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<li><a href="/wiki/Archilochian" title="Archilochian">Archilochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_rhythmic_hexameter" title="Latin rhythmic hexameter">Latin rhythmic hexameter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iambic_trimeter" title="Iambic trimeter">Iambic trimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturnian_(poetry)" title="Saturnian (poetry)">Saturnian (poetry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metres_of_Roman_comedy" title="Metres of Roman comedy">Metres of Roman comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochaic_septenarius" title="Trochaic septenarius">Trochaic septenarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendecasyllable" title="Hendecasyllable">Hendecasyllable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choliamb" title="Choliamb">Choliamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_verse" title="Aeolic verse">Aeolic verse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choriamb" title="Choriamb">Choriamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glyconic" title="Glyconic">Glyconic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asclepiad_(poetry)" title="Asclepiad (poetry)">Asclepiad (poetry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphic_stanza" title="Sapphic stanza">Sapphic stanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaic_stanza" title="Alcaic stanza">Alcaic stanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_metre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic metre">Ionic metre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacreontics" title="Anacreontics">Anacreontics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galliambic_verse" title="Galliambic verse">Galliambic verse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotadean_metre" title="Sotadean metre">Sotadean metre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dochmiac" title="Dochmiac">Dochmiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lekythion" title="Lekythion">Lekythion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaclasis_(poetry)" title="Anaclasis (poetry)">Anaclasis (poetry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_foot" title="Metrical foot">Metrical foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metron_(poetry)" title="Metron (poetry)">Metron (poetry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brevis_in_longo" title="Brevis in longo">Brevis in longo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anceps" title="Anceps">Anceps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biceps_(prosody)" title="Biceps (prosody)">Biceps (prosody)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolution_(meter)" title="Resolution (meter)">Resolution (meter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brevis_brevians" title="Brevis brevians">Brevis brevians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Porson's Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsis_and_thesis" title="Arsis and thesis">Arsis and thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalexis" title="Catalexis">Catalexis</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_and_Latin_metre" title="Template:Greek and Latin metre"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_and_Latin_metre" title="Template talk:Greek and Latin metre"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_and_Latin_metre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek and Latin metre"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Porson's Law</b>, or <b>Porson's Bridge</b>, is a metrical law that applies to <a href="/wiki/Iambic_trimeter" title="Iambic trimeter">iambic trimeter</a>, the main spoken metre of <a href="/wiki/Greek_tragedy" title="Greek tragedy">Greek tragedy</a>. It does not apply to iambic trimeter in <a href="/wiki/Greek_comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek comedy">Greek comedy</a>. It was formulated by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Porson" title="Richard Porson">Richard Porson</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Critical_edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical edition">critical edition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Hecuba_(play)" title="Hecuba (play)">Hecuba</a></i> in 1802.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The law states that if a non-monosyllabic word ends on the 9th element of an iambic trimeter, the 9th element must be a short syllable. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Different_formulations_of_the_law">Different formulations of the law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porson%27s_Law&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Different formulations of the law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A line of iambic trimeter runs as follows: </p> <dl><dd>x – u – / x – u – / <b>x</b> – u –</dd></dl> <p>In this scheme, there are three <i><a href="/wiki/Anceps" title="Anceps">anceps</a></i> elements, marked by the symbol x. These may be long or short. </p><p>Porson's Law states that, if the third anceps (i.e. the bolded <b>x</b> above) is long and followed by a word break, then it must be a monosyllable. </p><p>A simpler summary of the Law is provided in <a href="/wiki/W._W._Goodwin" class="mw-redirect" title="W. W. Goodwin">W. W. Goodwin</a>'s <i>Greek Grammar</i>: </p> <dl><dd>"When the <i>tragic</i> trimeter ends in a word forming a cretic (– u –), this is regularly preceded by a short syllable or by a monosyllable."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/M._L._West" class="mw-redirect" title="M. L. West">M. L. West</a> states it slightly differently, to take account of a rare situation not accounted for by Porson, where the word-break is followed rather than preceded by a monosyllable (e.g. Euripides, <i><a href="/wiki/Children_of_Heracles" title="Children of Heracles">Heraclidae</a></i> 529): </p> <dl><dd>"When the anceps of the third metron is occupied by a long syllable, this syllable and the one following belong to the same word, unless one of them is a monosyllable."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Normal_lines">Normal lines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porson%27s_Law&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Normal lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some examples of normal tragic trimeters which do not break Porson's Law are the following from Sophocles' <i>Oedipus Tyrannus</i>: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἦ δοῦλος οὐκ ὠνητός, ἀλ<b>λ᾽ οἴ</b>κοι τραφείς.</span></span> (9th element is long, but does not end a word)</dd> <dd><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>ê doûlos ouk ōnētós, al<b>l᾽ oí</b>koi trapheís.</i></span></dd> <dd>"I was a slave, not bought but reared at home"</dd></dl> <dl><dd><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τὸν παῖδ᾽ ἔδωκας τῷδ᾽ ὃν οὗ<b>το</b>ς ἱστορεῖ;</span></span> (9th element ends a word, but is short)</dd> <dd><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>tòn paîd᾽ édōkas tôid᾽ hòn hoû<b>to</b>s historeî?</i></span></dd> <dd>"Did you give this man the boy he is asking about?"</dd></dl> <dl><dd><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἔδωκ᾽: ὀλέσθαι δ᾽ ὤφελον <b>τῇ</b>δ᾽ ἡμέρᾳ</span></span> (9th element ends a word and is long, but is a monosyllable)</dd> <dd><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>édōk᾽: olésthai d᾽ ṓphelon <b>têi</b>d᾽ hēmérāi</i></span></dd> <dd>"I gave him – I wish I had died on that day!"</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Breaches_of_Porson's_Law"><span id="Breaches_of_Porson.27s_Law"></span>Breaches of Porson's Law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porson%27s_Law&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Breaches of Porson's Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_tragedy">In tragedy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porson%27s_Law&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In tragedy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In tragedy, as West observes, there are very few breaches of Porson's Law. When the manuscript tradition, therefore, transmits a line that breaches Porson's Law, this is taken as a reason for suspecting that it may be corrupt. </p><p>For example, the first line of Euripides' <i><a href="/wiki/Ion_(play)" title="Ion (play)">Ion</a></i>, as transmitted in the mediaeval manuscript Laurentianus 32.2 (known as "L"), the main source for the play, reads: </p> <dl><dd><span style="padding-left:0.3em;"> </span>u <span style="padding-left:0.1em;"> </span> –<span style="padding-left:0.3em;"> </span> u <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span> – / u – u<span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>– / –<span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span> –<span style="padding-left:0.35em;"> </span>u<span style="padding-left:0.25em;"> </span>–</dd> <dd><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἄτλας, ὁ χαλκέοισι νώ<b>τοι</b>ς οὐρανὸν</span></span></dd> <dd><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>Átlas, ho khalkéoisi nṓ<b>toi</b>s ouranòn</i></span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a>, who with his back of bronze [rubs up] against heaven... (trans. Lee)</dd></dl> <p>As Porson observed in his note on line 347 in his first (1797) edition of Euripides' <i>Hecuba</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this line is irregular, since -τοις in νώτοις is long, occurs at the third anceps, and is followed by word break; it therefore breaks the law which Porson later formulated, and it is unlikely that Euripides wrote it as it stands. That the manuscript tradition is incorrect happens to be confirmed by a quotation of this line in a fragmentary papyrus of <a href="/wiki/Philodemus" title="Philodemus">Philodemus</a>. Philodemus' exact original text is uncertain, but it is reconstructed by <a href="/wiki/Denys_Page" title="Denys Page">Denys Page</a> to read ὁ χαλκέοισι οὐρανὸν νώτοις Ἄτλας (meaning the same as L's version), which does not break Porson's Law, and therefore may be the correct text. Other scholars have suggested other possibilities as to what Euripides may originally have written.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_comedy">In comedy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porson%27s_Law&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In comedy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In comedy, on the other hand, breaches of Porson's Law are very frequent, for example the following from Aristophanes' <i>Clouds</i>: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀπόλοιο δῆτ᾽ ὦ πόλεμε πολ<b>λῶ</b>ν οὕνεκα</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (9th element is long and ends a word)</dd> <dd><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>apóloio dêt᾽ ô póleme pol<b>lô</b>n hoúneka</i></span></dd> <dd>"May you die, o war, for many reasons!"</dd></dl> <dl><dd><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ὀνειροπολεῖ γὰρ καὶ καθεύ<b>δω</b>ν ἱππικήν.</span></span></dd> <dd><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>oneiropoleî gàr kaì katheú<b>dō</b>n hippikḗn.</i></span></dd> <dd>"Even when he's asleep he dreams of horse-riding!"</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_similar_laws">Other similar laws</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porson%27s_Law&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other similar laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several other similar laws or tendencies, such as (a) <b>Knox's Iamb Bridge</b> (stating that an iambic word, i.e. a word of shape u –, tends to be avoided in positions 9 and 10 in the iambic trimeter), (b) <b>Wilamowitz's Bridge</b> (stating that a spondaic word, of shape – –, is avoided in the same position), (c) <b>Knox's Trochee Bridge</b> (stating that a trochaic word, of shape – u, tends to be avoided in positions 8 and 9), and (d) the <b>law of tetrasyllables</b> (stating that words of the rhythm – – u x are avoided at the end or beginning of a line), have been discovered since Porson's time. These laws apply to different styles or periods of iambic-trimeter writing (neither of the first two bridges mentioned above apply in tragedy, for example). Details of these and other constraints on the trimeter are given in a 1981 article by A.M. Devine and L.D. Stephens.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_explanations">Possible explanations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porson%27s_Law&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Possible explanations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar laws which have been discovered in the dactylic hexameter are that if a word ends the fifth or fourth foot it is almost never, or only rarely, a spondee (– –). The philologist <a href="/wiki/W._Sidney_Allen" title="W. Sidney Allen">W. Sidney Allen</a> suggested an explanation for all these laws in that it is possible that the last long syllable in any Greek word had a slight stress; if so, then to put a stress on the first element of the last iambic metron, or the second element of the 4th or fifth dactylic foot in a hexameter, would create an undesirable conflict of ictus and accent near the end of the line.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative hypothesis, supported by Devine and Stephens in their book <i>The Prosody of Greek Speech</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is that in certain contexts some long syllables in Greek had a longer duration than others, and this may have made them unsuitable for the anceps position of the third metron of a trimeter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porson%27s_Law&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porson, R. <i>Supplementum ad Praefationem ad Hecubam</i>, p. XXX</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodwin, W. W. <i>Greek Grammar</i>, Macmillan (1895), p.358 §1660</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">West, M. L. <i>Introduction to Greek Metre</i>: Oxford: Clarendon Press (1987), p.25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarke, M.L., (1937) <i>Richard Porson: A Biographical Essay</i>, page 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee, K. H. <i>Euripides,</i> Ion: Aris and Phillips (1997), <i>ad loc.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristophanes, <i>Clouds</i> 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.M. Devine, Lawrence D. Stephens (1981) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/6401/5109">"Bridges in the Iambographers"</a>. <i>Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies</i> 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Sidney Allen (1974) <i>Vox Graeca</i> (2nd edition), pp. 120-123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.M. Devine, Laurence D. Stephens, (1994) <i>The Prosody of Greek Speech</i> (Oxford University Press), pp. 119-20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fortson, B.W. (1995) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/1995/95.10.09.html">"Review of Devine and Stephens (1994)</a>. <i>Bryn Mawr Classical Review</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porson%27s_Law&oldid=1188589787">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porson%27s_Law&oldid=1188589787</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poetic_rhythm" title="Category:Poetic rhythm">Poetic rhythm</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 December 2023, at 10:58<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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