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class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_no.wikipedia.org&uselang=nb" class=""><span>Doner</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Opprett_konto&returnto=Bruker%3AKaitil%2Fsandkasse&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="Du oppfordres til å opprette en konto og logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk" class=""><span>Opprett konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesial:Logg_inn&returnto=Bruker%3AKaitil%2Fsandkasse&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="Du oppfordres til å logge inn, men det er ikke obligatorisk [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logg inn</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Nettsted"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Vis kilden til Bruker:Kaitil/sandkasse</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Artikkelen finnes kun på dette språket. 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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-user" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bruker:Kaitil/sandkasse" title="Vis brukersiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Brukerside</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brukerdiskusjon:Kaitil/sandkasse&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Diskusjon om innholdssiden (ikke skrevet ennå) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Bytt språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">norsk bokmål</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visninger"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bruker:Kaitil/sandkasse"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruker:Kaitil/sandkasse&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="selected collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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Husk å ta med alle detaljene ovenfor.</div></div><hr /> <p>Du kan se og kopiere kildekoden til denne siden: </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="nb" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">Med '''stemming''' i musikk forstås enten # ''Prosessen'' med å justere en lydkildes (og da spesielt et musikkinstruments) tonehøyder i forhold til en gitt referansetone slik at de ønskede intervallene mellom tonene etableres. # Det ''stemmesystemet'' som er brukt for å stemme lydkilden, og systemets teoretiske fundament. Utgangspunktet for stemmesystemene har vært ønsket om å stemme oktavene, kvintene og tersene helt reint slik de opptrer naturlig i [[overtonerekka]]. Det er imidlertid ikke er mulig å stemme oktaver, kvinter og terser helt reine uten at det går på bekostning av andre intervallers reinhet. Spesielt for musikkinstrumenter med fast tonehøyde gjøres derfor klanglige kompromisser i en prosess som kalles ''temperering''. Instrumentets ''temperatur'' eller ''temperamentet'' forteller på hvilken måte stemmingen avviker fra intervallenes reinhet. Alle stemmesystemene har sine særegne karakteristika, styrker og svakheter. Stemmesystemer beskrives og sammenlignes ved hjelp av måleenheten [[Cent (musikk)|cent]]. Navnet kommer av at enheten brukes til å dele opp en likesvevende halvtone i 100 like trinn. Noen utbredte historiske stemmesystemer med omtrentlig angivelse når de ble tatt i bruk er: * [[Pythagoreisk stemning]]. Ble muligens brukt i antikken. Brukt i middelalderen. Bare oktavene og kvintene, bortsett fra en [[ulvekvint]], og dermed også kvartene, er reine. Tersene er dissontante, dvs for små eller for store. * [[Reinstemming]]. Kom med flerstemmigheten i andre halvdel av 1400-tallet. Basert på intervaller med enkle forholdstall, spesielt på naturtoneterser og reine kvinter. * [[Middeltone]]stemming. 1500-tallet. Temperaturer der tersene forsøkes gjort så reine som mulig på bekostning av kvintene, som blir for små. Bare få tonearter er spillbare. ** 1/4-komma middeltone-temperatur ** 1/6-komma middeltone- eller [[Gottfried Silbermann|Silbermann]]-[[Georg Andreas Sorge|Sorge]]-temperatur * Veltemperert stemming. 1600-tallet. Alle tonearter kan spilles med akseptable avvik ** [[Andreas Werckmeister|Werckmeister]]stemming ** [[Johann Philipp Kirnberger|Kirnberger]]stemming ** [[Francesco Antonio Vallotti|Vallotti]]stemming ** [[Johann Georg Neidhardt|Neidhardt]]-temperatur * [[Likesvevende stemming]]. 1700-tallet. Oktaven deles i tolv like store halvtoneintervaller hvert med avstand på 100 ''cent''. Alle kvinter tempereres like mye og alle tonearter kan spilles og høres akseptable ut. Ulempen er at spesielt de store tersene avviker en del fra reine intervaller. Moderne pianoer er vanligvis stemt likesvevende. Tabellen gir ulike stemmingers tonetrinnshøyde for en durskala angitt i avrundet centverdi: {| class="wikitable" | '''Navn''' || Primer || Store sekunder || Store terser || Kvarter || Kvinter || store sekster || store septimer || Oktaver |- |Reinstemming || 0 || 204/182 || 386 || 498 || 702 || 884 || 1088 || 1200 |- |Pythagoreisk stemming || 0 || 204 || 408 || 498 || 702 || 906 || 1110 || 1200 |- |Middeltonestemming|1/4-komma-middeltonestemming || 0 || 193 || 386 || 503 || 697|| 890|| 1083 || 1200 |- |Likesvevende stemming || 0 || 200 || 400 || 500 || 700 || 900 || 1100 || 1200 |} == Kilder == * [https://www.musikipedia.dk/stemningssystemer ''Stemningssystemer''], musikipedia.dk. * [https://www.huygens-fokker.org/docs/measures.html ''Logaritmic Interval Measures''], Huygen-Fokker Foundation, center for microtonal music * [http://www.sackpfeyffer-zu-linden.de/Musik.html ''Musiktheorie''], sackpfeyffer-zu-linden.de * [http://kilchb.de/linkmusik.html ''Stimmungen''], kilchb.de * [http://www.robertschroeter.de/diplom.pdf ''Zur Stimmung von Tasteninstrumenten''], diplomarbeid av Robert Schröter(PDF-fil; 443&nbsp;kB) == Eksterne lenker == * [https://www.robertschroeter.de/stimmungen.html ''Stimmungen''], lydeksempler på ulike stemminger til Robert Schröters diplomarbeid ''Zur Stimmung von Tasteninstrumenten'' (se under Kilder) {{Autoritetsdata}} [[Kategori:Stemming (musikk)]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p>Maler som brukes på denne siden: </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal:Autoritetsdata" title="Mal:Autoritetsdata">Mal:Autoritetsdata</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mal:Autoritetsdata&action=edit" title="Mal:Autoritetsdata">vis kilde</a>) (halvbeskyttet)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Modul:External_links" title="Modul:External links">Modul:External links</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modul:External_links&action=edit" title="Modul:External links">vis kilde</a>) (halvbeskyttet)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Modul:External_links/conf" title="Modul:External links/conf">Modul:External links/conf</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modul:External_links/conf&action=edit" title="Modul:External links/conf">rediger</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Modul:External_links/conf/Autoritetsdata" title="Modul:External links/conf/Autoritetsdata">Modul:External links/conf/Autoritetsdata</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modul:External_links/conf/Autoritetsdata&action=edit" title="Modul:External links/conf/Autoritetsdata">rediger</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Modul:Genitiv" title="Modul:Genitiv">Modul:Genitiv</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modul:Genitiv&action=edit" title="Modul:Genitiv">vis kilde</a>) (halvbeskyttet)</li></ul></div><p id="mw-returnto">Tilbake til <a href="/wiki/Bruker:Kaitil/sandkasse" title="Bruker:Kaitil/sandkasse">Bruker:Kaitil/sandkasse</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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