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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>War with Ptolemy Lathyrus</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War_with_Ptolemy_Lathyrus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle War with Ptolemy Lathyrus subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-War_with_Ptolemy_Lathyrus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Asophon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Asophon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Battle of Asophon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Asophon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intervention_of_Cleopatra_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intervention_of_Cleopatra_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Intervention of Cleopatra III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intervention_of_Cleopatra_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transjordan_and_coastal_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transjordan_and_coastal_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Transjordan and coastal conquest</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transjordan_and_coastal_conquest-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transjordan and coastal conquest subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transjordan_and_coastal_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Gaza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Gaza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Battle of Gaza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Gaza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judean_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judean_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Judean Civil War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Judean_Civil_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Judean Civil War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Judean_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_with_Obodas_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_Obodas_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>War with Obodas I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_with_Obodas_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feast_of_Tabernacles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feast_of_Tabernacles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Feast of Tabernacles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feast_of_Tabernacles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_with_Demetrius_III_and_conclusion_of_the_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_with_Demetrius_III_and_conclusion_of_the_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>War with Demetrius III and conclusion of the Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_with_Demetrius_III_and_conclusion_of_the_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Final campaigns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Alexander Jannaeus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ألكسندر جنايوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألكسندر جنايوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3" title="الکساندر یانائوس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الکساندر یانائوس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Аляксандр Янай – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аляксандр Янай" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Александър Янай – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Александър Янай" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Janeu" title="Alexandre Janeu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alexandre Janeu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_Jannaios" title="Alexandr Jannaios – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alexandr Jannaios" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Jann%C3%A4us" title="Alexander Jannäus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alexander Jannäus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BE%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%99%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Αλέξανδρος Ιανναίος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλέξανδρος Ιανναίος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Janneo" title="Alejandro Janneo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alejandro Janneo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandro_Janeo" title="Aleksandro Janeo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aleksandro Janeo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandro_Janeo" title="Alexandro Janeo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alexandro Janeo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3" title="الکساندر یانائوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکساندر یانائوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Jann%C3%A9e" title="Alexandre Jannée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alexandre Jannée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%89%EC%82%B0%EB%93%9C%EB%A5%B4_%EC%96%80%EB%82%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="알렉산드르 얀나이오스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알렉산드르 얀나이오스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Janej" title="Aleksandar Janej – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Aleksandar Janej" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Yaneus" title="Aleksander Yaneus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aleksander Yaneus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Ianneo" title="Alessandro Ianneo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alessandro Ianneo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%99" title="אלכסנדר ינאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלכסנדר ינאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandro_Janeo" title="Aleksandro Janeo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Aleksandro Janeo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="الكسندر جنايوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكسندر جنايوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Janne%C3%BCs" title="Alexander Janneüs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alexander Janneüs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9" title="アレクサンドロス・ヤンナイオス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレクサンドロス・ヤンナイオス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Jannaios" title="Alexander Jannaios – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alexander Jannaios" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Jannaj" title="Aleksander Jannaj – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aleksander Jannaj" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Janeu" title="Alexandre Janeu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alexandre Janeu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Ianai" title="Alexandru Ianai – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alexandru Ianai" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Александр Яннай – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Александр Яннай" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%98" title="Александар Јанеј – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Александар Јанеј" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Janej" title="Aleksandar Janej – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Aleksandar Janej" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksanteri_Jannaios" title="Aleksanteri Jannaios – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aleksanteri Jannaios" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alexander Jannaeus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Jannaeus" title="Alejandro Jannaeus – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alejandro Jannaeus" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Yanay" title="Aleksander Yanay – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aleksander Yanay" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Александр Яннай – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Александр Яннай" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="الکساندر یانایوس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الکساندر یانایوس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%99" title="אלכסנדר ינאי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אלכסנדר ינאי" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Alexander Jannaeus</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i>King and High Priest of Judaea</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Jannaeus_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Alexander_Jannaeus_medal.svg/220px-Alexander_Jannaeus_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Alexander_Jannaeus_medal.svg/330px-Alexander_Jannaeus_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Alexander_Jannaeus_medal.svg/440px-Alexander_Jannaeus_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait from <i><a href="/wiki/Promptuarium_Iconum_Insigniorum" title="Promptuarium Iconum Insigniorum">Promptuarium Iconum Insigniorum</a></i> (1553) by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Rouill%C3%A9" title="Guillaume Rouillé">Guillaume Rouillé</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">King of Judaea</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 103</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 76 BCE</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Priests_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="List of High Priests of Israel">High Priest of Judaea</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data">Aristobulus I</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 127 BCE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 76 BCE<br /><a href="/wiki/Rajeb" title="Rajeb">Ragaba</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Salome Alexandra</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Hyrcanus II<br /><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alexander Jannaeus</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἀλέξανδρος Ἰανναῖος</span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Aléxandros Iannaîos</i></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">יַנַּאי</span>‎</span> <i>Yannaʾy</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> born <b>Jonathan</b> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">יהונתן</span></span>) was the second king of the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a>, who ruled over an expanding kingdom of Judaea from 103 to 76 BCE. A son of <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a>, he inherited the throne from his brother <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yibbum" title="Yibbum">married his brother's widow</a>, Queen <a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a>. From his conquests to expand the kingdom to a bloody civil war, Alexander's reign has been described as cruel and oppressive with never-ending conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaldarini200189_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaldarini200189-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major historical sources of Alexander's life are <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2016100_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2016100-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The kingdom reached its greatest territorial extent under Alexander Jannaeus, incorporating most of <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> coastline and regions surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>. Alexander also had many of his subjects killed for their disapproval of his handling of state affairs. Due to his territorial expansion and adverse interactions with his subjects, he was continuously embroiled with foreign wars and domestic turmoil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGelb2010177_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGelb2010177-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Jannaeus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alexander Jannaeus was the third son of John Hyrcanus by his second wife. When Aristobulus I, Hyrcanus' son by his first wife, became king, he deemed it necessary for his own security to imprison his half-brother. Aristobulus died after a reign of one year. Upon his death, his widow, <a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a> had Alexander and his brothers released from prison. One of these brothers is said to have unsuccessfully sought the throne. </p><p>Alexander, as the oldest living brother, had the right not only to the throne, but also to Salome, <a href="/wiki/Yibbum" title="Yibbum">the widow of his deceased brother, who had died childless</a>. Although she was thirteen years older than him, he married her in accordance with the Jewish law of <a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">levirate marriage</a>. By her he had two sons: the eldest, <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a>, became <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">high priest</a> in 62 BCE; and <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a>, who was high priest from 66 – 62 BCE and started a bloody civil war with his brother, ending in his capture by <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey the Great</a>. </p><p>Like his brother, Alexander was an avid supporter of the aristocratic priestly faction known as the <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>. His wife Salome came from a <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisaic</a> family. Her brother was <a href="/wiki/Simeon_ben_Shetach" title="Simeon ben Shetach">Simeon ben Shetach</a>, a famous <a href="/wiki/Pharisee" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharisee">Pharisee</a> leader. Salome was more sympathetic to their cause, and protected them throughout his turbulent reign. </p><p>Like his father, Alexander served as high priest. This raised the ire of the Pharisees, who insisted that these two offices should not be combined. According to the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, Alexander was a questionable desecrated priest, rumour had it that his mother was captured in <a href="/wiki/Modi%27in_(ancient_city)" title="Modi'in (ancient city)">Modi'in</a> and violated, and, in the opinion of the Pharisees, was not allowed to serve in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">temple</a>. This infuriated the king and he sided with the Sadducees who defended him. This incident led the king to turn against the Pharisees, and he persecuted them until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_with_Ptolemy_Lathyrus">War with Ptolemy Lathyrus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Jannaeus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: War with Ptolemy Lathyrus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alexander's first expedition was against the city of <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Ptolemais</a>. While Alexander went ahead to besiege the city, Zoilus of <a href="/wiki/Tel_Dor" title="Tel Dor">Dora</a> took the opportunity to see if he could relieve Ptolemais in hopes of establishing his rule over coastal territories. Alexander's Hasmonean army quickly defeated Zoilus's forces. Ptolemais then requested aid from <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Lathyros</a>, who had been banished by his mother <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra III of Egypt">Cleopatra III</a>. Ptolemy founded a kingdom in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">Cyprus</a> after being cast out by his mother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012130_&_131_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012130_&_131-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The situation at Ptolemais was seized as an opportunity by Ptolemy to possibly gain a stronghold and control the Judean coast in order to invade Egypt by sea. An individual named Demaenetus convinced the inhabitants of their imprudence in requesting Ptolemy's assistance. They realised that by allying themselves with Ptolemy, they had unintentionally declared war on Cleopatra. When Ptolemy arrived at the city, the inhabitants denied him access.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012130_&_131_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012130_&_131-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander too didn't want to be involved in a war between Cleopatra and Ptolemy, so he abandoned his campaign against Ptolemais and returned to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. After offering Ptolemy four hundred <a href="/wiki/Talent_(weight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Talent (weight)">talents</a> and a peace treaty in return for Zoilus's death, Alexander met him with treachery by negotiating an alliance with Cleopatra. Once he had formed an alliance with Ptolemy, Alexander continued his conquests by capturing the coastal cities of Dora and <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Straton's Tower</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012131_&_132_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012131_&_132-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As soon as Ptolemy learned of Alexander's scheme, he was determined to kill him. Ptolemy put Ptolemais under siege, but left his generals to attack the city, while he continued to pursue Alexander. Ptolemy's pursuit caused much destruction in the <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee region</a>. Here he captured <a href="/wiki/Shikhin" title="Shikhin">Asochis</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a>, taking ten thousand people as prisoners. Ptolemy also initiated an unsuccessful attack on <a href="/wiki/Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Sepphoris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012131_&_132_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012131_&_132-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Asophon">Battle of Asophon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Jannaeus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Battle of Asophon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ptolemy and Alexander engaged in battle at Asophon near the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>. Estimated to have fifty to eighty thousand soldiers, Alexander's army consisted of both <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagans</a>. At the head of his armed forces were his elite pagan mercenaries. They were specialised in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek-style</a> <a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">phalanx</a>. One of Ptolemy's commanders, Philostephanus, began the first attack by crossing the river that divided both forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012132_&_133_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012132_&_133-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hasmoneans had the advantage. Philostephanus held back a certain amount of his forces whom he sent to recover lost ground. Perceiving them as vast reinforcements, Alexander's army fled. Some of his retreating forces tried to push back, but quickly dispersed as Ptolemy's forces pursued Alexander's fleeing army. Thirty to fifty thousand Hasmonean soldiers died.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012132_&_133_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012132_&_133-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ptolemy's forces at Ptolemais succeeded in capturing the city. He then continued to conquer much of the Hasmonean kingdom, occupying the entirety of northern Judea, the coast, and territories east of the Jordan River. While doing so, he pillaged villages and ordered his soldiers to cannibalise women and children to create psychological fear towards his enemies. At the time, Salome Alexandra was notified of Cleopatra's approachment to Judea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012133_&_134_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012133_&_134-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intervention_of_Cleopatra_III">Intervention of Cleopatra III</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Jannaeus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Intervention of Cleopatra III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Realising that her son had amassed a formidable force in Judea, Cleopatra appointed Jewish generals <a href="/wiki/Ananias_ben_Onias" title="Ananias ben Onias">Ananias</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelkias_ben_Onias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chelkias ben Onias (page does not exist)">Chelkias</a> to command her forces. She went with a fleet towards Judea. When Cleopatra arrived at Ptolemais, the people refused her entry, so she besieged the city. Ptolemy, believing Syria was defenseless, withdrew to Cyprus after his miscalculation. While in pursuit of Ptolemy, Chelkias died in <a href="/wiki/Coele-Syria" title="Coele-Syria">Coele-Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012134_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012134-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war abruptly came to an end with Ptolemy fleeing to Cyprus. Alexander then approached Cleopatra. Bowing before her, he requested to retain his rule. Cleopatra was urged by her subordinates to annex Judea. Ananias demanded she consider the residential Egyptian Jews who were the main support of her throne. This induced Cleopatra to modify her longings for Judea. Alexander met her demands and suspended his campaigns. These negotiations took place at <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Scythopolis</a>. Cleopatra died five years later. Confident, after her death, Alexander found himself free to continue with new campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012135_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012135-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transjordan_and_coastal_conquest">Transjordan and coastal conquest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Jannaeus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Transjordan and coastal conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Judea_Alexander_Janne%C3%BCs.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Judea_Alexander_Janne%C3%BCs.PNG/220px-Judea_Alexander_Janne%C3%BCs.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Judea_Alexander_Janne%C3%BCs.PNG/330px-Judea_Alexander_Janne%C3%BCs.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Judea_Alexander_Janne%C3%BCs.PNG/440px-Judea_Alexander_Janne%C3%BCs.PNG 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption>The Hasmonean Kingdom under Alexander Jannaeus<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:lime; color:black;"> </span> situation in 103 BCE</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:fuchsia; color:black;"> </span> area conquered</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Alexander captured <a href="/wiki/Umm_Qais" title="Umm Qais">Gadara</a> and fought to capture the strong fortress of <a href="/wiki/Amathus,_Transjordan" title="Amathus, Transjordan">Amathus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Transjordan</a> region, but was defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgeraldObbinkHolland2004361_&_362_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgeraldObbinkHolland2004361_&_362-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was more successful in his expedition against the coastal cities, capturing <a href="/wiki/Rafah" title="Rafah">Raphia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthedon_(Palestine)" title="Anthedon (Palestine)">Anthedon</a>. In 96 BCE, Jannaeus defeated the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a>. This victory gained Judean control over the Mediterranean outlet of the main <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabataean</a> trade route.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchäfer200374_&_75_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchäfer200374_&_75-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexander initially returned his focus back to the Transjordan region where, avenging his previous defeat, he destroyed Amathus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgeraldObbinkHolland2004362_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgeraldObbinkHolland2004362-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Gaza">Battle of Gaza</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Jannaeus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battle of Gaza"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Determined to proceed with future campaigns despite his initial defeat at Amathus, <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_conquest_of_Gaza" title="Hasmonean conquest of Gaza">Alexander set his focus on Gaza</a>. A victory against the city wasn't so easily achieved. Gaza's general Apollodotus strategically employed a night attack against the Hasmonean army. With a force of two thousand less-skilled soldiers and ten thousand slaves, Gaza's military was able to deceive the Hasmonean army into believing they were being attacked by Ptolemy. The Gazans killed many and the Hasmonean army fled the battle. When morning exposed the delusive tactic, Alexander continued his assault but lost a thousand additional soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012136_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012136-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gazans remained defiant in hopes that the Nabataean kingdom would come to their aid. The city eventually suffered defeat due to its own leadership. Gaza at the time was governed by two brothers, Lysimachus and Apollodotus. Lysimachus convinced the people to surrender, and Alexander peacefully entered the city. Though he at first seemed peaceful, Alexander suddenly turned against the inhabitants. Some men killed their wives and children out of desperation, to ensure they wouldn't be captured and enslaved. Others burned down their homes to prevent the soldiers from plundering. The town council and five hundred civilians took refuge at the <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Temple of Apollo</a>, where Alexander had them massacred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012136_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012136-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judean_Civil_War">Judean Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Jannaeus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Judean Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_with_Obodas_I">War with Obodas I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Jannaeus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: War with Obodas I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Judean_Civil_War" title="Judean Civil War">Judean Civil War</a> initially began after the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_conquest_of_Gaza" title="Hasmonean conquest of Gaza">conquest of Gaza</a> around 99 BCE. Due to Jannaeus's victory at Gaza, the Nabataean kingdom no longer had direct access to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. Alexander soon captured Gadara, which together with the loss of Gaza caused the Nabataeans to lose their main trade routes leading to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_City_of_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient City of Damascus">Damascus</a>. After losing Gadara, the Nabataean king <a href="/wiki/Obodas_I" title="Obodas I">Obodas I</a> launched an attack against Alexander in a steep valley at Gadara, where Alexander barely managed to escape. After his defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gadara" title="Battle of Gadara">Battle of Gadara</a>, Jannaeus returned to Jerusalem, and was met with fierce Jewish opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2008117_&_118_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2008117_&_118-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feast_of_Tabernacles">Feast of Tabernacles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Jannaeus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Feast of Tabernacles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Jewish holiday <a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a>, Alexander Jannaeus, while officiating as the <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priest</a> at the Temple in Jerusalem, demonstrated his displeasure against the Pharisees by refusing to perform the water <a href="/wiki/Libation" title="Libation">libation</a> ceremony properly: instead of pouring it on the altar, he poured it on his feet. The crowd responded with shock at his mockery and showed their displeasure by pelting him with <a href="/wiki/Etrog" title="Etrog">etrogim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Citron" title="Citron">citrons</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaiser1998482_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaiser1998482-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They made the situation worse by insulting him. They called him a descendant of a <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">captive woman</a> and unsuitable to hold office and to sacrifice. Outraged, he killed six thousand people. Alexander also had wooden barriers built around the altar and the temple preventing people from going near him. Only the priests were permitted to enter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2008118_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2008118-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This incident during the Feast of Tabernacles was a major factor leading up to the Judean Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaiser1998482_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaiser1998482-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_with_Demetrius_III_and_conclusion_of_the_Civil_War">War with Demetrius III and conclusion of the Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Jannaeus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: War with Demetrius III and conclusion of the Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WillemSwiddeAlexanderJannaeus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/WillemSwiddeAlexanderJannaeus.jpg/220px-WillemSwiddeAlexanderJannaeus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/WillemSwiddeAlexanderJannaeus.jpg/330px-WillemSwiddeAlexanderJannaeus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/WillemSwiddeAlexanderJannaeus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="322" /></a><figcaption>Alexander Jannaeus feasting during the crucifixion of the Pharisees, engraving by <a href="/wiki/Willem_Swidde" title="Willem Swidde">Willem Swidde</a>, 17th century</figcaption></figure> <p>After Jannaeus succeeded early in the war, the rebels asked for Seleucid assistance. Judean insurgents joined forces with <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Eucaerus" title="Demetrius III Eucaerus">Demetrius III Eucaerus</a> to fight against Jannaeus. Alexander had gathered six thousand two hundred mercenaries and twenty thousand Jews for battle. Demetrius had forty thousand soldiers and three thousand horses. There were attempts from both sides to persuade each other to abandon positions, but were unsuccessful. The Seleucid forces defeated Jannaeus at <a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Shechem</a>, and all of Alexander's mercenaries were killed in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhiston1895332_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiston1895332-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This defeat forced Alexander to take refuge in the mountains. In sympathy towards Jannaeus, six thousand Judean rebels ultimately returned to him. In fear of this news, Demetrius withdrew. War between Jannaeus and the rebels who returned to him continued. They fought until Alexander achieved victory. Most of the rebels died in battle, while the remaining rebels fled to the city of Bethoma until they were defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhiston1895332_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiston1895332-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jannaeus had brought the surviving rebels back to Jerusalem where he had eight hundred Jews, primarily Pharisees, crucified. Before their deaths, Alexander had the rebels' wives and children executed before their eyes as Jannaeus ate with his concubines. Alexander later returned the land he had seized in <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilead#Places" title="Gilead">Galaaditis</a> from the Nabataeans in order to have them end their support for the Jewish rebels. The remaining rebels who numbered eight thousand, fled by night in fear of Alexander. Afterward, all rebel hostility ceased and Alexander's reign continued undisturbed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhiston1895332_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiston1895332-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_campaigns">Final campaigns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Jannaeus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Final campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 83 to 80 BCE, Alexander continued campaigning in the east. The Nabataean king <a href="/wiki/Aretas_III" title="Aretas III">Aretas III</a> managed to defeat Alexander in battle. However, Alexander continued expanding the Hasmonean kingdom into <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Transjordan</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Gaulanitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulanitis">Gaulanitis</a>, he captured the cities of <a href="/wiki/Golan" title="Golan">Golan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seleucia_Samulias" title="Seleucia Samulias">Seleucia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gamla" title="Gamla">Gamala</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Gilead#Places" title="Gilead">Galaaditis</a>, the cities of <a href="/wiki/Pella,_Jordan" title="Pella, Jordan">Pella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dium_(Coele-Syria)" title="Dium (Coele-Syria)">Dium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jerash" title="Jerash">Gerasa</a>. Alexander had Pella destroyed because its inhabitants refused to <a href="/wiki/Judaization" title="Judaization">Judaize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhiston1895333_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiston1895333-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He is believed to have expanded and fortified the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_royal_winter_palaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean royal winter palaces">Hasmonean palace</a> near <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel200875_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel200875-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Jannaeus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerycho100.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Jerycho100.jpg/220px-Jerycho100.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Jerycho100.jpg/330px-Jerycho100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Jerycho100.jpg/440px-Jerycho100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Swimming pool at the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_royal_winter_palaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean royal winter palaces">Hasmonean palace</a> near <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a>, believed to have been built by Alexander</figcaption></figure> <p>For the last three years of his life, Alexander Jannaeus suffered from the combined effects of <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Quartan_fever" title="Quartan fever">quartan ague</a></i> (malaria).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhiston1895333_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiston1895333-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a reign of 27 years, he died c. 76 BCE at the age of forty-nine, during the siege of <a href="/wiki/Rajeb" title="Rajeb">Ragaba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhiston1895334_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiston1895334-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Josephus's "Antiquities," he presents an account that differs from his earlier "War" and Syncellus's accounts. According to Josephus, Jannaeus fell fatally ill on the battlefield at <a href="/wiki/Rajeb" title="Rajeb">Ragaba</a>, with his wife <a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a> present. Jannaeus instructed her to hide his death until she captured Ragaba and to subsequently share power with the Pharisees. He also requested that she allow the Pharisees to abuse his corpse, believing they would then give him an honorable burial, despite this request violating <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy_21" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy 21">Deuteronomy 21</a>:22-23. This request is interpreted as Jannaeus seeking atonement for previously violating this commandment by abusing the bodies of crucified Pharisees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2016132–133_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2016132–133-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kenneth Atkinson writes that Josephus's style and wording suggest Jannaeus died in Jerusalem and never reached Ragaba. Josephus may have concealed this fact to hide the undignified nature of this death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2016132–133_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2016132–133-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander's reign ended with a significant political decision, naming his wife as successor and granting her the authority to appoint the next high priest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2016132–133_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2016132–133-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Jannaeus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/DGRBM" class="mw-redirect" title="DGRBM">DGRBM</a></i>, "Alexander Jannaeus"; <i><a href="/wiki/Pauly%E2%80%93Wissowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauly–Wissowa">RE</a></i>, "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:RE:Alexandros_24" class="extiw" title="s:de:RE:Alexandros 24">Alexandros 24</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Corpus Inscriptioum Iudaeae/Palaestinae</i> vol. 3, De Gruyter, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q6XoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53">p. 53</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaldarini200189-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaldarini200189_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaldarini2001">Saldarini 2001</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2016100-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2016100_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtkinson2016">Atkinson 2016</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGelb2010177-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGelb2010177_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGelb2010">Gelb 2010</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1144-alexander-jannaeus-jonathan">"ALEXANDER JANNÆUS (Jonathan) - JewishEncyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>jewishencyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jewishencyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=ALEXANDER+JANN%C3%86US+%28Jonathan%29+-+JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F1144-alexander-jannaeus-jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Jannaeus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012130_&_131-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012130_&_131_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012130_&_131_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtkinson2012">Atkinson 2012</a>, pp. 130 & 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012131_&_132-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012131_&_132_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012131_&_132_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtkinson2012">Atkinson 2012</a>, pp. 131 & 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012132_&_133-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012132_&_133_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012132_&_133_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtkinson2012">Atkinson 2012</a>, pp. 132 & 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012133_&_134-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012133_&_134_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtkinson2012">Atkinson 2012</a>, pp. 133 & 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012134-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012134_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtkinson2012">Atkinson 2012</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012135-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012135_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtkinson2012">Atkinson 2012</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgeraldObbinkHolland2004361_&_362-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgeraldObbinkHolland2004361_&_362_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzgeraldObbinkHolland2004">Fitzgerald, Obbink & Holland 2004</a>, pp. 361 & 362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchäfer200374_&_75-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchäfer200374_&_75_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchäfer2003">Schäfer 2003</a>, pp. 74 & 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzgeraldObbinkHolland2004362-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzgeraldObbinkHolland2004362_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzgeraldObbinkHolland2004">Fitzgerald, Obbink & Holland 2004</a>, p. 362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012136-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012136_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2012136_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtkinson2012">Atkinson 2012</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2008117_&_118-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2008117_&_118_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEshel2008">Eshel 2008</a>, pp. 117 & 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaiser1998482-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaiser1998482_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaiser1998482_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaiser1998">Kaiser 1998</a>, p. 482.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2008118-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2008118_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEshel2008">Eshel 2008</a>, pp. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiston1895332-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhiston1895332_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhiston1895332_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhiston1895332_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhiston1895">Whiston 1895</a>, p. 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiston1895333-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhiston1895333_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhiston1895333_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhiston1895">Whiston 1895</a>, p. 333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel200875-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel200875_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEshel2008">Eshel 2008</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiston1895334-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhiston1895334_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhiston1895">Whiston 1895</a>, p. 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2016132–133-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2016132–133_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2016132–133_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson2016132–133_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtkinson2016">Atkinson 2016</a>, pp. 132–133.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Jannaeus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2012" class="citation book cs1">Atkinson, Kenneth (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mFZsgugWF_UC&pg=PA130"><i>Queen Salome: Jerusalem's Warrior Monarch of the First Century B.C.E</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786490738" title="Special:BookSources/9780786490738"><bdi>9780786490738</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Salome%3A+Jerusalem%27s+Warrior+Monarch+of+the+First+Century+B.C.E&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780786490738&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmFZsgugWF_UC%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Jannaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2016" class="citation book cs1">Atkinson, Kenneth (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SrfMDAAAQBAJ&q=Alexander+Jannaeus"><i>A History of the Hasmonean State: Josephus and Beyond</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567669032" title="Special:BookSources/9780567669032"><bdi>9780567669032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Hasmonean+State%3A+Josephus+and+Beyond&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780567669032&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSrfMDAAAQBAJ%26q%3DAlexander%2BJannaeus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Jannaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEshel2008" class="citation book cs1">Eshel, Hanan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t05okj1LB3QC&pg=PA123"><i>The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Hasmonean State</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802862853" title="Special:BookSources/9780802862853"><bdi>9780802862853</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+and+the+Hasmonean+State&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780802862853&rft.aulast=Eshel&rft.aufirst=Hanan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt05okj1LB3QC%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Jannaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgeraldObbinkHolland2004" class="citation book cs1">Fitzgerald, John Thomas; Obbink, Dirk D.; Holland, Glenn Stanfield (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=82Kdj8orBm0C"><i>Philodemus and the New Testament World</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004114609" title="Special:BookSources/9789004114609"><bdi>9789004114609</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philodemus+and+the+New+Testament+World&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789004114609&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=John+Thomas&rft.au=Obbink%2C+Dirk+D.&rft.au=Holland%2C+Glenn+Stanfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D82Kdj8orBm0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Jannaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelb2010" class="citation book cs1">Gelb, Norman (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wNKdpUqxOqAC"><i>Kings of the Jews: The Origins of the Jewish Nation</i></a>. Jewish Publication Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780827609136" title="Special:BookSources/9780827609136"><bdi>9780827609136</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings+of+the+Jews%3A+The+Origins+of+the+Jewish+Nation&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780827609136&rft.aulast=Gelb&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwNKdpUqxOqAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Jannaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaiser1998" class="citation book cs1">Kaiser, Walter C. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=acq2F4oW3DYC&pg=PA482"><i>History of Israel</i></a>. B&H Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805431223" title="Special:BookSources/9780805431223"><bdi>9780805431223</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Israel&rft.pub=B%26H+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780805431223&rft.aulast=Kaiser&rft.aufirst=Walter+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dacq2F4oW3DYC%26pg%3DPA482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Jannaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaldarini2001" class="citation book cs1">Saldarini, Anthony J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bre6P-OPfEEC&pg=PA89"><i>Pharisees, Scribes and Sadducees in Palestinian Society: A Sociological Approach</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802843586" title="Special:BookSources/9780802843586"><bdi>9780802843586</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharisees%2C+Scribes+and+Sadducees+in+Palestinian+Society%3A+A+Sociological+Approach&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780802843586&rft.aulast=Saldarini&rft.aufirst=Anthony+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBre6P-OPfEEC%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Jannaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchäfer2003" class="citation book cs1">Schäfer, Peter (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-0aBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75"><i>The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World: The Jews of Palestine from Alexander the Great to the Arab Conquest</i></a> (2nd Revised ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134403165" title="Special:BookSources/9781134403165"><bdi>9781134403165</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Jews+in+the+Greco-Roman+World%3A+The+Jews+of+Palestine+from+Alexander+the+Great+to+the+Arab+Conquest&rft.edition=2nd+Revised&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781134403165&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4fer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-0aBAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Jannaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiston1895" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Whiston" title="William Whiston">Whiston, William</a>, ed. (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/completeworksfl01whisgoog/page/n6/mode/2up"><i>The Complete Works of Flavius-Josephus the Celebrated Jewish Historian</i></a>. Philadelphia: John E. Potter & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Works+of+Flavius-Josephus+the+Celebrated+Jewish+Historian&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=John+E.+Potter+%26+Company&rft.date=1895&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompleteworksfl01whisgoog%2Fpage%2Fn6%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Jannaeus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Alexander Jannaeus of Judaea</div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean Dynasty">Hasmonean Dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 76 BCE</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FABE60;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish titles</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Judean_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Judean rulers">King of Judaea</a> </b><br />103–76 BCE </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Priests_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="List of High Priests of Israel">High Priest of Judaea</a> </b><br />103–76 BCE </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_Ancient_Israel" title="Template:Rulers of Ancient Israel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rulers_of_Ancient_Israel" title="Template talk:Rulers of Ancient Israel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_Ancient_Israel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of Ancient Israel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_Israel_and_Judah" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rulers of <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Israel and Judah</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">Davidic line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Israel_and_Judah" title="Kings of Israel and Judah">Kings of Israel and Judah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Judah" title="Kings of Judah">Kings of Judah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Israel<br />(united monarchy)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ish-bosheth" title="Ish-bosheth">Ish-bosheth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Israel<br />(northern kingdom)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeroboam" title="Jeroboam">Jeroboam I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadab_of_Israel" title="Nadab of Israel">Nadab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baasha_of_Israel" title="Baasha of Israel">Baasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elah_(king)" title="Elah (king)">Elah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimri_(king)" title="Zimri (king)">Zimri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibni" title="Tibni">Tibni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omri" title="Omri">Omri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahab" title="Ahab">Ahab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jezebel" title="Jezebel">Jezebel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahaziah_of_Israel" title="Ahaziah of Israel">Ahaziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoram_of_Israel" title="Jehoram of Israel">Jehoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehu" title="Jehu">Jehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoahaz_of_Israel" title="Jehoahaz of Israel">Jehoahaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoash_of_Israel" title="Jehoash of Israel">Jehoash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeroboam_II" title="Jeroboam II">Jeroboam II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_of_Israel" title="Zechariah of Israel">Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallum_of_Israel" title="Shallum of Israel">Shallum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem" title="Menahem">Menahem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekahiah" title="Pekahiah">Pekahiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekah" title="Pekah">Pekah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoshea" title="Hoshea">Hoshea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah<br />(southern kingdom)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rehoboam" title="Rehoboam">Rehoboam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abijah_of_Judah" title="Abijah of Judah">Abijam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_of_Judah" title="Asa of Judah">Asa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoshaphat" title="Jehoshaphat">Jehoshaphat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoram_of_Judah" title="Jehoram of Judah">Jehoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahaziah_of_Judah" title="Ahaziah of Judah">Ahaziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athaliah" title="Athaliah">Athaliah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoash_of_Judah" title="Jehoash of Judah">Jehoash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaziah_of_Judah" title="Amaziah of Judah">Amaziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzziah" title="Uzziah">Uzziah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jotham" title="Jotham">Jotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahaz" title="Ahaz">Ahaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasseh_of_Judah" title="Manasseh of Judah">Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amon_of_Judah" title="Amon of Judah">Amon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah" title="Josiah">Josiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoahaz_of_Judah" title="Jehoahaz of Judah">Jehoahaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeconiah" title="Jeconiah">Jeconiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zedekiah" title="Zedekiah">Zedekiah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Judea<br />(Hasmonean dynasty)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander Jannaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Mattathias" title="Antigonus II Mattathias">Antigonus II Mattathias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Jewish leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_leaders_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel">List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="High_Priests_of_Israel_(List)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:High_Priests_of_Judaism" title="Template:High Priests of Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:High_Priests_of_Judaism" title="Template talk:High Priests of Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:High_Priests_of_Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:High Priests of Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="High_Priests_of_Israel_(List)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priests</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Israel</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Priests_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="List of High Priests of Israel">List</a>)</small></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar" title="Eleazar">Eleazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phinehas" title="Phinehas">Phinehas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abishua" title="Abishua">Abishua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukki" title="Bukki">Bukki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzzi" title="Uzzi">Uzzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_(biblical_figure)" title="Eli (biblical figure)">Eli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahitub_(High_Priest)" title="Ahitub (High Priest)">Ahitub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahijah" title="Ahijah">Ahijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimelech" title="Ahimelech">Ahimelech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiathar" title="Abiathar">Abiathar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First Temple</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zadok" title="Zadok">Zadok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimaaz" title="Ahimaaz">Ahimaaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azariah_(High_Priest)" title="Azariah (High Priest)">Azariah I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joash_(High_Priest)" title="Joash (High Priest)">Joash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoiarib" title="Jehoiarib">Jehoiarib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoshaphat_(High_Priest)" title="Jehoshaphat (High Priest)">Jehoshaphat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehoiada" title="Jehoiada">Jehoiada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediah" title="Pediah">Pediah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zedekiah_(High_Priest)" title="Zedekiah (High Priest)">Zedekiah</a></li> <li>Joel</li> <li>Jotham</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriah_(Book_of_Kings)" title="Uriah (Book of Kings)">Uriah</a></li> <li>Neria</li> <li>Hoshaiah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallum_(High_Priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shallum (High Priest)">Shallum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilkiah" title="Hilkiah">Hilkiah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azariah_IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azariah IV (page does not exist)">Azariah IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seraiah_(High_Priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seraiah (High Priest)">Seraiah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-<a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">exilic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_the_High_Priest" title="Joshua the High Priest">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joiakim_(High_Priest)" title="Joiakim (High Priest)">Joiakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliashib_(High_Priest)" title="Eliashib (High Priest)">Eliashib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joiada" title="Joiada">Joiada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanan_(High_Priest)" title="Johanan (High Priest)">Johanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaddua" title="Jaddua">Jaddua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onias_I" title="Onias I">Onias I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_I_(High_Priest)" title="Simon I (High Priest)">Simon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_(High_Priest)" title="Eleazar (High Priest)">Eleazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasseh_(High_Priest)" title="Manasseh (High Priest)">Manasseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onias_II" title="Onias II">Onias II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_II_(High_Priest)" title="Simon II (High Priest)">Simon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onias_III" title="Onias III">Onias III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_(High_Priest)" title="Jason (High Priest)">Jason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelaus_(High_Priest)" title="Menelaus (High Priest)">Menelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onias_IV" title="Onias IV">Onias IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcimus" title="Alcimus">Alcimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean<br />dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Apphus" title="Jonathan Apphus">Jonathan Apphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">Hyrcanus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alexander Jannaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Mattathias" title="Antigonus II Mattathias">Antigonus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herodians" title="Herodians">Herodians</a><br />to the<br /><a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">Jewish Revolt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ananelus" title="Ananelus">Ananelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_III_of_Judea" title="Aristobulus III of Judea">Aristobulus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananelus" title="Ananelus">Ananelus</a> (restored)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus,_son_of_Fabus" title="Jesus, son of Fabus">Jesus, son of Fabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_son_of_Boethus" title="Simon son of Boethus">Simon ben Boethus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matthias_ben_Theophilus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matthias ben Theophilus (page does not exist)">Matthias ben Theophilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joazar_ben_Boethus" class="mw-redirect" title="Joazar ben Boethus">Joazar ben Boethus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Boethus" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleazar ben Boethus">Eleazar ben Boethus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_ben_Sie" title="Joshua ben Sie">Joshua ben Sie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joazar_ben_Boethus" class="mw-redirect" title="Joazar ben Boethus">Joazar ben Boethus</a> (restored)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annas" title="Annas">Annas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_ben_Fabus" title="Ishmael ben Fabus">Ishmael ben Fabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Ananus" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleazar ben Ananus">Eleazar ben Ananus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_ben_Camithus" title="Simon ben Camithus">Simon ben Camithus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_ben_Ananus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan ben Ananus">Jonathan ben Ananus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_ben_Ananus" title="Theophilus ben Ananus">Theophilus ben Ananus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cantatheras_ben_Boethus" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Cantatheras ben Boethus">Simon Cantatheras ben Boethus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_ben_Ananus" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthias ben Ananus">Matthias ben Ananus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elioneus_ben_Simon_Cantatheras" class="mw-redirect" title="Elioneus ben Simon Cantatheras">Elioneus ben Simon Cantatheras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_ben_Ananus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan ben Ananus">Jonathan ben Ananus</a> (restored)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josephus_ben_Camydus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josephus ben Camydus (page does not exist)">Josephus ben Camydus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_son_of_Nedebeus" title="Ananias son of Nedebeus">Ananias son of Nedebeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_(High_Priest)" title="Jonathan (High Priest)">Jonathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_ben_Fabus" title="Ishmael ben Fabus">Ishmael ben Fabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cabi_ben_Simon" title="Joseph Cabi ben Simon">Joseph Cabi ben Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananus_ben_Ananus" title="Ananus ben Ananus">Ananus ben Ananus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_son_of_Damneus" title="Jesus son of Damneus">Jesus son of Damneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_ben_Gamla" title="Joshua ben Gamla">Joshua ben Gamla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattathias_ben_Theophilus" title="Mattathias ben Theophilus">Mattathias ben Theophilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phannias_ben_Samuel" title="Phannias ben Samuel">Phannias ben Samuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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