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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Second_Temple_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Temple_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Second Temple period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Temple_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Talmudic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Talmudic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Talmudic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Talmudic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samaritan_synagogues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samaritan_synagogues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Samaritan synagogues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Samaritan_synagogues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Samaritan synagogues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Samaritan_synagogues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Name_and_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name_and_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Name and history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distinguishing_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinguishing_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Distinguishing elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinguishing_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_finds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_finds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Archaeological finds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_finds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Diaspora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_wider_Holy_Land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_wider_Holy_Land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>The wider Holy Land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_wider_Holy_Land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Samaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architectural_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architectural_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Architectural design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architectural_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interior_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interior_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Interior elements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interior_elements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interior elements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interior_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bimah_(platform)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bimah_(platform)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bimah (platform)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bimah_(platform)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Table_or_lectern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_or_lectern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Table or lectern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_or_lectern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Torah_Ark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Torah_Ark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Torah Ark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Torah_Ark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eternal_Light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eternal_Light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Eternal Light</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eternal_Light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inner_decoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inner_decoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Inner decoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inner_decoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Seating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_seats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_seats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Special seats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_seats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rules_for_attendees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rules_for_attendees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Rules for attendees</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rules_for_attendees-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rules for attendees subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rules_for_attendees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Removing_one's_shoes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removing_one's_shoes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Removing one's shoes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Removing_one's_shoes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_separation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_separation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Gender separation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_separation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denominational_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denominational_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Denominational differences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Denominational_differences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Denominational differences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Denominational_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reform_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Reform Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synagogue_as_community_center" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synagogue_as_community_center"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Synagogue as community center</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synagogue_as_community_center-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synagogue_offshoots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synagogue_offshoots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Synagogue offshoots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synagogue_offshoots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_"great_synagogues"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_"great_synagogues""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>List of "great synagogues"</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_"great_synagogues"-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of "great synagogues" subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_"great_synagogues"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.1</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.2</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.3</span> <span>Czech Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.4</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.5</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.6</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.7</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scandinavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scandinavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.8</span> <span>Scandinavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scandinavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France_and_Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France_and_Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.9</span> <span>France and Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France_and_Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.10</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.11</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.12</span> <span>Serbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.13</span> <span>Bosnia and Herzegovina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.14</span> <span>Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey_(European_part)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey_(European_part)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.15</span> <span>Turkey (European part)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey_(European_part)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.16</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tunisia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunisia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Tunisia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tunisia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World's_largest_synagogues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World's_largest_synagogues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>World's largest synagogues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World's_largest_synagogues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World's largest synagogues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World's_largest_synagogues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Israel_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World's_oldest_synagogues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World's_oldest_synagogues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>World's oldest synagogues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World's_oldest_synagogues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World's oldest synagogues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World's_oldest_synagogues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oldest_synagogues_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oldest_synagogues_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Oldest synagogues in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oldest_synagogues_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_famous_synagogues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_famous_synagogues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Other famous synagogues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_famous_synagogues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Synagogue</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 117 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-117" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">117 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinagoge" title="Sinagoge – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sinagoge" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagoge" title="Synagoge – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Synagoge" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0" title="यहूदी मंदिर – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="यहूदी मंदिर" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="كنيس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كنيس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinoga" title="Sinoga – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sinoga" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senag%C3%B4ga" title="Senagôga – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Senagôga" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinagoga" title="Sinagoga – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sinagoga" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinaqoq" title="Sinaqoq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sinaqoq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F" title="বেইথ নেসেট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বেইথ নেসেট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Синагога – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Синагога" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Сінагога – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сінагога" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Сынагога – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сынагога" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%97" title="सिनेगॉग – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सिनेगॉग" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinagoga" title="Sinagoga – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sinagoga" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Синагога – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Синагога" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogn" title="Synagogn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Synagogn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinagoga" title="Sinagoga – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sinagoga" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinagogenn" title="Sinagogenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sinagogenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinagoga" title="Sinagoga – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sinagoga" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagoga" title="Synagoga – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Synagoga" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagog" title="Synagog – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Synagog" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagoge" title="Synagoge – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Synagoge" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagoge" title="Synagoge – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Synagoge" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCnagoog" title="Sünagoog – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sünagoog" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%B3%CE%AE" title="Συναγωγή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συναγωγή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinagoga" title="Sinagoga – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sinagoga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinagogo" title="Sinagogo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sinagogo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinagoga" title="Sinagoga – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sinagoga" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%87" title="کنیسه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنیسه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BDnagogur" title="Sýnagogur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sýnagogur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Synagogue" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagoge" title="Synagoge – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Synagoge" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionagog" title="Sionagog – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sionagog" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinagoga" title="Sinagoga – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sinagoga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B4" title="𐍃𐍅𐌽𐌰𐌲𐍉𐌲𐌴 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍃𐍅𐌽𐌰𐌲𐍉𐌲𐌴" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%97" title="सिनेगॉग – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="सिनेगॉग" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinag%E1%BB%8Dgu" title="Sinagọgu – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Sinagọgu" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%82%98%EA%B3%A0%EA%B7%B8" title="시나고그 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시나고그" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%A3" title="Սինագոգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սինագոգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0" title="यहूदी मंदिर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यहूदी मंदिर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinagoga" title="Sinagoga – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sinagoga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinagogo" title="Sinagogo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sinagogo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinagoge" title="Sinagoge – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sinagoge" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagoga" title="Synagoga – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Synagoga" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BDnag%C3%B3ga" title="Sýnagóga – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sýnagóga" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinagoga" title="Sinagoga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sinagoga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%AA" title="בית כנסת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בית כנסת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinagoga" title="Sinagoga – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sinagoga" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuda_mba_na%C5%8B" title="Yuda mba naŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Yuda mba naŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%90" title="სინაგოგა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სინაგოგა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Синагога – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Синагога" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinagogi" title="Sinagogi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sinagogi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewra" title="Hewra – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hewra" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Синагога – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Синагога" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esnoga" title="Esnoga – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Esnoga" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0" title="ХӀавра – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="ХӀавра" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagoga" title="Synagoga – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Synagoga" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinagoga" title="Sinagoga – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sinagoga" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagog" title="Synagog – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Synagog" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinagoga" title="Sinagoga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sinagoga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagoog" title="Synagoog – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Synagoog" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinag%C3%B3ga" title="Sinagóga – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Sinagóga" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinagoga" title="Sinagoga – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sinagoga" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zsinag%C3%B3ga" title="Zsinagóga – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zsinagóga" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Синагога – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Синагога" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinag%C3%B4ga" title="Sinagôga – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sinagôga" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF" title="ജൂതപ്പള്ളി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജൂതപ്പള്ളി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%97" title="सिनेगॉग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सिनेगॉग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%90" title="სინაგოგა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სინაგოგა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="كنيس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كنيس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinagog" title="Sinagog – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sinagog" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinagoga" title="Sinagoga – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sinagoga" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinagoga" title="Sinagoga – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Sinagoga" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagoge" title="Synagoge – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Synagoge" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B4%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B0" title="シナゴーグ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シナゴーグ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagoge" title="Synagoge – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Synagoge" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagoge" title="Synagoge – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Synagoge" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%B7nnagogue" title="Sŷnnagogue – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Sŷnnagogue" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinag%C3%B2ga" title="Sinagòga – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sinagòga" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Синагого – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Синагого" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinagoga" title="Sinagoga – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sinagoga" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%97" title="ਸਿਨਾਗੌਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿਨਾਗੌਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%84" title="شول – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شول" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoa" title="Snoa – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Snoa" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagoga" title="Synagoga – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Synagoga" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinagoga" title="Sinagoga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sinagoga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinagog%C4%83" title="Sinagogă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sinagogă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%91%D0%BE%D2%91%D0%B0" title="Синаґоґа – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Синаґоґа" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Синагога – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синагога" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Synagogue" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinagoga" title="Sinagoga – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sinagoga" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinagoga" title="Sinagoga – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sinagoga" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Synagogue" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synag%C3%B3ga" title="Synagóga – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Synagóga" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinagoga" title="Sinagoga – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sinagoga" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Синагога – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Синагога" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinagoga" title="Sinagoga – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sinagoga" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagoga" title="Synagoga – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Synagoga" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagoga" title="Synagoga – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Synagoga" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinagoga" title="Sinagoga – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sinagoga" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="யூத தொழுகைக் கூடம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யூத தொழுகைக் கூடம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacnu%C9%A3a" title="Tacnuɣa – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tacnuɣa" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Синагога – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Синагога" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7" title="โบสถ์ยิว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โบสถ์ยิว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82" title="Куништ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Куништ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinagog" title="Sinagog – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sinagog" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Синагога – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Синагога" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%81" title="کنیسہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کنیسہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Do_Th%C3%A1i_gi%C3%A1o" title="Hội đường Do Thái giáo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hội đường Do Thái giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinagoga" title="Sinagoga – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sinagoga" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E4%BC%9A%E5%A0%82" title="犹太会堂 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="犹太会堂" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9C" title="שול – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שול" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E8%81%9A%E6%9C%83%E6%89%80" title="猶太聚會所 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="猶太聚會所" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xewra" title="Xewra – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Xewra" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinaguoga" title="Sinaguoga – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Sinaguoga" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%9C%83%E5%A0%82" title="猶太會堂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="猶太會堂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place of worship for Jews and Samaritans</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 1919 allegorical mural, see <a href="/wiki/Synagogue_(John_Singer_Sargent)" title="Synagogue (John Singer Sargent)"><i>Synagogue</i> (John Singer Sargent)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Shul" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Shul_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Shul (disambiguation)">Shul (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Synagoga_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Synagoga (genus)">Synagoga (genus)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eldridge_Street_Synagogue_(42773).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Eldridge_Street_Synagogue_%2842773%29.jpg/220px-Eldridge_Street_Synagogue_%2842773%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Eldridge_Street_Synagogue_%2842773%29.jpg/330px-Eldridge_Street_Synagogue_%2842773%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Eldridge_Street_Synagogue_%2842773%29.jpg/440px-Eldridge_Street_Synagogue_%2842773%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2917" data-file-height="3226" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eldridge_Street_Synagogue" title="Eldridge Street Synagogue">Eldridge Street Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, U.S.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David"><img alt="Star of David" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/60px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/90px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/120px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments"><img alt="Ten Commandments" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/60px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/90px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/120px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="243" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Menorah"><img alt="Menorah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/70px-Menora.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/105px-Menora.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/140px-Menora.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="621" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Movements</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservadox" title="Conservadox">Conservadox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosenness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musar_movement" title="Musar movement">Musar movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_(Judaism)" title="Chumash (Judaism)">Ḥumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">Piyutim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Law</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah_Berurah" title="Mishnah Berurah">Mishnah Berurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruch_HaShulchan" title="Aruch HaShulchan">Aruch HaShulchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzniut" title="Tzniut">Tzniut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Noahide laws</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Cities" title="Four Holy Cities">Holy cities</a>/<a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_holy_places" title="Category:Jewish holy places">places</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_midrash" title="Beth midrash">Beth midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">Mikveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkah" title="Sukkah">Sukkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevra_kadisha" title="Chevra kadisha">Chevra kadisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Holy Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Important figures</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca" title="Rebecca">Rebecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Leah</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbis" title="List of rabbis">Rabbinic sages</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Rishonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharonim" title="Acharonim">Acharonim</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_religious_occupations" title="Category:Jewish religious occupations">Religious roles</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">Posek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_din" title="Beth din">Dayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_yeshiva" title="Rosh yeshiva">Rosh yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohel" title="Mohel">Mohel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">education</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah">Bar and bat mitzvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">Kollel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheder" title="Cheder">Cheder</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ritual objects</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah_scroll" title="Torah scroll">Sefer Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallit" title="Tallit">Tallit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">Tefillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzitzit" title="Tzitzit">Tzitzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kippah" title="Kippah">Kippah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezuzah" title="Mezuzah">Mezuzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_menorah" title="Hanukkah menorah">Menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">Shofar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_species" title="Four species">Four species</a><br /> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Etrog" title="Etrog">Etrog</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lulav" title="Lulav">Lulav</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hadass" title="Hadass">Hadass</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aravah_(Sukkot)" title="Aravah (Sukkot)">Arava</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kittel" title="Kittel">Kittel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartel" title="Gartel">Gartel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayers</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shema" title="Shema">Shema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amidah" title="Amidah">Amidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleinu" title="Aleinu">Aleinu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddish" title="Kaddish">Kaddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkat_Hamazon" title="Birkat Hamazon">Birkat Hamazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehecheyanu" title="Shehecheyanu">Shehecheyanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallel" title="Hallel">Hallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havdalah" title="Havdalah">Havdalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachanun" title="Tachanun">Tachanun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_Nidre" title="Kol Nidre">Kol Nidre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selichot" title="Selichot">Selichot (S'lichot)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Major holidays</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Pesach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Judaism_and_other_religions" title="Category:Judaism and other religions">Other religions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_religious_pluralism" title="Jewish views on religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilegesh" title="Pilegesh">Pilegesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Judaism" title="Criticism of Judaism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Muhammad" title="Jewish views on Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Princes_Road_Synagogue_Nave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Princes_Road_Synagogue_Nave.jpg/220px-Princes_Road_Synagogue_Nave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Princes_Road_Synagogue_Nave.jpg/330px-Princes_Road_Synagogue_Nave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Princes_Road_Synagogue_Nave.jpg/440px-Princes_Road_Synagogue_Nave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8735" data-file-height="5855" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Princes_Road_Synagogue" title="Princes Road Synagogue">Princes Road Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helsinki_Helsingfors_Synagogue_04.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Helsinki_Helsingfors_Synagogue_04.png/220px-Helsinki_Helsingfors_Synagogue_04.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Helsinki_Helsingfors_Synagogue_04.png/330px-Helsinki_Helsingfors_Synagogue_04.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Helsinki_Helsingfors_Synagogue_04.png/440px-Helsinki_Helsingfors_Synagogue_04.png 2x" data-file-width="5575" data-file-height="3717" /></a><figcaption>Exterior of <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Synagogue" title="Helsinki Synagogue">Helsinki Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YusefAbad_synagogue_Tehran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/YusefAbad_synagogue_Tehran.jpg/220px-YusefAbad_synagogue_Tehran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/YusefAbad_synagogue_Tehran.jpg/330px-YusefAbad_synagogue_Tehran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/YusefAbad_synagogue_Tehran.jpg/440px-YusefAbad_synagogue_Tehran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yusef_Abad_Synagogue" title="Yusef Abad Synagogue">Yusef Abad Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, Iran</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>synagogue</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also called a <b>shul</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a <b>temple</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a place of worship for <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a>. It has a place for prayer (the main sanctuary and sometimes smaller chapels) where Jews attend religious services or special ceremonies such as <a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">weddings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah">bar and bat mitzvahs</a>, choir performances, and children's plays. They also have <a href="/wiki/Beth_midrash" title="Beth midrash">rooms for study</a>, social halls, administrative and charitable offices, classrooms for religious and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_school" title="Hebrew school">Hebrew studies</a>, and many places to sit and congregate. They often display commemorative, historic, or modern artwork alongside items of Jewish historical significance or history about the synagogue itself. </p><p>Synagogues are <a href="/wiki/Consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">consecrated</a> spaces used for <a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Jewish prayer</a>, study, assembly, and reading of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> (read in its entirety once a year, or in some synagogues on a triennial cycle, in weekly Torah portions during religious services). However, a synagogue is not always necessary for Jewish worship, due to adaptations during times of Jewish persecution in countries and regions that banned Judaism, frequently destroying and/or reappropriating synagogues into churches or even government buildings. <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a> (Jewish law from the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> – the "Oral Torah") states that communal Jewish worship can be carried out wherever a <a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">minyan</a>, a group of at least 10 Jewish adults, is assembled, often (but not necessarily) led by a <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a>. Worship can also happen alone or with fewer than ten people, but certain prayers are considered by halakha as solely communal; these can be recited only by a minyan. In terms of its specific ritual and liturgical functions, the synagogue does not replace the symbol of the long-destroyed <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>. </p><p>Any Jew or group of Jews can build a synagogue. Synagogues have been constructed by ancient Jewish leaders, by wealthy patrons, as part of a wide range of human institutions including secular educational institutions, governments, and hotels, by the entire Jewish community of living in a particular village or region, or by sub-groups of Jewish people arrayed according to occupation, ethnicity (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Romaniote</a> or <a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a> of a town), style of religious observance (e.g., Reform or Orthodox synagogue), or by the followers of a particular <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Shtiebel" title="Shtiebel">shtiebelekh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <span lang="yi" dir="rtl">שטיבעלעך</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Yiddish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">shtibelekh</i></span>, singular <span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi" dir="rtl">שטיבל</span></span> <i>shtibl</i>) of <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic Judaism</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> term is <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">bet knesset</i></span></i> (בית כנסת) or "house of assembly". The <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>-derived word <i>synagogue</i> (συναγωγή) also means "assembly" and is commonly used in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, with its earliest mention in the 1st century <a href="/wiki/Theodotos_inscription" title="Theodotos inscription">Theodotos inscription</a> in Jerusalem. <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> have traditionally used the <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> term <i><span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">shul</i></span></i> (from the Greek <i>schola</i>, which is also the source of the English "school") in everyday speech, and many continue to do so in English.<sup id="cite_ref-joy_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote Jews</a> generally use the term <i>kal</i> (from the Hebrew <i>qahal</i> "community"). <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Spanish and Portuguese Jews</a> call the synagogue an <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">esnoga</i></span> and Portuguese Jews may call it a <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">sinagoga</i></span>. <a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite Jews</a> also use the term <i><a href="/wiki/Kenesa" title="Kenesa">kenesa</a></i>, which is derived from <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a> use <i>kenis</i> or <i>qnis</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Synagogue_de_la_Ghriba_Djerba_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Synagogue_de_la_Ghriba_Djerba_11.jpg/220px-Synagogue_de_la_Ghriba_Djerba_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Synagogue_de_la_Ghriba_Djerba_11.jpg/330px-Synagogue_de_la_Ghriba_Djerba_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Synagogue_de_la_Ghriba_Djerba_11.jpg/440px-Synagogue_de_la_Ghriba_Djerba_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3821" data-file-height="2617" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/El_Ghriba_Synagogue" title="El Ghriba Synagogue">El Ghriba Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a>, Tunisia</figcaption></figure> <p>In the earliest period, Jewish communal worship primarily revolved around the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>, serving as a central focal point and significant symbol for the entire Jewish nation. As such, it was the destination for Jews making pilgrimages during the <a href="/wiki/Three_Pilgrimage_Festivals" title="Three Pilgrimage Festivals">three major annual festivals</a> commanded by the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>: <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a>. There are several known cases of Jewish communities in Egypt with their own temples, such as the <a href="/wiki/Elephantine_papyri_and_ostraca#Jewish_temple_at_Elephantine" title="Elephantine papyri and ostraca">Temple at Elephantine</a> established by refugees from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt</a>, and a few centuries later, the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Onias" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Onias">Temple of Onias</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Heliopolite_Nome" title="Heliopolite Nome">Heliopolite Nome</a>. </p><p>The first synagogues emerged in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a>, several centuries before their introduction to the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>. Evidence points to their existence as early as the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, notably in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Egypt</a>, the world's foremost Greek-speaking city at the time. There, the first <i>proseukhái</i> (<a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">προσευχαί</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'places of prayer'; singular <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">προσευχή</span></span> <i>proseukhē</i>) were built to provide a place for communal prayer and reading and studying the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexandrian Jews also made a Koine Greek translation of the Torah, the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The earliest archaeological evidence for the existence of synagogues is stone dedication inscriptions from the third century BCE prove that <i>proseukhái</i> existed by that date.<sup id="cite_ref-JIGRE_22_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JIGRE_22-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JIGRE_117_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JIGRE_117-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> mention lavishly-adorned synagogues in Alexandria and in <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More than a dozen <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a> synagogues in use by Jews and <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a> have been identified by archaeologists in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and other countries of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic world">Hellenistic world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pohick_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pohick-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">destruction of the Second Temple</a> in 70 CE, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yohanan_ben_Zakkai" title="Yohanan ben Zakkai">Yohanan ben Zakkai</a>, who is often credited with reformulating Judaism for the post-Temple era, advocated for the establishment of individual houses of worship since the Temple was no longer accessible. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doh%C3%A1ny_Street_Synagogue_in_Pest,_Budapest_-_Hungary_(5132509510).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dohány Street Synagogue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Doh%C3%A1ny_Street_Synagogue_in_Pest%2C_Budapest_-_Hungary_%285132509510%29.jpg/299px-Doh%C3%A1ny_Street_Synagogue_in_Pest%2C_Budapest_-_Hungary_%285132509510%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="299" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Doh%C3%A1ny_Street_Synagogue_in_Pest%2C_Budapest_-_Hungary_%285132509510%29.jpg/449px-Doh%C3%A1ny_Street_Synagogue_in_Pest%2C_Budapest_-_Hungary_%285132509510%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Doh%C3%A1ny_Street_Synagogue_in_Pest%2C_Budapest_-_Hungary_%285132509510%29.jpg/598px-Doh%C3%A1ny_Street_Synagogue_in_Pest%2C_Budapest_-_Hungary_%285132509510%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4572" data-file-height="2992" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Doh%C3%A1ny_Street_Synagogue" title="Dohány Street Synagogue">Dohány Street Synagogue</a>, the biggest Synagogue in Europe. <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> is known to be a central location in Jewish enlightenment.</figcaption></figure> <p>It has been theorized that the synagogue became a place of worship in the region upon the destruction of the Second Temple during the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a>; however, others speculate that there had been places of prayer, apart from the Temple, during the Hellenistic period. The popularization of prayer over sacrifice during the years prior to the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had prepared the Jews for life in the diaspora, where prayer would serve as the focus of Jewish worship.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the certain existence of synagogue-like spaces prior to the First Jewish–Roman War,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the synagogue emerged as a focal point for Jewish worship upon the destruction of the Temple. For Jews living in the wake of the Revolt, the synagogue functioned as a "portable system of worship". Within the synagogue, Jews worshipped by way of prayer rather than sacrifices, which had previously served as the main form of worship within the Second Temple.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Temple_period">Second Temple period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second Temple period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1995, Howard Clark Kee argued that synagogues were not a developed feature of Jewish life prior to the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kee interpreted his findings as evidence that the mentions of synagogues in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, including Jesus's visitations of synagogues in various Jewish settlements in Israel, were anachronistic. However, by 2018, Mordechai Aviam reported that there were now at least nine synagogues excavated known to pre-date the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">destruction of the Jerusalem Temple</a> in 70 CE, including in Magdala, Gamla, Masada, Herodium, Modi‘in (Kh. Umm el-‘Umdan), Qiryat Sepher (Kh. Bad ‘Issa), and Kh. Diab. Aviam concluded that he thought almost every Jewish settlement at the time, whether it was a polis or a village, had a synagogue.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamla" title="Gamla">Gamla</a> – a synagogue was discovered near the city gate at Gamla, a site in the Golan northeast of the Sea of Galilee.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This city was destroyed by the Roman army in 67 CE and was never rebuilt.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a> – a synagogue was discovered on the western side of Masada, just south of the palace complex at the northern end of the site. One of the unique finds at this synagogue was a group of 14 scrolls, which included biblical, sectarian, and apocryphal documents.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodium" title="Herodium">Herodium</a> – a synagogue from the 1st century was discovered in Herod's palace fortress at Herodium.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migdal_Synagogue" title="Migdal Synagogue">Magdala</a> – also known as the Migdal Synagogue, this synagogue was discovered in 2009. One of the unique features of this synagogue, which is located on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee, is an intricately carved stone <a href="/wiki/Magdala_stone" title="Magdala stone">block</a> that was found in the center of the main room.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Modi'in – Discovered between <a href="/wiki/Modi%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Modi'in">Modi'in</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latrun" title="Latrun">Latrun</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Oldest_synagogues_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldest synagogues in the World">oldest synagogue</a> within modern Israel that has been found to date, built during the second century BCE. It includes three rooms and a nearby <a href="/wiki/Mikve" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikve">mikve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamla_Synagogue_(7).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="First-century synagogue at Gamla"><img alt="First-century synagogue at Gamla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Gamla_Synagogue_%287%29.JPG/200px-Gamla_Synagogue_%287%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Gamla_Synagogue_%287%29.JPG/300px-Gamla_Synagogue_%287%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Gamla_Synagogue_%287%29.JPG/400px-Gamla_Synagogue_%287%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">First-century synagogue at Gamla</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Masada_051013_Synagogue_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="First-century synagogue at Masada"><img alt="First-century synagogue at Masada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Masada_051013_Synagogue_01.jpg/200px-Masada_051013_Synagogue_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Masada_051013_Synagogue_01.jpg/300px-Masada_051013_Synagogue_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Masada_051013_Synagogue_01.jpg/400px-Masada_051013_Synagogue_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">First-century synagogue at Masada</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Magdala-588.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="First-century synagogue at Magdala"><img alt="First-century synagogue at Magdala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Magdala-588.jpg/200px-Magdala-588.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Magdala-588.jpg/300px-Magdala-588.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Magdala-588.jpg/400px-Magdala-588.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3302" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">First-century synagogue at Magdala</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herodion_Synagogue_IMG_0708.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="First-century synagogue at Herodium"><img alt="First-century synagogue at Herodium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Herodion_Synagogue_IMG_0708.JPG/200px-Herodion_Synagogue_IMG_0708.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Herodion_Synagogue_IMG_0708.JPG/300px-Herodion_Synagogue_IMG_0708.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Herodion_Synagogue_IMG_0708.JPG/400px-Herodion_Synagogue_IMG_0708.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">First-century synagogue at Herodium</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Talmudic_period">Talmudic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Talmudic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a> (third to seventh century CE), literary sources attest to the existence of a large number of synagogues across the <a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Roman</a>-<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empires</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological evidence indicates the presence of synagogues in at least thirteen places across the diaspora, spanning from <a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos" title="Dura-Europos">Dura-Europos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> to <a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Elche</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>). An especially sizable and monumental synagogue dating from this period is the <a href="/wiki/Sardis_Synagogue" title="Sardis Synagogue">Sardis Synagogue</a>. Additionally, many inscriptions pertaining to synagogues and their officials have been discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Land of Israel, late antiquity witnessed a significant increase in synagogue construction, in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan</a> in the north and the <a href="/wiki/Hebron_Hills" title="Hebron Hills">southern hills</a> of <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>, in the south. Each synagogue was constructed according to the means and religious customs of the local community. Notable examples include <a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kfar_Bar%27am_synagogue" title="Kfar Bar'am synagogue">Bar'am</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beth_Alpha" title="Beth Alpha">Beth Alpha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maoz_Haim_Synagogue" title="Maoz Haim Synagogue">Maoz Haim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meroth" class="mw-redirect" title="Meroth">Meroth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nabratein_synagogue" title="Nabratein synagogue">Nabratein</a> in the north, and <a href="/wiki/Eshtemoa_synagogue" title="Eshtemoa synagogue">Eshtemoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susya" title="Susya">Susya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anim_synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Anim synagogue">Anim</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maon_Synagogue" title="Maon Synagogue">Maon</a> in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rabbi and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> (1138–1204) described the various customs in his day with respect to local synagogues: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Synagogues and houses of study must be treated with respect. They are swept and sprinkled [with water] to lay the dust. In <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>, it is customary to kindle lamps in the synagogues and to spread mats on the floor upon which the worshippers sit. In the lands of Edom (<a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>), they sit in synagogues upon chairs [or benches].<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sepphoris_(Tzippori)_290314_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mosaic in the Tzippori Synagogue"><img alt="Mosaic in the Tzippori Synagogue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sepphoris_%28Tzippori%29_290314_12.jpg/200px-Sepphoris_%28Tzippori%29_290314_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sepphoris_%28Tzippori%29_290314_12.jpg/300px-Sepphoris_%28Tzippori%29_290314_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sepphoris_%28Tzippori%29_290314_12.jpg/400px-Sepphoris_%28Tzippori%29_290314_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mosaic in the <a href="/wiki/Tzippori_Synagogue" title="Tzippori Synagogue">Tzippori Synagogue</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruins_of_the_Ancient_Synagogue_at_Bar%27am.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruins of the ancient synagogue of Kfar Bar'am"><img alt="Ruins of the ancient synagogue of Kfar Bar'am" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ruins_of_the_Ancient_Synagogue_at_Bar%27am.jpg/200px-Ruins_of_the_Ancient_Synagogue_at_Bar%27am.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ruins_of_the_Ancient_Synagogue_at_Bar%27am.jpg/300px-Ruins_of_the_Ancient_Synagogue_at_Bar%27am.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ruins_of_the_Ancient_Synagogue_at_Bar%27am.jpg/400px-Ruins_of_the_Ancient_Synagogue_at_Bar%27am.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4048" data-file-height="3040" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ruins of the ancient synagogue of <a href="/wiki/Kfar_Bar%27am" class="mw-redirect" title="Kfar Bar'am">Kfar Bar'am</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alte_Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Old Synagogue (Erfurt) is the oldest intact synagogue building in Europe, in parts around 1100 CE"><img alt="The Old Synagogue (Erfurt) is the oldest intact synagogue building in Europe, in parts around 1100 CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Alte_Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG/197px-Alte_Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG" decoding="async" width="197" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Alte_Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG/295px-Alte_Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Alte_Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG/393px-Alte_Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="1205" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Old_Synagogue_(Erfurt)" title="Old Synagogue (Erfurt)">Old Synagogue (Erfurt)</a> is the oldest intact synagogue building in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, in parts around 1100 CE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_Courtyard_3_Speyer.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Speyer Synagogue, a World Heritage Site"><img alt="Speyer Synagogue, a World Heritage Site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Jewish_Courtyard_3_Speyer.JPG/200px-Jewish_Courtyard_3_Speyer.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Jewish_Courtyard_3_Speyer.JPG/300px-Jewish_Courtyard_3_Speyer.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Jewish_Courtyard_3_Speyer.JPG/400px-Jewish_Courtyard_3_Speyer.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_courtyard,_Speyer" title="Jewish courtyard, Speyer">Speyer Synagogue</a>, a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anbau_des_vormaligen_Frauenbethauses_der_Synagoge_Worms_(a).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Worms Synagogue, a World Heritage Site"><img alt="The Worms Synagogue, a World Heritage Site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Anbau_des_vormaligen_Frauenbethauses_der_Synagoge_Worms_%28a%29.jpg/200px-Anbau_des_vormaligen_Frauenbethauses_der_Synagoge_Worms_%28a%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Anbau_des_vormaligen_Frauenbethauses_der_Synagoge_Worms_%28a%29.jpg/300px-Anbau_des_vormaligen_Frauenbethauses_der_Synagoge_Worms_%28a%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Anbau_des_vormaligen_Frauenbethauses_der_Synagoge_Worms_%28a%29.jpg/400px-Anbau_des_vormaligen_Frauenbethauses_der_Synagoge_Worms_%28a%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5392" data-file-height="3796" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Worms_Synagogue" title="Worms Synagogue">Worms Synagogue</a>, a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Samaritan_synagogues">Samaritan synagogues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Samaritan synagogues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_of_the_Synagogue_of_the_Samaritans_Nablus_c._1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Interior_of_the_Synagogue_of_the_Samaritans_Nablus_c._1920.jpg/170px-Interior_of_the_Synagogue_of_the_Samaritans_Nablus_c._1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Interior_of_the_Synagogue_of_the_Samaritans_Nablus_c._1920.jpg/255px-Interior_of_the_Synagogue_of_the_Samaritans_Nablus_c._1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Interior_of_the_Synagogue_of_the_Samaritans_Nablus_c._1920.jpg/340px-Interior_of_the_Synagogue_of_the_Samaritans_Nablus_c._1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2166" data-file-height="2997" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the Samaritan synagogue in <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a> circa 1920</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name_and_history">Name and history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Name and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritan</a> house of worship is also called a synagogue.<sup id="cite_ref-Pummer_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pummer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the third and second centuries BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, the Greek word used in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a> by Samaritans and Jews was the same, <i>proseukhē</i> <a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">προσευχή</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'place of prayer', plural <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">προσευχαί</span></span> <i>prosukhái</i>); a <a href="/wiki/Third_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Third century">third</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fourth_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth century">fourth century</a> inscription uses a similar term, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">εὑκτήριον</span></span> <i>euktērion</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pummer_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pummer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest Samaritan synagogue discovered so far is from <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean Islands</a>, with an inscription dated between 250 and 175 BCE, while most Samaritan synagogues excavated in the wider <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> and ancient <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a> in particular, were built in the fourth to seventh centuries at the very end of the Roman Empire and throughout the Byzantine period.<sup id="cite_ref-Pummer_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pummer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distinguishing_elements">Distinguishing elements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Distinguishing elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The elements which distinguish Samaritan synagogues from contemporary Jewish ones are: </p> <ul><li>Alphabet: the use of the <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan script</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pummer_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pummer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Orthography: When the Samaritan script is used, there are some Hebrew words which would be spelled in a way typical only for the <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Pentateuch" title="Samaritan Pentateuch">Samaritan Pentateuch</a>, for instance, "forever" is written <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">ʿlmw</span> instead of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">lʿlm</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pummer_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pummer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Greek is the language used in inscriptions, typically, Samaritans may contract two Hebrew words into one, such <i>har</i> "mountain" and Gerizim becoming [Άργαρίζειν] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |3= (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span>. This is an archaic practice that was primarily maintained by Samaritans.<sup id="cite_ref-Pummer_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pummer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Orientation: The façade, or entrance, of the Samaritan synagogue, typically faces <a href="/wiki/Mount_Gerizim" title="Mount Gerizim">Mount Gerizim</a>, which is the holiest site to Samaritans, while Jewish synagogues are oriented towards Jerusalem and the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pummer_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pummer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Decoration: The mosaic floor and other architectural elements or artifacts are sometimes decorated with typical symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-Pummer_25-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pummer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>As the Samaritans have historically adhered more strictly to the <a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_make_unto_thee_any_graven_image" title="Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image">commandment forbidding the creation of any "graven image"</a>, they would not use any depictions of man or beast.<sup id="cite_ref-Pummer_25-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pummer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Representations of the signs of the <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">zodiac</a>, of human figures or even Greek deities such as the god <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a>, as seen in Byzantine-period Jewish synagogues, would be unimaginable in Samaritan buildings of any period.<sup id="cite_ref-Pummer_25-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pummer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A representation of Mount Gerizim is a clear indication of Samaritan identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Pummer_25-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pummer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, although the existence of a Samaritan temple on Mount Gerizim is both mentioned by Josephus and confirmed by archaeological excavation at its summit, the temple's early destruction in the second century BCE led to its memory disappearing from Samaritan tradition. No temple-related items would be found in Samaritan synagogue depictions.<sup id="cite_ref-Pummer_25-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pummer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious implements, such as are also known from ancient Jewish synagogue mosaics (the <a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Temple menorah">temple menorah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">shofar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Showbread" title="Showbread">showbread</a> table, <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpets</a>, incense shovels, and specifically the façade of what looks like a temple or a <a href="#Torah_ark">Torah shrine</a>) are also present in Samaritan ones, but the objects are always related to the <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a> within the Tabernacle, or the Torah shrine in the synagogue itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Pummer_25-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pummer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samaritans believe that at the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">end of time</a>, the Tabernacle and its utensils will be recovered from the place they were buried on Mount Gerizim, and as such they play an important role in Samaritan beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-Pummer_25-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pummer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the same artists, such as mosaicists, worked for all ethno-religious communities of the time, some depictions might be identical in Samaritan and Jewish synagogues, Christian churches, and pagan temples, but their significance would differ.<sup id="cite_ref-Pummer_25-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pummer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Missing from Samaritan synagogue floors would be images often found in Jewish ones: The <a href="/wiki/Lulav" title="Lulav">lulav</a> (palm-branch) and <a href="/wiki/Etrog" title="Etrog">etrog</a> (citron fruit) have a different ritual use by Samaritans celebrating <a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a> and do not appear on mosaic floors.<sup id="cite_ref-Pummer_25-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pummer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">Mikvehs</a> near the synagogue after 70 CE: Jews abandoned the habit of building mikvehs next to their houses of worship after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">70 CE destruction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem Temple">Jerusalem Temple</a>, but Samaritans continued the practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Pummer_25-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pummer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeological_finds">Archaeological finds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Archaeological finds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ancient Samaritan synagogues are mentioned by literary sources or have been found by archaeologists in the Diaspora, in the wider Holy Land, and specifically in Samaria.<sup id="cite_ref-Pummer_25-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pummer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Diaspora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delos_Synagogue" title="Delos Synagogue">Delos Synagogue</a>: a Samaritan inscription has been dated to between 250 and 175 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Pummer_25-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pummer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a>: ancient literature offers hints that Samaritan synagogues may have existed in these cities between the fourth and sixth centuries CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Pummer_25-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pummer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>: short inscriptions found there and using the Samaritan and Greek alphabet may originate from Samaritan synagogues.<sup id="cite_ref-Pummer_25-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pummer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_wider_Holy_Land">The wider Holy Land</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The wider Holy Land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Synagogue of <a href="/wiki/Salbit" title="Salbit">Salbit</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Sha%27alvim" title="Sha'alvim">Sha'alvim</a>), excavated by <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_Sukenik" title="Eleazar Sukenik">Eleazar Sukenik</a> in 1949 northwest of Jerusalem. It was about 8 by 15.5 metres (26 by 51 ft) in size, was two stories tall, and was oriented towards Mount Gerizim. Two mosaics remain, one atop the other; one contained the Samaritan version of the <a href="/wiki/Song_of_the_Sea" title="Song of the Sea">Song of the Sea</a> in Exodus 15:18.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was probably built in the 4th or 5th century and destroyed in the 5th or 6th.<sup id="cite_ref-Pummer_25-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pummer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The synagogue at <a href="/wiki/Tell_Qasile" title="Tell Qasile">Tell Qasile</a>, which was built at the beginning of the seventh century.<sup id="cite_ref-Pummer_25-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pummer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Synagogue A at <a href="/wiki/Beisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Beisan">Beisan</a> was a room added to an existing building in the late 6th or early 7th century and served as a Samaritan synagogue.<sup id="cite_ref-Pummer_25-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pummer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beisan is famous for Synagogue B, the <a href="/wiki/Beth_Alpha" title="Beth Alpha">Beth Alpha</a> synagogue, which faced Jerusalem and was not a Samaritan synagogue.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Samaria">Samaria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Samaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>El-Khirbe synagogue, discovered c. 3 km from <a href="/wiki/Sebastia,_Nablus" title="Sebastia, Nablus">Sebaste</a>, was built in the 4th century CE and remained in use into the Early Islamic period, with a break during the late 5th–early 6th century<sup id="cite_ref-Pummer_25-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pummer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Samara" title="Khirbet Samara">Khirbet Samara</a> synagogue, c. 20 km northwest of <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a> and built in the 4th century CE<sup id="cite_ref-Pummer_25-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pummer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Zur Natan synagogue, c. 29 km west of Nablus and built in the 5th century CE<sup id="cite_ref-Pummer_25-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pummer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, the word appears 56 times, mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a>, but also in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+9:22;+18:20&version=NRSV">John 9:22; 18:20</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Rev.+2:9;+3:9&version=NRSV">Rev. 2:9; 3:9</a>). It is used in the sense of 'assembly' in the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">Epistle of James</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=James%202:2&version=nrsv">James 2:2</a>). Alternatively, the epistle of James (in Greek, clearly Ἰάκωβος or יעקב, anglicized to Jacob) refers to a place of assembly that was indeed Jewish, with Jacob ben Joseph perhaps an elder there. The specific word in James (Jacob) 2:2 could easily be rendered "synagogue", from the Greek συναγωγὴν. </p><p>During the first Christian centuries, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christians">Jewish Christians</a> are hypothesized to have used houses of worship known in academic literature as synagogue-churches. Scholars have claimed to have identified such houses of worship of the Jews who had accepted <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> in Jerusalem<sup id="cite_ref-Skarsaune_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skarsaune-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architectural_design">Architectural design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Architectural design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exterior_of_kaifeng_synagogue.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Exterior_of_kaifeng_synagogue.JPG/170px-Exterior_of_kaifeng_synagogue.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Exterior_of_kaifeng_synagogue.JPG/255px-Exterior_of_kaifeng_synagogue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Exterior_of_kaifeng_synagogue.JPG/340px-Exterior_of_kaifeng_synagogue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1607" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the synagogue of the <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jewish community</a> in China</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Synagogue_architecture" title="Synagogue architecture">Synagogue architecture</a></div> <p>There is no set <a href="/wiki/Blueprint" title="Blueprint">blueprint</a> for synagogues and the architectural shapes and interior designs of synagogues vary greatly. In fact, the influence from other local religious buildings can often be seen in synagogue arches, domes and towers. </p><p>Historically, synagogues were built in the prevailing architectural style of their time and place. Thus, the synagogue in <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng, China</a>, looked very like Chinese temples of that region and era, with its outer wall and open garden in which several buildings were arranged. The styles of the earliest synagogues resembled the temples of other cults of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>. The surviving synagogues of medieval Spain are embellished with <a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">mudéjar</a> plasterwork. The surviving medieval synagogues in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> are typical <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> structures. </p><p>With the emancipation of Jews in Western European countries in the 19th century—which not only enabled Jews to enter fields of enterprise from which they were formerly barred, but gave them the right to build synagogues without needing special permissions—synagogue architecture blossomed. Large Jewish communities wished to show not only their wealth but also their newly acquired status as citizens by constructing magnificent synagogues. These were built across Western Europe and in the United States in all of the historicist or revival styles then in fashion. Thus there were <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a>,<a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Renaissance Revival architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Byzantine">Neo-Byzantine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanesque Revival">Romanesque Revival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Moorish Revival">Moorish Revival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Revival">Gothic Revival</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Revival">Greek Revival</a>. There are <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Revival">Egyptian Revival</a> synagogues and even one <a href="/wiki/Mayan_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayan Revival">Mayan Revival</a> synagogue. In the 19th century and early 20th century heyday of historicist architecture, however, most historicist synagogues, even the most magnificent ones, did not attempt a pure style, or even any particular style, and are best described as eclectic. </p><p> In the post-war era, synagogue architecture abandoned historicist styles for modernism.</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Synagogue_Aleppo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Central Synagogue of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria (5th century)"><img alt="Central Synagogue of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria (5th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Synagogue_Aleppo.jpg/120px-Synagogue_Aleppo.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Synagogue_Aleppo.jpg/180px-Synagogue_Aleppo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Synagogue_Aleppo.jpg/240px-Synagogue_Aleppo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="583" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Central_Synagogue_of_Aleppo" title="Central Synagogue of Aleppo">Central Synagogue of Aleppo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, Syria (5th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kochi_Jewish_Synagogue_C.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paradesi Synagogue, Kochi, India (1568)"><img alt="Paradesi Synagogue, Kochi, India (1568)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Kochi_Jewish_Synagogue_C.jpg/120px-Kochi_Jewish_Synagogue_C.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Kochi_Jewish_Synagogue_C.jpg/180px-Kochi_Jewish_Synagogue_C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Kochi_Jewish_Synagogue_C.jpg/240px-Kochi_Jewish_Synagogue_C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3002" data-file-height="1954" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Synagogue" title="Paradesi Synagogue">Paradesi Synagogue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a>, India (1568)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voormalige_synagoge_in_Deventer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Great Synagogue of Deventer, Deventer, The Netherlands (1892)"><img alt="Great Synagogue of Deventer, Deventer, The Netherlands (1892)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Voormalige_synagoge_in_Deventer.jpg/120px-Voormalige_synagoge_in_Deventer.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Voormalige_synagoge_in_Deventer.jpg/180px-Voormalige_synagoge_in_Deventer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Voormalige_synagoge_in_Deventer.jpg/240px-Voormalige_synagoge_in_Deventer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_of_Deventer" title="Great Synagogue of Deventer">Great Synagogue of Deventer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a>, The Netherlands (1892)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sofia_Synagogue_11c.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sofia Synagogue, Sofia, Bulgaria (1909)"><img alt="Sofia Synagogue, Sofia, Bulgaria (1909)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sofia_Synagogue_11c.jpg/120px-Sofia_Synagogue_11c.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sofia_Synagogue_11c.jpg/180px-Sofia_Synagogue_11c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sofia_Synagogue_11c.jpg/240px-Sofia_Synagogue_11c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2363" data-file-height="1784" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Synagogue" title="Sofia Synagogue">Sofia Synagogue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, Bulgaria (1909)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank_Lloyd_Wright_-_Beth_Sholom_Synagogue_-_Elkins_Park,_PA_(7175161021).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beth Sholom Congregation, Elkins Park, US (1959)"><img alt="Beth Sholom Congregation, Elkins Park, US (1959)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Frank_Lloyd_Wright_-_Beth_Sholom_Synagogue_-_Elkins_Park%2C_PA_%287175161021%29.jpg/120px-Frank_Lloyd_Wright_-_Beth_Sholom_Synagogue_-_Elkins_Park%2C_PA_%287175161021%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Frank_Lloyd_Wright_-_Beth_Sholom_Synagogue_-_Elkins_Park%2C_PA_%287175161021%29.jpg/180px-Frank_Lloyd_Wright_-_Beth_Sholom_Synagogue_-_Elkins_Park%2C_PA_%287175161021%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Frank_Lloyd_Wright_-_Beth_Sholom_Synagogue_-_Elkins_Park%2C_PA_%287175161021%29.jpg/240px-Frank_Lloyd_Wright_-_Beth_Sholom_Synagogue_-_Elkins_Park%2C_PA_%287175161021%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3791" data-file-height="2527" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Beth_Sholom_Congregation_(Elkins_Park,_Pennsylvania)" title="Beth Sholom Congregation (Elkins Park, Pennsylvania)">Beth Sholom Congregation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elkins_Park,_Pennsylvania" title="Elkins Park, Pennsylvania">Elkins Park</a>, US (1959)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Great_Synagogue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Great Synagogue of Jerusalem (1982)"><img alt="Great Synagogue of Jerusalem (1982)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Jerusalem_Great_Synagogue.jpg/90px-Jerusalem_Great_Synagogue.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Jerusalem_Great_Synagogue.jpg/135px-Jerusalem_Great_Synagogue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Jerusalem_Great_Synagogue.jpg/180px-Jerusalem_Great_Synagogue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Synagogue (Jerusalem)">Great Synagogue of Jerusalem</a> (1982)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Synagoge_muenchen(softeis)_ShiftN_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ohel Jakob synagogue, Munich, Germany (2006)"><img alt="Ohel Jakob synagogue, Munich, Germany (2006)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Synagoge_muenchen%28softeis%29_ShiftN_cropped.jpg/120px-Synagoge_muenchen%28softeis%29_ShiftN_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Synagoge_muenchen%28softeis%29_ShiftN_cropped.jpg/180px-Synagoge_muenchen%28softeis%29_ShiftN_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Synagoge_muenchen%28softeis%29_ShiftN_cropped.jpg/240px-Synagoge_muenchen%28softeis%29_ShiftN_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2364" data-file-height="2069" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ohel_Jakob_synagogue_(Munich)" title="Ohel Jakob synagogue (Munich)">Ohel Jakob synagogue</a>, Munich, Germany (2006)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interior_elements">Interior elements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Interior elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bimah_(platform)"><span id="Bimah_.28platform.29"></span>Bimah (platform)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bimah (platform)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All synagogues contain a <i><a href="/wiki/Bema#Judaism" title="Bema">Bimah</a></i>, a large, raised, reader's platform (called <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">teḇah</i></span> (reading dais) by Sephardim), where the Torah scroll is placed to be read. In Sephardi synagogues and traditional Ashkenazi synagogues it is also used as the prayer leader's reading desk.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saluzzo_Synagogue_11_-_Bimah_et_Arche_Sainte.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bimah of the Saluzzo Synagogue, Saluzzo, Italy"><img alt="Bimah of the Saluzzo Synagogue, Saluzzo, Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Saluzzo_Synagogue_11_-_Bimah_et_Arche_Sainte.jpg/150px-Saluzzo_Synagogue_11_-_Bimah_et_Arche_Sainte.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Saluzzo_Synagogue_11_-_Bimah_et_Arche_Sainte.jpg/225px-Saluzzo_Synagogue_11_-_Bimah_et_Arche_Sainte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Saluzzo_Synagogue_11_-_Bimah_et_Arche_Sainte.jpg/300px-Saluzzo_Synagogue_11_-_Bimah_et_Arche_Sainte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bimah of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saluzzo_Synagogue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saluzzo Synagogue (page does not exist)">Saluzzo Synagogue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saluzzo" title="Saluzzo">Saluzzo</a>, Italy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Touro_Synagogue_National_Historic_Site_TOSY1085.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bimah of the Touro Synagogue in Newport, Rhode Island, US"><img alt="Bimah of the Touro Synagogue in Newport, Rhode Island, US" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Touro_Synagogue_National_Historic_Site_TOSY1085.jpg/200px-Touro_Synagogue_National_Historic_Site_TOSY1085.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Touro_Synagogue_National_Historic_Site_TOSY1085.jpg/300px-Touro_Synagogue_National_Historic_Site_TOSY1085.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Touro_Synagogue_National_Historic_Site_TOSY1085.jpg/400px-Touro_Synagogue_National_Historic_Site_TOSY1085.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bimah of the <a href="/wiki/Touro_Synagogue" title="Touro Synagogue">Touro Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a>, US</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_old_synagogue_Krakow.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cast-iron Bimah of the Old Synagogue in Kraków, Poland"><img alt="Cast-iron Bimah of the Old Synagogue in Kraków, Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Inside_old_synagogue_Krakow.JPG/200px-Inside_old_synagogue_Krakow.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Inside_old_synagogue_Krakow.JPG/300px-Inside_old_synagogue_Krakow.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Inside_old_synagogue_Krakow.JPG/400px-Inside_old_synagogue_Krakow.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cast-iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Cast-iron">Cast-iron</a> Bimah of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Synagogue,_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Synagogue, Kraków">Old Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, Poland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moses_Ben_Maimon_Synagogue_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bimah of Moses Ben Maimon Synagogue in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"><img alt="Bimah of Moses Ben Maimon Synagogue in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Moses_Ben_Maimon_Synagogue_3.jpg/150px-Moses_Ben_Maimon_Synagogue_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Moses_Ben_Maimon_Synagogue_3.jpg/225px-Moses_Ben_Maimon_Synagogue_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Moses_Ben_Maimon_Synagogue_3.jpg/300px-Moses_Ben_Maimon_Synagogue_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bimah of <a href="/wiki/Moses_Ben_Maimon_Synagogue" title="Moses Ben Maimon Synagogue">Moses Ben Maimon Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, United Arab Emirates</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Table_or_lectern">Table or lectern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Table or lectern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Ashkenazi synagogues, the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> was read on a reader's table located in the center of the room, while the leader of the prayer service, the <a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">hazzan</a>, stood at his own lectern or table, facing the Ark. In Sephardic synagogues, the table for reading the Torah (reading dais) was commonly placed at the opposite side of the room from the Torah Ark, leaving the center of the floor empty for the use of a ceremonial procession carrying the Torah between the Ark and the reading table.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most contemporary synagogues feature a lectern for the rabbi.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Torah_Ark">Torah Ark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Torah Ark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Torah_Ark" class="mw-redirect" title="Torah Ark">Torah Ark</a>, called in Hebrew <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ארון קודש</span>‎ <i>Aron Kodesh</i><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 'holy chest' , and alternatively called the <i>heikhal</i>—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">היכל</span>‎ or 'temple' by <a href="/wiki/Sephardim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardim">Sephardic Jews</a>, is a cabinet in which the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> scrolls are kept. </p><p>The ark in a synagogue is almost always positioned in such a way such that those who face it are facing towards <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, sanctuary seating plans in the Western world generally face <a href="/wiki/Mizrah" title="Mizrah">east</a>, while those east of Israel face west. Sanctuaries in Israel face towards Jerusalem. Occasionally synagogues face other directions for structural reasons; in such cases, some individuals might turn to face Jerusalem when standing for prayers, but the congregation as a whole does not. </p><p>The Ark is reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a>, which held the tablets inscribed with the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a>. This is the holiest spot in a synagogue, equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_of_Holies" title="Holy of Holies">Holy of Holies</a>. The Ark is often closed with an ornate curtain, the <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Parochet" title="Parochet">parochet</a></i></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">פרוכת</span>‎, which hangs outside or inside the ark doors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eternal_Light">Eternal Light</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Eternal Light"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abudarham_Synagogue_Gibraltar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Abudarham_Synagogue_Gibraltar.jpg/170px-Abudarham_Synagogue_Gibraltar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Abudarham_Synagogue_Gibraltar.jpg/255px-Abudarham_Synagogue_Gibraltar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Abudarham_Synagogue_Gibraltar.jpg/340px-Abudarham_Synagogue_Gibraltar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2504" data-file-height="2825" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_lamp" title="Sanctuary lamp">Ner tamid</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Abudarham_Synagogue" title="Abudarham Synagogue">Abudarham Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Other traditional features include a continually lit lamp or lantern, usually electric in contemporary synagogues, called the <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ner_tamid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ner tamid">ner tamid</a></i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">נר תמיד</span>‎), the "Eternal Light", used as a way to honor the Divine Presence.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inner_decoration">Inner decoration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Inner decoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A%C5%A1kena%C5%A1ka_sinagoga_(14143483781).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/A%C5%A1kena%C5%A1ka_sinagoga_%2814143483781%29.jpg/220px-A%C5%A1kena%C5%A1ka_sinagoga_%2814143483781%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/A%C5%A1kena%C5%A1ka_sinagoga_%2814143483781%29.jpg/330px-A%C5%A1kena%C5%A1ka_sinagoga_%2814143483781%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/A%C5%A1kena%C5%A1ka_sinagoga_%2814143483781%29.jpg/440px-A%C5%A1kena%C5%A1ka_sinagoga_%2814143483781%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Sarajevo Synagogue, <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, Bosnia and Herzegovina (1902)</figcaption></figure> <p>A synagogue may be decorated with artwork, but in the Rabbinic and Orthodox tradition, three-dimensional sculptures and depictions of the human body are not allowed as these are considered akin to idolatry.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seating">Seating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Seating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally, synagogues were made devoid of much furniture, the Jewish congregants in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> (North Africa), <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> having a custom to sit upon the floor, which had been strewn with mats and cushions, rather than upon chairs or benches. In other European towns and cities, however, Jewish congregants would sit upon chairs and benches.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the custom has spread in all places to sit upon chairs and benches.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Until the 19th century, in an <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a> synagogue, all seats most often faced the Torah Ark. In a <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardic</a> synagogue, seats were usually arranged around the perimeter of the sanctuary, but when the worshipers stood up to pray, everyone faced the Ark.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_seats">Special seats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Special seats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many current synagogues have an elaborate chair named for the prophet <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a>, which is only sat upon during the ceremony of <a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit milah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In ancient synagogues, a special chair placed on the wall facing Jerusalem and next to the Torah Shrine was reserved for the prominent members of the congregation and for important guests.<sup id="cite_ref-Moses_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moses-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a stone-carved and inscribed seat was discovered at archaeological excavations in the synagogue at <a href="/wiki/Chorazin" title="Chorazin">Chorazin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and dates from the 4th–6th century;<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> another one was discovered at the <a href="/wiki/Delos_Synagogue" title="Delos Synagogue">Delos Synagogue</a>, complete with a footstool. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rules_for_attendees">Rules for attendees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Rules for attendees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Removing_one's_shoes"><span id="Removing_one.27s_shoes"></span>Removing one's shoes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Removing one's shoes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, the Jewish custom was to remove one's shoes immediately prior to entering the synagogue, a custom that had been observed by Jews in other places in earlier times.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same practice of removing one's shoes before entering the synagogue was also largely observed among Jews in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> in the early 20th century. On the island of <a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, Jews still remove their shoes when entering a synagogue. The custom of removing one's shoes is no longer practiced in Israel, the United Kingdom, or the United States, and which custom, as in former times, was dependent upon whether or not the wearer considered it a thing of contempt to stand before God while wearing shoes. In Christian countries, where it was thought not offensive to stand before a king while wearing shoes, it was likewise permitted to do so in a house of prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in Karaite Judaism, the custom of removing one's shoes prior to entering a synagogue is still observed worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_separation">Gender separation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Gender separation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mechitza" title="Mechitza">mechitza</a></div> <p>In Orthodox synagogues, men and women do not sit together. The synagogue features a partition (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mechitza" title="Mechitza">mechitza</a></i></span>) dividing the men's and women's seating areas, or a separate women's section located on a balcony.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Denominational_differences">Denominational differences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Denominational differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reform_Judaism">Reform Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Reform Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congregation_Emanu-El_of_the_City_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Congregation_Emanu-El_of_the_City_New_York.jpg/170px-Congregation_Emanu-El_of_the_City_New_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Congregation_Emanu-El_of_the_City_New_York.jpg/255px-Congregation_Emanu-El_of_the_City_New_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Congregation_Emanu-El_of_the_City_New_York.jpg/340px-Congregation_Emanu-El_of_the_City_New_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4049" data-file-height="5061" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Congregation_Emanu-El_of_New_York" title="Congregation Emanu-El of New York">Congregation Emanu-El of New York</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The German–Jewish Reform movement, which arose in the early 19th century, made many changes to the traditional look of the synagogue, keeping with its desire to simultaneously stay Jewish yet be accepted by the surrounding culture. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Temple" title="Hamburg Temple">first Reform synagogue</a>, which opened in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> in 1811, introduced changes that made the synagogue look more like a church. These included: the installation of an <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">organ</a> to accompany the prayers (even on <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>, when musical instruments are proscribed by <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a>), a choir to accompany the hazzan, and vestments for the synagogue rabbi to wear.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In following decades, the central reader's table, the <a href="/wiki/Bema#Judaism" title="Bema">Bimah</a>, was moved to the front of the Reform sanctuary—previously unheard-of in Orthodox synagogues.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gender separation was also removed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synagogue_as_community_center">Synagogue as community center</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Synagogue as community center"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Synagogues often take on a broader role in modern Jewish communities and may include additional facilities such as a catering hall, kosher kitchen, <a href="/wiki/Religious_school" title="Religious school">religious school</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Day_care_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Day care center">day care center</a> and a smaller chapel for daily services. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synagogue_offshoots">Synagogue offshoots</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Synagogue offshoots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since many Orthodox and some non-Orthodox Jews prefer to collect a minyan (a quorum of ten) rather than pray alone, they commonly assemble at pre-arranged times in offices, living rooms, or other spaces when these are more convenient than formal synagogue buildings. A room or building that is used this way can become a dedicated small synagogue or prayer room. Among Ashkenazi Jews they are traditionally called <span title="Yiddish-language text"><i lang="yi-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shtiebel" title="Shtiebel">shtiebel</a></i></span> (<span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi" dir="rtl">שטיבל</span></span>, pl. <span title="Yiddish-language text"><i lang="yi-Latn">shtiebelekh</i></span> or <span title="Yiddish-language text"><i lang="yi-Latn">shtiebels</i></span>, Yiddish for "little house"), and are found in Orthodox communities worldwide. </p><p>Another type of communal prayer group, favored by some contemporary Jews, is the <i><a href="/wiki/Chavurah" title="Chavurah">chavurah</a></i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חבורה</span></span>, pl. <i>chavurot</i>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חבורות</span></span>), or prayer fellowship. These groups meet at a regular place and time, either in a private home or in a synagogue or other institutional space. In <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a> lived near each other in <i>chavurot</i> and dined together to ensure that none of the food was unfit for consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_"great_synagogues""><span id="List_of_.22great_synagogues.22"></span>List of "great synagogues"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: List of "great synagogues""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some synagogues bear the title "<a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Great Synagogue (disambiguation)">Great Synagogue</a>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (July 2018)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Synagogue#What_is_the_definition?" title="Talk:Synagogue">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belz_World_Center_Outside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Belz_World_Center_Outside.jpg/220px-Belz_World_Center_Outside.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Belz_World_Center_Outside.jpg/330px-Belz_World_Center_Outside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Belz_World_Center_Outside.jpg/440px-Belz_World_Center_Outside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Belz_Great_Synagogue" title="Belz Great Synagogue">Belz Great Synagogue</a> (2000)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Belz_Great_Synagogue" title="Belz Great Synagogue">Belz Great Synagogue</a>, Jerusalem</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Synagogue (Jerusalem)">Great Synagogue of Jerusalem</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Ukraine</b> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv_Choral_Synagogue" title="Kharkiv Choral Synagogue">Kharkiv Choral Synagogue</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Choral_Synagogue_(Kyiv)" title="Great Choral Synagogue (Kyiv)">Great Choral Synagogue (Kyiv)</a>, Ukraine</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_05-2017_img31_Choral_Synagogue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Moscow_05-2017_img31_Choral_Synagogue.jpg/220px-Moscow_05-2017_img31_Choral_Synagogue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Moscow_05-2017_img31_Choral_Synagogue.jpg/330px-Moscow_05-2017_img31_Choral_Synagogue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Moscow_05-2017_img31_Choral_Synagogue.jpg/440px-Moscow_05-2017_img31_Choral_Synagogue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4770" data-file-height="2981" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Choral_Synagogue" title="Moscow Choral Synagogue">Choral Synagogue of Moscow</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Choral_Synagogue" title="Moscow Choral Synagogue">Moscow Choral Synagogue</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Choral_Synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Choral Synagogue">Grand Choral Synagogue</a> of St. Petersburg</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poland">Poland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Great Synagogues of <a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Synagogue, Warsaw">Warsaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue,_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Synagogue, Łódź">Łódź</a>, destroyed by Nazis during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82odawa_Synagogue" title="Włodawa Synagogue">Great Synagogue</a> of <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82odawa" title="Włodawa">Włodawa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Czech Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_(Plze%C5%88)" title="Great Synagogue (Plzeň)">Great Synagogue of Plzeň</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hungary">Hungary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceiling_New_Synagogue_Szeged_Hungary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ceiling_New_Synagogue_Szeged_Hungary.jpg/220px-Ceiling_New_Synagogue_Szeged_Hungary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ceiling_New_Synagogue_Szeged_Hungary.jpg/330px-Ceiling_New_Synagogue_Szeged_Hungary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ceiling_New_Synagogue_Szeged_Hungary.jpg/440px-Ceiling_New_Synagogue_Szeged_Hungary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4672" data-file-height="3104" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Szeged_Synagogue" title="Szeged Synagogue">Synagogue of Szeged</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Doh%C3%A1ny_Street_Synagogue" title="Dohány Street Synagogue">Dohány Street Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Szeged_Synagogue" title="Szeged Synagogue">Synagogue of Szeged</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Austria">Austria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Leopoldst%C3%A4dter_Tempel" title="Leopoldstädter Tempel">Leopoldstädter Tempel</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, destroyed during the "<a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a>" pogrom. Served as model for many other important synagogues.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alte_Synagoge_Essen_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Alte_Synagoge_Essen_2014.jpg/220px-Alte_Synagoge_Essen_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Alte_Synagoge_Essen_2014.jpg/330px-Alte_Synagoge_Essen_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Alte_Synagoge_Essen_2014.jpg/440px-Alte_Synagoge_Essen_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3114" data-file-height="3044" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Old_Synagogue_(Essen)" title="Old Synagogue (Essen)">Old Synagogue (Essen)</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/New_Synagogue_(Berlin)" title="New Synagogue (Berlin)">New Synagogue of Berlin</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Old_Synagogue_(Erfurt)" title="Old Synagogue (Erfurt)">Old Synagogue (Erfurt)</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Old_Synagogue_(Essen)" title="Old Synagogue (Essen)">Old Synagogue (Essen)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Synagogue_(Amsterdam)" title="Portuguese Synagogue (Amsterdam)">Portuguese Synagogue of Amsterdam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Scandinavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm Synagogue">Great Synagogue of Stockholm</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France_and_Belgium">France and Belgium</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: France and Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Synagogue_of_Paris" title="Grand Synagogue of Paris">Grand Synagogue of Paris</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_of_Europe" title="Great Synagogue of Europe">Great Synagogue of Brussels</a> (also known as the Great Synagogue of Europe)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Firenze_interno_del_Tempio_Israelitico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Firenze_interno_del_Tempio_Israelitico.jpg/220px-Firenze_interno_del_Tempio_Israelitico.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Firenze_interno_del_Tempio_Israelitico.jpg/330px-Firenze_interno_del_Tempio_Israelitico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Firenze_interno_del_Tempio_Israelitico.jpg/440px-Firenze_interno_del_Tempio_Israelitico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3695" data-file-height="2665" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_of_Florence" title="Great Synagogue of Florence">Great Synagogue of Florence</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_of_Florence" title="Great Synagogue of Florence">Great Synagogue of Florence</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_of_Rome" title="Great Synagogue of Rome">Great Synagogue of Rome</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Synagogue_of_Trieste" title="Synagogue of Trieste">Synagogue of Trieste</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romania">Romania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Cetate_Synagogue" title="Cetate Synagogue">Cetate Synagogue</a> of <a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a>,</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Fabric_Synagogue" title="Fabric Synagogue">Fabric Synagogue</a> of <a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Templul_Coral" class="mw-redirect" title="Templul Coral">Choral Temple</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Serbia">Serbia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Serbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Subotica_Synagogue,_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Subotica_Synagogue%2C_interior.jpg/220px-Subotica_Synagogue%2C_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Subotica_Synagogue%2C_interior.jpg/330px-Subotica_Synagogue%2C_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Subotica_Synagogue%2C_interior.jpg/440px-Subotica_Synagogue%2C_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Subotica_Synagogue" title="Subotica Synagogue">Subotica Synagogue</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad_Synagogue" title="Novi Sad Synagogue">Synagogue of Novi Sad</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Subotica_Synagogue" title="Subotica Synagogue">Synagogue of Subotica</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bosnia_and_Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Bosnia and Herzegovina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo_Synagogue" title="Sarajevo Synagogue">Synagogue of Sarajevo</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Community_of_Doboj" title="Jewish Community of Doboj">Synagogue of Doboj</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Synagogue" title="Sofia Synagogue">Synagogue of Sofia</a></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SarajevoSynagogue.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/SarajevoSynagogue.JPG/220px-SarajevoSynagogue.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/SarajevoSynagogue.JPG/330px-SarajevoSynagogue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/SarajevoSynagogue.JPG/440px-SarajevoSynagogue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3630" data-file-height="2346" /></a><figcaption>The Synagogue, <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinagogadoboj.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sinagogadoboj.JPG/220px-Sinagogadoboj.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sinagogadoboj.JPG/330px-Sinagogadoboj.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sinagogadoboj.JPG/440px-Sinagogadoboj.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1942" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Community_of_Doboj" title="Jewish Community of Doboj">The Synagogue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doboj" title="Doboj">Doboj</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkey_(European_part)"><span id="Turkey_.28European_part.29"></span>Turkey (European part)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Turkey (European part)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Edirne_Synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Edirne Synagogue">Grand Synagogue of Edirne</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_of_London" title="Great Synagogue of London">Great Synagogue of London</a>, destroyed by aerial bombing in the London Blitz in 1941</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tunisia">Tunisia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Tunisia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_synagogue_de_Tunis" class="extiw" title="fr:Grande synagogue de Tunis">Great Synagogue of Tunis</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/El_Ghriba_synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="El Ghriba synagogue">El Ghriba synagogue</a> of <a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_(Sydney)" title="Great Synagogue (Sydney)">Great Synagogue of Sydney</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World's_largest_synagogues"><span id="World.27s_largest_synagogues"></span>World's largest synagogues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: World's largest synagogues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beis_Midrash_Gur,_Jerusalem,_Israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Beis_Midrash_Gur%2C_Jerusalem%2C_Israel.jpg/220px-Beis_Midrash_Gur%2C_Jerusalem%2C_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Beis_Midrash_Gur%2C_Jerusalem%2C_Israel.jpg/330px-Beis_Midrash_Gur%2C_Jerusalem%2C_Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Beis_Midrash_Gur%2C_Jerusalem%2C_Israel.jpg/440px-Beis_Midrash_Gur%2C_Jerusalem%2C_Israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Congregants inside the <a href="/wiki/Ger_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Center" title="Ger (Hasidic dynasty)">Great Beth Midrash Gur</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amsterdam,_Portugese_Synagoge,_(17_januari_2015)_131.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Amsterdam%2C_Portugese_Synagoge%2C_%2817_januari_2015%29_131.JPG/220px-Amsterdam%2C_Portugese_Synagoge%2C_%2817_januari_2015%29_131.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Amsterdam%2C_Portugese_Synagoge%2C_%2817_januari_2015%29_131.JPG/330px-Amsterdam%2C_Portugese_Synagoge%2C_%2817_januari_2015%29_131.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Amsterdam%2C_Portugese_Synagoge%2C_%2817_januari_2015%29_131.JPG/440px-Amsterdam%2C_Portugese_Synagoge%2C_%2817_januari_2015%29_131.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Synagogue_(Amsterdam)" title="Portuguese Synagogue (Amsterdam)">Portuguese Synagogue (Amsterdam)</a> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel_2">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The largest synagogue in the world is the <a href="/wiki/Ger_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Center" title="Ger (Hasidic dynasty)">Great Beth Midrash Gur</a>, in Jerusalem, Israel, whose main sanctuary seats up to 20,000, and has an area of approximately 7,500 m<sup>2</sup> (81,000 sq ft), while the entire complex has an area of approximately 35,000 m<sup>2</sup> (380,000 sq ft). Construction on the edifice took more than 25 years.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kehilat Kol HaNeshama, a Reform synagogue located in <a href="/wiki/Baka,_Jerusalem" title="Baka, Jerusalem">Baka, Jerusalem</a>, is the largest Reform (and largest non-Orthodox) Jewish synagogue in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe_2">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Doh%C3%A1ny_Street_Synagogue" title="Dohány Street Synagogue">Dohány Street Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary, is the largest synagogue in Europe by square footage and number of seats. It seats 3,000, and has an area of 1,200 m<sup>2</sup> (13,000 sq ft) and height of 26 m (85 ft) (apart from the towers, which are 43 m or 141 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Synagogue_of_Trieste" title="Synagogue of Trieste">Synagogue of Trieste</a> is the largest synagogue in Western Europe.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_of_Rome" title="Great Synagogue of Rome">Great Synagogue of Rome</a> is one of the greatest in Europe.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Synagogue_(Amsterdam)" title="Portuguese Synagogue (Amsterdam)">Portuguese Synagogue in Amsterdam</a>, also called "Esnoga", was built in 1675. At that time it was the largest synagogue in the world. Apart from the buildings surrounding the synagogue, it has an area of 1,008 m<sup>2</sup> (10,850 sq ft), is 19.5 meters (64 ft) high. It was built to accommodate 1,227 men and 440 women.<sup id="cite_ref-google_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szeged_Synagogue" title="Szeged Synagogue">Szeged Synagogue</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Szeged" title="Szeged">Szeged</a>, Hungary, seats 1,340 and has height of 48.5 m (159 ft).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Synagogue" title="Sofia Synagogue">Sofia Synagogue</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, Bulgaria, seating about 1,200.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Subotica_Synagogue" title="Subotica Synagogue">Subotica Synagogue</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Subotica" title="Subotica">Subotica</a>, Serbia, seating more than 900.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_(Plze%C5%88)" title="Great Synagogue (Plzeň)">Great Synagogue (Plzeň)</a> in the Czech Republic is the second-largest synagogue in Europe, and the third-largest in the world.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baron_Hirsch_Synagogue" title="Baron Hirsch Synagogue">Baron Hirsch Synagogue</a>, an Orthodox synagogue in <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>, was the largest in the United States at the time of its dedication in 1957, seating 2,200 worshippers with an additional accommodation for 1,000 in its main sanctuary.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The synagogue moved in 1988, but the building remains in use as a church.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Satmar_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)">Satmar</a> synagogue in <a href="/wiki/Kiryas_Joel" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiryas Joel">Kiryas Joel</a>, New York, which is said to seat "several thousand", is also very large.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_Yetev_Lev_D%27Satmar_(Rodney_Street,_Brooklyn)" title="Congregation Yetev Lev D'Satmar (Rodney Street, Brooklyn)">Congregation Yetev Lev D'Satmar (Rodney Street, Brooklyn)</a> is also said to seat "several thousand".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Emanu-El_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple Emanu-El of New York">Temple Emanu-El of New York</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">Reform Temple</a>, is located in New York City, with an area of 3,523 m<sup>2</sup> (37,920 sq ft), seating 2,500. It is the largest Reform synagogue in the world.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_Yetev_Lev_D%27Satmar_(Hooper_Street,_Brooklyn)" title="Congregation Yetev Lev D'Satmar (Hooper Street, Brooklyn)">Congregation Yetev Lev D'Satmar (Hooper Street, Brooklyn)</a> seats between 2,000 and 4,000 congregants.</li> <li>The main sanctuary of <a href="/wiki/Adas_Israel_Congregation_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Adas Israel Congregation (Washington, D.C.)">Adas Israel Congregation (Washington, D.C.)</a> seats 1,500.</li> <li>Temple Emanu-El (Miami Beach, Florida) located in <a href="/wiki/Miami_Beach,_Florida" title="Miami Beach, Florida">Miami Beach, Florida</a>, seats approximately 1,400 people.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_Shaare_Zion" title="Congregation Shaare Zion">Congregation Shaare Zion</a>, an Orthodox Sephardic synagogue located in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, is the largest <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Jewish">Syrian Jewish</a> congregation in New York City. It is attended by over 1,000 worshipers on weekends.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Tzedec_Congregation" title="Beth Tzedec Congregation">Beth Tzedec Congregation</a> in Toronto, Ontario, is the largest Conservative synagogue in North America.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Israel_(Memphis,_Tennessee)" title="Temple Israel (Memphis, Tennessee)">Temple Israel</a>, a Reform synagogue in <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>, seats 1,335 to 1,500 people in its main sanctuary. The massive synagogue complex contains over 11,600 m<sup>2</sup> (125,000 sq ft) on 12 hectares (30 acres).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World's_oldest_synagogues"><span id="World.27s_oldest_synagogues"></span>World's oldest synagogues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: World's oldest synagogues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_synagogues" class="mw-redirect" title="List of oldest synagogues">List of oldest synagogues</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sardis_Synagogue,_late_3rd_century_AD,_Sardis,_Lydia,_Turkey_(19331773400).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sardis_Synagogue%2C_late_3rd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Lydia%2C_Turkey_%2819331773400%29.jpg/220px-Sardis_Synagogue%2C_late_3rd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Lydia%2C_Turkey_%2819331773400%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sardis_Synagogue%2C_late_3rd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Lydia%2C_Turkey_%2819331773400%29.jpg/330px-Sardis_Synagogue%2C_late_3rd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Lydia%2C_Turkey_%2819331773400%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sardis_Synagogue%2C_late_3rd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Lydia%2C_Turkey_%2819331773400%29.jpg/440px-Sardis_Synagogue%2C_late_3rd_century_AD%2C_Sardis%2C_Lydia%2C_Turkey_%2819331773400%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4903" data-file-height="3252" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sardis_Synagogue" title="Sardis Synagogue">Sardis Synagogue</a> (3rd century CE) <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a>, Turkey</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duraeuropa-1-.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Duraeuropa-1-.gif/220px-Duraeuropa-1-.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Duraeuropa-1-.gif/330px-Duraeuropa-1-.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Duraeuropa-1-.gif/440px-Duraeuropa-1-.gif 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">Fresco</a> at the Dura-Europos synagogue, illustrating a scene from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a>, 244 CE.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The earliest evidence for a synagogue is a stone-carved synagogue dedication inscription found in Lower <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and dating from the second half of the 3rd century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The oldest <a href="/wiki/Samaritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan">Samaritan</a> synagogue, the <a href="/wiki/Delos_Synagogue" title="Delos Synagogue">Delos Synagogue</a>, dates from between 150 and 128 BCE, or earlier and is located on the island of <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (July 2017)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos_synagogue" title="Dura-Europos synagogue">synagogue of Dura Europos</a>, a Seleucid city in north eastern Syria, dates from the third century CE. It is unique. The walls were painted with figural scenes from the Tanakh. The paintings included Abraham and Isaac, Moses and Aaron, Solomon, Samuel and Jacob, Elijah and Ezekiel. The synagogue chamber, with its surviving paintings, is reconstructed in the National Museum in Damascus.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Old_Synagogue_(Erfurt)" title="Old Synagogue (Erfurt)">Old Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a>, Germany, parts of which date to c.1100, is the oldest intact synagogue building in Europe. It is now used as a museum of local Jewish history.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kochangadi_Synagogue" title="Kochangadi Synagogue">Kochangadi Synagogue</a> (1344 CE to 1789 CE) in <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, built by the <a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Malabar Jews</a>. It was destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a> in 1789 CE and was never rebuilt. An inscription tablet from this synagogue is the oldest relic from any synagogue in India. <a href="/wiki/List_of_synagogues_in_Kerala" title="List of synagogues in Kerala">Eight other synagogues exist in Kerala</a> though not in active use anymore.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Paradesi_Synagogue_during_Covid-19_pandemic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/The_Paradesi_Synagogue_during_Covid-19_pandemic.jpg/220px-The_Paradesi_Synagogue_during_Covid-19_pandemic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/The_Paradesi_Synagogue_during_Covid-19_pandemic.jpg/330px-The_Paradesi_Synagogue_during_Covid-19_pandemic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/The_Paradesi_Synagogue_during_Covid-19_pandemic.jpg/440px-The_Paradesi_Synagogue_during_Covid-19_pandemic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1323" data-file-height="1763" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Synagogue" title="Paradesi Synagogue">Paradesi Synagogue</a> in Jew Town, Kochi, during the COVID-19 pandemic.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Synagogue" title="Paradesi Synagogue">Paradesi Synagogue</a> is the oldest active synagogue in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, located in Kochi, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, in India. It was built in 1568 by <a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi community</a> in the Kingdom of Cochin. Paradesi is a word used in several Indian languages, and the literal meaning of the term is "foreigners", applied to the synagogue because it was historically used by "White Jews", a mixture of Jews of the Middle East, and European exiles. It is also referred to as the Cochin Jewish Synagogue or the Mattancherry Synagogue. The synagogue is located in the quarter of Old Cochin known as Jew Town and is the only one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_synagogues_in_Kerala" title="List of synagogues in Kerala">eight synagogues</a> in the area still in use.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew%27s_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew's Court">Jew's Court</a>, Steep Hill, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln, England</a>, is arguably the oldest synagogue in Europe in current use.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oldest_synagogues_in_the_United_States">Oldest synagogues in the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Oldest synagogues in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Touro_Synagogue,_Newport,_Rhode_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Touro_Synagogue%2C_Newport%2C_Rhode_Island.jpg/220px-Touro_Synagogue%2C_Newport%2C_Rhode_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Touro_Synagogue%2C_Newport%2C_Rhode_Island.jpg/330px-Touro_Synagogue%2C_Newport%2C_Rhode_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Touro_Synagogue%2C_Newport%2C_Rhode_Island.jpg/440px-Touro_Synagogue%2C_Newport%2C_Rhode_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2084" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Touro_Synagogue" title="Touro Synagogue">Touro Synagogue</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oldest_synagogues_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldest synagogues in the United States">oldest surviving synagogue building</a> in the U.S.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Touro_Synagogue,_Newport,_RI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Touro_Synagogue%2C_Newport%2C_RI.jpg/220px-Touro_Synagogue%2C_Newport%2C_RI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Touro_Synagogue%2C_Newport%2C_RI.jpg/330px-Touro_Synagogue%2C_Newport%2C_RI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Touro_Synagogue%2C_Newport%2C_RI.jpg/440px-Touro_Synagogue%2C_Newport%2C_RI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1843" data-file-height="1355" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Touro_Synagogue" title="Touro Synagogue">Touro Synagogue</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oldest_synagogues_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Oldest synagogues in the United States">oldest surviving synagogue building</a> in the U.S.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interieur_van_de_Portugese_synagoge_te_Amsterdam,_SK-A-3738.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Interieur_van_de_Portugese_synagoge_te_Amsterdam%2C_SK-A-3738.jpg/170px-Interieur_van_de_Portugese_synagoge_te_Amsterdam%2C_SK-A-3738.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Interieur_van_de_Portugese_synagoge_te_Amsterdam%2C_SK-A-3738.jpg/255px-Interieur_van_de_Portugese_synagoge_te_Amsterdam%2C_SK-A-3738.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Interieur_van_de_Portugese_synagoge_te_Amsterdam%2C_SK-A-3738.jpg/340px-Interieur_van_de_Portugese_synagoge_te_Amsterdam%2C_SK-A-3738.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5382" data-file-height="6060" /></a><figcaption>Painting of the interior of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Synagogue_(Amsterdam)" title="Portuguese Synagogue (Amsterdam)">Portuguese Synagogue (Amsterdam)</a> by <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_de_Witte" title="Emanuel de Witte">Emanuel de Witte</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1680</span>)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_synagogues_in_the_United_States" title="List of the oldest synagogues in the United States">List of the oldest synagogues in the United States</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_Shearith_Israel" title="Congregation Shearith Israel">Congregation Shearith Israel</a>, in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, founded in 1654, is the oldest congregation in the United States. Its present building dates from 1897.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Touro_Synagogue" title="Touro Synagogue">Touro Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a>, is the oldest Jewish house of worship in North America that is still standing. It was built in 1759 for the <a href="/wiki/Jeshuat_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeshuat Israel">Jeshuat Israel</a> congregation, which was established in 1658.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_famous_synagogues">Other famous synagogues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Other famous synagogues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Worms_Synagogue" title="Worms Synagogue">Worms Synagogue</a> in Germany, built in 1175 and razed on <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a> in 1938, was painstakingly reconstructed using many of the original stones. It is still in use as a synagogue.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Synagogue_of_El_Transito" class="mw-redirect" title="Synagogue of El Transito">Synagogue of El Transito</a> of <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo, Spain</a>, was built in 1356 by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_ha-Levi" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel ha-Levi">Samuel ha-Levi</a>, treasurer of King Pedro I of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a>. This is one of the best examples of <a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar" title="Mudéjar">Mudéjar</a> architecture in Spain. The design of the synagogue recalls the Nasrid style of architecture that was employed during the same period in the decorations of the palace of the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a> in Granada as well as the <a href="/wiki/Mosque%E2%80%93Cathedral_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba">Mosque of Córdoba</a>. Since 1964, this site has hosted a Sephardi museum.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hurva_Synagogue" title="Hurva Synagogue">Hurva Synagogue</a>, located in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Quarter_(Jerusalem)" title="Jewish Quarter (Jerusalem)">Jewish Quarter</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City (Jerusalem)">Old City</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, was Jerusalem's main Ashkenazi synagogue from the 16th century until 1948, when it was destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Legion" title="Arab Legion">Arab Legion</a> several days after the conquest of the city. After the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>, an arch was built to mark the spot where the synagogue stood. A complete reconstruction, to plans drawn up by architect <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nahum_Meltzer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nahum Meltzer (page does not exist)">Nahum Meltzer</a>, opened in March 2010.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_Ibn_Salam_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah Ibn Salam Mosque">Abdallah Ibn Salam Mosque</a> or <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a>, Algeria, built in 1880, but converted into a mosque in 1975 when most <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian Jews">Algerian Jews</a> had left the country for France following independence.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Nidhe_Israel_Synagogue" title="Nidhe Israel Synagogue">Nidhe Israel Synagogue</a> ("Bridgetown Synagogue") of <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, located in the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Bridgetown" title="Bridgetown">Bridgetown</a>, was first built in 1654. It was destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/Hurricane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurricane">hurricane</a> of 1831 and reconstructed in 1833.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao_synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Curaçao synagogue">Curaçao synagogue</a> or <i>Snoa</i> in <a href="/wiki/Willemstad" title="Willemstad">Willemstad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a> was built by Sephardic Portuguese Jews from Amsterdam and Recife, Brazil. It is modeled after the Esnoga in Amsterdam. Congregation Mikvé Israel built this synagogue in 1692; it was reconstructed in 1732.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Bialystoker_Synagogue" title="Bialystoker Synagogue">Bialystoker Synagogue</a> on New York's <a href="/wiki/Lower_East_Side" title="Lower East Side">Lower East Side</a>, is located in a landmark building dating from 1826 that was originally a <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Methodist Episcopal Church">Methodist Episcopal Church</a>. The building is made of quarry stone mined locally on Pitt Street, Manhattan. It is an example of <a href="/wiki/Federal_architecture" title="Federal architecture">federal architecture</a>. The ceilings and walls are hand-painted with <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">zodiac</a> <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescos</a>, and the sanctuary is illuminated by 40-foot (12.19 m) stained glass windows. The bimah and floor-to-ceiling ark are handcarved.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_of_Florence" title="Great Synagogue of Florence">Great Synagogue of Florence</a>, <b>Tempio Maggiore</b>, Florence, 1874–1882, is an example of the magnificent, cathedral-like synagogues built in almost every major European city in the 19th century and early 20th century.</li> <li>Boston's 1920 <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Shul" title="Vilna Shul">Vilna Shul</a> is a rare surviving intact Immigrant Era synagogue.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Congregation Or Hatzafon "Light of the North", <a href="/wiki/Fairbanks,_Alaska" title="Fairbanks, Alaska">Fairbanks, Alaska</a>, is the world's northernmost synagogue building.<sup id="cite_ref-mosquitonet_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mosquitonet-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz_Synagogue" title="Görlitz Synagogue">Görlitz Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz" title="Görlitz">Görlitz</a>, Germany, was built in Jugendstil style between 1909 and 1911. Damaged, but not destroyed, during the <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a> riots, the synagogue was bought by the City Council in 1963. After extensive renovations concluding in late 2020, the main sanctuary (Kuppelsaal with 310 seats) will be reopened for general culture, and the small synagogue (Wochentags-Synagoge, with space for around 45 visitors)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CZZSVg018348-07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Great Synagogue of Tunis, Tunisia"><img alt="The Great Synagogue of Tunis, Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/CZZSVg018348-07.jpg/120px-CZZSVg018348-07.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/CZZSVg018348-07.jpg/180px-CZZSVg018348-07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/CZZSVg018348-07.jpg/240px-CZZSVg018348-07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_of_Tunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Synagogue of Tunis">Great Synagogue of Tunis</a>, Tunisia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zarzis_Synagogue.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Zarzis Synagogue, Tunisia"><img alt="The Zarzis Synagogue, Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Zarzis_Synagogue.JPG/90px-Zarzis_Synagogue.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Zarzis_Synagogue.JPG/135px-Zarzis_Synagogue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Zarzis_Synagogue.JPG/180px-Zarzis_Synagogue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Zarzis_Synagogue" title="Zarzis Synagogue">Zarzis Synagogue</a>, Tunisia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alte_Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Old Synagogue (Erfurt) is the oldest intact synagogue building in Europe."><img alt="The Old Synagogue (Erfurt) is the oldest intact synagogue building in Europe." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Alte_Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG/120px-Alte_Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Alte_Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG/180px-Alte_Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Alte_Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG/240px-Alte_Synagoge_Erfurt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="1205" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Old_Synagogue_(Erfurt)" title="Old Synagogue (Erfurt)">Old Synagogue (Erfurt)</a> is the oldest intact synagogue building in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_Neue_Synagoge_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The New Synagogue in Berlin, Germany"><img alt="The New Synagogue in Berlin, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Berlin_Neue_Synagoge_2005.jpg/87px-Berlin_Neue_Synagoge_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Berlin_Neue_Synagoge_2005.jpg/130px-Berlin_Neue_Synagoge_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Berlin_Neue_Synagoge_2005.jpg/174px-Berlin_Neue_Synagoge_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="1049" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/New_Synagogue_(Berlin)" title="New Synagogue (Berlin)">New Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankfurt_Hauptsynagoge_1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The main synagogue of the city of Frankfurt am Main (Germany) before the Kristallnacht"><img alt="The main synagogue of the city of Frankfurt am Main (Germany) before the Kristallnacht" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Frankfurt_Hauptsynagoge_1885.jpg/120px-Frankfurt_Hauptsynagoge_1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Frankfurt_Hauptsynagoge_1885.jpg/180px-Frankfurt_Hauptsynagoge_1885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Frankfurt_Hauptsynagoge_1885.jpg/240px-Frankfurt_Hauptsynagoge_1885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1806" data-file-height="1779" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The main synagogue of the city of <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a> (Germany) before the <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6ln_synagoge_pano.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Roonstrasse Synagogue in Cologne, Germany"><img alt="The Roonstrasse Synagogue in Cologne, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/K%C3%B6ln_synagoge_pano.jpg/120px-K%C3%B6ln_synagoge_pano.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/K%C3%B6ln_synagoge_pano.jpg/180px-K%C3%B6ln_synagoge_pano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/K%C3%B6ln_synagoge_pano.jpg/240px-K%C3%B6ln_synagoge_pano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1283" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Roonstrasse_Synagogue" title="Roonstrasse Synagogue">Roonstrasse Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RoyLindmanBethYaakovSynagogueGeneva_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beth Yaakov Synagogue, Switzerland"><img alt="Beth Yaakov Synagogue, Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/RoyLindmanBethYaakovSynagogueGeneva_001.jpg/120px-RoyLindmanBethYaakovSynagogueGeneva_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/RoyLindmanBethYaakovSynagogueGeneva_001.jpg/180px-RoyLindmanBethYaakovSynagogueGeneva_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/RoyLindmanBethYaakovSynagogueGeneva_001.jpg/240px-RoyLindmanBethYaakovSynagogueGeneva_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Beth_Yaakov_Synagogue" title="Beth Yaakov Synagogue">Beth Yaakov Synagogue</a>, Switzerland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basler_Synagoge(ws)_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Great Synagogue of Basel in Basel, Switzerland"><img alt="The Great Synagogue of Basel in Basel, Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Basler_Synagoge%28ws%29_retouched.jpg/120px-Basler_Synagoge%28ws%29_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Basler_Synagoge%28ws%29_retouched.jpg/180px-Basler_Synagoge%28ws%29_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Basler_Synagoge%28ws%29_retouched.jpg/240px-Basler_Synagoge%28ws%29_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2865" data-file-height="2109" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Great Synagogue of Basel in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, Switzerland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%85bo_synagoga,_den_27_juni_2007,_bild_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Turku Synagogue in Turku, Finland"><img alt="The Turku Synagogue in Turku, Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%C3%85bo_synagoga%2C_den_27_juni_2007%2C_bild_1.jpg/120px-%C3%85bo_synagoga%2C_den_27_juni_2007%2C_bild_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%C3%85bo_synagoga%2C_den_27_juni_2007%2C_bild_1.jpg/180px-%C3%85bo_synagoga%2C_den_27_juni_2007%2C_bild_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%C3%85bo_synagoga%2C_den_27_juni_2007%2C_bild_1.jpg/240px-%C3%85bo_synagoga%2C_den_27_juni_2007%2C_bild_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3296" data-file-height="2472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Turku_Synagogue" title="Turku Synagogue">Turku Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>, Finland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SynaStPersburgExt.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Grand Choral Synagogue of Saint Petersburg, Russia"><img alt="The Grand Choral Synagogue of Saint Petersburg, Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/SynaStPersburgExt.JPG/90px-SynaStPersburgExt.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/SynaStPersburgExt.JPG/135px-SynaStPersburgExt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/SynaStPersburgExt.JPG/180px-SynaStPersburgExt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Choral_Synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Choral Synagogue">Grand Choral Synagogue</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SynagogueSantiago.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Great Synagogue of Santiago, Chile"><img alt="The Great Synagogue of Santiago, Chile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/SynagogueSantiago.jpg/90px-SynagogueSantiago.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/SynagogueSantiago.jpg/135px-SynagogueSantiago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/SynagogueSantiago.jpg/180px-SynagogueSantiago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Great Synagogue of <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a>, Chile</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GerardDoustraatSynagogue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Synagogue in the Gerard Doustraat in Amsterdam, Netherlands"><img alt="The Synagogue in the Gerard Doustraat in Amsterdam, Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/GerardDoustraatSynagogue.jpg/80px-GerardDoustraatSynagogue.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/GerardDoustraatSynagogue.jpg/120px-GerardDoustraatSynagogue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/GerardDoustraatSynagogue.jpg/160px-GerardDoustraatSynagogue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Synagogue in the Gerard Doustraat in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, Netherlands</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EsnogaAmsterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Portuguese Synagogue in Amsterdam, Netherlands"><img alt="The Portuguese Synagogue in Amsterdam, Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/EsnogaAmsterdam.jpg/120px-EsnogaAmsterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/EsnogaAmsterdam.jpg/180px-EsnogaAmsterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/EsnogaAmsterdam.jpg/240px-EsnogaAmsterdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Synagogue_(Amsterdam)" title="Portuguese Synagogue (Amsterdam)">Portuguese Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, Netherlands</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Synagogue_-_Budapest.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Dohány Street Synagogue in Budapest, Hungary"><img alt="The Dohány Street Synagogue in Budapest, Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Synagogue_-_Budapest.jpg/120px-Synagogue_-_Budapest.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Synagogue_-_Budapest.jpg/180px-Synagogue_-_Budapest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Synagogue_-_Budapest.jpg/240px-Synagogue_-_Budapest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="699" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Doh%C3%A1ny_Street_Synagogue" title="Dohány Street Synagogue">Dohány Street Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Synagogue,_Szombathely,_Hungary.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Synagogue, Szombathely, Hungary"><img alt="Synagogue, Szombathely, Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Synagogue%2C_Szombathely%2C_Hungary.jpg/92px-Synagogue%2C_Szombathely%2C_Hungary.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Synagogue%2C_Szombathely%2C_Hungary.jpg/138px-Synagogue%2C_Szombathely%2C_Hungary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Synagogue%2C_Szombathely%2C_Hungary.jpg/184px-Synagogue%2C_Szombathely%2C_Hungary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Synagogue, <a href="/wiki/Szombathely" title="Szombathely">Szombathely</a>, Hungary</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_new_synagogue_in_Prague_-_inside.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gothic interior of the 13th-century Old New Synagogue of Prague, Czech Republic"><img alt="Gothic interior of the 13th-century Old New Synagogue of Prague, Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Old_new_synagogue_in_Prague_-_inside.jpg/90px-Old_new_synagogue_in_Prague_-_inside.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Old_new_synagogue_in_Prague_-_inside.jpg/135px-Old_new_synagogue_in_Prague_-_inside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Old_new_synagogue_in_Prague_-_inside.jpg/180px-Old_new_synagogue_in_Prague_-_inside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> interior of the 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Old_New_Synagogue" title="Old New Synagogue">Old New Synagogue</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, Czech Republic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Synagogue_Plzen_CZ_general_view.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Great Synagogue in Plzeň, Czech Republic"><img alt="The Great Synagogue in Plzeň, Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Great_Synagogue_Plzen_CZ_general_view.JPG/120px-Great_Synagogue_Plzen_CZ_general_view.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Great_Synagogue_Plzen_CZ_general_view.JPG/180px-Great_Synagogue_Plzen_CZ_general_view.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Great_Synagogue_Plzen_CZ_general_view.JPG/240px-Great_Synagogue_Plzen_CZ_general_view.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_(Plze%C5%88)" title="Great Synagogue (Plzeň)">Great Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Plze%C5%88" title="Plzeň">Plzeň</a>, Czech Republic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lesko_synagoga.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Lesko Synagogue in Lesko, Poland"><img alt="The Lesko Synagogue in Lesko, Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Lesko_synagoga.jpg/120px-Lesko_synagoga.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Lesko_synagoga.jpg/180px-Lesko_synagoga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Lesko_synagoga.jpg/240px-Lesko_synagoga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1147" data-file-height="1057" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Lesko_Synagogue" title="Lesko Synagogue">Lesko Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lesko" title="Lesko">Lesko</a>, Poland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Synagoga_Bobowa.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Bobowa Synagogue in Bobowa, Poland"><img alt="The Bobowa Synagogue in Bobowa, Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Synagoga_Bobowa.JPG/120px-Synagoga_Bobowa.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Synagoga_Bobowa.JPG/180px-Synagoga_Bobowa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Synagoga_Bobowa.JPG/240px-Synagoga_Bobowa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="306" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Bobowa Synagogue in <a href="/wiki/Bobowa" title="Bobowa">Bobowa</a>, Poland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beogradska_sinagoga.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sukkat Shalom Synagogue in Belgrade, Serbia"><img alt="Sukkat Shalom Synagogue in Belgrade, Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Beogradska_sinagoga.jpg/90px-Beogradska_sinagoga.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Beogradska_sinagoga.jpg/135px-Beogradska_sinagoga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Beogradska_sinagoga.jpg/180px-Beogradska_sinagoga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1632" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Synagogue" title="Belgrade Synagogue">Sukkat Shalom Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, Serbia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Synagogue_in_Subotica.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jakab and Komor Square Synagogue in Subotica, Serbia"><img alt="Jakab and Komor Square Synagogue in Subotica, Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Synagogue_in_Subotica.jpg/120px-Synagogue_in_Subotica.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Synagogue_in_Subotica.jpg/180px-Synagogue_in_Subotica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Synagogue_in_Subotica.jpg/240px-Synagogue_in_Subotica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Subotica_Synagogue" title="Subotica Synagogue">Jakab and Komor Square Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Subotica" title="Subotica">Subotica</a>, Serbia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Jewish Street Synagogue in Novi Sad, Serbia"><img alt="The Jewish Street Synagogue in Novi Sad, Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83_3.JPG/120px-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83_3.JPG/180px-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83_3.JPG/240px-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1936" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad_Synagogue" title="Novi Sad Synagogue">Jewish Street Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a>, Serbia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinagoga_Kadoorie10.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kadoorie Synagogue in Porto, Portugal, the largest synagogue in the Iberian Peninsula"><img alt="Kadoorie Synagogue in Porto, Portugal, the largest synagogue in the Iberian Peninsula" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sinagoga_Kadoorie10.jpg/120px-Sinagoga_Kadoorie10.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sinagoga_Kadoorie10.jpg/180px-Sinagoga_Kadoorie10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Sinagoga_Kadoorie10.jpg/240px-Sinagoga_Kadoorie10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="642" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kadoorie_Synagogue" title="Kadoorie Synagogue">Kadoorie Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>, Portugal, the largest synagogue in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Besht_Shul1_Medzhibozh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Baal Shem Tov's shul in Medzhybizh, Ukraine (c. 1915), destroyed and recently rebuilt"><img alt="The Baal Shem Tov's shul in Medzhybizh, Ukraine (c. 1915), destroyed and recently rebuilt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Besht_Shul1_Medzhibozh.jpg/120px-Besht_Shul1_Medzhibozh.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Besht_Shul1_Medzhibozh.jpg/180px-Besht_Shul1_Medzhibozh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Besht_Shul1_Medzhibozh.jpg/240px-Besht_Shul1_Medzhibozh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="596" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Baal_Shem_Tov" title="Baal Shem Tov">Baal Shem Tov</a>'s shul in <a href="/wiki/Medzhybizh" title="Medzhybizh">Medzhybizh</a>, Ukraine (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1915</span>), destroyed and recently rebuilt</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Synagoge_auf_Gel%C3%A4nde_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Tel_Aviv.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Cymbalista Synagogue and Jewish Heritage Center at Tel Aviv University"><img alt="The Cymbalista Synagogue and Jewish Heritage Center at Tel Aviv University" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Synagoge_auf_Gel%C3%A4nde_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Tel_Aviv.jpg/120px-Synagoge_auf_Gel%C3%A4nde_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Tel_Aviv.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Synagoge_auf_Gel%C3%A4nde_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Tel_Aviv.jpg/180px-Synagoge_auf_Gel%C3%A4nde_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Tel_Aviv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Synagoge_auf_Gel%C3%A4nde_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Tel_Aviv.jpg/240px-Synagoge_auf_Gel%C3%A4nde_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Tel_Aviv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Cymbalista_Synagogue_and_Jewish_Heritage_Center" title="Cymbalista Synagogue and Jewish Heritage Center">Cymbalista Synagogue and Jewish Heritage Center</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kherson-Synagogue01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The synagogue of Kherson, Ukraine"><img alt="The synagogue of Kherson, Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Kherson-Synagogue01.jpg/120px-Kherson-Synagogue01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Kherson-Synagogue01.jpg/180px-Kherson-Synagogue01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Kherson-Synagogue01.jpg/240px-Kherson-Synagogue01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The synagogue of <a href="/wiki/Kherson" title="Kherson">Kherson</a>, Ukraine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Or_Zaruaa_synagogue,_founded_by_Rabbi_Amram_Aburbeh_in_Nahlat_Ahim,_Jerusalem,_Israel_exterior_photo;_showing_location_on_3_Refali_street..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Or Zaruaa Synagogue, Jerusalem, Israel, founded in 1926."><img alt="Or Zaruaa Synagogue, Jerusalem, Israel, founded in 1926." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Or_Zaruaa_synagogue%2C_founded_by_Rabbi_Amram_Aburbeh_in_Nahlat_Ahim%2C_Jerusalem%2C_Israel_exterior_photo%3B_showing_location_on_3_Refali_street..jpg/90px-Or_Zaruaa_synagogue%2C_founded_by_Rabbi_Amram_Aburbeh_in_Nahlat_Ahim%2C_Jerusalem%2C_Israel_exterior_photo%3B_showing_location_on_3_Refali_street..jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Or_Zaruaa_synagogue%2C_founded_by_Rabbi_Amram_Aburbeh_in_Nahlat_Ahim%2C_Jerusalem%2C_Israel_exterior_photo%3B_showing_location_on_3_Refali_street..jpg/134px-Or_Zaruaa_synagogue%2C_founded_by_Rabbi_Amram_Aburbeh_in_Nahlat_Ahim%2C_Jerusalem%2C_Israel_exterior_photo%3B_showing_location_on_3_Refali_street..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Or_Zaruaa_synagogue%2C_founded_by_Rabbi_Amram_Aburbeh_in_Nahlat_Ahim%2C_Jerusalem%2C_Israel_exterior_photo%3B_showing_location_on_3_Refali_street..jpg/179px-Or_Zaruaa_synagogue%2C_founded_by_Rabbi_Amram_Aburbeh_in_Nahlat_Ahim%2C_Jerusalem%2C_Israel_exterior_photo%3B_showing_location_on_3_Refali_street..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Or_Zaruaa_Synagogue,_Jerusalem,_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Or Zaruaa Synagogue, Jerusalem, Israel">Or Zaruaa Synagogue, Jerusalem, Israel</a>, founded in 1926.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hurva_synagogue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Hurva Synagogue towered over the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem from 1864 until 1948, when it was destroyed in war."><img alt="The Hurva Synagogue towered over the Jewish Quarter of Jerusalem from 1864 until 1948, when it was destroyed in war." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hurva_synagogue.jpg/120px-Hurva_synagogue.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hurva_synagogue.jpg/180px-Hurva_synagogue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hurva_synagogue.jpg/240px-Hurva_synagogue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="232" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Hurva Synagogue towered over the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Quarter_(Jerusalem)" title="Jewish Quarter (Jerusalem)">Jewish Quarter</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> from 1864 until 1948, when it was destroyed in war.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hakhurba-synagogue01m.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The remains of the Hurva Synagogue as they appeared from 1977 to 2003. The synagogue has been rebuilt in 2010."><img alt="The remains of the Hurva Synagogue as they appeared from 1977 to 2003. The synagogue has been rebuilt in 2010." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hakhurba-synagogue01m.jpg/120px-Hakhurba-synagogue01m.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hakhurba-synagogue01m.jpg/180px-Hakhurba-synagogue01m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hakhurba-synagogue01m.jpg/240px-Hakhurba-synagogue01m.jpg 2x" data-file-width="892" data-file-height="669" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The remains of the <a href="/wiki/Hurva_Synagogue" title="Hurva Synagogue">Hurva Synagogue</a> as they appeared from 1977 to 2003. The synagogue has been rebuilt in 2010.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_Ashkenazi_Sinagogue_Interior.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Ashkenazi Synagogue of Istanbul, Turkey"><img alt="The Ashkenazi Synagogue of Istanbul, Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Istanbul_Ashkenazi_Sinagogue_Interior.JPG/90px-Istanbul_Ashkenazi_Sinagogue_Interior.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Istanbul_Ashkenazi_Sinagogue_Interior.JPG/135px-Istanbul_Ashkenazi_Sinagogue_Interior.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Istanbul_Ashkenazi_Sinagogue_Interior.JPG/180px-Istanbul_Ashkenazi_Sinagogue_Interior.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Synagogue_of_Istanbul" title="Ashkenazi Synagogue of Istanbul">Ashkenazi Synagogue of Istanbul</a>, Turkey</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karaite_synagogue_cali.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The interior of a Karaite synagogue"><img alt="The interior of a Karaite synagogue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Karaite_synagogue_cali.jpg/120px-Karaite_synagogue_cali.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Karaite_synagogue_cali.jpg/180px-Karaite_synagogue_cali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Karaite_synagogue_cali.jpg/240px-Karaite_synagogue_cali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="335" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The interior of a <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a> synagogue</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_synagouge_kochi_india.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Paradesi Synagogue in Kochi, India"><img alt="The Paradesi Synagogue in Kochi, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Jewish_synagouge_kochi_india.jpg/120px-Jewish_synagouge_kochi_india.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Jewish_synagouge_kochi_india.jpg/180px-Jewish_synagouge_kochi_india.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Jewish_synagouge_kochi_india.jpg/240px-Jewish_synagouge_kochi_india.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Synagogue" title="Paradesi Synagogue">Paradesi Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a>, India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiev34.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Great Choral Synagogue in Kyiv, Ukraine"><img alt="The Great Choral Synagogue in Kyiv, Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kiev34.jpg/120px-Kiev34.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kiev34.jpg/180px-Kiev34.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Kiev34.jpg/240px-Kiev34.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2059" data-file-height="1373" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Great_Choral_Synagogue_(Kyiv)" title="Great Choral Synagogue (Kyiv)">Great Choral Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Synagogue_of_Rome_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Great Synagogue of Rome, Italy"><img alt="Great Synagogue of Rome, Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Great_Synagogue_of_Rome_01.JPG/90px-Great_Synagogue_of_Rome_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Great_Synagogue_of_Rome_01.JPG/135px-Great_Synagogue_of_Rome_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Great_Synagogue_of_Rome_01.JPG/180px-Great_Synagogue_of_Rome_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_of_Rome" title="Great Synagogue of Rome">Great Synagogue of Rome</a>, Italy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RoyLindmanAbuhavSynagogueZefatIsrael_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abuhav synagogue, Israel"><img alt="Abuhav synagogue, Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/RoyLindmanAbuhavSynagogueZefatIsrael_001.jpg/120px-RoyLindmanAbuhavSynagogueZefatIsrael_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/RoyLindmanAbuhavSynagogueZefatIsrael_001.jpg/180px-RoyLindmanAbuhavSynagogueZefatIsrael_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/RoyLindmanAbuhavSynagogueZefatIsrael_001.jpg/240px-RoyLindmanAbuhavSynagogueZefatIsrael_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4375" data-file-height="3280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Abuhav_synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Abuhav synagogue">Abuhav synagogue</a>, Israel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ari_Ashkenazi_Synagogue,_exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ari Ashkenazi Synagogue, Israel"><img alt="Ari Ashkenazi Synagogue, Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ari_Ashkenazi_Synagogue%2C_exterior.jpg/120px-Ari_Ashkenazi_Synagogue%2C_exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ari_Ashkenazi_Synagogue%2C_exterior.jpg/180px-Ari_Ashkenazi_Synagogue%2C_exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ari_Ashkenazi_Synagogue%2C_exterior.jpg/240px-Ari_Ashkenazi_Synagogue%2C_exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ari_Ashkenazi_Synagogue" title="Ari Ashkenazi Synagogue">Ari Ashkenazi Synagogue</a>, Israel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RoyLindmanSantaMarialaBlancaSynagogue_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Santa María la Blanca, Spain"><img alt="Santa María la Blanca, Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RoyLindmanSantaMarialaBlancaSynagogue_002.jpg/120px-RoyLindmanSantaMarialaBlancaSynagogue_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RoyLindmanSantaMarialaBlancaSynagogue_002.jpg/180px-RoyLindmanSantaMarialaBlancaSynagogue_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RoyLindmanSantaMarialaBlancaSynagogue_002.jpg/240px-RoyLindmanSantaMarialaBlancaSynagogue_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_la_Blanca" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa María la Blanca">Santa María la Blanca</a>, Spain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RoyLindmanCordobaSynagogue_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Córdoba Synagogue, Spain"><img alt="Córdoba Synagogue, Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/RoyLindmanCordobaSynagogue_003.jpg/120px-RoyLindmanCordobaSynagogue_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/RoyLindmanCordobaSynagogue_003.jpg/180px-RoyLindmanCordobaSynagogue_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/RoyLindmanCordobaSynagogue_003.jpg/240px-RoyLindmanCordobaSynagogue_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_Synagogue" title="Córdoba Synagogue">Córdoba Synagogue</a>, Spain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RoyLindmanElTransito_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="El Transito Synagogue, Spain"><img alt="El Transito Synagogue, Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/RoyLindmanElTransito_003.jpg/120px-RoyLindmanElTransito_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/RoyLindmanElTransito_003.jpg/180px-RoyLindmanElTransito_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/RoyLindmanElTransito_003.jpg/240px-RoyLindmanElTransito_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/El_Transito_Synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="El Transito Synagogue">El Transito Synagogue</a>, Spain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sofia_Synagogue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sofia Synagogue, Bulgaria"><img alt="Sofia Synagogue, Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sofia_Synagogue.jpg/120px-Sofia_Synagogue.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sofia_Synagogue.jpg/180px-Sofia_Synagogue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sofia_Synagogue.jpg/240px-Sofia_Synagogue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Synagogue" title="Sofia Synagogue">Sofia Synagogue</a>, Bulgaria</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BUCTemplulCoral.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Choral Temple, Bucharest, Romania"><img alt="The Choral Temple, Bucharest, Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/BUCTemplulCoral.jpg/90px-BUCTemplulCoral.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/BUCTemplulCoral.jpg/135px-BUCTemplulCoral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/BUCTemplulCoral.jpg/180px-BUCTemplulCoral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Templul_Coral" class="mw-redirect" title="Templul Coral">The Choral Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, Romania</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinagoga_din_Targu_Mures.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Synagogue of Târgu Mureș, Romania"><img alt="Synagogue of Târgu Mureș, Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Sinagoga_din_Targu_Mures.jpg/90px-Sinagoga_din_Targu_Mures.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Sinagoga_din_Targu_Mures.jpg/135px-Sinagoga_din_Targu_Mures.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Sinagoga_din_Targu_Mures.jpg/180px-Sinagoga_din_Targu_Mures.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Synagogue of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2rgu_Mure%C8%99" title="Târgu Mureș">Târgu Mureș</a>, Romania</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caravan_shul_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of a "caravan shul" (synagogue housed in a trailer-type facility), Neve Yaakov, Jerusalem"><img alt="Interior of a "caravan shul" (synagogue housed in a trailer-type facility), Neve Yaakov, Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Caravan_shul_interior.jpg/120px-Caravan_shul_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Caravan_shul_interior.jpg/180px-Caravan_shul_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Caravan_shul_interior.jpg/240px-Caravan_shul_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of a "<a href="/wiki/Caravanim" class="mw-redirect" title="Caravanim">caravan</a> shul" (synagogue housed in a trailer-type facility), <a href="/wiki/Neve_Yaakov" title="Neve Yaakov">Neve Yaakov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ohev_Sholom_-_The_National_Synagogue.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ohev Sholom – The National Synagogue in Washington, D.C."><img alt="Ohev Sholom – The National Synagogue in Washington, D.C." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ohev_Sholom_-_The_National_Synagogue.JPG/120px-Ohev_Sholom_-_The_National_Synagogue.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ohev_Sholom_-_The_National_Synagogue.JPG/180px-Ohev_Sholom_-_The_National_Synagogue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Ohev_Sholom_-_The_National_Synagogue.JPG/240px-Ohev_Sholom_-_The_National_Synagogue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ohev_Sholom_%E2%80%93_The_National_Synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohev Sholom – The National Synagogue">Ohev Sholom – The National Synagogue</a> in Washington, D.C.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ASCALON_STUDIOS,_David_Ascalon,_Lincoln_Square_Synagogue_Ark_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sanctuary ark, Lincoln Square Synagogue, New York City (2013), created by David Ascalon"><img alt="Sanctuary ark, Lincoln Square Synagogue, New York City (2013), created by David Ascalon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/ASCALON_STUDIOS%2C_David_Ascalon%2C_Lincoln_Square_Synagogue_Ark_New_York.jpg/94px-ASCALON_STUDIOS%2C_David_Ascalon%2C_Lincoln_Square_Synagogue_Ark_New_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/ASCALON_STUDIOS%2C_David_Ascalon%2C_Lincoln_Square_Synagogue_Ark_New_York.jpg/140px-ASCALON_STUDIOS%2C_David_Ascalon%2C_Lincoln_Square_Synagogue_Ark_New_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/ASCALON_STUDIOS%2C_David_Ascalon%2C_Lincoln_Square_Synagogue_Ark_New_York.jpg/187px-ASCALON_STUDIOS%2C_David_Ascalon%2C_Lincoln_Square_Synagogue_Ark_New_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="831" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sanctuary ark, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Square_Synagogue" title="Lincoln Square Synagogue">Lincoln Square Synagogue</a>, New York City (2013), created by <a href="/wiki/David_Ascalon" title="David Ascalon">David Ascalon</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Synagogue_Lex_jeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Central Synagogue in Manhattan, New York City"><img alt="The Central Synagogue in Manhattan, New York City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Central_Synagogue_Lex_jeh.jpg/80px-Central_Synagogue_Lex_jeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Central_Synagogue_Lex_jeh.jpg/120px-Central_Synagogue_Lex_jeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Central_Synagogue_Lex_jeh.jpg/160px-Central_Synagogue_Lex_jeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2280" data-file-height="3408" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Central_Synagogue_(Manhattan)" title="Central Synagogue (Manhattan)">Central Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_Emanu-El_Synagogue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Temple Emanu-El, Neo-Byzantine style synagogue in Miami Beach, Florida"><img alt="Temple Emanu-El, Neo-Byzantine style synagogue in Miami Beach, Florida" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Temple_Emanu-El_Synagogue.jpg/120px-Temple_Emanu-El_Synagogue.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Temple_Emanu-El_Synagogue.jpg/180px-Temple_Emanu-El_Synagogue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Temple_Emanu-El_Synagogue.jpg/240px-Temple_Emanu-El_Synagogue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="777" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Temple Emanu-El, Neo-<a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> style synagogue in <a href="/wiki/Miami_Beach,_Florida" title="Miami Beach, Florida">Miami Beach, Florida</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bevis_Marks_Synagogue_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bevis Marks Synagogue, City of London, the oldest synagogue in the United Kingdom"><img alt="Bevis Marks Synagogue, City of London, the oldest synagogue in the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bevis_Marks_Synagogue_01.JPG/90px-Bevis_Marks_Synagogue_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bevis_Marks_Synagogue_01.JPG/135px-Bevis_Marks_Synagogue_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bevis_Marks_Synagogue_01.JPG/180px-Bevis_Marks_Synagogue_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bevis_Marks_Synagogue" title="Bevis Marks Synagogue">Bevis Marks Synagogue</a>, <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>, the oldest synagogue in the United Kingdom</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stockholms_synagoga_2010.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Stockholm Synagogue, Sweden"><img alt="Stockholm Synagogue, Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Stockholms_synagoga_2010.JPG/120px-Stockholms_synagoga_2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Stockholms_synagoga_2010.JPG/180px-Stockholms_synagoga_2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Stockholms_synagoga_2010.JPG/240px-Stockholms_synagoga_2010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3448" data-file-height="2700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm Synagogue">Stockholm Synagogue</a>, Sweden</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brisbane_Synagogue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brisbane Synagogue, Australia"><img alt="Brisbane Synagogue, Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Brisbane_Synagogue.jpg/106px-Brisbane_Synagogue.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Brisbane_Synagogue.jpg/160px-Brisbane_Synagogue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Brisbane_Synagogue.jpg/213px-Brisbane_Synagogue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2759" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Brisbane_Hebrew_Congregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Brisbane Hebrew Congregation">Brisbane Synagogue</a>, Australia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A8_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ein Keshatot synagogue (active 5th–8th centuries), Israel"><img alt="Ein Keshatot synagogue (active 5th–8th centuries), Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A8_2.jpg/120px-%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A8_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A8_2.jpg/180px-%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A8_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A8_2.jpg/240px-%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A8_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5703" data-file-height="3802" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Umm_el-Qanatir#ancient_synagogue" title="Umm el-Qanatir">Ein Keshatot synagogue</a> (active 5th–8th centuries), Israel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plymouth_Synagogue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plymouth Synagogue, England, the oldest synagogue built by Ashkenazi Jews in the English speaking world"><img alt="Plymouth Synagogue, England, the oldest synagogue built by Ashkenazi Jews in the English speaking world" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Plymouth_Synagogue.jpg/120px-Plymouth_Synagogue.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Plymouth_Synagogue.jpg/180px-Plymouth_Synagogue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Plymouth_Synagogue.jpg/240px-Plymouth_Synagogue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3552" data-file-height="2640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Synagogue" title="Plymouth Synagogue">Plymouth Synagogue</a>, England, the oldest synagogue built by Ashkenazi Jews in the <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">English speaking world</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/31px-P_parthenon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/47px-P_parthenon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/P_parthenon.svg/62px-P_parthenon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Architecture" title="Portal:Architecture">Architecture portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_synagogues" title="List of synagogues">List of synagogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_synagogues_in_the_United_States" title="List of synagogues in the United States">List of synagogues in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SIN</span>-ə-gog</i></a>. From <a href="/wiki/Koin%C4%93_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinē Greek language">Koinē Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">συναγωγή</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Koinē Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">synagogē</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'assembly'; [בית כנסת] <span style="color:#d33">Error: [undefined] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Langx}}: missing language tag (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span>: invalid parameter: |5= (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span>, or Hebrew: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">בית תפילה</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">bēṯ təfilā</i></span>, <small><abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'house of prayer'; <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <span lang="yi" dir="rtl">שול</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Yiddish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">shul</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Ladino_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladino language">Ladino</a>: <span lang="lad" dir="rtl">אשנוגה</span> or <span title="Ladino-language text"><span lang="lad" dir="rtl">אסנוגה</span></span> <i><span title="Ladino-language romanization"><i lang="lad-Latn">esnoga</i></span></i> (from "synagogue"); or <span title="Ladino-language text"><span lang="lad" dir="rtl">קהל</span></span> <i><span title="Ladino-language romanization"><i lang="lad-Latn">kahal</i></span></i>, "community".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SHOOL</span></i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is a fairly modern term mostly used in <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a>, but is still rare.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/synagogue">"Synagogue | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Synagogue+%26%23124%3B+Definition%2C+History%2C+%26+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2023-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fsynagogue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-joy-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-joy_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Rosten" title="Leo Rosten">Leo Rosten</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Joys_of_Yiddish" title="The Joys of Yiddish">The Joys of Yiddish</a></i>, © 1968; <a href="/wiki/Pocket_Books" title="Pocket Books">Pocket Books</a> edition, 1970, p. 379</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine2016" class="citation book cs1">Fine, Steven (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cbxyDQAAQBAJ&q=this+holy+place"><i>This Holy Place: On the Sanctity of the Synagogue During the Greco-Roman Period</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-0926-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-0926-8"><bdi>978-1-5326-0926-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Holy+Place%3A+On+the+Sanctity+of+the+Synagogue+During+the+Greco-Roman+Period&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-5326-0926-8&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcbxyDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dthis%2Bholy%2Bplace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JIGRE_22-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JIGRE_22_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorburyNoy1992" class="citation sign cs1">Horbury, William; Noy, David, eds. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cCRC-wTphoYC&pg=PA35"><i>Jewish Inscriptions of Graeco-Roman Egypt</i></a> (22. Plaque, dedication of a Schedian proseuche, 246–221 BCE). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41870-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41870-6"><bdi>978-0-521-41870-6</bdi></a>. <q>υπέρ βασιλέως | Πτολεμαίου και | βασιλίσσης | Βερενίκης άδελ | φης καί γυναικδς καί || των τέκνων | τήν προσευχήν | οί 'Ιουδαίοι.</q> [On behalf of king Ptolemy and queen Berenice his sister and wife and their children, the Jews (dedicated) the proseuche.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+Inscriptions+of+Graeco-Roman+Egypt&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-41870-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcCRC-wTphoYC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JIGRE_117-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JIGRE_117_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorburyNoy1992" class="citation sign cs1">Horbury, William; Noy, David, eds. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cCRC-wTphoYC&pg=PA201"><i>Jewish Inscriptions of Graeco-Roman Egypt</i></a> (117. Stele, dedication of an Arsinoëan-Crocodilopolitan proseuche, 246–221 BCE). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41870-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41870-6"><bdi>978-0-521-41870-6</bdi></a>. <q>υπέρ βασιλέως | Πτολεμαίου τοΰ | Πτολεμαίου καί | βοκηλίσσης | Βερενίκης της || γυναικδς καί | άδελφης καί των | τέκνων οΐ έν Κροκ[ο] | δίλων πόλει *Ιου[δαΐ] | ον την προ[σευχήν] || [ · · · · ]</q> [On behalf of king Ptolemy, son of Ptolemy, and queen Berenice his wife and sister and their children, the Jews in Crocodilopolis (dedicated) the proseuche .....]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+Inscriptions+of+Graeco-Roman+Egypt&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-41870-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcCRC-wTphoYC%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfeiffer2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pfeiffer, Stefan (2015). <i>Griechische und lateinische Inschriften zum Ptolemäerreich und zur römischen Provinz Aegyptus</i>. Einführungen und Quellentexte zur Ägyptologie (in German). Vol. 9. Münster: Lit. pp. 100–102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Griechische+und+lateinische+Inschriften+zum+Ptolem%C3%A4erreich+und+zur+r%C3%B6mischen+Provinz+Aegyptus&rft.place=M%C3%BCnster&rft.series=Einf%C3%BChrungen+und+Quellentexte+zur+%C3%84gyptologie&rft.pages=100-102&rft.pub=Lit&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Pfeiffer&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine2016" class="citation book cs1">Fine, Steven (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cbxyDQAAQBAJ&q=this+holy+place"><i>This Holy Place: On the Sanctity of the Synagogue During the Greco-Roman Period</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-0926-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-0926-8"><bdi>978-1-5326-0926-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Holy+Place%3A+On+the+Sanctity+of+the+Synagogue+During+the+Greco-Roman+Period&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-5326-0926-8&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcbxyDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dthis%2Bholy%2Bplace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pohick-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pohick_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_D._Binder" class="citation web cs1">Donald D. Binder. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924074933/http://www.pohick.org/sts/index.html">"Second Temple Synagogues"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pohick.org/sts/index.html">the original</a> on 2015-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Second+Temple+Synagogues&rft.au=Donald+D.+Binder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pohick.org%2Fsts%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiffman1991" class="citation book cs1">Schiffman, Lawrence (March 1991). <i>From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism</i> (1st ed.). Ktav Pub Inc. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88125-372-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-88125-372-3"><bdi>0-88125-372-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Text+to+Tradition%3A+A+History+of+Second+Temple+and+Rabbinic+Judaism&rft.pages=159&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Ktav+Pub+Inc&rft.date=1991-03&rft.isbn=0-88125-372-3&rft.aulast=Schiffman&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiffman1991" class="citation book cs1">Schiffman, Lawrence (March 1991). <i>From Text to Tradition: A History of Second Temple and Rabbinic Judaism</i> (1st ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2018</span> – via Center for Online Judaic Studies, cojs.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=How+to+Tell+a+Samaritan+Synagogue+from+a+Jewish+Synagogue&rft.volume=May%2FJune+1998&rft.issue=24%3A03&rft.date=2009-01-13&rft.aulast=Pummer&rft.aufirst=Reinhard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcojs.org%2Fhow_to_tell_a_samaritan_synagogue_from_a_jewish_synagogue-_reinhard_pummer-_bar_24-03-_may-jun_1998%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReich1994" class="citation journal cs1">Reich, Ronny (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27926350">"The Plan of the Samaritan Synagogue at Sha'alvim"</a>. <i>Israel Exploration Journal</i>. <b>44</b> (3/4): 228–233. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-2059">0021-2059</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27926350">27926350</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Exploration+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Plan+of+the+Samaritan+Synagogue+at+Sha%27alvim&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=228-233&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27926350%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0021-2059&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=Ronny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27926350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skarsaune-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Skarsaune_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkarsaune2008" class="citation book cs1">Skarsaune, Oskar (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IAlQTo4H4F4C&pg=PA186"><i>In the Shadow of the Temple: Jewish Influences on Early Christianity</i></a>. IVP Academic. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780830828449" title="Special:BookSources/9780830828449"><bdi>9780830828449</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2018</span>. <q>9780830828449</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+the+Temple%3A+Jewish+Influences+on+Early+Christianity&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=IVP+Academic&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780830828449&rft.aulast=Skarsaune&rft.aufirst=Oskar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIAlQTo4H4F4C%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1993" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Joan E. (1993). <i>Christians and the Holy Places: The Myth of Jewish-Christian Origins</i>. Clarendon Press. p. 338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198147855" title="Special:BookSources/9780198147855"><bdi>9780198147855</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christians+and+the+Holy+Places%3A+The+Myth+of+Jewish-Christian+Origins&rft.pages=338&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780198147855&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Joan+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmmett1995" class="citation book cs1">Emmett, Chad Fife (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondbasilicach0000emme"><i>Beyond the Basilica: Christians and Muslims in Nazareth</i></a></span>. University of Chicago Geography Research Papers (Book 237). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondbasilicach0000emme/page/22">22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-20711-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-20711-7"><bdi>978-0-226-20711-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Basilica%3A+Christians+and+Muslims+in+Nazareth&rft.series=University+of+Chicago+Geography+Research+Papers+%28Book+237%29&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-226-20711-7&rft.aulast=Emmett&rft.aufirst=Chad+Fife&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeyondbasilicach0000emme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/bimah">"Encyclopedia Judaica: The Bimah"</a>. <i>JewishVirtualLibrary.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JewishVirtualLibrary.org&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+Judaica%3A+The+Bimah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fbimah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/365934/jewish/The-Bimah-The-Synagogue-Platform.htm">"The Bimah: The Synagogue Platform"</a>. <i>www.chabad.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chabad.org&rft.atitle=The+Bimah%3A+The+Synagogue+Platform&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F365934%2Fjewish%2FThe-Bimah-The-Synagogue-Platform.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/synagogue-background-and-overview">"Synagogue Background & Overview"</a>. <i>www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=Synagogue+Background+%26+Overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fsynagogue-background-and-overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1778-ark-of-the-law">"ARK OF THE LAW."</a> <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1778-ark-of-the-law">"ARK OF THE LAW."</a> <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/365933/jewish/Ner-Tamid-The-Eternal-Light.htm">"Ner Tamid: The Eternal Light."</a> <i>Chabad</i>. 28 August 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/sculpture">"Sculpture"</a>. <i>www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=Sculpture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fsculpture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mishne_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishne Torah">Mishne Torah</a> (<i>Hil. Tefillah</i> 11:4), who wrote: "Synagogues and houses of study must be treated with respect. They are swept and sprinkled to lay the dust. In Spain and in the Maghreb (North Africa), in Babylon and in the Holy Land, it is customary to kindle lamps in the synagogues and to spread mats on the floor on which the worshipers sit. In the land of Edom (i.e. Christian countries) they sit in synagogues upon chairs."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaklikowski" class="citation web cs1">Zaklikowski, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/144123/jewish/The-Chair-of-Elijah-and-Welcoming-the-Baby.htm#footnote5a144123">"The Chair of Elijah and Welcoming the Baby"</a>. Chabad<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Chair+of+Elijah+and+Welcoming+the+Baby&rft.pub=Chabad&rft.aulast=Zaklikowski&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F144123%2Fjewish%2FThe-Chair-of-Elijah-and-Welcoming-the-Baby.htm%23footnote5a144123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moses-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moses_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Interactive Bible, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible.ca/synagogues/Moses-Seat-Metaphor-Pride-reader-leader-judge-Architectural-ancient-Synagogue-pre-70AD-standardized-typology-design-incorporated-adopted-similarities-into-church.htm"><i>Synagogue Moses' Seat: Metaphor of Pride</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Museum" title="Israel Museum">Israel Museum</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museum.imj.org.il/imagine/galleries/viewItemE.asp?case=6&itemNum=536019">Elaborate seat, Chorazin synagogue</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Qafih" title="Yosef Qafih">Joseph Kafih</a>, <i>Jewish Life in Sanà</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ben-Zvi_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben-Zvi Institute">Ben-Zvi Institute</a>: Jerusalem 1982, p. 64 (note 3) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-17-0137-4" title="Special:BookSources/965-17-0137-4">965-17-0137-4</a>. There, Rabbi Kafih recalls the following story in the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a> (<i>Baba Metzi'a</i> 2:8): "Yehudah, the son of <a href="/wiki/Judah_ha-Nasi" title="Judah ha-Nasi">Rebbe</a>, entered a synagogue and left his sandals [outside], and they were stolen. He then said, 'Had I not gone to the synagogue, my sandals would not have gone-off.'" The custom of never entering a synagogue while wearing one's shoes is also mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Geniza" title="Cairo Geniza">Cairo Geniza</a> manuscripts: "While he is yet outside, let him take-off his shoes or sandals from his feet and then enter barefoot, since such is the way of servants to walk barefoot before their lords... We have a minor sanctuary, and we are required to behave with sanctity and fear [in it], as it says: <i>And you shall fear my hallowed place</i>." (v. <i>Halakhot Eretz Yisrael min ha-Geniza</i> [<i>The Halacha of the Land of Israel from the Geniza</i>], ed. Mordechai Margaliot, <a href="/wiki/Mossad_Harav_Kook" title="Mossad Harav Kook">Mossad Harav Kook</a>: Jerusalem 1973, pp. 131–132; Taylor-Schechter New Series 135, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Library" title="Cambridge University Library">Cambridge University Library</a> / Oxford MS. 2700).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshtori_Haparchi2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ishtori_Haparchi" title="Ishtori Haparchi">Ishtori Haparchi</a> (2004). Avraham Yosef Havatzelet (ed.). <i>Kaftor wa-Ferach</i> (in Hebrew). Vol. 1 (chapter 7) (3 ed.). Jerusalem: Ha-makhon le-limudei mitzvot ha-aretz. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1284902315">1284902315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kaftor+wa-Ferach&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=150&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Ha-makhon+le-limudei+mitzvot+ha-aretz&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1284902315&rft.au=Ishtori+Haparchi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuran1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_ben_Simon_Duran" title="Solomon ben Simon Duran">Duran, Solomon</a> (1998). Moshe Sovel (ed.). <i>Questions & Responsa (Sefer ha-Rashbash)</i> (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Mekhon or ha-mizraḥ. p. responsum no. 285. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/233235765">233235765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Questions+%26+Responsa+%28Sefer+ha-Rashbash%29&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=responsum+no.+285&rft.pub=Mekhon+or+ha-mizra%E1%B8%A5&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F233235765&rft.aulast=Duran&rft.aufirst=Solomon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejc.com/judaism/features/the-jews-who-take-off-their-shoes-for-shul-1.24072">"The Jews who take off their shoes for shul"</a>. <i>www.thejc.com</i>. November 24, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thejc.com&rft.atitle=The+Jews+who+take+off+their+shoes+for+shul&rft.date=2016-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejc.com%2Fjudaism%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-jews-who-take-off-their-shoes-for-shul-1.24072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/mehitzah-separate-seating-in-the-synagogue/">"Mechitzah: Separate Seating in the Synagogue"</a>. <i>My Jewish Learning</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My+Jewish+Learning&rft.atitle=Mechitzah%3A+Separate+Seating+in+the+Synagogue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Farticle%2Fmehitzah-separate-seating-in-the-synagogue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rabbi Ken Spiro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aish.com/literacy/jewishhistory/Crash_Course_in_Jewish_History_Part_54_-_Reform_Movement.asp">"Crash Course in Jewish History Part 54 - Reform Movement"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118030842/http://www.aish.com/literacy/jewishhistory/Crash_Course_in_Jewish_History_Part_54_-_Reform_Movement.asp">Archived</a> 2012-01-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Aish.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYisroel_Besser2018" class="citation book cs1">Yisroel Besser (2018). <i>The Chasam Sofer</i>. <a href="/wiki/Artscroll" class="mw-redirect" title="Artscroll">Artscroll</a>. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4226-2232-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4226-2232-2"><bdi>978-1-4226-2232-2</bdi></a>. <q>a <i>bimah</i> must be in the middle</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chasam+Sofer&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Artscroll&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4226-2232-2&rft.au=Yisroel+Besser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alan_F._Segal" title="Alan F. Segal">Alan F. Segal</a>, <i>Rebecca's Children: Judaism and Christianity in the Roman World</i>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1986, 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1340 seats, the synagogue is 48 meters long, 35 meters wide, and 48.6 meters high.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaul_Kahana2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shaul Kahana (January 9, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kikar.co.il/409633.html">"גור קיבלו טופס ארבע - לבית הכנסת הגדול בעולם"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Kikar_HaShabbat_(website)" title="Kikar HaShabbat (website)">Kikar HaShabbat</a></i> (in Hebrew).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kikar+HaShabbat&rft.atitle=%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8+%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%95+%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A1+%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A2+-+%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C+%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D&rft.date=2022-01-09&rft.au=Shaul+Kahana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kikar.co.il%2F409633.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNitzhia_Yaakov2023" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nitzhia Yaakov (April 20, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ynet.co.il/judaism/article/by0irbyf3">"הכי ביהדות: התנ"ך הזעיר, המגילה הארוכה ובית הכנסת ל-30 אלף מתפללים"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ynet" title="Ynet">ynet</a></i> (in Hebrew).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ynet&rft.atitle=%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%99+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA%3A+%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A0%22%D7%9A+%D7%94%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%2C+%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94+%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%94+%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%AA+%D7%9C-30+%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A3+%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D&rft.date=2023-04-20&rft.au=Nitzhia+Yaakov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynet.co.il%2Fjudaism%2Farticle%2Fby0irbyf3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathan_Jeffay2011" class="citation news cs1">Nathan Jeffay (January 12, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forward.com/news/134639/the-heart-of-israel-s-reform-judaism/">"The Heart of Israel's Reform Judaism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Forward" title="The Forward">The Forward</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=The+Heart+of+Israel%27s+Reform+Judaism&rft.date=2011-01-12&rft.au=Nathan+Jeffay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fnews%2F134639%2Fthe-heart-of-israel-s-reform-judaism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulish2007" class="citation news cs1">Kulish, Nicholas (30 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/12/30/travel/30dayout.html?scp=1&sq=largest+synagogue+in+Europe&st=nyt">"Out of Darkness, New Life"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Out+of+Darkness%2C+New+Life&rft.date=2007-12-30&rft.aulast=Kulish&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F12%2F30%2Ftravel%2F30dayout.html%3Fscp%3D1%26sq%3Dlargest%2Bsynagogue%2Bin%2BEurope%26st%3Dnyt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2008" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, S. C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tsvvqDf9pMsC"><i>Acculturation and Particularism in the Modern City: Synagogue Building and Jewish Identity in Northern Europe</i></a>. University of Michigan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780549818977" title="Special:BookSources/9780549818977"><bdi>9780549818977</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acculturation+and+Particularism+in+the+Modern+City%3A+Synagogue+Building+and+Jewish+Identity+in+Northern+Europe&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780549818977&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=S.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtsvvqDf9pMsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Orthodox Synagogue to Be Dedicated November 28–30." Memphis Commercial Appeal, October 21, 1957.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabbi_Yitschak_Rudomin" class="citation book cs1">Rabbi Yitschak Rudomin. "Rebbes, Hasidim, and Authentic Kehillahs". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpi.org/holocaust/hlchp7a.htm"><i>The Second World War and Jewish Education in America: The Fall and Rise of Orthodoxy</i></a>. Jewish Professionals Institute (JPI).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rebbes%2C+Hasidim%2C+and+Authentic+Kehillahs&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War+and+Jewish+Education+in+America%3A+The+Fall+and+Rise+of+Orthodoxy&rft.pub=Jewish+Professionals+Institute+%28JPI%29&rft.au=Rabbi+Yitschak+Rudomin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpi.org%2Fholocaust%2Fhlchp7a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfeiffer2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pfeiffer, Stefan (2015). <i>Griechische und lateinische Inschriften zum Ptolemäerreich und zur römischen Provinz Aegyptus</i>. Einführungen und Quellentexte zur Ägyptologie (in German). Vol. 9. Münster: Lit. p. 100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Griechische+und+lateinische+Inschriften+zum+Ptolem%C3%A4erreich+und+zur+r%C3%B6mischen+Provinz+Aegyptus&rft.place=M%C3%BCnster&rft.series=Einf%C3%BChrungen+und+Quellentexte+zur+%C3%84gyptologie&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Lit&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Pfeiffer&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_D._Binder" class="citation web cs1">Donald D. Binder. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120907135251/http://www.pohick.org/sts/delos.html">"Delos"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pohick.org/sts/delos.html">the original</a> on September 7, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Delos&rft.au=Donald+D.+Binder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pohick.org%2Fsts%2Fdelos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetware.com/tourist-attractions-/bridgetown-bar-mi-bdgtn.htm#BAR-MI-SYN">"Nidhe Israel Synagogue"</a>. planetware.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nidhe+Israel+Synagogue&rft.pub=planetware&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetware.com%2Ftourist-attractions-%2Fbridgetown-bar-mi-bdgtn.htm%23BAR-MI-SYN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vilnashul.org">"Vilna Shul"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vilna+Shul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vilnashul.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mosquitonet-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mosquitonet_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140920005130/http://www.mosquitonet.com/~orhatzafon/">"Congregation Or HaTzafon"</a>. mosquitonet.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mosquitonet.com/~orhatzafon/">the original</a> on 2014-09-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congregation+Or+HaTzafon&rft.pub=mosquitonet.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mosquitonet.com%2F~orhatzafon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMessinas2022" class="citation book cs1">Messinas, Ēlias V. (2022). <a href="/wiki/Samuel_D._Gruber" title="Samuel D. Gruber">Gruber, Samuel D.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DDJ-zwEACAAJ"><i>Synagogues of Greece: A Study of Synagogues in Macedonia and Thrace with Architectural Drawings of All Synagogues of Greece</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kindle_Direct_Publishing" title="Kindle Direct Publishing">Kindle Direct Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-8069-0288-8" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-8069-0288-8"><bdi>979-8-8069-0288-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synagogues+of+Greece%3A+A+Study+of+Synagogues+in+Macedonia+and+Thrace+with+Architectural+Drawings+of+All+Synagogues+of+Greece&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=Kindle+Direct+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=979-8-8069-0288-8&rft.aulast=Messinas&rft.aufirst=%C4%92lias+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDDJ-zwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2014" class="citation book cs1">Young, Penny (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gIKkoAEACAAJ"><i>Dura Europos: A City for Everyman</i></a>. Twopenny Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780956170347" title="Special:BookSources/9780956170347"><bdi>9780956170347</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dura+Europos%3A+A+City+for+Everyman&rft.pub=Twopenny+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780956170347&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Penny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgIKkoAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASynagogue" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Synagogue" class="extiw" title="commons:Synagogue">Synagogue</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Synagogue" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Synagogue">Synagogue</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14160-synagogue/">Jewish Encyclopedia: Synagogue</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lubavitch.com/centers/">Chabad Lubavitch Center & Synagogue Finder</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ou.org/synagogue-finder/">Orthodox Union Synagogue Finder</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uscj.org/">United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism Synagogue Finder</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urj.org/congregations/">Union for Reform Judaism Synagogue Finder</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reconstructingjudaism.org/">Reconstructionist Synagogue Finder</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jews_and_Judaism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist 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history-related articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta_Christianity" title="Xueta Christianity">Xueta Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diaspora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monen" title="Monen">Monen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leadership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce in Judaism">Divorce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Jewish_History" title="Center for Jewish History">Center for Jewish History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Historical_Society" title="American Jewish Historical Society">American Jewish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sephardi_Federation" title="American Sephardi Federation">American Sephardi Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute_New_York" title="Leo Baeck Institute New York">Leo Baeck Institute New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University_Museum" title="Yeshiva University Museum">Yeshiva University Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO Institute for Jewish Research</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation" title="Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Jew (word)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" title="The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">YIVO Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Holocaust" title="Encyclopedia of the Holocaust">Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Encyclopedia">Holocaust Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_other_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Anabaptist–Jewish relations">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Judaism" title="Protestantism and Judaism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Halloween" title="Jews and Halloween">Jews and Halloween</a></li></ul></li> <li>non-Christian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></b></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_of_worship" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Place_of_worship" title="Template:Place of worship"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Place_of_worship" title="Template talk:Place of worship"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Place_of_worship" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Place of worship"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_of_worship" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Places of worship</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahai_star.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bahai_star.svg/15px-Bahai_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bahai_star.svg/23px-Bahai_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bahai_star.svg/30px-Bahai_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_House_of_Worship" title="Baháʼí House of Worship">Baháʼí House of Worship</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/15px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/23px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/30px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Buddhist Monastery or Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitya" title="Chaitya">Chaitya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/12px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/18px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/24px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aum_Om_black.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aum_Om_black.svg/15px-Aum_Om_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aum_Om_black.svg/23px-Aum_Om_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aum_Om_black.svg/30px-Aum_Om_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple or Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_temple" title="Balinese temple">Balinese temple or Pura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jainism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jainism.svg/12px-Jainism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jainism.svg/18px-Jainism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jainism.svg/24px-Jainism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="1559" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Jain_temple" title="Jain temple">Jain temple or Derasar or Basadi</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Black_Star_of_David.svg/15px-Black_Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Black_Star_of_David.svg/23px-Black_Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Black_Star_of_David.svg/30px-Black_Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"> Synagogue or Shul</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_of_Islam.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Symbol_of_Islam.svg/15px-Symbol_of_Islam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Symbol_of_Islam.svg/23px-Symbol_of_Islam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Symbol_of_Islam.svg/30px-Symbol_of_Islam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dargah">Dargah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongbei_(Islamic_architecture)" title="Gongbei (Islamic architecture)">Gongbei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg/15px-Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg/23px-Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg/30px-Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="1615" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Mandi_(Mandaeism)" title="Mandi (Mandaeism)">Mandi or Mashkhanna or Beth Manda</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> & <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">modern paganism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pagan_religions_symbols.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pagan_religions_symbols.png/20px-Pagan_religions_symbols.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pagan_religions_symbols.png/30px-Pagan_religions_symbols.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pagan_religions_symbols.png/40px-Pagan_religions_symbols.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">Heathen hof or Germanic pagan temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_circle" title="Magic circle">Magic circle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shintoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shintoism">Shintoism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torii.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Torii.svg/15px-Torii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Torii.svg/23px-Torii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Torii.svg/30px-Torii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">Shinto Shrine or Jinja</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khanda.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/15px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/23px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/30px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Pakua.svg/15px-Pakua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Pakua.svg/23px-Pakua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Pakua.svg/30px-Pakua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="426" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Taoist_temple" title="Taoist temple">Taoist temple or Dàoguàn</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Faravahar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/25px-Faravahar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/38px-Faravahar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/50px-Faravahar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple"> Fire temple or Agiary or Atashkadeh or Atashgah or Dar-e Mehr</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varying religions and beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">Altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_(religious_practice)" title="Cult (religious practice)">Cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacral_architecture" title="Sacral architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_(antiquity)" title="Asylum (antiquity)">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">Cult image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary" title="Sanctuary">Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">Shrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">Temple</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_temple" title="Sun temple">Sun temple</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Note:</b> Sorted alphabetically except the last one</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34627#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34627#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34627#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11960521f">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11960521f">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="synagogy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph126360&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX526950">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555943505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/011382">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&oldid=1258230798">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synagogue&oldid=1258230798</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Synagogues" 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