mountain" title="Poppy Mountain">Poppy Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potter_Mountain" title="Potter Mountain">Potter Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Mountain_(Taconic_Mountains)" title="Round Mountain (Taconic Mountains)">Round Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounds_Mountain" title="Rounds Mountain">Rounds Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_Ball_Mountain" title="Saddle Ball Mountain">Saddle Ball Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaker_Mountain" title="Shaker Mountain">Shaker Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Mountain_(Taconic_Mountains)" title="Smith Mountain (Taconic Mountains)">Smith Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_Mountain_(Massachusetts)" title="Tower Mountain (Massachusetts)">Tower Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Rock_(Taconic_Mountains)" title="White Rock (Taconic Mountains)">White Rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wapack_Range" title="Wapack Range">Wapack Range</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Watatic" title="Mount Watatic">Mount Watatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Blue_Hill" title="Great Blue Hill">Great Blue Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Tom_Mountain" title="Little Tom Mountain">Little Tom Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Jefferson_(Massachusetts)" title="Mount Jefferson (Massachusetts)">Mount Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pisgah_(Massachusetts)" title="Mount Pisgah (Massachusetts)">Mount Pisgah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Wachusett" title="Mount Wachusett">Mount Wachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaked_Mountain_(Massachusetts)" title="Peaked Mountain (Massachusetts)">Peaked Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Hill_(Barnstable_County,_Massachusetts)" title="Pine Hill (Barnstable County, Massachusetts)">Pine Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorton_Hill" title="Scorton Hill">Scorton Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tully_Mountain" title="Tully Mountain">Tully Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waitt%27s_Mountain" title="Waitt's Mountain">Waitt's Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hill_(Massachusetts)" title="White Hill (Massachusetts)">White Hill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3321866#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3321866#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3321866#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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