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reactor</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: slurry reactor"> <meta name="keywords" content="slurry reactor"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="slurry reactor"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 824</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: slurry reactor</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">614</span> Development of Membrane Reactor for Auto Thermal Reforming of Dimethyl Ether for Hydrogen Production</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tie-Qing%20Zhang">Tie-Qing Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seunghun%20Jung"> Seunghun Jung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Young-Bae%20Kim"> Young-Bae Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This research is devoted to developing a membrane reactor to flexibly meet the hydrogen demand of onboard fuel cells, which is an important part of green energy development. Among many renewable chemical products, dimethyl ether (DME) has the advantages of low reaction temperature (400 °C in this study), high hydrogen atom content, low toxicity, and easy preparation. Autothermal reforming, on the other hand, has a high hydrogen recovery rate and exhibits thermal neutrality during the reaction process, so the additional heat source in the hydrogen production process can be omitted. Therefore, the DME auto thermal reforming process was adopted in this study. To control the temperature of the reaction catalyst bed and hydrogen production rate, a Model Predictive Control (MPC) scheme was designed. Taking the above two variables as the control objectives, stable operation of the reformer can be achieved by controlling the flow rates of DME, steam, and high-purity air in real-time. To prevent catalyst poisoning in the fuel cell, the hydrogen needs to be purified to reduce the carbon monoxide content to below 50 ppm. Therefore, a Pd-Ag hydrogen semi-permeable membrane with a thickness of 3-5 μm was inserted into the auto thermal reactor, and the permeation efficiency of hydrogen was improved by steam purging on the permeation side. Finally, hydrogen with a purity of 99.99 was obtained. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogen%20production" title="hydrogen production">hydrogen production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=auto%20thermal%20reforming" title=" auto thermal reforming"> auto thermal reforming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=membrane" title=" membrane"> membrane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuel%20cell" title=" fuel cell"> fuel cell</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152000/development-of-membrane-reactor-for-auto-thermal-reforming-of-dimethyl-ether-for-hydrogen-production" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152000.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">104</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">613</span> Enhancement of Dissolved Oxygen Concentration during the Electrocoagulation Process Using an Innovative Flow Columns-Electrocoagulation Reactor </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khalid%20S.%20Hashim">Khalid S. Hashim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andy%20Shaw"> Andy Shaw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rafid%20Alkhaddar"> Rafid Alkhaddar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) plays a key role in the electrocoagulation process (EC) as it oxidizes the heavy metals, ammonia, and cyanide into other forms that can be removed easily from water. For instance, the DO oxidises Fe (II) to Fe (III), As (III) to As (V), and cyanide to cyanate and then to ammonia. As well as, removal of nitrogenous compounds accomplishes by the presence of DO. Hence, many of the previous investigations used external aerators to provide the required DO inside EC reactors especially when the water being treated has low DO (such as leachate and highly polluted waters with organic matter); or when the DO depleted during the EC treatment. Although the external aeration process effectively enhances the DO concentration, it has a significant impact on energy consumption. Where, the presence of air bubbles increases the electrical resistance of the EC cell that increase the energy consumption in consequence. Thus, the present project aims to fill this gap by an innovative use of perforated flow columns in the designing of a new EC reactor (ECR1). The new reactor (ECR1) consisted of a Perspex made cylinder container having a controllable working volume of 0.5 to 1 L. It supplied with a flow column that consisted of perorated discoid electrodes that made from aluminium. In order to investigate the performance of ECR1; water samples with a controlled DO concentration were pumped at different flow rates (110, 220, and 440 ml/min) to the ECR1 for 10 min. The obtained results demonstrated that the ECR1 increased the DO concentration from 5.0 to 9.54, 10.53, and 11.0 mg/L which equivalent to 90.8%, 110.6%, and 120% at flow rates of 110, 220, and 440 mL/min respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dissolved%20oxygen" title="dissolved oxygen">dissolved oxygen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flow%20column" title=" flow column"> flow column</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrocoagulation" title=" electrocoagulation"> electrocoagulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aluminium%20electrodes" title=" aluminium electrodes"> aluminium electrodes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40025/enhancement-of-dissolved-oxygen-concentration-during-the-electrocoagulation-process-using-an-innovative-flow-columns-electrocoagulation-reactor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40025.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">273</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">612</span> Dynamic Analysis of the Heat Transfer in the Magnetically Assisted Reactor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tomasz%20Borowski">Tomasz Borowski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dawid%20So%C5%82oducha"> Dawid Sołoducha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rafa%C5%82%20Rakoczy"> Rafał Rakoczy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marian%20Kordas"> Marian Kordas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The application of magnetic field is essential for a wide range of technologies or processes (i.e., magnetic hyperthermia, bioprocessing). From the practical point of view, bioprocess control is often limited to the regulation of temperature at constant values favourable to microbial growth. The main aim of this study is to determine the effect of various types of electromagnetic fields (i.e., static or alternating) on the heat transfer in a self-designed magnetically assisted reactor. The experimental set-up is equipped with a measuring instrument which controlled the temperature of the liquid inside the container and supervised the real-time acquisition of all the experimental data coming from the sensors. Temperature signals are also sampled from generator of magnetic field. The obtained temperature profiles were mathematically described and analyzed. The parameters characterizing the response to a step input of a first-order dynamic system were obtained and discussed. For example, the higher values of the time constant means slow signal (in this case, temperature) increase. After the period equal to about five-time constants, the sample temperature nearly reached the asymptotic value. This dynamical analysis allowed us to understand the heating effect under the action of various types of electromagnetic fields. Moreover, the proposed mathematical description can be used to compare the influence of different types of magnetic fields on heat transfer operations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20transfer" title="heat transfer">heat transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetically%20assisted%20reactor" title=" magnetically assisted reactor"> magnetically assisted reactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamical%20analysis" title=" dynamical analysis"> dynamical analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transient%20function" title=" transient function"> transient function</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140933/dynamic-analysis-of-the-heat-transfer-in-the-magnetically-assisted-reactor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140933.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">171</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">611</span> Syngas From Polypropylene Gasification in a Fluidized Bed</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sergio%20Rapagn%C3%A0">Sergio Rapagnà</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alessandro%20Antonio%20Papa"> Alessandro Antonio Papa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Armando%20Vitale"> Armando Vitale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andre%20Di%20Carlo"> Andre Di Carlo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent years the world population has enormously increased the use of plastic products for their living needs, in particular for transporting and storing consumer goods such as food and beverage. Plastics are widely used in the automotive industry, in construction of electronic equipment, clothing and home furnishings. Over the last 70 years, the annual production of plastic products has increased from 2 million tons to 460 million tons. About 20% of the last quantity is mismanaged as waste. The consequence of this mismanagement is the release of plastic waste into the terrestrial and marine environments which represents a danger to human health and the ecosystem. Recycling all plastics is difficult because they are often made with mixtures of polymers that are incompatible with each other and contain different additives. The products obtained are always of lower quality and after two/three recycling cycles they must be eliminated either by thermal treatment to produce heat or disposed of in landfill. An alternative to these current solutions is to obtain a mixture of gases rich in H₂, CO and CO₂ suitable for being profitably used for the production of chemicals with consequent savings fossil sources. Obtaining a hydrogen-rich syngas can be achieved by gasification process using the fluidized bed reactor, in presence of steam as the fluidization medium. The fluidized bed reactor allows the gasification process of plastics to be carried out at a constant temperature and allows the use of different plastics with different compositions and different grain sizes. Furthermore, during the gasification process the use of steam increase the gasification of char produced by the first pyrolysis/devolatilization process of the plastic particles. The bed inventory can be made with particles having catalytic properties such as olivine, capable to catalyse the steam reforming reactions of heavy hydrocarbons normally called tars, with a consequent increase in the quantity of gases produced. The plant is composed of a fluidized bed reactor made of AISI 310 steel, having an internal diameter of 0.1 m, containing 3 kg of olivine particles as a bed inventory. The reactor is externally heated by an oven up to 1000 °C. The hot producer gases that exit the reactor, after being cooled, are quantified using a mass flow meter. Gas analyzers are present to measure instantly the volumetric composition of H₂, CO, CO₂, CH₄ and NH₃. At the conference, the results obtained from the continuous gasification of polypropylene (PP) particles in a steam atmosphere at temperatures of 840-860 °C will be presented. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gasification" title="gasification">gasification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fluidized%20bed" title=" fluidized bed"> fluidized bed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogen" title=" hydrogen"> hydrogen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=olivine" title=" olivine"> olivine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polypropyle" title=" polypropyle"> polypropyle</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188866/syngas-from-polypropylene-gasification-in-a-fluidized-bed" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188866.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">27</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">610</span> Isolation of a Bacterial Community with High Removal Efficiencies of the Insecticide Bendiocarb</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eusebio%20A.%20Jim%C3%A9nez-Ar%C3%A9valo">Eusebio A. Jiménez-Arévalo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deifilia%20Ahuatzi-Chac%C3%B3n"> Deifilia Ahuatzi-Chacón</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juvencio%20Gal%C3%ADndez-Mayer"> Juvencio Galíndez-Mayer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cleotilde%20Ju%C3%A1rez-Ram%C3%ADrez"> Cleotilde Juárez-Ramírez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nora%20Ruiz-Ordaz"> Nora Ruiz-Ordaz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bendiocarb is a known toxic xenobiotic that presents acute and chronic risks for freshwater invertebrates and estuarine and marine biota; thus, the treatment of water contaminated with the insecticide is of concern. In this paper, a bacterial community with the capacity to grow in bendiocarb as its sole carbon and nitrogen source was isolated by enrichment techniques in batch culture, from samples of a composting plant located in the northeast of Mexico City. Eight cultivable bacteria were isolated from the microbial community, by PCR amplification of 16 rDNA; <em>Pseudoxanthomonas spadix</em> (NC_016147.2, 98%), <em>Ochrobacterium anthropi</em> (NC_009668.1, 97%), <em>Staphylococcus capitis</em> (NZ_CP007601.1, 99%), <em>Bosea thiooxidans</em>. (NZ_LMAR01000067.1, 99%), <em>Pseudomonas denitrificans</em>. (NC_020829.1, 99%), <em>Agromyces </em>sp. (NZ_LMKQ01000001.1, 98%), <em>Bacillus thuringiensis</em>. (NC_022873.1, 97%), <em>Pseudomonas alkylphenolia </em>(NZ_CP009048.1, 98%). NCBI accession numbers and percentage of similarity are indicated in parentheses. These bacteria were regarded as the isolated species for having the best similarity matches. The ability to degrade bendiocarb by the immobilized bacterial community in a packed bed biofilm reactor, using as support volcanic stone fragments (tezontle), was evaluated. The reactor system was operated in batch using mineral salts medium and 30 mg/L of bendiocarb as carbon and nitrogen source. With this system, an overall removal efficiency (η<sub>bend</sub>) rounding 90%, was reached. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bendiocarb" title="bendiocarb">bendiocarb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodegradation" title=" biodegradation"> biodegradation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biofilm%20reactor" title=" biofilm reactor"> biofilm reactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbamate%20insecticide" title=" carbamate insecticide"> carbamate insecticide</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55702/isolation-of-a-bacterial-community-with-high-removal-efficiencies-of-the-insecticide-bendiocarb" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55702.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">279</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">609</span> Verification and Validation of Simulated Process Models of KALBR-SIM Training Simulator</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Jayanthi">T. Jayanthi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Velusamy"> K. Velusamy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Seetha"> H. Seetha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20A.%20V.%20Satya%20Murty"> S. A. V. Satya Murty</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Verification and Validation of Simulated Process Model is the most important phase of the simulator life cycle. Evaluation of simulated process models based on Verification and Validation techniques checks the closeness of each component model (in a simulated network) with the real system/process with respect to dynamic behaviour under steady state and transient conditions. The process of Verification and validation helps in qualifying the process simulator for the intended purpose whether it is for providing comprehensive training or design verification. In general, model verification is carried out by comparison of simulated component characteristics with the original requirement to ensure that each step in the model development process completely incorporates all the design requirements. Validation testing is performed by comparing the simulated process parameters to the actual plant process parameters either in standalone mode or integrated mode. A Full Scope Replica Operator Training Simulator for PFBR - Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor has been developed at IGCAR, Kalpakkam, INDIA named KALBR-SIM (Kalpakkam Breeder Reactor Simulator) wherein the main participants are engineers/experts belonging to Modeling Team, Process Design and Instrumentation and Control design team. This paper discusses the Verification and Validation process in general, the evaluation procedure adopted for PFBR operator training Simulator, the methodology followed for verifying the models, the reference documents and standards used etc. It details out the importance of internal validation by design experts, subsequent validation by external agency consisting of experts from various fields, model improvement by tuning based on expert’s comments, final qualification of the simulator for the intended purpose and the difficulties faced while co-coordinating various activities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Verification%20and%20Validation%20%28V%26V%29" title="Verification and Validation (V&V)">Verification and Validation (V&V)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prototype%20Fast%20Breeder%20Reactor%20%28PFBR%29" title=" Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR)"> Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kalpakkam%20Breeder%20Reactor%20Simulator%20%28KALBR-SIM%29" title=" Kalpakkam Breeder Reactor Simulator (KALBR-SIM)"> Kalpakkam Breeder Reactor Simulator (KALBR-SIM)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=steady%20state" title=" steady state"> steady state</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transient%20state" title=" transient state"> transient state</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16092/verification-and-validation-of-simulated-process-models-of-kalbr-sim-training-simulator" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16092.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">266</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">608</span> Trends in Use of Millings in Pavement Maintenance </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rafiqul%20Tarefder">Rafiqul Tarefder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohiuddin%20Ahmad"> Mohiuddin Ahmad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Hossain"> Mohammad Hossain</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> While milling materials from old pavement surface can be an important component of cost effective maintenance operation, their use in maintenance projects are not uniform and well documented. This study documents the different maintenance practices followed by four transportation districts of New Mexico Department of Transportation (NMDOT) in an attempt to find whether millings are being used in maintenance projects by those districts. Based on existing literature, a questionnaire was developed related to six common maintenance practices. NMDOT district personal were interviewed face to face to discuss and get answers to that questionnaire. It revealed that NMDOT districts mainly use chip seal and patching. Other maintenance procedures such as sand seal, scrub seal, slurry seal, and thin overlay have limited use. Two out of four participating districts do not have any documents on chip sealing; rather they employ the experiences of the chip seal crew. All districts use polymer modified high float emulsion (HFE100P) for chip seal with an application rate ranging from 0.4 to 0.56 gallons per square yard. Chip application rate varies from 15 to 40 lb/ square yard. State wide, the thickness of chip seal varies from 3/8" to 1" and life varies from 3 to 10 years. NMDOT districts mainly use three type of patching: pothole, dig-out and blade patch. Pothole patches are used for small potholes and during emergency, dig-out patches are used for all type of potholes sometimes after pothole patching, and blade patch is used when a significant portion of the pavement is damaged. Pothole patches last as low as three days whereas, blade patch lasts as long as 3 years. It was observed that all participating districts use millings in maintenance projects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chip%20seal" title="chip seal">chip seal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sand%20seal" title=" sand seal"> sand seal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scrub%20seal" title=" scrub seal"> scrub seal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slurry%20seal" title=" slurry seal"> slurry seal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=overlay" title=" overlay"> overlay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=patching" title=" patching"> patching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=millings" title=" millings"> millings</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26878/trends-in-use-of-millings-in-pavement-maintenance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26878.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">342</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">607</span> Analysis of Two-Phase Flow Instabilities in Conventional Channel of Nuclear Power Reactor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Abdur%20Rashid%20Sarkar">M. Abdur Rashid Sarkar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Riffat%20Mahmud"> Riffat Mahmud</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Boiling heat transfer plays a crucial role in cooling nuclear reactor for safe electricity generation. A two phase flow is susceptible to thermal-hydrodynamic instabilities, which may cause flow oscillations of constant amplitude or diverging amplitude. These oscillations may induce boiling crisis, disturb control systems, or cause mechanical damage. Based on their mechanisms, various types of instabilities can be classified for a nuclear reactor. From a practical engineering point of view one of the major design difficulties in dealing with multiphase flow is that the mass, momentum, and energy transfer rates and processes may be quite sensitive to the geometric configuration of the heat transfer surface. Moreover, the flow within each phase or component will clearly depend on that geometric configuration. The complexity of this two-way coupling presents a major challenge in the study of multiphase flows and there is much that remains to be done. Yet, the parametric effects on flow instability such as the effect of aspect ratio, pressure drop, channel length, its orientation inlet subcooling and surface roughness etc. have been analyzed. Another frequently occurring instability, known as the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability has been briefly reviewed. Various analytical techniques for predicting parametric effect on the instability are analyzed in terms of their applicability and accuracy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=two%20phase%20flows" title="two phase flows">two phase flows</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=boiling%20crisis" title=" boiling crisis"> boiling crisis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal-hydrodynamic%20instabilities" title=" thermal-hydrodynamic instabilities"> thermal-hydrodynamic instabilities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20cooled%20nuclear%20reactors" title=" water cooled nuclear reactors"> water cooled nuclear reactors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kelvin%E2%80%93helmholtz%20instability" title=" kelvin–helmholtz instability"> kelvin–helmholtz instability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40906/analysis-of-two-phase-flow-instabilities-in-conventional-channel-of-nuclear-power-reactor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40906.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">397</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">606</span> Tribological Response of Self-Mated Zircaloy-4 under Varying Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bharat%20Kumar">Bharat Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deepak%20Kumar"> Deepak Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vijay%20Chaudhry"> Vijay Chaudhry</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Zirconium alloys are widely used for the core components of a pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR) or Canada deuterium (CANDU) reactor due to their low neutron absorption cross-section and excellent mechanical properties. The components made of Zirconium alloys are subjected to flow-induced vibrations, resulting in fretting wear at the interface of; pressure tubes and bearing pads, pressure tubes and calandria tubes, and calandria tubes and Liquid injection shutdown system (LISS) nozzles. There is a need to explore the tribological response under such conditions. Present work simulates the contact between calandria tube and LISS nozzle of PHWR/CANDU reactor as cylinder-on-cylinder contact configuration. Reciprocating tribo-tests were conducted on Zircaloy-4 (Zr-4) under the self-mated condition at varying amplitude, frequency, and sliding time. To understand the active wear mechanism, worn surfaces were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The change in amplitude severely affects the wear than other factors. The wear mechanism transits from adhesion to abrasion with increasing test amplitude. The dominant wear mechanisms are micro-cutting and micro-plowing followed by delamination in some areas. However, the coefficient of friction has indifferent behaviors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zircaloy-4" title="zircaloy-4">zircaloy-4</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tribology" title=" tribology"> tribology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calandria%20tube" title=" calandria tube"> calandria tube</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LISS%20nozzle" title=" LISS nozzle"> LISS nozzle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PHWR" title=" PHWR"> PHWR</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142929/tribological-response-of-self-mated-zircaloy-4-under-varying-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142929.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">209</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">605</span> Analyses for Primary Coolant Pump Coastdown Phenomena for Jordan Research and Training Reactor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yazan%20M.%20Alatrash">Yazan M. Alatrash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Han-ok%20Kang"> Han-ok Kang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyun-gi%20Yoon"> Hyun-gi Yoon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shen%20Zhang"> Shen Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juhyeon%20Yoon"> Juhyeon Yoon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Flow coastdown phenomena are very important to secure nuclear fuel integrity during loss of off-site power accidents. In this study, primary coolant flow coastdown phenomena are investigated for the Jordan Research and Training Reactor (JRTR) using a simulation software package, Modular Modelling System (MMS). Two MMS models are built. The first one is a simple model to investigate the characteristics of the primary coolant pump only. The second one is a model for a simulation of the Primary Coolant System (PCS) loop, in which all the detailed design data of the JRTR PCS system are modelled, including the geometrical arrangement data. The same design data for a PCS pump are used for both models. Coastdown curves obtained from the two models are compared to study the PCS loop coolant inertia effect on a flow coastdown. Results showed that the loop coolant inertia effect is found to be small in the JRTR PCS loop, i.e., about one second increases in a coastdown half time required to halve the coolant flow rate. The effects of different flywheel inertia on the flow coastdown are also investigated. It is demonstrated that the coastdown half time increases with the flywheel inertia linearly. The designed coastdown half time is proved to be well above the design requirement for the fuel integrity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flow%20coastdown" title="flow coastdown">flow coastdown</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=loop%20inertia" title=" loop inertia"> loop inertia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modelling" title=" modelling"> modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=research%20reactor" title=" research reactor"> research reactor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2606/analyses-for-primary-coolant-pump-coastdown-phenomena-for-jordan-research-and-training-reactor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2606.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">502</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">604</span> Degradation of Different Organic Contaminates Using Corona Discharge Plasma</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20H.%20El-Shazly">A. H. El-Shazly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20El-Tayeb"> A. El-Tayeb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20F.%20Elkady"> M. F. Elkady</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mona%20G.%20E.%20Ibrahim"> Mona G. E. Ibrahim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelazim%20M.%20Negm"> Abdelazim M. Negm</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, corona discharge plasma reactor was used for degradation of organic pollution in aqueous solutions in batch reactor. This work examines the possibility of increasing the organic pollution removal efficiency from wastewater using non-thermal plasma. Three types of organic pollution phenol, acid blue 25 and methylene blue are presented to investigate experimentally the amount of organic pollution removal efficiency from wastewater. Measurement results for phenol degradation percentage are 71% in 35 min and 96% when its residence time is 60 min. In addition, the degradation behavior of acid blue 25 utilizing dual pin-to-plate corona discharge plasma system displays a removal efficiency of 82% in 11 min. The complete decolorization was accomplished in 35 min for concentration of acid blue 25 up to 100 ppm. Furthermore, the methylene blue degradation touched up to 85% during 35 min treatment in corona discharge plasma a batch reactor system. The decolorization ratio, conductivity, corona current and discharge energy are considered at various concentration molarity for AlCl3, CaCl2, KCl and NaCl under different molar concentration. It was observed that the attendance of salts at the same concentration level considerably diminished the rate and the extent of decolorization. The research presented that the corona system could be positively utilized in a diversity of organically contaminated at diverse concentrations. Energy consumption requirements for decolorization was considered. The consequences will be valuable for designing the plasma treatment systems appropriate for industrial wastewaters. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wastewater%20treatment" title="wastewater treatment">wastewater treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corona%20discharge" title=" corona discharge"> corona discharge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-thermal%20plasma" title=" non-thermal plasma"> non-thermal plasma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organic%20pollution" title=" organic pollution"> organic pollution</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52495/degradation-of-different-organic-contaminates-using-corona-discharge-plasma" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52495.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">338</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">603</span> Small Scale Stationary and Mobile Production of Biodiesel</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Yusuf%20Abduh">Muhammad Yusuf Abduh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Robert%20Manurung"> Robert Manurung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hero%20Jan%20Heeres"> Hero Jan Heeres</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Biodiesel can be produced in small scale mobile units which are designed with local input and demand. Unlike the typical biodiesel production plants, mobile biodiesel unit consiss of a biodiesel production facility placed inside a standard cargo container and mounted on a truck so that it can be transported to a region near the location of raw materials. In this paper, we review the existing concept and unit for the development of community-scale and mobile production of biodiesel. This includes the main reactor technology to produce biodiesel as well as the pre-treatment prior to the reaction unit. The pre-treatment includes the oil-expeller unit to obtain oil from the oilseeds as well as the quality control of the oil before it enters the reaction unit. This paper also discusses the post-treatment after the production of biodiesel. It includes the refining and purification of biodiesel to meet the product specification set by the biodiesel industry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodiesel" title="biodiesel">biodiesel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=community%20scale" title=" community scale"> community scale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobile%20biodiesel%20unit" title=" mobile biodiesel unit"> mobile biodiesel unit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reactor%20technology" title=" reactor technology"> reactor technology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85377/small-scale-stationary-and-mobile-production-of-biodiesel" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85377.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">236</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">602</span> An Innovative Use of Flow Columns in Electrocoagulation Reactor to Control Water Temperature</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khalid%20S.%20Hashim">Khalid S. Hashim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andy%20Shaw"> Andy Shaw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rafid%20Alkhaddar"> Rafid Alkhaddar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20Phipps"> David Phipps</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ortoneda%20Pedrola"> Ortoneda Pedrola</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Temperature is an essential parameter in the electrocoagulation process (EC) as it governs the solubility of electrodes and the precipitates and the collision rate of particles in water being treated. Although it has been about 100 years since the EC technology was invented and applied in water and wastewater treatment, the effects of temperature on the its performance were insufficiently investigated. Thus, the present project aims to fill this gap by an innovative use of perforated flow columns in the designing of a new EC reactor (ECR1). The new reactor (ECR1) consisted of a Perspex made cylinder container supplied with a flow column consisted of perorated discoid electrodes that made from aluminium. The flow column has been installed vertically, half submerged in the water being treated, inside a plastic cylinder. The unsubmerged part of the flow column works as a radiator for the water being treated. In order to investigate the performance of ECR1; water samples with different initial temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 °C) to the ECR1 for 20 min. Temperature of effluent water samples were measured using Hanna meter (Model: HI 98130). The obtained results demonstrated that the ECR1 reduced water temperature from 35, 30, and 25 °C to 24.6, 23.8, and 21.8 °C respectively. While low water temperature, 15 °C, increased slowly to reach 19.1 °C after 15 minutes and kept the same level till the end of the treatment period. At the same time, water sample with initial temperature of 20 °C showed almost a steady level of temperature along the treatment process, where the temperature increased negligibly from 20 to 20.1 °C after 20 minutes of treatment. In conclusion, ECR1 is able to control the temperature of water being treated around the room temperature even when the initial temperature was high (35 °C) or low (15 °C). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrocoagulation" title="electrocoagulation">electrocoagulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flow%20column" title=" flow column"> flow column</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=treatment" title=" treatment"> treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20temperature" title=" water temperature"> water temperature</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34852/an-innovative-use-of-flow-columns-in-electrocoagulation-reactor-to-control-water-temperature" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34852.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">430</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">601</span> Neural Network Supervisory Proportional-Integral-Derivative Control of the Pressurized Water Reactor Core Power Load Following Operation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Derjew%20Ayele%20Ejigu">Derjew Ayele Ejigu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Houde%20Song"> Houde Song</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaojing%20Liu"> Xiaojing Liu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work presents the particle swarm optimization trained neural network (PSO-NN) supervisory proportional integral derivative (PID) control method to monitor the pressurized water reactor (PWR) core power for safe operation. The proposed control approach is implemented on the transfer function of the PWR core, which is computed from the state-space model. The PWR core state-space model is designed from the neutronics, thermal-hydraulics, and reactivity models using perturbation around the equilibrium value. The proposed control approach computes the control rod speed to maneuver the core power to track the reference in a closed-loop scheme. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to train the neural network (NN) and to tune the PID simultaneously. The controller performance is examined using integral absolute error, integral time absolute error, integral square error, and integral time square error functions, and the stability of the system is analyzed by using the Bode diagram. The simulation results indicated that the controller shows satisfactory performance to control and track the load power effectively and smoothly as compared to the PSO-PID control technique. This study will give benefit to design a supervisory controller for nuclear engineering research fields for control application. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title="machine learning">machine learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neural%20network" title=" neural network"> neural network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pressurized%20water%20reactor" title=" pressurized water reactor"> pressurized water reactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supervisory%20controller" title=" supervisory controller"> supervisory controller</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140523/neural-network-supervisory-proportional-integral-derivative-control-of-the-pressurized-water-reactor-core-power-load-following-operation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140523.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">155</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">600</span> In-Situ Sludge Minimization Using Integrated Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor for Industrial Wastewater Treatment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vijay%20Sodhi">Vijay Sodhi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Charanjit%20Singh"> Charanjit Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neelam%20Sodhi"> Neelam Sodhi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Puneet%20P.%20S.%20Cheema"> Puneet P. S. Cheema</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reena%20Sharma"> Reena Sharma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mithilesh%20K.%20Jha"> Mithilesh K. Jha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The management and secure disposal of the biosludge generated from widely commercialized conventional activated sludge (CAS) treatments become a potential environmental issue. Thus, a sustainable technological upgradation to the CAS for sludge yield minimization has recently been gained serious attention of the scientific community. A number of recently reported studies effectively addressed the remedial technological advancements that in monopoly limited to the municipal wastewater. Moreover, the critical review of the literature signifies side-stream sludge minimization as a complex task to maintain. In this work, therefore, a hybrid moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) configuration (named as AMOMOX process) for in-situ minimization of the excess biosludge generated from high organic strength tannery wastewater has been demonstrated. The AMOMOX collectively stands for anoxic MBBR (as AM), aerobic MBBR (OM) and an oxic CAS (OX). The AMOMOX configuration involved a combined arrangement of an anoxic MBBR and oxic MBBR coupled with the aerobic CAS. The AMOMOX system was run in parallel with an identical CAS reactor. Both system configurations were fed with same influent to judge the real-time operational changes. For the AMOMOX process, the strict maintenance of operational strategies resulted about 95% removal of NH4-N and SCOD from tannery wastewater. Here, the nourishment of filamentous microbiota and purposeful promotion of cell-lysis effectively sustained sludge yield (Yobs) lowering upto 0.51 kgVSS/kgCOD. As a result, the volatile sludge scarcity apparent in the AMOMOX system succeeded upto 47% reduction of the excess biosludge. The corroborated was further supported by FE-SEM imaging and thermogravimetric analysis. However, the detection of microbial strains habitat underlying extended SRT (23-26 days) of the AMOMOX system would be the matter of further research. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tannery%20wastewater" title="tannery wastewater">tannery wastewater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moving%20bed%20biofilm%20reactor" title=" moving bed biofilm reactor"> moving bed biofilm reactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sludhe%20yield" title=" sludhe yield"> sludhe yield</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sludge%20minimization" title=" sludge minimization"> sludge minimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solids%20retention%20time" title=" solids retention time"> solids retention time</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167992/in-situ-sludge-minimization-using-integrated-moving-bed-biofilm-reactor-for-industrial-wastewater-treatment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167992.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">71</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">599</span> Arc Plasma Application for Solid Waste Processing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vladimir%20Messerle">Vladimir Messerle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alfred%20Mosse"> Alfred Mosse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexandr%20Ustimenko"> Alexandr Ustimenko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oleg%20Lavrichshev"> Oleg Lavrichshev</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hygiene and sanitary study of typical medical-biological waste made in Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus and other countries show that their risk to the environment is much higher than that of most chemical wastes. For example, toxicity of solid waste (SW) containing cytotoxic drugs and antibiotics is comparable to toxicity of radioactive waste of high and medium level activity. This report presents the results of the thermodynamic analysis of thermal processing of SW and experiments at the developed plasma unit for SW processing. Thermodynamic calculations showed that the maximum yield of the synthesis gas at plasma gasification of SW in air and steam mediums is achieved at a temperature of 1600K. At the air plasma gasification of SW high-calorific synthesis gas with a concentration of 82.4% (СO – 31.7%, H2 – 50.7%) can be obtained, and at the steam plasma gasification – with a concentration of 94.5% (СO – 33.6%, H2 – 60.9%). Specific heat of combustion of the synthesis gas produced by air gasification amounts to 14267 kJ/kg, while by steam gasification - 19414 kJ/kg. At the optimal temperature (1600 K), the specific power consumption for air gasification of SW constitutes 1.92 kWh/kg, while for steam gasification - 2.44 kWh/kg. Experimental study was carried out in a plasma reactor. This is device of periodic action. The arc plasma torch of 70 kW electric power is used for SW processing. Consumption of SW was 30 kg/h. Flow of plasma-forming air was 12 kg/h. Under the influence of air plasma flame weight average temperature in the chamber reaches 1800 K. Gaseous products are taken out of the reactor into the flue gas cooling unit, and the condensed products accumulate in the slag formation zone. The cooled gaseous products enter the gas purification unit, after which via gas sampling system is supplied to the analyzer. Ventilation system provides a negative pressure in the reactor up to 10 mm of water column. Condensed products of SW processing are removed from the reactor after its stopping. By the results of experiments on SW plasma gasification the reactor operating conditions were determined, the exhaust gas analysis was performed and the residual carbon content in the slag was determined. Gas analysis showed the following composition of the gas at the exit of gas purification unit, (vol.%): СO – 26.5, H2 – 44.6, N2–28.9. The total concentration of the syngas was 71.1%, which agreed well with the thermodynamic calculations. The discrepancy between experiment and calculation by the yield of the target syngas did not exceed 16%. Specific power consumption for SW gasification in the plasma reactor according to the results of experiments amounted to 2.25 kWh/kg of working substance. No harmful impurities were found in both gas and condensed products of SW plasma gasification. Comparison of experimental results and calculations showed good agreement. Acknowledgement—This work was supported by Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan and Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (Agreement on grant No. 14.607.21.0118, project RFMEF160715X0118). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coal" title="coal">coal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=efficiency" title=" efficiency"> efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ignition" title=" ignition"> ignition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20modeling" title=" numerical modeling"> numerical modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma-fuel%20system" title=" plasma-fuel system"> plasma-fuel system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma%20generator" title=" plasma generator"> plasma generator</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57398/arc-plasma-application-for-solid-waste-processing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57398.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">250</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">598</span> Assessment of the Performance of the Sonoreactors Operated at Different Ultrasound Frequencies, to Remove Pollutants from Aqueous Media</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gabriela%20Rivadeneyra-Romero">Gabriela Rivadeneyra-Romero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Claudia%20del%20C.%20Gutierrez%20Torres"> Claudia del C. Gutierrez Torres</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sergio%20A.%20Martinez-Delgadillo"> Sergio A. Martinez-Delgadillo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Victor%20X.%20Mendoza-Escamilla"> Victor X. Mendoza-Escamilla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alejandro%20Alonzo-Garcia"> Alejandro Alonzo-Garcia</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ultrasonic degradation is currently being used in sonochemical reactors to degrade pollutant compounds from aqueous media, as emerging contaminants (e.g. pharmaceuticals, drugs and personal care products.) because they can produce possible ecological impacts on the environment. For this reason, it is important to develop appropriate water and wastewater treatments able to reduce pollution and increase reuse. Pollutants such as textile dyes, aromatic and phenolic compounds, cholorobenzene, bisphenol-A and carboxylic acid and other organic pollutants, can be removed from wastewaters by sonochemical oxidation. The effect on the removal of pollutants depends on the type of the ultrasonic frequency used; however, not much studies have been done related to the behavior of the fluid into the sonoreactors operated at different ultrasonic frequencies. Based on the above, it is necessary to study the hydrodynamic behavior of the liquid generated by the ultrasonic irradiation to design efficient sonoreactors to reduce treatment times and costs. In this work, it was studied the hydrodynamic behavior of the fluid in sonochemical reactors at different frequencies (250 kHz, 500 kHz and 1000 kHz). The performances of the sonoreactors at those frequencies were simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Due to there is great sound speed gradient between piezoelectric and fluid, k-e models were used. Piezoelectric was defined as a vibration surface, to evaluate the different frequencies effect on the fluid into sonochemical reactor. Structured hexahedral cells were used to mesh the computational liquid domain, and fine triangular cells were used to mesh the piezoelectric transducers. Unsteady state conditions were used in the solver. Estimation of the dissipation rate, flow field velocities, Reynolds stress and turbulent quantities were evaluated by CFD and 2D-PIV measurements. Test results show that there is no necessary correlation between an increase of the ultrasonic frequency and the pollutant degradation, moreover, the reactor geometry and power density are important factors that should be considered in the sonochemical reactor design. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFD" title="CFD">CFD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reactor" title=" reactor"> reactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultrasound" title=" ultrasound"> ultrasound</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wastewater" title=" wastewater"> wastewater</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80258/assessment-of-the-performance-of-the-sonoreactors-operated-at-different-ultrasound-frequencies-to-remove-pollutants-from-aqueous-media" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80258.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">190</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">597</span> The Use of Nuclear Generation to Provide Power System Stability</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heather%20Wyman-Pain">Heather Wyman-Pain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuankai%20Bian"> Yuankai Bian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Furong%20Li"> Furong Li</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The decreasing use of fossil fuel power stations has a negative effect on the stability of the electricity systems in many countries. Nuclear power stations have traditionally provided minimal ancillary services to support the system but this must change in the future as they replace fossil fuel generators. This paper explains the development of the four most popular reactor types still in regular operation across the world which have formed the basis for most reactor development since their commercialisation in the 1950s. The use of nuclear power in four countries with varying levels of capacity provided by nuclear generators is investigated, using the primary frequency response provided by generators as a measure for the electricity networks stability, to assess the need for nuclear generators to provide additional support as their share of the generation capacity increases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=frequency%20control" title="frequency control">frequency control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nuclear%20power%20generation" title=" nuclear power generation"> nuclear power generation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20system%20stability" title=" power system stability"> power system stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=system%20inertia" title=" system inertia"> system inertia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47932/the-use-of-nuclear-generation-to-provide-power-system-stability" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47932.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">437</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">596</span> Nutritional Composition of Maize-Based Snack Fortified with Kidney Beans and Alligator Pepper</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20E.%20Adeyanju">B. E. Adeyanju</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20K.%20Bolade"> M. K. Bolade</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20N.%20Enijuigha"> V. N. Enijuigha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work examined the nutritional composition of maize-based snack (kango) fortified with kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and alligator pepper (Aframomum melegueta). The snack is essentially traditional food being consumed by all ages in the southwestern part of Nigeria. Three varieties of maize were obtained from the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IAR&T), Ibadan, Nigeria, namely: ART-98-SW06-W, Br 9943-DMR-SR-W and SUWAN-1-SR-Y. Flour blends were obtained using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) which resulted in appropriate blending ratios of maize, kidney beans and alligator pepper. Kango was prepared by milling maize grain into flour; ingredients such as pepper, onion, salt and water were added to the maize flour, mixed together to make a slurry. The slurry was fried in hot groundnut oil at a temperature of 126°C for 8 minutes. The incorporation of kidney bean and alligator pepper in maize flour was observed to increase the water and oil absorption capacities of the resultant blends thereby giving 109.21 to 156.90 ml/mg and 110.68 to 136.67 ml/mg respectively for kango. The pasting properties of the maize flour blends were also enhanced due to the incorporation of kidney bean and alligator pepper. The peak viscosity of the flour blends ranged from 3.24 to 7.67 RVU. The incorporation of kidney bean and alligator pepper in the production of the snacks increased the protein contents from 9.63 to 16.37%. The mineral contents (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc) of the snacks were equally increased due to the incorporation of kidney bean and alligator pepper. A general increase was observed for vitamin B1 (0.69- 1.25 mg/100g), B2 (0.09 - 0.46 mg/100g) and B3 (0.11 - 0.72 mg/100g) in the snacks due to the incorporation of kidney bean and alligator pepper. This research work showed that kango produced from the composited maize flour, kidney bean and alligator pepper had better functional properties and higher nutritional contents. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=functional%20properties" title="functional properties">functional properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kango" title=" kango"> kango</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nutritional%20composition" title=" nutritional composition"> nutritional composition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=snack" title=" snack"> snack</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86836/nutritional-composition-of-maize-based-snack-fortified-with-kidney-beans-and-alligator-pepper" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86836.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">164</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">595</span> Effect of Swirling Mixer on the Exhaust Flow in a Diesel SCR Aftertreatment System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Doo%20Ki%20Lee">Doo Ki Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kumaresh%20Selvakumar"> Kumaresh Selvakumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Man%20Young%20Kim"> Man Young Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=In%20Jae%20Song"> In Jae Song</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The widespread utilization of mixer in selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system marks a remarkable advantage in diesel engines. In the automotive selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system, the de-NOX efficiency can be improved by highly uniform flow with effective turbulent mixing. In this paper, the exhaust pipe is complemented with the swirling mixers of three different vane angles installed at the upstream of the SCR reactor. The attributes of the mixer are established by the variation in flow behavior followed by the drawback owing to the absence of mixer. In particular, the information pertaining to the selection of proper static mixer is provided based on the correlation between the uniformity index (UI) and the pressure drop. The uniform distribution of the flow at the entrance of the SCR reactor aids to determine the configuration which gives high mixing performance and comprehend the function of the mixer. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pressure%20drop" title="pressure drop">pressure drop</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=selective%20catalytic%20reduction" title=" selective catalytic reduction"> selective catalytic reduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=static%20mixer" title=" static mixer"> static mixer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=turbulent%20mixing" title=" turbulent mixing"> turbulent mixing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uniformity%20index" title=" uniformity index"> uniformity index</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64041/effect-of-swirling-mixer-on-the-exhaust-flow-in-a-diesel-scr-aftertreatment-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64041.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">935</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">594</span> Enhancement of Dissolved Oxygen Concentration during the Electrocoagulation Process Using an Innovative Flow Column: Electrocoagulation Reactor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khalid%20S.%20Hashim">Khalid S. Hashim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andy%20Shaw"> Andy Shaw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rafid%20Alkhaddar"> Rafid Alkhaddar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Dissolved oxygen (DO) plays a key role in the electrocoagulation process (EC) as it oxidizes the heavy metals, ammonia, and cyanide into other forms that can be removed easily from water. Hence, many of the previous investigations used external aerators to provide the required DO inside EC reactors, especially when the water being treated had a low DO (such as leachate and high organic content waters), or when the DO depleted during the EC treatment. Although the external aeration process effectively enhances the DO concentration, it has a significant impact on energy consumption. Thus, the present project aims to fill a part of this gap in the literature by an innovative use of perforated flow columns in the design of an EC reactor (ECR1). In order to investigate the performance of ECR1, water samples with a controlled DO concentration were pumped at different flow rates (110, 220, and 440 ml/min) to the ECR1 for 10 min. The obtained results demonstrated that the ECR1 increased the DO concentration from 5.0 to 9.54, 10.53, and 11.0 mg/L, which is equivalent to 90.8%, 110.6%, and 120% at flow rates of 110, 220, and 440 mL/min respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flow%20column" title="flow column">flow column</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrocoagulation" title=" electrocoagulation"> electrocoagulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dissolved%20oxygen" title=" dissolved oxygen"> dissolved oxygen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20treatment" title=" water treatment"> water treatment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49550/enhancement-of-dissolved-oxygen-concentration-during-the-electrocoagulation-process-using-an-innovative-flow-column-electrocoagulation-reactor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49550.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">341</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">593</span> Recirculated Sedimentation Method to Control Contamination for Algal Biomass Production</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ismail%20S.%20Bostanci">Ismail S. Bostanci</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ebru%20Akkaya"> Ebru Akkaya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Microalgae-derived biodiesel, fertilizer or industrial chemicals' production with wastewater has great potential. Especially water from a municipal wastewater treatment plant is a very important nutrient source for biofuel production. Microalgae biomass production in open ponds system is lower cost culture systems. There are many hurdles for commercial algal biomass production in large scale. One of the important technical bottlenecks for microalgae production in open system is culture contamination. The algae culture contaminants can generally be described as invading organisms which could cause pond crash. These invading organisms can be competitors, parasites, and predators. Contamination is unavoidable in open systems. Potential contaminant organisms are already inoculated if wastewater is utilized for algal biomass cultivation. Especially, it is important to control contaminants to retain in acceptable level in order to reach true potential of algal biofuel production. There are several contamination management methods in algae industry, ranging from mechanical, chemical, biological and growth condition change applications. However, none of them are accepted as a suitable contamination control method. This experiment describes an innovative contamination control method, 'Recirculated Sedimentation Method', to manage contamination to avoid pond cash. The method can be used for the production of algal biofuel, fertilizer etc. and algal wastewater treatment. To evaluate the performance of the method on algal culture, an experiment was conducted for 90 days at a lab-scale raceway (60 L) reactor with the use of non-sterilized and non-filtered wastewater (secondary effluent and centrate of anaerobic digestion). The application of the method provided the following; removing contaminants (predators and diatoms) and other debris from reactor without discharging the culture (with microscopic evidence), increasing raceway tank’s suspended solids holding capacity (770 mg L-1), increasing ammonium removal rate (29.83 mg L-1 d-1), decreasing algal and microbial biofilm formation on inner walls of reactor, washing out generated nitrifier from reactor to prevent ammonium consumption. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contamination%20control" title="contamination control">contamination control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microalgae%20culture%20contamination" title=" microalgae culture contamination"> microalgae culture contamination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pond%20crash" title=" pond crash"> pond crash</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=predator%20control" title=" predator control"> predator control</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81576/recirculated-sedimentation-method-to-control-contamination-for-algal-biomass-production" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81576.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">207</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">592</span> Food Waste Management in the Restaurant Industry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vijayakumar%20Karunamoothei">Vijayakumar Karunamoothei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stephen%20Wylie"> Stephen Wylie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andy%20Shaw"> Andy Shaw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Al%20Shamma%27A%20Ahmed"> Al Shamma'A Ahmed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The main aim of this research is to investigate, analyse and provide solutions for the reduction of food waste in the restaurant industry. The amount of food waste that is sent to landfill by UK restaurants and food chains is considerably high, and also acts as an additional cost to the restaurants, as well as being a significant environmental issue. Food waste, for the most part, is disposed in landfill, but due to rising costs associated with waste disposal, it increases public concerns about the environmental issue. This makes conversion of food waste to energy an economic solution. The relevant properties, such as water content and calorific value, will vary considerably, depending on the particular type of food. This work, therefore, includes the collection and analysis of real data from restaurants on weekly basis. It will also investigate how the waste destined for landfill can be instead reused to produce fuels such as syngas or ethanol, or alternatively as fertilizer. The potential for syngas production will be tested using a microwave plasma reactor. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fertilizer" title="fertilizer">fertilizer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microwave" title=" microwave"> microwave</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma%20reactor" title=" plasma reactor"> plasma reactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=syngas" title=" syngas"> syngas</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58196/food-waste-management-in-the-restaurant-industry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58196.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">359</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">591</span> Single-Section Fermentation Reactor with Cellular Mixing System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marcin%20D%C4%99bowski">Marcin Dębowski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marcin%20Zieli%C5%84ski"> Marcin Zieliński</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Miros%C5%82aw%20Krzemieniewski"> Mirosław Krzemieniewski</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This publication presents a reactor designed for methane fermentation of organic substrates. The design is based on rotating cellular cylinders connected to a biomass feeder and an ultrasonic generator. This allows for simultaneous mixing and partial disintegration of the biomass, as well as stimulating higher metabolic rates within the microorganisms. Such a design allows from 2-fold to 14-fold reduction of power usage when compared to conventional mixing systems. The sludge does not undergo mechanical deformation during the mixing process, which improves substrate biodegradation efficiency by 10-15%. Cavitation occurs near the surface of the rods, partially releasing the biomass and separating it from the destroyed microorganisms. Biogas is released further away from the cellular cylinder rods due to the effect of the ultrasonic waves, in addition to increased biochemical activity of the microorganisms and increased exchange of the nutrient medium with metabolic products, which results in biogas production increase by about 15%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=methane%20fermentation" title="methane fermentation">methane fermentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioreactors" title=" bioreactors"> bioreactors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomass" title=" biomass"> biomass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixing%20system" title=" mixing system"> mixing system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3540/single-section-fermentation-reactor-with-cellular-mixing-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3540.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">530</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">590</span> Anaerobic Fermentation Process for Production of Biohydrogen from Pretreated Fruit Wastes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20K.%20R.%20Gobinath">A. K. R. Gobinath</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=He%20Jianzhong"> He Jianzhong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kun-Lin%20Yang"> Kun-Lin Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fruit waste was used as a feedstock to produce biohydrogen in this study. Fruit waste used in this study was collected from several fruit juice stalls in Singapore. Based on our observation, the fruit waste contained 35-40% orange, 10-20% watermelon, 10-15% apple, 10-15% pineapple, 1-5% mango. They were mixed with water (1:1 ratio based on wet biomass) and blended to attain homogenous mixtures. Later, fruit waste was subjected to one of the following pretreatments: autoclave (121 °C for 20min), microwave (20min) or both. After pretreatment, the total sugar concentration in the hydrolysate was high (>12g/l) when both autoclave and microwave were applied. In contrast, samples without pretreatment measured only less than 2g/l of sugar. While using these hydrolysates as carbon sources, Clostridium strain BOH3 produces 2526-3126 ml/l of hydrogen after 72h of anaerobic fermentation. The hydrogen yield was 295-300 ml/g of sugar which is close to the hydrogen yields from glucose (338 ml/gm) and xylose (330 ml/gm). Our HPLC analysis showed that fruit waste hydrolysate contained oligosugars (25-27%), sucrose (18-23%), fructose (25-30%), glucose (10-15%) and mannose (2-5%). Additionally, pretreatment led to the release of free amino acids (160-512 mg/l), calcium (7.8-12.9 ppm), magnesium (4.32-6.55 ppm), potassium (5.4-65.1 ppm) and sodium (0.4-0.5 ppm) into the hydrolysate. These nutrients were able to support strain-BOH3 to grow and produce high level of hydrogen. Notably, unlike other pretreatment methods (with strong acids and bases), these pretreatment techniques did not generate any inhibitors (e.g. furfural and phenolic acids) to suppress the hydrogen production. Interestingly, strain BOH3 can also ferment pretreated fruit waste slurry and produce hydrogen with a high yield (156-343 ml/gm fruit waste). While fermenting pretreated fruit waste slurry, strain-BOH3 excreted several saccharolytic enzymes majorly xylanase (1.84U/ml), amylase (1.10U/ml), pectinase (0.36U/ml) and cellulase (0.43U/ml). Due to expressions of these enzymes, strain BOH3 was able to directly utilize pretreated fruit waste hydrolysate and produces high-level of hydrogen. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autoclave%20pretreatment" title="autoclave pretreatment">autoclave pretreatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biohydrogen%20production" title=" biohydrogen production"> biohydrogen production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clostridial%20fermentation" title=" clostridial fermentation"> clostridial fermentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fruit%20waste" title=" fruit waste"> fruit waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=and%20microwave%20pretreatment" title=" and microwave pretreatment"> and microwave pretreatment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54893/anaerobic-fermentation-process-for-production-of-biohydrogen-from-pretreated-fruit-wastes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54893.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">535</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">589</span> Statistical Analysis and Optimization of a Process for CO2 Capture</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muftah%20H.%20El-Naas">Muftah H. El-Naas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ameera%20F.%20Mohammad"> Ameera F. Mohammad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mabruk%20I.%20Suleiman"> Mabruk I. Suleiman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Al%20Musharfy"> Mohamed Al Musharfy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20H.%20Al-Marzouqi"> Ali H. Al-Marzouqi </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> CO<sub>2</sub> capture and storage technologies play a significant role in contributing to the control of climate change through the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. The present study evaluates and optimizes CO<sub>2</sub> capture through a process, where carbon dioxide is passed into pH adjusted high salinity water and reacted with sodium chloride to form a precipitate of sodium bicarbonate. This process is based on a modified Solvay process with higher CO<sub>2</sub> capture efficiency, higher sodium removal, and higher pH level without the use of ammonia. The process was tested in a bubble column semi-batch reactor and was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). CO<sub>2</sub> capture efficiency and sodium removal were optimized in terms of major operating parameters based on four levels and variables in Central Composite Design (CCD). The operating parameters were gas flow rate (0.5–1.5 L/min), reactor temperature (10 to 50 <sup>o</sup>C), buffer concentration (0.2-2.6%) and water salinity (25-197 g NaCl/L). The experimental data were fitted to a second-order polynomial using multiple regression and analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimum values of the selected variables were obtained using response optimizer. The optimum conditions were tested experimentally using desalination reject brine with salinity ranging from 65,000 to 75,000 mg/L. The CO<sub>2</sub> capture efficiency in 180 min was 99% and the maximum sodium removal was 35%. The experimental and predicted values were within 95% confidence interval, which demonstrates that the developed model can successfully predict the capture efficiency and sodium removal using the modified Solvay method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO2%20capture" title="CO2 capture">CO2 capture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20desalination" title=" water desalination"> water desalination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Response%20Surface%20Methodology" title=" Response Surface Methodology"> Response Surface Methodology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bubble%20column%20reactor" title=" bubble column reactor"> bubble column reactor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45373/statistical-analysis-and-optimization-of-a-process-for-co2-capture" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45373.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">287</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">588</span> The Use of Solar Energy for Cold Production</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nadia%20Allouache">Nadia Allouache</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Belmedani"> Mohamed Belmedani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> —It is imperative today to further explore alternatives to fossil fuels by promoting in particular renewable sources such as solar energy to produce cold. It is also important to carefully examine its current state as well as its future prospects in order to identify the best conditions to support its optimal development. Technologies linked to this alternative source fascinate their users because they seem magical in their ability to directly transform solar energy into cooling without resorting to polluting fuels such as those derived from hydrocarbons or other toxic substances. In addition, these not only allow significant savings in electricity, but can also help reduce the costs of electrical energy production when applied on a large scale. In this context, our study aims to analyze the performance of solar adsorption cooling systems by selecting the appropriate pair Adsorbent/Adsorbat. This paper presents a model describing the heat and mass transfer in tubular finned adsorber of solar adsorption refrigerating machine. The modelisation of the solar reactor take into account the heat and mass transfers phenomena. The reactor pressure is assumed to be uniform, the reactive reactor is characterized by an equivalent thermal conductivity and assumed to be at chemical and thermodynamic equilibrium. The numerical model is controlled by heat, mass and sorption equilibrium equations. Under the action of solar radiation, the mixture of adsorbent–adsorbate has a transitory behavior. Effect of key parameters on the adsorbed quantity and on the thermal and solar performances are analyzed and discussed. The results show that, The performances of the system that depends on the incident global irradiance during a whole day depends on the weather conditions. For the used working pairs, the increase of the fins number corresponds to the decreasing of the heat losses towards environmental and the increasing of heat transfer inside the adsorber. The system performances are sensitive to the evaporator and condenser temperatures. For the considered data measured for clear type days of may and july 2023 in Algeria and Tunisia, the performances of the cooling system are very significant in Algeria compared to Tunisia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adsorption" title="adsorption">adsorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adsorbent-adsorbate%20pair" title=" adsorbent-adsorbate pair"> adsorbent-adsorbate pair</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finned%20reactor" title=" finned reactor"> finned reactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20modeling" title=" numerical modeling"> numerical modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20energy" title=" solar energy"> solar energy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191114/the-use-of-solar-energy-for-cold-production" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191114.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">18</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">587</span> A Real Time Expert System for Decision Support in Nuclear Power Plants</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andressa%20dos%20Santos%20Nicolau">Andressa dos Santos Nicolau</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jo%C3%A3o%20P.%20da%20S.C%20Algusto"> João P. da S.C Algusto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Claudio%20M%C3%A1rcio%20do%20N.%20A.%20Pereira"> Claudio Márcio do N. A. Pereira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roberto%20Schirru"> Roberto Schirru</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In case of abnormal situations, the nuclear power plant (NPP) operators must follow written procedures to check the condition of the plant and to classify the type of emergency. In this paper, we proposed a Real Time Expert System in order to improve operator’s performance in case of transient or accident with reactor shutdown. The expert system’s knowledge is based on the sequence of events (SoE) of known accident and two emergency procedures of the Brazilian Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) NPP and uses two kinds of knowledge representation: rule and logic trees. The results show that the system was able to classify the response of the automatic protection systems, as well as to evaluate the conditions of the plant, diagnosing the type of occurrence, recovery procedure to be followed, indicating the shutdown root cause, and classifying the emergency level. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emergence%20procedure" title="emergence procedure">emergence procedure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=expert%20system" title=" expert system"> expert system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=operator%20support" title=" operator support"> operator support</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PWR%20nuclear%20power%20plant" title=" PWR nuclear power plant"> PWR nuclear power plant</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67426/a-real-time-expert-system-for-decision-support-in-nuclear-power-plants" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67426.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">333</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">586</span> Influence of a Cationic Membrane in a Double Compartment Filter-Press Reactor on the Atenolol Electro-Oxidation </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alan%20N.%20A.%20Heberle">Alan N. A. Heberle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salatiel%20W.%20Da%20Silva"> Salatiel W. Da Silva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Valentin%20Perez-Herranz"> Valentin Perez-Herranz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrea%20M.%20Bernardes"> Andrea M. Bernardes</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Contaminants of emerging concern are substances widely used, such as pharmaceutical products. These compounds represent risk for both wild and human life since they are not completely removed from wastewater by conventional wastewater treatment plants. In the environment, they can be harm even in low concentration (µ or ng/L), causing bacterial resistance, endocrine disruption, cancer, among other harmful effects. One of the most common taken medicine to treat cardiocirculatory diseases is the Atenolol (ATL), a β-Blocker, which is toxic to aquatic life. In this way, it is necessary to implement a methodology, which is capable to promote the degradation of the ATL, to avoid the environmental detriment. A very promising technology is the advanced electrochemical oxidation (AEO), which mechanisms are based on the electrogeneration of reactive radicals (mediated oxidation) and/or on the direct substance discharge by electron transfer from contaminant to electrode surface (direct oxidation). The hydroxyl (HO•) and sulfate (SO₄•⁻) radicals can be generated, depending on the reactional medium. Besides that, at some condition, the peroxydisulfate (S₂O₈²⁻) ion is also generated from the SO₄• reaction in pairs. Both radicals, ion, and the direct contaminant discharge can break down the molecule, resulting in the degradation and/or mineralization. However, ATL molecule and byproducts can still remain in the treated solution. On this wise, some efforts can be done to implement the AEO process, being one of them the use of a cationic membrane to separate the cathodic (reduction) from the anodic (oxidation) reactor compartment. The aim of this study is investigate the influence of the implementation of a cationic membrane (Nafion®-117) to separate both cathodic and anodic, AEO reactor compartments. The studied reactor was a filter-press, with bath recirculation mode, flow 60 L/h. The anode was an Nb/BDD2500 and the cathode a stainless steel, both bidimensional, geometric surface area 100 cm². The solution feeding the anodic compartment was prepared with ATL 100 mg/L using Na₂SO₄ 4 g/L as support electrolyte. In the cathodic compartment, it was used a solution containing Na₂SO₄ 71 g/L. Between both solutions was placed the membrane. The applied currents densities (iₐₚₚ) of 5, 20 and 40 mA/cm² were studied over 240 minutes treatment time. Besides that, the ATL decay was analyzed by ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV/Vis). The mineralization was determined performing total organic carbon (TOC) in TOC-L CPH Shimadzu. In the cases without membrane, the iₐₚₚ 5, 20 and 40 mA/cm² resulted in 55, 87 and 98 % ATL degradation at the end of treatment time, respectively. However, with membrane, the degradation, for the same iₐₚₚ, was 90, 100 and 100 %, spending 240, 120, 40 min for the maximum degradation, respectively. The mineralization, without membrane, for the same studied iₐₚₚ, was 40, 55 and 72 %, respectively at 240 min, but with membrane, all tested iₐₚₚ reached 80 % of mineralization, differing only in the time spent, 240, 150 and 120 min, for the maximum mineralization, respectively. The membrane increased the ATL oxidation, probably due to avoid oxidant ions (S₂O₈²⁻) reduction on the cathode surface. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contaminants%20of%20emerging%20concern" title="contaminants of emerging concern">contaminants of emerging concern</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=advanced%20electrochemical%20oxidation" title=" advanced electrochemical oxidation"> advanced electrochemical oxidation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=atenolol" title=" atenolol"> atenolol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cationic%20membrane" title=" cationic membrane"> cationic membrane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=double%20compartment%20reactor" title=" double compartment reactor"> double compartment reactor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108048/influence-of-a-cationic-membrane-in-a-double-compartment-filter-press-reactor-on-the-atenolol-electro-oxidation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108048.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">136</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">585</span> Effects of Seed Culture and Attached Growth System on the Performance of Anammox Hybrid Reactor (AHR) Treating Nitrogenous Wastewater</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Swati%20Tomar">Swati Tomar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sunil%20Kumar%20Gupta"> Sunil Kumar Gupta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The start-up of anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) process in hybrid reactor delineated four distinct phases i.e. cell lysis, lag phase, activity elevation and stationary phase. Cell lysis phase was marked by death and decay of heterotrophic denitrifiers resulting in breakdown of organic nitrogen into ammonium. Lag phase showed initiation of anammox activity with turnover of heterotrophic denitrifiers, which is evident from appearance of NO3-N in the effluent. In activity elevation phase, anammox became the dominant reaction, which can be attributed to consequent reduction of NH4-N into N2 with increased NO3-N in the effluent. Proper selection of mixed seed culture at influent NO2-/NH4+ ratio (1:1) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 1 day led to early startup of anammox within 70 days. Pseudo steady state removal efficiencies of NH4+ and NO2- were found as 94.3% and 96.4% respectively, at nitrogen loading rate (NLR) of 0.35 kg N/m3d at an HRT of 1 day. Analysis of the data indicated that attached growth system contributes an additional 11% increase in the ammonium removal and results in an average of 29% reduction in sludge washout rate. Mass balance study of nitrogen indicated that 74.1% of total input nitrogen is converted into N2 gas followed by 11.2% being utilized in biomass development. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation of the granular sludge clearly showed the presence of cocci and rod shaped microorganisms intermingled on the external surface of the granules. The average size of anammox granules (1.2-1.5 mm) with an average settling velocity of 45.6 m/h indicated a high degree of granulation resulting into formation of well compacted granules in the anammox process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anammox" title="anammox">anammox</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20reactor" title=" hybrid reactor"> hybrid reactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=startup" title=" startup"> startup</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=granulation" title=" granulation"> granulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nitrogen%20removal" title=" nitrogen removal"> nitrogen removal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed%20seed%20culture" title=" mixed seed culture"> mixed seed culture</a> </p> <a 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