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id="toc-Theological_covenants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Covenant_of_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Covenant_of_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Covenant of works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Covenant_of_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adamic_covenant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adamic_covenant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Adamic covenant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adamic_covenant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mosaic_covenant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mosaic_covenant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Mosaic covenant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mosaic_covenant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Covenant_of_grace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Covenant_of_grace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Covenant of grace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Covenant_of_grace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noahic_covenant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noahic_covenant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Noahic covenant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noahic_covenant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abrahamic_covenant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abrahamic_covenant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Abrahamic covenant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abrahamic_covenant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mosaic_covenant_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mosaic_covenant_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Mosaic covenant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mosaic_covenant_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Moabite_covenant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moabite_covenant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3.1</span> <span>Moabite covenant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moabite_covenant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levite_covenant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levite_covenant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3.2</span> <span>Levite covenant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levite_covenant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Davidic_covenant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Davidic_covenant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Davidic covenant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Davidic_covenant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Covenant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Covenant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>New Covenant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Covenant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subservient_Covenant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subservient_Covenant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Subservient Covenant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subservient_Covenant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Covenant_of_redemption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Covenant_of_redemption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Covenant of redemption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Covenant_of_redemption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Covenantal_signs_and_seals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Covenantal_signs_and_seals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Covenantal signs and seals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Covenantal_signs_and_seals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Covenantal signs and seals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Covenantal_signs_and_seals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lord's_Supper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lord's_Supper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Lord's Supper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lord's_Supper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baptism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baptism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Baptism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baptism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Developments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Developments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Developments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_covenant_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_covenant_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Classical covenant theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_covenant_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Covenant_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Covenant_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Covenant structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Covenant_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_revisions_and_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_revisions_and_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Contemporary revisions and controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_revisions_and_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shepherd_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shepherd_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2.1</span> <span>Shepherd controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shepherd_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2.2</span> <span>Kline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wesleyan_covenant_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wesleyan_covenant_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Wesleyan covenant theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wesleyan_covenant_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baptist_covenant_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baptist_covenant_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Baptist covenant theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baptist_covenant_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Historical documents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advocates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advocates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Advocates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advocates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Critics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6deraltheologie" title="Föderaltheologie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Föderaltheologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teolog%C3%ADa_del_pacto" title="Teología del pacto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Teología del pacto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ologie_protestante_de_l%27alliance" title="Théologie protestante de l'alliance – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Théologie protestante de l'alliance" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%B8%EC%95%BD%EC%8B%A0%ED%95%99" title="언약신학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="언약신학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologi_kovenan" title="Teologi kovenan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teologi kovenan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologia_federal" title="Theologia federal – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Theologia federal" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teologia_federale" title="Teologia federale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Teologia federale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbondsleer" title="Verbondsleer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verbondsleer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%91%E7%B4%84%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%A6" title="契約神学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="契約神学" data-language-autonym="日本語" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Reformed or Wesleyan-Arminian theological framework. For the Catholic theological approach, see <a href="/wiki/Covenantal_theology_(Catholic_Church)" title="Covenantal theology (Catholic Church)">Covenantal theology (Catholic Church)</a>. 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile plainlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Calvinism" title="Category:Calvinism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%"><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg/225px-ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg/338px-ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg/450px-ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Reformation_Wall" title="Reformation Wall">Reformation Wall</a> in Geneva, featuring prominent Reformed theologians <a href="/wiki/William_Farel" title="William Farel">William Farel</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beza" title="Theodore Beza">Theodore Beza</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)">Theology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_John_Calvin" title="Theology of John Calvin">Theology of John Calvin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Covenant theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republication_of_the_Covenant_of_Works" title="Republication of the Covenant of Works">Republication of the Covenant of Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Covenant_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Covenant Theology">Baptist Covenant Theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_order_of_God%27s_decrees" title="Logical order of God's decrees">Logical order of God's decrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Supper_in_Reformed_theology" title="Lord's Supper in Reformed theology">Lord's Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulative_principle_of_worship" title="Regulative principle of worship">Regulative principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Calvinism" title="Predestination in Calvinism">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_scholasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)">Texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Calvinist_texts" title="Category:Calvinist texts">List of texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Bible" title="Geneva Bible">Geneva Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_confessions_of_faith" title="Reformed confessions of faith">Confessions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Confessions" title="Helvetic Confessions">Helvetic Confessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Confession_of_Faith" title="French Confession of Faith">French Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgic_Confession" title="Belgic Confession">Belgic Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Catechism" title="Heidelberg Catechism">Heidelberg Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_of_Dort" title="Canons of Dort">Canons of Dort</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_Confession" title="Scots Confession">Scots Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Standards" title="Westminster Standards">Westminster Standards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Shorter_Catechism" title="Westminster Shorter Catechism">Westminster Shorter Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Larger_Catechism" title="Westminster Larger Catechism">Westminster Larger Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barmen_Declaration" title="Barmen Declaration">Barmen Declaration</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institutes_of_the_Christian_Religion" title="Institutes of the Christian Religion">Institutes of the Christian Religion</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_systematic_theology_bibliography" title="Reformed systematic theology bibliography">Systematic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalter</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)">Theologians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Calvinist_and_Reformed_theologians" title="Category:Calvinist and Reformed theologians">List of theologians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Oecolampadius" title="Johannes Oecolampadius">Johannes Oecolampadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bucer" title="Martin Bucer">Martin Bucer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Martyr_Vermigli" title="Peter Martyr Vermigli">Peter Martyr Vermigli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Bullinger" title="Heinrich Bullinger">Heinrich Bullinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacharias_Ursinus" title="Zacharias Ursinus">Zacharias Ursinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beza" title="Theodore Beza">Theodore Beza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Perkins_(theologian)" title="William Perkins (theologian)">William Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Gomarus" title="Franciscus Gomarus">Franciscus Gomarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Twisse" title="William Twisse">William Twisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Amyraut" title="Moses Amyraut">Moses Amyraut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rutherford" title="Samuel Rutherford">Samuel Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Owen_(theologian)" title="John Owen (theologian)">John Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Turretin" title="Francis Turretin">Francis Turretin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Baxter" title="Richard Baxter">Richard Baxter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Philip Schaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williamson_Nevin" title="John Williamson Nevin">John Nevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hodge" title="Charles Hodge">Charles Hodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Kuyper" title="Abraham Kuyper">Abraham Kuyper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Bavinck" title="Herman Bavinck">Herman Bavinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._B._Warfield" title="B. B. Warfield">B. B. Warfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Gresham_Machen" title="J. Gresham Machen">John Machen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geerhardus_Vos" title="Geerhardus Vos">Geerhardus Vos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Richard_Niebuhr" title="H. Richard Niebuhr">H. Richard Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Van_Til" title="Cornelius Van Til">Cornelius Van Til</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Torrance" title="Thomas F. Torrance">T. F. Torrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Moltmann" title="Jürgen Moltmann">Jürgen Moltmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._I._Packer" title="J. I. Packer">J. I. Packer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_G._Bloesch" title="Donald G. Bloesch">Donald G. Bloesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Horton_(theologian)" title="Michael Horton (theologian)">Michael Horton</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Reformed_denominations" title="List of Reformed denominations"> Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Continental Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism_in_South_Korea" title="Presbyterianism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism_in_the_United_States" title="Presbyterianism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Baptists" title="Reformed Baptists">Reformed Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Calvinism" title="Afrikaner Calvinism">Afrikaners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyraldism" title="Amyraldism">Amyraldians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Vision" title="Federal Vision">Federal Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrow_Brethren" title="Marrow Brethren">Marrow Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercersburg_theology" title="Mercersburg theology">Mercersburg theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonomianism" title="Neonomianism">Neonomians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Calvinism" title="Neo-Calvinism">Neo-Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_theology" title="New England theology">New England theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Calvinism" title="New Calvinism">New Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_(Plymouth_Colony)" title="Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)">Pilgrims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_theology" title="Princeton theology">Princeton theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:International_bodies_of_Reformed_denominations" title="Category:International bodies of Reformed denominations">Organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Communion_of_Reformed_Churches" title="World Communion of Reformed Churches">World Communion of Reformed Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Reformed_Fellowship" title="World Reformed Fellowship">World Reformed Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Reformed_Churches" title="International Conference of Reformed Churches">International Conference of Reformed Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Presbyterian_and_Reformed_Council" title="North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council">North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kreuz-hugenotten.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/10px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/16px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/21px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="849" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Reformed_Christianity" title="Portal:Reformed Christianity">Reformed Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformed_Christianity" title="Template:Reformed Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reformed_Christianity" title="Template talk:Reformed Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reformed_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reformed Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Covenant theology</b> (also known as <b>covenantalism</b>, <b>federal theology</b>, or <b>federalism</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Biblical_theology" title="Biblical theology">biblical theology</a>, a conceptual overview and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">interpretive</a> framework for understanding the overall structure of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>. It is often distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">dispensational theology</a>, a competing form of biblical theology. It uses the theological concept of a <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">covenant</a> as an organizing principle for <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a>. The standard form of covenant theology views the <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> of God's dealings with mankind, from <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis creation myth">Creation</a> to <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Man">Fall</a> to <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Redemption</a> to <a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Consummation</a>, under the framework of three overarching theological covenants: those of redemption, of works, and of grace. </p><p>Covenentalists call these three covenants "theological" because, though not explicitly presented as such in the Bible, they are thought of as <a href="/wiki/Good_and_necessary_consequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Good and necessary consequence">theologically implicit</a>, describing and summarizing a wealth of <a href="/wiki/Scriptural" class="mw-redirect" title="Scriptural">scriptural</a> data. Historical <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed systems of thought</a> treat classical covenant theology not merely as a point of doctrine or as a central <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a>, but as the structure by which the biblical text organizes itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Ligonier2022_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ligonier2022-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most well-known form of Covenant Theology is associated with <a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a> and comes from the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a>. Another form is sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Baptist_Covenant_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Covenant Theology">Baptist Covenant Theology</a> or 1689 Federalism, to distinguish it from the standard covenant theology of Presbyterian Westminster Federalism. It is associated with <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Baptists" title="Reformed Baptists">Reformed Baptists</a> and comes from the <a href="/wiki/Second_London_Baptist_Confession_of_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Second London Baptist Confession of Faith">Second London Baptist Confession of Faith</a> of 1689.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenault10–20_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenault10–20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> hermeneutics traditionally use a variation of this, known as Wesleyan covenant theology, which is consistent with <a href="/wiki/Arminian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminian">Arminian</a> soteriology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodes20147,_62–76_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodes20147,_62–76-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a framework for Biblical interpretation, covenant theology stands in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">dispensationalism</a> in regard to the relationship between the <a href="/wiki/Old_Covenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Covenant">Old Covenant</a> (with national Israel) and the <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Israel">house of Israel</a> [<a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_31:31" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeremiah 31:31">Jeremiah 31:31</a>] in <a href="/wiki/Blood_of_Christ" title="Blood of Christ">Christ's blood</a>). That such a framework exists appears at least feasible, since from New Testament times the Bible of Israel has been known as the Old Testament (i.e., Covenant; see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Corinthians%203:14&version=nrsv">2 Corinthians 3:14</a> [NRSV], "they [Jews] hear the <i>reading</i> of the <i>old covenant</i>"), in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Christian addition</a> which has become known as the New Testament (or Covenant). Detractors of covenant theology often refer to it as "<a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">supersessionism</a>"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or as "replacement theology"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, due to the perception that it teaches that God has abandoned the promises made to the Jews and has replaced the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> with Christians as His <a href="/wiki/Chosen_people" title="Chosen people">chosen people</a> on the Earth. Covenant theologians deny that God has <i>abandoned</i> His promises to Israel, but see the fulfillment of the promises to Israel in the person and the work of the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus of Nazareth</a>, who <a href="/wiki/Split_of_early_Christianity_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Split of early Christianity and Judaism">established the church in organic continuity with Israel</a>, not as a separate replacement entity. Many covenant theologians have also seen a distinct future promise of gracious <a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism#Protestant_Reformation" title="Christian Zionism">restoration for unregenerate Israel</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"><span title="The anchor (Protestant Reformation) has been deleted. (2024-11-13)">broken anchor</span></a></i>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-iainm_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iainm-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-owen_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-owen-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGill[httpwwwsacred-textscombibcmtgilldeu030htm_30]:5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill[httpwwwsacred-textscombibcmtgilldeu030htm_30]:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bonar_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonar-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chs_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chs-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theological_covenants">Theological covenants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_theology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Theological covenants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>God's covenantal relationship with God's creation is not made automatically or out of necessity. Rather, God chooses to establish the connection as a covenant, wherein the terms of the relationship are set down by God alone according to God's own will. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Covenant_of_works">Covenant of works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_theology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Covenant of works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The covenant of works (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">foedus operum</i>, also called the covenant of life) was made in the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a> between God and <a href="/wiki/Adam_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam (Bible)">Adam</a> who represented all humankind as a federal head (<a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=romans+5:12-21">5:12–21</a>). God offered Adam a perfect and perpetual life if he did not violate God's single commandment, but warned that death would follow if he disobeyed that commandment. Adam broke the covenant, thus standing condemned as representative for all humankind.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2011185_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2011185-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">foedus operum</i></span></i> was first used by <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Fenner" title="Dudley Fenner">Dudley Fenner</a> in 1585, though <a href="/wiki/Zacharias_Ursinus" title="Zacharias Ursinus">Zacharias Ursinus</a> had mentioned a covenant of creation in 1562. The concept of the covenant of works became commonly recognized in Reformed theology by 1590, though not by all; some members of the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster Assembly</a> disagreed with the teaching in the 1640s. <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> writes of a probationary period for Adam, a promise of life for obedience, and the federal headship of Adam, but he does not write of a covenant of works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELetham2009227–228_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELetham2009227–228-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not referred to as a covenant in the opening chapters of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>, but is referred to as a covenant in Hosea 6:7, "But like Adam, they transgressed the covenant; there, they dealt faithlessly with Me." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adamic_covenant">Adamic covenant</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_theology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Adamic covenant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Covenant theology first sees a covenant of works administered with Adam in the Garden of Eden. Upon Adam's failure, God established the covenant of grace in the promised seed <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bible.cc/genesis/3-15.htm">Genesis 3:15</a>, and shows His redeeming care in clothing Adam and Eve in garments of skin—perhaps picturing the first instance of animal sacrifice. The specific covenants after the fall of Adam are seen as administered under the overarching theological covenant of grace. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mosaic_covenant">Mosaic covenant</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_theology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mosaic covenant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is debate among the reformed if the Mosaic covenant was in some way a <a href="/wiki/Republication_of_the_Covenant_of_Works" title="Republication of the Covenant of Works">republication of the covenant of works</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The view that there was such a republication was advocated by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boston" title="Thomas Boston">Thomas Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Fisher_(theologian)" title="Edward Fisher (theologian)">Edward Fisher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meredith_Kline" title="Meredith Kline">Meredith Kline</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Owen_(theologian)" title="John Owen (theologian)">John Owen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Covenant_of_grace">Covenant of grace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_theology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Covenant of grace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The covenant of grace promises <a href="/wiki/Eternal_life_(Christianity)" title="Eternal life (Christianity)">eternal life</a> for all people who have faith in Christ. God also promises the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> to the elect to give them willingness and ability to believe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELetham2009232_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELetham2009232-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christ is the <a href="/wiki/Substitutionary_atonement" title="Substitutionary atonement">substitutionary</a> covenantal representative fulfilling the covenant of works on their behalf, in both the positive requirements of righteousness and its negative penal consequences (commonly described as His <a href="/wiki/Active_obedience_of_Christ" title="Active obedience of Christ">active</a> and passive obedience). It is the historical expression of the eternal covenant of redemption. Genesis <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblegateway.com/passage/index.php?search=Gen3:15">3:15</a>, with the promise of a "seed" of the woman who would crush the serpent's head, is usually identified as the historical inauguration for the covenant of grace. </p><p>The covenant of grace runs through the Old and New Testaments, and is the same in substance under both the law and gospel, though there is some difference in the administration. Under the law, the sacrifices, prophesies, and other types and ordinances of the Jews signified Christ, and men were justified by their faith in Him just as they would be under the gospel. These were done away with the coming of Christ, and replaced with the much simpler sacraments of baptism and the Lord's Supper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELetham2009233–234_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELetham2009233–234-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed orthodox">Reformed orthodox</a> theologians taught that the covenant was primarily unilateral or monopleuric (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">foedus monopleuron</i>) on the part of God, but also entailed conditions on the part of men. The conditions of the covenant of grace were spoken of as assumptive and confirmatory rather than duties required in order to receive the covenant. The covenant was therefore also bilateral or dipleuric (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">foedus dipleuron</i>). Scholars have challenged the notion in contemporary scholarship that Genevan Reformers taught a unilateral and unconditional covenant relationship whilst the Rhineland Reformers taught a bilateral contractual relationship. Mark Jones, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Muller_(theologian)" title="Richard Muller (theologian)">Richard Muller</a>, J. Mark Beach, and John Von Rohr have argued that Leonard Trinterud's identification of the apparent polarisation between <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Olevianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspar Olevianus">Olevianus</a> on the one hand and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Bullinger" title="Heinrich Bullinger">Bullinger</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritans</a> on the other hand is a faulty reading of history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2011183–184_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2011183–184-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)" title="Covenant (biblical)">Covenant (biblical)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Noahic_covenant">Noahic covenant</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_theology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Noahic covenant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noahic</a> covenant is found in Genesis <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=genesis%208:20-9:17">8:20–9:17</a>. Although redemption motifs are prominent as Noah and his family are delivered from the judgment waters, the narrative of the flood plays on the creation motifs of Genesis 1 as de-creation and re-creation. The formal terms of the covenant itself more reflect a reaffirmation of the universal created order, than a particular redemptive promise. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Abrahamic_covenant">Abrahamic covenant</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_theology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Abrahamic covenant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abrahamic</a> covenant is found in Genesis <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+12;15;17">chapters 12, 15, and 17</a>. In contrast with the covenants made with Adam or Noah which were universal in scope, this covenant was with a particular people. Abraham is promised a seed and a land, although he would not see its fruition within his own lifetime. The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Hebrews" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Hebrews">Book of Hebrews</a> explains that he was looking to a better and heavenly land, a city with foundations, whose builder and architect is God (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Hebrews+11:8-16">11:8–16</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Paul">Apostle Paul</a> writes that the promised seed refers in particular to Christ (<a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Galatians+3:16">3:16</a>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abrahamic</a> covenant is: </p> <ol><li>Exclusive: it is only for Abraham and his (spiritual) descendants. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%2017:7&version=NIV">Genesis 17:7</a></li> <li>Everlasting: it is not replaced by any later covenant. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%2017:7&version=NIV">Genesis 17:7</a></li> <li>Accepted by faith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%2015:6&version=NIV">Genesis 15:6</a></li> <li>The external sign of entering into the <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abrahamic</a> covenant was <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%2017:10&version=NIV">Genesis 17:10</a>, but it has to be matched by an internal change, the circumcision of the heart. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jeremiah+4:4&version=NIV">Jeremiah 4:4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Philippians+3%3A3&version=NIV">Philippians 3:3</a></li> <li>According to Paul, since the <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abrahamic</a> covenant is eternal, the followers of Christ are "children of Abraham" and therefore part of this covenant through faith. "Understand, then, that those who have faith are children of Abraham." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Galatians+3&version=NIV">Galatians 3:7</a></li> <li>According to covenant theology, Paul makes it clear that baptism is the external sign of faith in Christ ("…you were baptized into Christ…"), and that through faith in Christ the believer is part of the <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abrahamic</a> covenant ("Abraham's seed"). This provides the basis for the doctrine that baptism is the New Testament sign of God's covenant with <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Galatians+3&version=NIV">Galatians 3:26</a>. Non-covenantal theology does not teach that the Abrahamic covenant is inherited by gentiles, and thus presents a different view of baptism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Romans 11 teaches disobedient Jews are broken off of the family tree of Abraham. It is only after the full number of the Gentiles have been grafted into Abraham's family tree that God will pour out His mercy on the people of Israel.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mosaic_covenant_2">Mosaic covenant</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_theology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mosaic covenant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_079.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_079.jpg/220px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_079.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_079.jpg/330px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_079.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_079.jpg/440px-Rembrandt_Harmensz._van_Rijn_079.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2659" /></a><figcaption><i>Moses with the Ten Commandments</i> by <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a> (1659)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">Mosaic covenant</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Mosaic</a> covenant, found in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus+19-24">19–24</a> and the book of <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a>, expands on the Abrahamic promise of a people and a land. Repeatedly mentioned is the promise of the <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Lord</a>, "I will be your God and you will be my people" (<i>cf</i>. <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus+6:7">6:7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Leviticus+26:12">26:12</a>), particularly displayed as His glory-presence comes to dwell in the midst of the people. This covenant is the one most in view when referring to the <i>Old Covenant</i>. </p><p>Although it is a gracious covenant beginning with God's redemptive action (<i>cf</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Exodus+20:1-2">Exodus 20:1–2</a>), a layer of law is prominent. Concerning this aspect of the Mosaic Covenant, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hodge" title="Charles Hodge">Charles Hodge</a> makes three points in his <i>Commentary on Second Corinthians</i>: (1) The Law of Moses was in first place a reenactment of the covenant of works; viewed this way, it is the ministration of condemnation and death. (2) It was also a national covenant, giving national blessings based on national obedience; in this way it was purely legal. (3) In the sacrificial system, it points to the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> of salvation through a mediator. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Moabite_covenant">Moabite covenant</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_theology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Moabite covenant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some commentators, like <a href="/wiki/John_Gill_(theologian)" title="John Gill (theologian)">John Gill</a>, see in the passage that begins in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Deuteronomy#29:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy 29:1</a> a distinct and gracious covenant, involving circumcision of the heart, which foresees the embrace of the Gentiles and which is looked back upon as distinct from the Mosaic Covenant by the Apostle Paul in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Romans#10:6" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Romans">Romans 10:6–8</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGill[httpwwwsacred-textscombibcmtgilldeu029htm_29]_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill[httpwwwsacred-textscombibcmtgilldeu029htm_29]-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGill[httpwwwsacred-textscombibcmtgilldeu030htm_30]_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill[httpwwwsacred-textscombibcmtgilldeu030htm_30]-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Levite_covenant">Levite covenant</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_theology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Levite covenant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other commentators, such as Douglas Van Dorn, recognize a separate priestly covenant, independent of the Mosaic covenant (which he takes as a prophetic covenant). In taken with the Davidic (kingly) covenant, this represents the three offices of Christ. Van Dorn argues this case on the basis of Nehemiah 13:29 which refers to "the covenant of the priesthood and the Levites", Malachi 2:8 who speaks of "the covenant of Levi," and Jeremiah 33:21 who points to the "covenant with the Levitical priests." Van Dorn argues that the covenant document for this covenant is the book of Leviticus itself.<sup id="cite_ref-vandorn_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vandorn-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Davidic_covenant">Davidic covenant</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_theology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Davidic covenant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">Davidic</a> covenant is found in <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">2 Samuel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2Samuel+7">7</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Lord</a> proclaims that He will build a house and lineage for David, establishing His kingdom and throne forever. This covenant is appealed to as God preserves David's descendants despite their wickedness (<i>cf</i>. <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">1 Kings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1Kings+11:26-39">11:26–39</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1Kings+15:1-8">15:1–8</a>; 2 Kings <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2Kings+8:19">8:19</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2Kings+19:32-34">19:32–34</a>), although it did not stop judgment from finally arriving (compare 2 Kings <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2Kings+21:7">21:7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2Kings+23:26-27">23:26–27</a>; <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jeremiah+13:12-14">13:12–14</a>). Among the prophets of the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">exile</a>, there is hope of restoration under a Davidic king who will bring peace and justice (<i>cf</i>. <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezekiel+37:24-28">37:24–28</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Covenant">New Covenant</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_theology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: New Covenant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a> is anticipated with the hopes of the Davidic <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">messiah</a>, and most explicitly predicted by the <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_31:31" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeremiah 31:31">Jeremiah 31:31</a>–<a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_31:33" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeremiah 31:33">33</a>). At <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Supper" class="mw-redirect" title="The Last Supper">the Last Supper</a>, Jesus alludes to this prophecy, as well as to prophecies such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblegateway.com/passage/?book_id=29&chapter=49">Isaiah 49:8</a>, when he says that the cup of the <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> meal is "the New Covenant in [His] blood." This use of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> typology is developed further in the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Epistle to the Hebrews</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Hebrews+7-10">esp. chs. 7–10</a>). Jesus is the last <a href="/wiki/Adam_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam (Bible)">Adam</a> and Israel's hope and consolation: he is the fulfillment of the law and the prophets (<a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+5:17-18">5:17–18</a>). He is the prophet greater than <a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a> (Matthew <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+12:41">12:41</a>), and the Son over the house where Moses was a servant (Hebrews <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Hebrews+3:5-6">3:5–6</a>), leading His people to the heavenly promised land. He is the high priest greater than <a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a>, offering up Himself as the perfect sacrifice once for all (Hebrews <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Hebrews+9:12">9:12</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Hebrews+9:26">26</a>). He is the king greater than <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> (Matthew <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew+12:42">12:42</a>), ruling forever on David's throne (<a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+1:32">1:32</a>). The term "<a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>" comes from the Latin translation of the Greek <i>New Covenant</i> and is most often used for the collection of books in the Bible, but can also refer to the New Covenant as a theological concept.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The covenant of grace became the basis for all future covenants that God made with mankind such as with <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblegateway.com/passage/index.php?search=Gen6,9">Genesis 6, 9</a>), with <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblegateway.com/passage/index.php?search=Gen12,15,17">Genesis 12, 15, 17</a>), with <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblegateway.com/passage/index.php?search=Ex19-24">19–24</a>), with <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> (<a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">2 Samuel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblegateway.com/passage/index.php?search=2Sam7">7</a>), and finally in the <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a> founded and fulfilled in Christ. These individual covenants are called the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)" title="Covenant (biblical)">biblical covenants</a> because they are explicitly described in the Bible. Under the covenantal overview of the Bible, submission to God's rule and living in accordance with His moral law (expressed concisely in the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a>) is a response to grace – never something which can earn God's acceptance (<a href="/wiki/Legalism_(theology)" title="Legalism (theology)">legalism</a>). Even in His giving of the Ten Commandments, God introduces His law by reminding the Israelites that he is the one who brought them out of slavery in Egypt (grace). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subservient_Covenant">Subservient Covenant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_theology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Subservient Covenant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Moses_Amyraut" title="Moses Amyraut">Moses Amyraut</a> and few others proposed that the Mosaic Covenant is a third kind of substance, called the Subservient Covenant. As opposed to most covenant theologians, Moses Amyraut did not hold that the two substances are only the "Covenant of Grace" and the "Covenant of Works".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Covenant_of_redemption">Covenant of redemption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_theology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Covenant of redemption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The covenant of redemption is the eternal agreement within the <a href="/wiki/Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead</a> in which the Father appointed the Son through the Spirit to <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">become incarnate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffering_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffering of Christ">suffer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Christ">die</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Federal_head" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal head">federal head</a> of mankind to make an <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">atonement</a> for their sin. In return, the Father promised to <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of Christ">raise Christ from the dead</a>, glorify Him, and give Him a people. Two of the earliest theologians to write about the covenant of redemption were <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Cocceius" title="Johannes Cocceius">Johannes Cocceius</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Owen_(theologian)" title="John Owen (theologian)">John Owen</a>, though <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Olevian" title="Caspar Olevian">Caspar Olevian</a> had hinted at the idea before them. This covenant is not mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Standards" title="Westminster Standards">Westminster Standards</a>, but the idea of a contractual relationship between the Father and Son is present. Scriptural support for such a covenant may be found in Psalms 2 and 110, Isaiah 53,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELetham2009235_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELetham2009235-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle to the Philippians">Philippians</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblegateway.com/passage/index.php?search=Philippians+2:5-11">2:5–11</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblegateway.com/passage/index.php?search=Rev5:9-10">5:9–10</a>. Some covenant theologians have denied the intra-Trinitarian covenant of redemption, or have questioned the notion of the Son's works leading to the reward of gaining a people for God, or have challenged the covenantal nature of this arrangement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Covenantal_signs_and_seals">Covenantal signs and seals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_theology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Covenantal signs and seals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Reformed theology, a sacrament is usually defined as a sign and seal of the covenant of grace.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since covenant theology today is mainly Reformed in its outlook, proponents view <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Lord's Supper</a> as the only two <a href="/wiki/Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments">sacraments</a> in this sense, which are sometimes called "church ordinances." Along with the preached word, they are identified as an ordinary <a href="/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">means of grace</a> for salvation. The benefits of these rites do not occur from participating in the rite itself (<i><a href="/wiki/Ex_opere_operato" title="Ex opere operato">ex opere operato</a></i>), but through the power of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> as they are received by faith. </p><p>Sometimes Reformed covenantal theologians define <i>sacrament</i> to include signs and seals of the covenant of works. The <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biblical)" title="Tree of life (biblical)">tree of life</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_knowledge_of_good_and_evil" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree of knowledge of good and evil">tree of knowledge of good and evil</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Sabbath" title="Biblical Sabbath">Sabbath</a> are commonly considered to be the sacraments of the covenant of works.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lord's_Supper"><span id="Lord.27s_Supper"></span>Lord's Supper</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_theology&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lord's Supper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> or the Lord's Supper was instituted by Jesus at a <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> meal, to which he gave a radical reinterpretation. The festival of Passover commemorates the Israelites' deliverance from Egypt – specifically, how the lamb's blood which God commanded them to place on their door posts caused the Angel of Death to "pass over" their dwellings, so that their firstborn might be spared from the final plague. The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> writers understand this event <a href="/wiki/Typology_(theology)" title="Typology (theology)">typologically</a>: as the lamb's blood saved the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> from the plague, so Jesus' <a href="/wiki/Substitutionary_atonement" title="Substitutionary atonement">substitutionary death</a> saves God's New Covenant people from being judged for their sins. <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> has generally viewed the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> as a mysterious participation in the <a href="/wiki/Real_Presence" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Presence">Real Presence</a> of Christ mediated by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> (that is, real spiritual presence or <i>pneumatic presence</i>). This differs from <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> which believe in the <a href="/wiki/Real_Presence" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Presence">Real Presence</a> as an actual bodily presence of Christ, as well as from the generally <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> position that the supper is strictly a memorial commemoration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baptism">Baptism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_theology&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Baptism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Covenant_succession" title="Covenant succession">Covenant succession</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Infant_Baptism" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant Baptism">Paedobaptist</a> Covenant theologians argue that the Abrahamic Covenant is still in force, and that God's covenantal promise "to be your God and the God of your descendants after you" still stands for every believer. The argument that the administration of all (other) Biblical covenants, including the New Covenant, include a principle of <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">familial</a>, corporate inclusion, or "generational succession" is therefore of secondary importance to whether infants should be baptized or not. The familial nature of the Abrahamic covenant is undisputed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+17&version=NIV">Genesis 17</a> "You are to undergo circumcision, and it will be the sign of the covenant between me and you. 12 For the generations to come every male among you who is eight days old must be circumcised, including those born in your household or bought with money from a foreigner—those who are not your offspring. 13 Whether born in your household or bought with your money, they must be circumcised." </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bible.gospelcom.net/passage/?search=acts+2:38-39">2:38–39</a>, the promise is seen to extend to the children of believers as it always was in the Abrahamic Covenant. The Biblical covenants between God and man include signs and seals that visibly represent the realities behind the covenants. These visible signs and symbols of God's covenant redemption are administered in a corporate manner (for instance, to households—see <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bible.gospelcom.net/passage/?search=acts+16:14-15">16:14–15</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bible.gospelcom.net/passage/?search=acts+16:31-34">16:31–34</a>), not in an exclusively individualistic manner. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a> is considered to be the visible New Testament sign of entrance into the Abrahamic Covenant and therefore may be administered individually to new believers making a public profession of <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a>. Paedobaptists further believe this extends corporately to the households of believers which typically would include <a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">children</a>, or individually to children or infants of believing parents (see <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">Infant baptism</a>). In this view, baptism is thus seen as the functional replacement and sacramental equivalent of the Abrahamic rite of <a href="/wiki/History_of_male_circumcision#Male_circumcision_in_the_Greco-Roman_world" class="mw-redirect" title="History of male circumcision">circumcision</a> (Colossians 2:11–14) and symbolizes the internal cleansing from <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a>, among other things. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Credobaptism" class="mw-redirect" title="Credobaptism">Credobaptist</a> Covenant theologians (such as the Baptists <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Keach" title="Benjamin Keach">Benjamin Keach</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Gill_(theologian)" title="John Gill (theologian)">John Gill</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Spurgeon" title="Charles Spurgeon">Charles Spurgeon</a>) hold that baptism is only for those who can understand and profess their faith, and they argue that the <a href="/wiki/Regulative_principle_of_worship" title="Regulative principle of worship">regulative principle of worship</a>, which many paedobaptists also advocate and which states that elements of <a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">worship</a> (including baptism) must be based on explicit commands of Scripture, is violated by infant baptism. Furthermore, because the New Covenant is described in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bible.gospelcom.net/passage/?search=jer+31:31-34">31:31–34</a> as a time when all who were members of it would have the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">law</a> written on their hearts and would know God, Baptist Covenant Theologians believe only those who are <a href="/wiki/Born_again_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Born again Christianity">born again</a> are members of the New Covenant.<sup id="cite_ref-schreiner_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schreiner-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_theology&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Oecolampadius" title="Johannes Oecolampadius">Johannes Oecolampadius</a> were among the first reformers to speak of God's salvation economy under the categories of a covenant of works and a covenant of grace. <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Institutes_of_the_Christian_Religion" title="Institutes of the Christian Religion">Institutes</a></i> 2:9–11), like <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Bullinger" title="Heinrich Bullinger">Heinrich Bullinger</a> (<i>A Brief Exposition of the One and Eternal Testament or Covenant of God</i>), focused on the continuity of the covenant of grace, but taught the substance of what became classic covenant theology in terms of Law and Gospel. Early post-reformation writings, including <a href="/wiki/Zacharius_Ursinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Zacharius Ursinus">Zacharius Ursinus</a> (1534–1583) in <i>Commentary on the Heidelberg Catechism</i> (published posthumously, 1591), <a href="/wiki/Kaspar_Olevianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaspar Olevianus">Caspar Olevianus</a> (1536–1587) in <i>Concerning the Substance of the Covenant of Grace between God and the Elect</i> (<i>De substantia foederis gratuiti inter deum et electos</i>, 1585), and Scottish Theologian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rollock" title="Robert Rollock">Robert Rollock</a> (1555–1599) in <i>A Treatise of our Effectual Calling</i> (<i>Tractatus de vocatione efficaci</i>, 1597), developed the covenant of works and covenant of grace scheme along the lines of the <a href="/wiki/Law_and_gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Law and gospel">law-gospel</a> distinction.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Classical statements of covenant theology can be found in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a> (particularly chap. 7, 8, 19), as well as in the writings of English theologians such as <a href="/wiki/John_Owen_(theologian)" title="John Owen (theologian)">John Owen</a> (1616–1683), <i>Biblical Theology</i>, and <i>An Exposition of the Epistle to the Hebrews</i>. The classical statements among 17th century continental theologians include <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Cocceius" title="Johannes Cocceius">Johannes Cocceius</a> (c. 1603–1669) in <i>The Doctrine of the Covenant and Testament of God</i> (<i>Summa doctrinae de foedere et testamento dei</i>, 1648), <a href="/wiki/Francis_Turretin" title="Francis Turretin">Francis Turretin</a> (1623–1687) in his <i>Institutes of Elenctic Theology</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Witsius" title="Hermann Witsius">Hermann Witsius</a> (1636–1708) in <i>The Economy of the Covenants Between God and Man</i>. It may also be seen in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a> (1703–58) in <i>Collected Writings of Jonathan Edwards</i>, Vol 2, Banner of Truth edition, p. 950. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_theologians" class="mw-redirect" title="Princeton theologians">Princeton theologians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Charles_Hodge" title="Charles Hodge">Charles Hodge</a>, <a href="/wiki/A._A._Hodge" class="mw-redirect" title="A. A. Hodge">A. A. Hodge</a>, <a href="/wiki/B._B._Warfield" title="B. B. Warfield">B. B. Warfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geerhardus_Vos" title="Geerhardus Vos">Geerhardus Vos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/J._Gresham_Machen" title="J. Gresham Machen">J. Gresham Machen</a>) and, in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Bavinck" title="Herman Bavinck">Herman Bavinck</a> followed the main lines of the classic view, teaching the Covenant of Redemption, the Covenant of Works (Law), and the Covenant of Grace (<a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a>). </p><p>Recent well-known covenant theologians in the United States include <a href="/wiki/Michael_Horton_(theologian)" title="Michael Horton (theologian)">Michael Horton</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._Ligon_Duncan_III" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Ligon Duncan III">J. Ligon Duncan III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meredith_G._Kline" class="mw-redirect" title="Meredith G. Kline">Meredith G. Kline</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._I._Packer" title="J. I. Packer">J. I. Packer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_L._Pratt_Jr." title="Richard L. Pratt Jr.">Richard L. Pratt Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/O._Palmer_Robertson" title="O. Palmer Robertson">O. Palmer Robertson</a> and <a href="/wiki/R._C._Sproul" title="R. C. Sproul">R. C. Sproul</a>. This system is taught at schools such as <a href="/wiki/Covenant_Theological_Seminary" title="Covenant Theological Seminary">Covenant Theological Seminary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenville_Presbyterian_Theological_Seminary" title="Greenville Presbyterian Theological Seminary">Greenville Presbyterian Theological Seminary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knox_Theological_Seminary" title="Knox Theological Seminary">Knox Theological Seminary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Theological_Seminary" title="Reformed Theological Seminary">Reformed Theological Seminary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Theological_Seminary" title="Westminster Theological Seminary">Westminster Theological Seminary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Seminary_California" title="Westminster Seminary California">Westminster Seminary California</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Developments">Developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_theology&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been recent developments in classical covenant theology by Reformed (Calvinist) pastors and theologians. Wesleyan covenant theology, a variation of classical covenant theology, was designed by <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodes20147,_62–76_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodes20147,_62–76-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_covenant_theology">Classical covenant theology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_theology&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Classical covenant theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Covenant_structure">Covenant structure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_theology&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Covenant structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Meredith_G._Kline" class="mw-redirect" title="Meredith G. Kline">Meredith G. Kline</a> did pioneering work in the field of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">Biblical studies</a>, in the 1960s and 1970s, building on prior work by <a href="/wiki/George_E._Mendenhall" title="George E. Mendenhall">George E. Mendenhall</a>, by identifying the form of the covenant with the common <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerain</a>–<a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">Vassal</a> <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaties</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a> in the 2nd millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One of the highlights of his work has been the comparison of the Mosaic Covenant with the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hittites" title="Biblical Hittites">Hittite</a> <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a> Treaty formula. A suggested comparison of the treaty structure with the book of Deuteronomy is as follows: </p> <ul><li>Preamble (<i>cf</i>. Deuteronomy 1:1–4)</li> <li>Historical prologue (<i>cf</i>. Deuteronomy 1:5–3:29)</li> <li>Stipulations (<i>cf</i>. Deuteronomy 4–26)</li> <li>Document clause (<i>cf</i>. Deuteronomy 27)</li> <li>List of gods as witnesses (notably lacking in Deuteronomy)</li> <li>Sanctions: curses and blessings (<i>cf</i>. Deuteronomy 28; 31–34).</li></ul> <p>Kline has argued that comparisons between the suzerain-vassal treaties and royal grants of the Ancient Near East provide insight in highlighting certain distinctive features of the Mosaic covenant as a law covenant, in contrast with the other historic post-Fall covenants. Many who have embraced Kline's insights have still insisted, however, in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a>, that the Mosaic covenant was fundamentally an administration of the Covenant of Grace. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary_revisions_and_controversy">Contemporary revisions and controversy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_theology&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Contemporary revisions and controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of major 20th-century covenant theologians including <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klaas_Schilder" title="Klaas Schilder">Klaas Schilder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(theologian)" title="John Murray (theologian)">John Murray</a> have departed from the traditional recognition of a covenant of works in classical covenant theology to develop a monocovenantal scheme subsuming everything under one Covenant of Grace. The focus of all biblical covenants is then on <a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">grace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a>. This has not been developed consistently between the various theologians. For example, Barth, influential in the <a href="/wiki/Mainline_(Protestant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainline (Protestant)">mainline</a> churches and in certain <a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">evangelical</a> circles, conceived of grace as the fundamental reality underlying all of creation. Influential among more conservative <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> churches, Murray acknowledged the traditional concept of a works principle as a condition for life with Adam in the Garden of Eden, comparing Adam's works to the works of Christ. He disputed its label as a covenant, however, preferring to call this arrangement the Adamic administration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Shepherd_controversy">Shepherd controversy</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_theology&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Shepherd controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Theological_Seminary" title="Westminster Theological Seminary">Westminster Theological Seminary</a> in the late 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Shepherd" title="Norman Shepherd">Norman Shepherd</a>, a professor of <a href="/wiki/Systematic_theology" title="Systematic theology">systematic theology</a> was dismissed due to controversy over his teaching on <a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">justification</a>. His views involved a reconfiguration of covenant theology that went beyond those of Murray, his predecessor. Shepherd denied any notion of a works or merit principle, leading to a denial of the imputation of Christ's <a href="/wiki/Active_obedience_of_Christ" title="Active obedience of Christ">active obedience</a> to the believer. He argued that Jesus' own justification was due to His faith and obedience. In the same way then, the believer must be justified before God by faith and obedience.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shepherd's followers claim that the Covenant of Works between <a href="/wiki/Adam_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam (Bible)">Adam</a> and <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a> was not originally part of covenant theology, following John Murray's observation that a covenant of works at creation does not receive explicit mention in early confessions such as the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Confession" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallic Confession">French Confession</a> (1559), the <a href="/wiki/Scots_Confession" title="Scots Confession">Scots Confession</a> (1560), the <a href="/wiki/Belgic_Confession" title="Belgic Confession">Belgic Confession</a> (1561), the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-Nine_Articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-Nine Articles">Thirty-Nine Articles</a> (1562), the <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Catechism" title="Heidelberg Catechism">Heidelberg Catechism</a> (1563), and the <a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Confessions" title="Helvetic Confessions">Second Helvetic Confession</a> (1566).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of Shepherd's critics contend that the concept of a works principle distinct from a Covenant of Grace is evident in the <a href="/wiki/Bible_commentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible commentary">commentaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dogmatic_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogmatic Theology">dogmatic</a> works of the earliest covenant theologians, particularly in the distinction made between <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a> (for instance, <a href="/wiki/Zacharias_Ursinus" title="Zacharias Ursinus">Zacharias Ursinus</a>, <i>Commentary on the Heidelberg Catechism</i>). There is also explicit articulation of a Covenant of Works in the writings of those such as <a href="/wiki/Kaspar_Olevianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaspar Olevianus">Olevianus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rollock" title="Robert Rollock">Rollock</a>. Additionally, defenders of the merit-based view argue that the concept of this works principle operating in the pre-Fall state in the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a> as a covenant is present in the early confessions even if the Covenant of Works is not explicitly named. Examples include Belgic Confession, article 14, which speaks of Adam having received and transgressed the "commandment of life"; or Heidelberg Catechism, Question and Answer 6 affirming the goodness of man in creation. The later <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a> (1646) explicitly names the Covenant of Works which Adam transgressed (7.2; 19.1), and which "continues to be a perfect rule of righteousness" in the form of the moral law (19.2, 3). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Kline">Kline</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_theology&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Kline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In opposition to the modern revisers, <a href="/wiki/Meredith_G._Kline" class="mw-redirect" title="Meredith G. Kline">Meredith Kline</a> reemphasized the idea of a covenant of works as expressed in the Westminster Confession of Faith 7.2 as a means to protect a gospel of grace. Kline wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKline2000108–109_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKline2000108–109-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If meritorious works could not be predicated of Jesus Christ as second Adam, then obviously there would be no meritorious achievement to be imputed to His people as the ground of their justification-approbation. The gospel invitation would turn out to be a mirage. We who have believed on Christ would still be under condemnation. The gospel truth, however, is that Christ has performed the one act of righteousness and by His obedience of the one the many are made righteous (Rom 5:18, 19) .... Underlying Christ's mediatorship of a covenant of grace for the salvation of believers is His earthly fulfillment, through meritorious obedience, of His heavenly covenant of works with the Father. ... What begins as a rejection of works ends up as an attack, however unintentional, on the biblical message of saving grace.</p></blockquote> <p>Kline, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Horton_(theologian)" title="Michael Horton (theologian)">Michael Horton</a>, and others have sought to uphold the distinction of two sorts of covenant traditions: one based on merit, earned by obedience to law (works), and the other on promise (grace).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorton200635–50_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorton200635–50-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the consensus in Calvinist theology is that works are antithetical to grace as the means of <a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">justification</a>, differences emerge in attempts to describe this antithesis. </p><p>On the one hand, Calvinist theologians were more in line with Kline tend to say that works are ultimately the basis for grace, since God requires perfect upholding of the <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> for <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heavenly</a> reward. Since this is understood to be an impossible task for the <a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">corrupted</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sinner</a>, it is Christ who perfectly obeyed the law in fulfillment of the covenant of works. <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, earning the reward, graciously bestows it to His people (<i>cf.</i> Luke <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+1:32">22:29</a>). For example, <a href="/wiki/R._C._Sproul" title="R. C. Sproul">R. C. Sproul</a> writes, "Man's relationship to God in creation was based <i>on works</i>. What Adam failed to achieve, Christ, the second Adam, succeeded in achieving. <i>Ultimately the only way one can be justified is by works</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sinner is thus saved by Christ's works and not his own. Right standing before God is then due to an alien or <a href="/wiki/Imputed_righteousness" title="Imputed righteousness">imputed righteousness</a> received by faith, not by personal faithfulness which is the fruition of salvation and not its ground. </p><p>On the other hand, Calvinist theologians more in line with Murray tend to say that works were never meant to be the basis for grace, but that grace precedes the call for obedience. Consequently, works are the necessary response to grace and not the precondition for it. For example, Michael Williams writes, "The function of law within Scripture is the maintenance of relationship, not the creation of relationship. Legal obligation is not the precondition for life and relationship. Rather, life and relationship form the necessary environment for obligation."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this view still affirms the necessity of the merit of Christ, it departs from Kline's construal of merit as a fundamental principle of the covenant of works. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wesleyan_covenant_theology">Wesleyan covenant theology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_theology&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Wesleyan covenant theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="line-height:1.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Methodism" title="Category:Methodism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;font-size:160%;"><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Wesley_clipped.png" class="mw-file-description" title="John Wesley"><img alt="John Wesley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/John_Wesley_clipped.png/125px-John_Wesley_clipped.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/John_Wesley_clipped.png/188px-John_Wesley_clipped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/John_Wesley_clipped.png/250px-John_Wesley_clipped.png 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="349" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;background:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Methodism#Origins" title="Methodism">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Methodism_in_the_United_States" title="History of Methodism in the United States">in the United States</a>)</div></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_theology" title="Wesleyan theology">Wesleyan theology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;background:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Methodist_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist doctrine">Doctrine</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Doctrinal standards</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creeds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Religion_(Methodist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of Religion (Methodist)">Articles of Religion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sermons_on_Several_Occasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Sermons on Several Occasions">Sermons on Several Occasions</a></i></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_Notes_Upon_the_New_Testament" title="Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament">Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament</a></i></div></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> Distinctive beliefs and practices</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)#John_Wesley_and_Methodism" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional preservation<br />of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Quadrilateral" title="Wesleyan Quadrilateral">Four sources of theological authority</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substitutionary_atonement" title="Substitutionary atonement">Substitutionary atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imparted_righteousness" title="Imparted righteousness">Imparted righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments#Methodist" title="Ten Commandments">Moral law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">New birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will_in_theology#Classical_Arminianism_and_Wesleyan_Arminianism" title="Free will in theology">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outward_holiness" title="Outward holiness">Outward holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist#Methodist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">Real presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity#Methodist" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification (growth in grace)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Sabbatarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Sabbatarianism">Sunday Sabbatarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">Christian perfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">Second work of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit#Entire_sanctification" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin#Methodist_views" title="Christian views on sin">Views on sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_piety" title="Works of piety">Works of piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;background:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Methodist_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist worship">Worship</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Service_of_the_Methodists" title="The Sunday Service of the Methodists">The Sunday Service of the Methodists</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_Renewal_Service" title="Covenant Renewal Service">Covenant Renewal Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">Revival service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_call" title="Altar call">Altar call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourner%27s_bench" title="Mourner's bench">Mourner's bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle_(Methodist)" title="Tabernacle (Methodist)">Tabernacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tent_revival" title="Tent revival">Tent revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brush_arbour_revival" title="Brush arbour revival">Brush arbour revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agape_feast" title="Agape feast">Lovefeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchnight_service" title="Watchnight service">Watchnight service</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;background:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodists" title="List of Methodists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley" title="Charles Wesley">Charles Wesley</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Allen_(bishop)" title="Richard Allen (bishop)">Richard Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Asbury" title="Francis Asbury">Francis Asbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coke_(bishop)" title="Thomas Coke (bishop)">Thomas Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Fletcher" title="John William Fletcher">John William Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Scott" title="Orange Scott">Orange Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Williams_Pantycelyn" title="William Williams Pantycelyn">William Williams Pantycelyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._T._Roberts" title="B. T. Roberts">Benjamin Titus Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ashbel_Sellew" title="Walter Ashbel Sellew">Walter Ashbel Sellew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Harris" title="Howell Harris">Howell Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Outler" title="Albert Outler">Albert Outler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Varick" title="James Varick">James Varick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selina_Hastings,_Countess_of_Huntingdon" title="Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon">Countess of Huntingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Palmer" title="Phoebe Palmer">Phoebe Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield">George Whitefield</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Methodist_bishops" title="Category:Methodist bishops">Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodist_theologians" title="List of Methodist theologians">Theologians</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;background:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Groups</li><li>Churches</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain" title="Methodist Church of Great Britain">Methodist Church of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Methodist_Council" title="World Methodist Council">World Methodist Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Methodist_Church" title="Global Methodist Church">Global Methodist Church</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Methodist_denominations" title="List of Methodist denominations">Other Methodist denominations</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;background:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Organization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connexionalism" title="Connexionalism">Connexionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Conference_(Methodism)" title="General Conference (Methodism)">General Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Circuit">Methodist Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_charge" title="Pastoral charge">Pastoral charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Class meeting">Class meeting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_band" title="Penitent band">Penitent band</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;background:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Related groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_holiness_movement" title="Conservative holiness movement">Conservative holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_Pentecostalism" title="Holiness Pentecostalism">Holiness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#f8e0e0;;background:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Other relevant topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a 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</div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Methodism" title="Template:Methodism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Methodism" title="Template talk:Methodism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Methodism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Methodism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a> maintains the superstructure of classical covenant theology, but being <a href="/wiki/Arminian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminian">Arminian</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">soteriology</a>, it discards the "predestinarian template of Reformed theology that was part and parcel of its historical development."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodes20147,_62–76_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodes20147,_62–76-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main difference between Wesleyan covenant theology and classical covenant theology is as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The point of divergence is Wesley’s conviction that not only is the inauguration of the covenant of grace coincidental with the fall, but so is the termination of the covenant of works. This conviction is of supreme importance for Wesley in facilitating an Arminian adaptation of covenant theology—first, by reconfiguring the reach of the covenant of grace; and second, by disallowing any notion that there is a reinvigoration of the covenant of works beyond the fall.</p></blockquote> <p>As such, in the <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan-Arminian" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesleyan-Arminian">Wesleyan-Arminian</a> view, only <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eve" title="Eve">Eve</a> were under the covenant of works, while on the other hand, all of their progeny are under the covenant of grace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodes20147,_62–76_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodes20147,_62–76-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Mosaic Law belonging to the covenant of grace, all of humanity is brought "within the reach of the provisions of that covenant."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodes20147,_62–76_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodes20147,_62–76-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This belief is reflected in <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>'s sermon <i>Righteousness of Faith</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodes20147,_62–76_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodes20147,_62–76-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The Apostle does not here oppose the covenant given by Moses, to the covenant given by Christ. …But it is the covenant of grace, which God, through Christ, hath established with men in all ages".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The covenant of grace was therefore administered through "promises, prophecies, sacrifices, and at last by circumcision" during the patriarchal ages and through "the paschal lamb, the scape goat, [and] the priesthood of Aaron" under <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic Law">Mosaic Law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Crowther1815_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowther1815-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a>, the covenant of grace is mediated through the greater <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacraments</a>, baptism and the Lord's Supper.<sup id="cite_ref-Crowther1815_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowther1815-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tucker2011_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker2011-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Methodist theologian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Watson_(Methodist)" title="Richard Watson (Methodist)">Richard Watson</a>, with regard to the Eucharist, stated:<sup id="cite_ref-Watson1852_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson1852-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This covenant, the blood of Christ, that is, the pouring forth of His blood as a sacrificial victim, at once procured and ratified; so that it stands firm to all truly penitent and contrite spirits who believe in Him: and of this great truth, the Lord's Supper was the instituted sign and seal; and he who in faith drinks of the cup, having reference to its signification, that blood of Christ which confirms to true believers the whole covenant of grace, is assured thereby of its faithfulness and permanence, and derives to Himself the fulness of its blessings.</p></blockquote> <p>Wesleyan covenant theology is also seen in the Methodist theology of baptism, e.g. when introducing this sacrament, <a href="/wiki/The_United_Methodist_Book_of_Worship_(1992)" title="The United Methodist Book of Worship (1992)">United Methodist Book of Worship</a> teaches: "The Baptismal Covenant is God's word to us, proclaiming our adoption by grace, and our word to God, promising our response of faith and love. Those within the covenant constitute the community we call the Church".<sup id="cite_ref-UMPH2016_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UMPH2016-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Watson explicates Wesleyan-Arminian theology regarding baptism:<sup id="cite_ref-Watson1852_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson1852-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But as the entrance into the Jewish Church was by circumcision, so the entrance into the Christian Church is by baptism. Hence its administration is here prescribed to those who are made disciples, and as such disposed to become formally the members of Christ's Church. Hence it derives its federal or covenant character, and is rightly considered as a mystery or sacrament. Of the blessings of this covenant it is the <em>sign</em>, holding forth the washing away of sin, and the pouring out of the Holy Ghost; and it is the <em>seal</em>, inasmuch as, being administered under the command of Christ, it is a constant <em>pledge</em> of His unchangeably gracious intentions to those that believe and are baptized; while our submission to this rite is that act by which we accept and make ourselves parties to this covenant of grace and salvation, claiming its blessing, and binding ourselves to fulfil its conditions.</p></blockquote> <p>In Wesleyan covenant theology, the source of the covenant of grace is Jesus Christ, as "the <i>prophet, priest, and king</i>, the <i>head</i> and <i>saviour</i> of His church, the <i>heir of all things</i> and <i>judge of the world</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-Crowther1815_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowther1815-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with the Reformed view,<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell2011_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell2011-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the founder of the movement, John Wesley held that the moral law, which is contained in the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a>, continues to stand today:<sup id="cite_ref-Utter1913_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Utter1913-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Every part of this law must remain in force upon all mankind in all ages, as not depending either on time or place, nor on any other circumstances liable to change; but on the nature of God and the nature of man, and their unchangeable relation to each other</p></blockquote> <p>Wesleyan covenant theology, unlike Reformed classical covenant theology, emphasizes that though <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> initiates a covenant with <a href="/wiki/Humanity_(virtue)" title="Humanity (virtue)">humanity</a>, humans are given the <a href="/wiki/Free_will_in_theology" title="Free will in theology">free will</a> to follow Him,<sup id="cite_ref-MarquardtKlaiber2002_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarquardtKlaiber2002-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "God is always the innocent party in cases where salvation is lost".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When persons become professing members of a Methodist <a href="/wiki/Connexionalism" title="Connexionalism">connexion</a>, they personally bind themselves to a <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)#Methodism" title="Covenant (religion)">covenant</a> with God and the Church through the making of vows.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Emmanuel2002_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emmanuel2002-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On New Year's Eve, congregations belonging to various Methodist connexions, such as the United Methodist Church, Free Methodist Church and Pilgrim Holiness Church, conduct a <a href="/wiki/Watchnight_service" title="Watchnight service">watchnight service</a> in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_Renewal_Service" title="Covenant Renewal Service">Covenant Renewal Service</a>, so that Methodist believers can personally renew their covenant with the Creator every year; this liturgy is traditionally preceded by prayer and <a href="/wiki/Fasting#Methodism" title="Fasting">fasting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MarquardtKlaiber2002_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarquardtKlaiber2002-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sweet2014_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sweet2014-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baptist_covenant_theology">Baptist covenant theology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_theology&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Baptist covenant theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most well-known form of Covenant theology is associated with <a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a> (paedobaptists) and comes from the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a>. Another form is sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Baptist_covenant_theology" title="Baptist covenant theology">Baptist covenant theology</a> or 1689 Federalism, to distinguish it from Westminster Federalism, and is associated with <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Baptists" title="Reformed Baptists">Reformed Baptists</a> (credobaptists) and comes from the <a href="/wiki/Second_London_Baptist_Confession_of_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Second London Baptist Confession of Faith">Second London Baptist Confession of Faith</a>, published in 1689.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenault10–20_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenault10–20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principal difference between these two variants of covenant theology is their understanding of the Covenant of Grace. Standard Westminster covenant theology sees the Covenant of Grace beginning with <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">the Fall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a> 3, and continuing through the <a href="/wiki/Old_Covenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Covenant">Old Covenant</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a>, under the same "substance" but different "administrations". The Covenant of Grace, the Old Covenant, and the New Covenant, then, all have the same substance and only differ in the fact that the Old Covenant and the New Covenant constitute two separate administrations of that single substance. Covenant theology under the Second London Baptist Confession, in contrast, also sees the Covenant of Grace as beginning with the Fall in Genesis 3, and continuing through the Old Covenant and the New Covenant. But it sees the substance of the Covenant of Grace as being the same as the New Covenant, though not the Old Covenant. The Covenant of Grace, then, is the same thing as the New Covenant. As such, the Covenant of Grace coexists with the Old Covenant though is not the Old Covenant. Instead, under the Old Covenant, it is a series of promises that point towards the New Covenant, and will not be realized until that point.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenault10–20_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenault10–20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Westminster Confession of Faith outlines this "one substance, two administrations" understanding by specifying that under the Old Covenant, the covenant was "administered by promises, prophecies, sacrifices, circumcision, the paschal lamb, and other types and ordinances", while under the New Covenant, the covenant is administered by "the preaching of the Word, and the administration of the sacraments" so that "there are not, therefore, two covenants of grace differing in substance, but one and the same under various dispensations.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenault10–20_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenault10–20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the Second London Baptist Confession of Faith condenses this all down to say that the Covenant of Grace was revealed progressively over Old Testament history after Genesis 3 "by further steps, until the full discovery thereof was completed in the New Testament."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenault10–20_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenault10–20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the Covenant of Works and the Covenant of Grace are the only redemptive covenants, stemming from the Covenant of Redemption, salvation is only possible through the Covenant of Grace, as in the covenant theology of standard Westminster pedobaptist federalism. Between The Fall in Genesis 3 and the New Covenant are several other covenants, in particular the covenant of Abraham, the covenant of Moses, and the covenant of David.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenault41–44_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenault41–44-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But these covenants are "works and law" covenants and not "redemptive" covenants, since they exist only for specific earthly purposes in space and time, such as to allow Israel to live in the promised land under the conditions given in the covenant. Though their substance is different from the Covenant of Grace, and are therefore not part of that covenant, they do point to the promises in that covenant. They do this by drawing on <a href="/wiki/Typology_(theology)" title="Typology (theology)">typology</a>, and as such consist of "types" and "antitypes", where the "type" is the explicit purpose of that covenant, but the "antitype" is the way in which that covenant points towards the promises of the Covenant of Grace through the New Covenant. Salvation was therefore possible for people under the Old Covenant through the Covenant of Grace if they had saving faith in these promises.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenault41–44_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenault41–44-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Covenant theology under Westminster Federalism allows paedobaptism since it sees a greater continuity between the Old Covenant and the New Covenant. Covenant theology under 1689 Federalism, in contrast, supports credobaptism under the <a href="/wiki/Regulative_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulative principle">regulative principle</a> since it sees less direct continuity between the Old Covenant and the New Covenant, even if it still sees major continuity through the overarching Covenant of Grace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenault41–44_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenault41–44-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_theology&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_theology&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ligonier2022-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ligonier2022_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ligonier.org/guides/covenant-theology">"Covenant Theology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ligonier_Ministries" title="Ligonier Ministries">Ligonier Ministries</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2022</span>. <q>Covenant theology is a hermeneutical framework that seeks to understand the Bible according to its covenantal structure. Covenant theology is particularly associated with Reformed theology, as the Reformed tradition has devoted much attention to studying the biblical covenants. As Dr. R. C. Sproul frequently observed, 'Reformed theology is covenant theology.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Covenant+Theology&rft.pub=Ligonier+Ministries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ligonier.org%2Fguides%2Fcovenant-theology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenault10–20-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenault10–20_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenault10–20_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenault10–20_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenault10–20_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenault10–20_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenault">Denault</a>, pp. 10–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodes20147,_62–76-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodes20147,_62–76_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodes20147,_62–76_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodes20147,_62–76_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodes20147,_62–76_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodes20147,_62–76_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodes20147,_62–76_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodes2014">Rodes 2014</a>, pp. 7, 62–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iainm-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iainm_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2014" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Iain (1 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150718030558/http://www.revival-library.org/catalogues/pre1700/murryhope.html"><i>The Puritan Hope</i></a>. Edinburgh: Banner of Truth. p. 361. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848714786" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848714786"><bdi>978-1848714786</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revival-library.org/catalogues/pre1700/murryhope.html">the original</a> on 18 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Puritan+Hope&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=361&rft.pub=Banner+of+Truth&rft.date=2014-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1848714786&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revival-library.org%2Fcatalogues%2Fpre1700%2Fmurryhope.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-owen-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-owen_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Owen_(theologian)" title="John Owen (theologian)">Owen, John</a>. "Exercitation 18". <i>Complete Works</i>. Vol. 17. p. 560.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Exercitation+18&rft.btitle=Complete+Works&rft.pages=560&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill[httpwwwsacred-textscombibcmtgilldeu030htm_30]:5-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGill[httpwwwsacred-textscombibcmtgilldeu030htm_30]:5_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGill">Gill</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/cmt/gill/deu030.htm">30</a>:5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonar-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bonar_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonar1870" class="citation journal cs1">Bonar, Horatius (July 1870). "The Jew". <i>The Quarterly Journal of Prophecy</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Journal+of+Prophecy&rft.atitle=The+Jew&rft.date=1870-07&rft.aulast=Bonar&rft.aufirst=Horatius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chs-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chs_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpurgeon1864" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Haddon_Spurgeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Haddon Spurgeon">Spurgeon, Charles</a> (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/spurgeon/sermons10.xxxvi.html">"Sermon preached in June 1864 for the British Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Among the Jews"</a>. <i>Metropolitan Tabernacle Pulpit</i>. <b>10</b> – via The Christian Classics Ethereal Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metropolitan+Tabernacle+Pulpit&rft.atitle=Sermon+preached+in+June+1864+for+the+British+Society+for+the+Propagation+of+the+Gospel+Among+the+Jews&rft.volume=10&rft.date=1864&rft.aulast=Spurgeon&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fspurgeon%2Fsermons10.xxxvi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2011185-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2011185_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2011">Jones 2011</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELetham2009227–228-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELetham2009227–228_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLetham2009">Letham 2009</a>, pp. 227–228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opc.org/GA/republication.html">"Report of the Committee to Study Republication: The Orthodox Presbyterian Church"</a>. <i>OPC.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OPC.org&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+Committee+to+Study+Republication%3A+The+Orthodox+Presbyterian+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopc.org%2FGA%2Frepublication.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoehner2021" class="citation book cs1">Hoehner, Paul J. (13 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q0c3EAAAQBAJ&dq=Thomas+Boston+republication+of+the+covenant&pg=PA186"><i>The Covenant Theology of Jonathan Edwards: Law, Gospel, and Evangelical Obedience</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7252-8157-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7252-8157-8"><bdi>978-1-7252-8157-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Covenant+Theology+of+Jonathan+Edwards%3A+Law%2C+Gospel%2C+and+Evangelical+Obedience&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2021-05-13&rft.isbn=978-1-7252-8157-8&rft.aulast=Hoehner&rft.aufirst=Paul+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq0c3EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DThomas%2BBoston%2Brepublication%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bcovenant%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Edward. <i>Marrow of Modern Divinity</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marrow+of+Modern+Divinity&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2011" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Michael (27 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christurc.org/blog/2011/01/27/the-covenant-of-works-revived-john-owen-on-republication-in-the-mosaic-covenant">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Covenant of Works Revived:" John Owen on Republication in the Mosaic Covenant"</a>. <i>Christ United Reformed Church</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christ+United+Reformed+Church&rft.atitle=%22The+Covenant+of+Works+Revived%3A%22+John+Owen+on+Republication+in+the+Mosaic+Covenant&rft.date=2011-01-27&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christurc.org%2Fblog%2F2011%2F01%2F27%2Fthe-covenant-of-works-revived-john-owen-on-republication-in-the-mosaic-covenant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELetham2009232-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELetham2009232_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLetham2009">Letham 2009</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELetham2009233–234-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELetham2009233–234_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLetham2009">Letham 2009</a>, pp. 233–234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2011183–184-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2011183–184_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2011">Jones 2011</a>, pp. 183–184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBierma1997" class="citation book cs1">Bierma, Lyle D. (1997). <i>German Calvinism in the Confessional Age: The Covenant Theology of Caspar Olevianus</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Calvinism+in+the+Confessional+Age%3A+The+Covenant+Theology+of+Caspar+Olevianus&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=Baker+Book+House&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Bierma&rft.aufirst=Lyle+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill[httpwwwsacred-textscombibcmtgilldeu029htm_29]-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGill[httpwwwsacred-textscombibcmtgilldeu029htm_29]_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGill">Gill</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/cmt/gill/deu029.htm">29</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGill[httpwwwsacred-textscombibcmtgilldeu030htm_30]-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGill[httpwwwsacred-textscombibcmtgilldeu030htm_30]_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGill">Gill</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/cmt/gill/deu030.htm">30</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vandorn-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vandorn_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Dorn2014" class="citation book cs1">Van Dorn, Douglas (2014). <i>Covenant Theology: A Reformed Baptist Primer</i>. Erie, Colorado: Waters of Creation. pp. 102–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9862376-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9862376-0-7"><bdi>978-0-9862376-0-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Covenant+Theology%3A+A+Reformed+Baptist+Primer&rft.place=Erie%2C+Colorado&rft.pages=102-8&rft.pub=Waters+of+Creation&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-9862376-0-7&rft.aulast=Van+Dorn&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opc.org/GA/republication.html">"Report of the Committee to Study Republication"</a>. <i>opc.org</i>. The Orthodox Presbyterian Church<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opc.org&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+Committee+to+Study+Republication&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopc.org%2FGA%2Frepublication.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELetham2009235-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELetham2009235_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLetham2009">Letham 2009</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/creeds/westminster-confession.txt">"XXVII"</a>. <i>Westminster Confession of Faith</i>. Sec. 1 – via Christian Classics Ethereal Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XXVII&rft.btitle=Westminster+Confession+of+Faith&rft.pages=Sec.+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fcreeds%2Fwestminster-confession.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitsius1804" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Witsius" title="Hermann Witsius">Witsius, Hermann</a> (1804). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QbhaAAAAYAAJ&pg=126"><i>The economy of the covenants, between God and man: Comprehending a complete body of divinity</i></a>. Vol. 1 (2nd American ed.). New York: Thomas Kirk. p. 126.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+economy+of+the+covenants%2C+between+God+and+man%3A+Comprehending+a+complete+body+of+divinity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=126&rft.edition=2nd+American&rft.pub=Thomas+Kirk&rft.date=1804&rft.aulast=Witsius&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQbhaAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3D126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schreiner-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schreiner_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchreiner2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Schreiner" title="Thomas R. Schreiner">Schreiner, Thomas</a> (2008). <i>New Testament Theology: Magnifying God in Christ</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker. p. 648. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2680-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2680-5"><bdi>978-0-8010-2680-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Testament+Theology%3A+Magnifying+God+in+Christ&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=648&rft.pub=Baker&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-2680-5&rft.aulast=Schreiner&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorton2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Horton_(theologian)" title="Michael Horton (theologian)">Horton, Michael S.</a> (2002). "Law, Gospel, and Covenant: Reassessing Some Emerging Antitheses". <i>Westminster Theological Journal</i>. <b>64</b>: 279–287.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Westminster+Theological+Journal&rft.atitle=Law%2C+Gospel%2C+and+Covenant%3A+Reassessing+Some+Emerging+Antitheses&rft.volume=64&rft.pages=279-287&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Horton&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleine1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Meredith_G._Kline" class="mw-redirect" title="Meredith G. Kline">Kleine, Meredith</a> (1989). <i>The Structure of Biblical Authority</i>. Eugene, Oregon: Wiph & Stock.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Structure+of+Biblical+Authority&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Wiph+%26+Stock&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Kleine&rft.aufirst=Meredith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/O._Palmer_Robertson" title="O. Palmer Robertson">Robertson, O. Palmer</a> (2003). <i>The Current Justification Controversy</i>. Unicoi, Tennessee: Trinity Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Current+Justification+Controversy&rft.place=Unicoi%2C+Tennessee&rft.pub=Trinity+Foundation&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=O.+Palmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(theologian)" title="John Murray (theologian)">Murray, John</a>. <i>Studies in Theology</i>. Collected Writings of John Murray. 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V.; VanDrunen, David, eds. (2009). <i>The Law is Not Faith</i>. Phillipsburg, New Jersey: Presbyterian & Reformed.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Law+is+Not+Faith&rft.place=Phillipsburg%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Presbyterian+%26+Reformed&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSproul1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._C._Sproul" title="R. C. Sproul">Sproul, R. C.</a> (1999). <i>Getting the Gospel Right</i>. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker. p. 160.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Getting+the+Gospel+Right&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Baker&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Sproul&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2005" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Michael (2005). <i>Far as the Curse is Found</i>. Phillipsburg, New Jersey: P & R. p. 74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Far+as+the+Curse+is+Found&rft.place=Phillipsburg%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=P+%26+R&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesley" class="citation web cs1">Wesley, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wesley.nnu.edu/john-wesley/the-sermons-of-john-wesley-1872-edition/sermon-6-the-righteousness-of-faith/">"Sermon 6 – The Righteousness of Faith"</a>. <i>The Wesley Center</i>. NNU<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wesley+Center&rft.atitle=Sermon+6+%E2%80%93+The+Righteousness+of+Faith&rft.aulast=Wesley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwesley.nnu.edu%2Fjohn-wesley%2Fthe-sermons-of-john-wesley-1872-edition%2Fsermon-6-the-righteousness-of-faith%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crowther1815-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crowther1815_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crowther1815_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crowther1815_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowther1815" class="citation book cs1">Crowther, Jonathan (1815). <i>A Portraiture of Methodism</i>. p. 224.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Portraiture+of+Methodism&rft.pages=224&rft.date=1815&rft.aulast=Crowther&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker2011-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tucker2011_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2011" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Karen B. Westerfield (27 April 2011). <i>American Methodist Worship</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19045420-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19045420-3"><bdi>978-0-19045420-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Methodist+Worship&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-04-27&rft.isbn=978-0-19045420-3&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Karen+B.+Westerfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson1852-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watson1852_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watson1852_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1852" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Richard (1852). <i>An Exposition of the Gospels of St. Matthew and St. Mark: And Some Other Detached Parts of Holy Scripture</i>. George Lane & Levi Scott. pp. 282, 318.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Exposition+of+the+Gospels+of+St.+Matthew+and+St.+Mark%3A+And+Some+Other+Detached+Parts+of+Holy+Scripture&rft.pages=282%2C+318&rft.pub=George+Lane+%26+Levi+Scott&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UMPH2016-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UMPH2016_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The United Methodist Book of Worship</i> (Regular Black ed.). United Methodist Publishing House. 5 April 2016. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-42673500-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-42673500-4"><bdi>978-1-42673500-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+Methodist+Book+of+Worship&rft.pages=91&rft.edition=Regular+Black&rft.pub=United+Methodist+Publishing+House&rft.date=2016-04-05&rft.isbn=978-1-42673500-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodes2014">Rodes (2014)</a>, p. 224: "For Wesley as for his Calvinist counterparts, every provision of grace throughout all ages flows only and always from the reconciling work of Christ."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell2011-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell2011_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2011" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Ted A. (1 October 2011). <i>Methodist Doctrine: The Essentials</i> (2nd ed.). Abingdon Press. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-42675347-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-42675347-3"><bdi>978-1-42675347-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methodist+Doctrine%3A+The+Essentials&rft.pages=40&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2011-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-42675347-3&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Ted+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Utter1913-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Utter1913_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Sabbath Recorder</i>. Vol. 75. George B. Utter. 1913. p. 422. <q>The moral law contained in the Ten Commandments and enforced by the prophets, he [Christ] did not take away. It was not the design of His coming to revoke any part of this. This is a law which never can be broken. It stands fast as the faithful witness in heaven.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sabbath+Recorder&rft.pages=422&rft.pub=George+B.+Utter&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesley" class="citation book cs1">Wesley, John. <i>Sermons</i>. Vol. I. Sermon 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sermons&rft.pages=Sermon+25&rft.aulast=Wesley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarquardtKlaiber2002-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MarquardtKlaiber2002_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarquardtKlaiber2002_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquardtKlaiber2002" class="citation book cs1">Marquardt, Manfred; Klaiber, Walter (1 January 2002). <i>Living Grace: An Outline of United Methodist Theology</i>. Abingdon Press. pp. 112–115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-42675650-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-42675650-4"><bdi>978-1-42675650-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+Grace%3A+An+Outline+of+United+Methodist+Theology&rft.pages=112-115&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-42675650-4&rft.aulast=Marquardt&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft.au=Klaiber%2C+Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReasoner2000" class="citation journal cs1">Reasoner, Vic (Fall 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evangelicalarminians.org/vic-reasoner-an-arminian-covenant-theology/">"An Arminian Covenant Theology"</a>. <i>Arminian Magazine</i>. <b>18</b> (2). Fundamental Wesleyan Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arminian+Magazine&rft.atitle=An+Arminian+Covenant+Theology&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Reasoner&rft.aufirst=Vic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fevangelicalarminians.org%2Fvic-reasoner-an-arminian-covenant-theology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"¶217. Membership Vows". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umc.org/en/content/book-of-discipline-217-membership-vows"><i>Book of Discipline</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C2%B6217.+Membership+Vows&rft.btitle=Book+of+Discipline&rft.pub=United+Methodist+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.umc.org%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fbook-of-discipline-217-membership-vows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emmanuel2002-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Emmanuel2002_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Guidebook of the Emmanuel Association of Churches</i>. Logansport, Indiana: <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmanuel Association">Emmanuel Association</a>. 2002. pp. 25–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guidebook+of+the+Emmanuel+Association+of+Churches&rft.place=Logansport%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=25-28&rft.pub=Emmanuel+Association&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sweet2014-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sweet2014_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweet2014" class="citation book cs1">Sweet, Leonard (21 February 2014). <i>The Well-Played Life</i>. <a href="/wiki/Tyndale_House_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyndale House Publishers">Tyndale House Publishers</a>. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4143-9080-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4143-9080-2"><bdi>978-1-4143-9080-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Well-Played+Life&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Tyndale+House+Publishers&rft.date=2014-02-21&rft.isbn=978-1-4143-9080-2&rft.aulast=Sweet&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"7". <i>Westminster Confession of Faith</i>. sections 5–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7&rft.btitle=Westminster+Confession+of+Faith&rft.pages=sections+5-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"7". <i>Second London Baptist Confession of Faith</i>. 1689. section 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7&rft.btitle=Second+London+Baptist+Confession+of+Faith&rft.pages=section+3&rft.date=1689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenault41–44-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenault41–44_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenault41–44_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenault41–44_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenault">Denault</a>, pp. 41–44.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_theology&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenault" class="citation book cs1">Denault, Pascal. <i>The Distinctiveness of Baptist Covenant Theology</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Distinctiveness+of+Baptist+Covenant+Theology&rft.aulast=Denault&rft.aufirst=Pascal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill" class="citation book cs1">Gill, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/cmt/gill/deu029.htm">"Deuteronomy Chapter 29"</a>. <i>Exposition of the Old and New Testament</i>. Sacred Texts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deuteronomy+Chapter+29&rft.btitle=Exposition+of+the+Old+and+New+Testament&rft.pub=Sacred+Texts&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fbib%2Fcmt%2Fgill%2Fdeu029.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Mark (2011). "The 'Old' Covenant". In Haykin, Michael A. G.; Jones, Mark (eds.). <i>Drawn into Controversie: Reformed Theological Diversity and Debates Within Seventeenth-century British Puritanism</i>. Göttingen, Germany: <a href="/wiki/Vandenhoeck_%26_Ruprecht" title="Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht">Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%27Old%27+Covenant&rft.btitle=Drawn+into+Controversie%3A+Reformed+Theological+Diversity+and+Debates+Within+Seventeenth-century+British+Puritanism&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLetham2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Letham" title="Robert Letham">Letham, Robert</a> (2009). <i>The Westminster Assembly: Reading Its Theology in Historical Context</i>. "The Westminster Assembly and the Reformed Faith" series. Phillipsburg, New Jersey: P&R Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87552-612-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87552-612-6"><bdi>978-0-87552-612-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Westminster+Assembly%3A+Reading+Its+Theology+in+Historical+Context&rft.place=Phillipsburg%2C+New+Jersey&rft.series=%22The+Westminster+Assembly+and+the+Reformed+Faith%22+series&rft.pub=P%26R+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-87552-612-6&rft.aulast=Letham&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNave2024" class="citation book cs1">Nave, Orville J. (2024) [1905]. "Covenant". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naves-topical-bible.com/COVENANT.html"><i>Nave's Topical Bible Concordance</i></a>. Topical Bible Publishing – via Naves-Topical-Bible.com (StudyLamp Software).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Covenant&rft.btitle=Nave%27s+Topical+Bible+Concordance&rft.pub=Topical+Bible+Publishing&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Nave&rft.aufirst=Orville+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naves-topical-bible.com%2FCOVENANT.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodes2014" class="citation book cs1">Rodes, Stanley J. (2014). <i>From Faith to Faith: John Wesley's Covenant Theology and the Way of Salvation</i>. James Clarke & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-22790220-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-22790220-2"><bdi>978-0-22790220-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Faith+to+Faith%3A+John+Wesley%27s+Covenant+Theology+and+the+Way+of+Salvation&rft.pub=James+Clarke+%26+Co.&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-22790220-2&rft.aulast=Rodes&rft.aufirst=Stanley+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_documents">Historical documents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_theology&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Historical documents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a> (1647), <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith#CHAPTER_VII_Of_God's_Covenant_with_Man." class="extiw" title="s:Westminster Confession of Faith">Chapter VII</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith#CHAPTER_VIII._Of_Christ_the_Mediator." class="extiw" title="s:Westminster Confession of Faith">Chapter VIII</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith#CHAPTER_XIX._Of_the_Law_of_God." class="extiw" title="s:Westminster Confession of Faith">Chapter XIX</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith#CHAPTER_XXVII._Of_the_Sacraments." class="extiw" title="s:Westminster Confession of Faith">Chapter XXVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Consensus" title="Helvetic Consensus">Helvetic Consensus</a> (1675)</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Westminster_Larger_Catechism" class="extiw" title="s:Westminster Larger Catechism">Westminster Larger Catechism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arbca.com/1689-confession">1689 Baptist Confession</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advocates">Advocates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_theology&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Advocates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Ball_(Puritan)" title="John Ball (Puritan)">Ball, John</a> (2006) [1645]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/treatiseofcovena00ball"><i>A Treatise of the Covenant of Grace</i></a>. Dingwall: Peter & Rachel Reynolds. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84685-278-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-84685-278-1"><bdi>1-84685-278-1</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+of+the+Covenant+of+Grace&rft.place=Dingwall&rft.pub=Peter+%26+Rachel+Reynolds&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-84685-278-1&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftreatiseofcovena00ball&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaber1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jelle_Faber" title="Jelle Faber">Faber, Jelle</a> (1996). "American Secession Theologians on Covenant and Baptism". In <a href="/wiki/Klaas_Schilder" title="Klaas Schilder">Schilder, Klaas</a> (ed.). <i>Extra-scriptural Binding: A New Danger [i.e., to Dutch Reformed theological confessionalism]</i>. Neerlandia, Alta, Canada: Inheritance. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-921100-46-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-921100-46-9"><bdi>0-921100-46-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=American+Secession+Theologians+on+Covenant+and+Baptism&rft.btitle=Extra-scriptural+Binding%3A+A+New+Danger+%5Bi.e.%2C+to+Dutch+Reformed+theological+confessionalism%5D&rft.place=Neerlandia%2C+Alta%2C+Canada&rft.pub=Inheritance&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-921100-46-9&rft.aulast=Faber&rft.aufirst=Jelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hahn" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Hahn, Scott</a> (1998). <i>A Father Who Keeps His Promises: God's Covenant Love in Scripture</i>. Cincinnati, Ohio: Servant Books. p. 294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89283-829-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89283-829-5"><bdi>978-0-89283-829-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Father+Who+Keeps+His+Promises%3A+God%27s+Covenant+Love+in+Scripture&rft.place=Cincinnati%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=294&rft.pub=Servant+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-89283-829-5&rft.aulast=Hahn&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodge" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hodge" title="Charles Hodge">Hodge, Charles</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reformed.org/books/romans/rom_5b_hodge.html"><i>Commentary on Romans 5:12-21</i></a> – via Reformed.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+Romans+5%3A12-21&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freformed.org%2Fbooks%2Fromans%2From_5b_hodge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span> A central passage for federal theology.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodge" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hodge" title="Charles Hodge">Hodge, Charles</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180521015105/http://www.worldwithoutend.info/start/books/charles_hidge/vol_2/vol_0206.htm">"The Covenant of Works"</a>. <i>Systematic Theology</i>. Vol. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwithoutend.info/start/books/charles_hidge/vol_2/vol_0206.htm">the original</a> on 21 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Covenant+of+Works&rft.btitle=Systematic+Theology&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwithoutend.info%2Fstart%2Fbooks%2Fcharles_hidge%2Fvol_2%2Fvol_0206.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodge" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hodge" title="Charles Hodge">Hodge, Charles</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170622124705/http://www.worldwithoutend.info/start/books/charles_hidge/vol_3/vol_0302.htm">"The Covenant of Grace"</a>. <i>Systematic Theology</i>. Vol. 3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwithoutend.info/start/books/charles_hidge/vol_3/vol_0302.htm">the original</a> on 22 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Covenant+of+Grace&rft.btitle=Systematic+Theology&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwithoutend.info%2Fstart%2Fbooks%2Fcharles_hidge%2Fvol_3%2Fvol_0302.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorton2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Horton_(theologian)" title="Michael Horton (theologian)">Horton, Michael</a> (2006). <i>God of Promise: Introducing Covenant Theology</i>. Grand Rapids: <a href="/wiki/Baker_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Baker Books">Baker Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8010-1289-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8010-1289-9"><bdi>0-8010-1289-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+of+Promise%3A+Introducing+Covenant+Theology&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8010-1289-9&rft.aulast=Horton&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKline2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Meredith_G._Kline" class="mw-redirect" title="Meredith G. Kline">Kline, Meredith G.</a> (2000). <i>Kingdom Prologue: Genesis Foundations for a Covenantal Worldview</i>. Overland Park: Two Age. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9706418-0-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9706418-0-X"><bdi>0-9706418-0-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingdom+Prologue%3A+Genesis+Foundations+for+a+Covenantal+Worldview&rft.place=Overland+Park&rft.pub=Two+Age&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-9706418-0-X&rft.aulast=Kline&rft.aufirst=Meredith+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span> See in particular the chapters: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upper-register.com/papers/what_is_covenant.html">"What is a Covenant?"</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upper-register.com/papers/two_adams.pdf">"Two Adams, Two Covenants of Works"</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalone2003" class="citation book cs1">Malone, Fred (2003). <i>The Baptism of Disciples Alone: A Covenantal Argument for Credobaptism Versus Paedobaptism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Founders_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Founders Press">Founders Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9713361-3-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9713361-3-X"><bdi>0-9713361-3-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baptism+of+Disciples+Alone%3A+A+Covenantal+Argument+for+Credobaptism+Versus+Paedobaptism&rft.pub=Founders+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-9713361-3-X&rft.aulast=Malone&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(theologian)" title="John Murray (theologian)">Murray, John</a> (1982). "Covenant Theology". <i>Collected Writings of John Murray</i>. Vol. 4. Carlisle, Pennsylvania: <a href="/wiki/Banner_of_Truth_Trust" title="Banner of Truth Trust">Banner of Truth Trust</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85151-340-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85151-340-9"><bdi>0-85151-340-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Covenant+Theology&rft.btitle=Collected+Writings+of+John+Murray&rft.place=Carlisle%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Banner+of+Truth+Trust&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-85151-340-9&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(theologian)" title="John Murray (theologian)">Murray, John</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-highway.com/adamic-admin_Murray.html"><i>The Adamic Administration</i></a> – via The-Highway.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Adamic+Administration&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-highway.com%2Fadamic-admin_Murray.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReymond1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Reymond" title="Robert L. Reymond">Reymond, Robert L.</a> (1998). <i>A New Systematic Theology of the Christian Faith</i>. Nashville: Nelson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8499-1317-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8499-1317-9"><bdi>0-8499-1317-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Systematic+Theology+of+the+Christian+Faith&rft.place=Nashville&rft.pub=Nelson&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8499-1317-9&rft.aulast=Reymond&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1981" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, O. Palmer (1981). <i>Christ of the Covenants</i>. Phillipsburg: <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_%26_Reformed" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian & Reformed">Presbyterian & Reformed</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87552-418-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87552-418-4"><bdi>0-87552-418-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christ+of+the+Covenants&rft.place=Phillipsburg&rft.pub=Presbyterian+%26+Reformed&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-87552-418-4&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=O.+Palmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2000" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, O. Palmer (2000). <i>The Israel of God: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow</i>. Phillipsburg: Presbyterian & Reformed. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87552-398-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87552-398-6"><bdi>0-87552-398-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Israel+of+God%3A+Yesterday%2C+Today+and+Tomorrow&rft.place=Phillipsburg&rft.pub=Presbyterian+%26+Reformed&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-87552-398-6&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=O.+Palmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchilder1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Klaas_Schilder" title="Klaas Schilder">Schilder, Klaas</a> (1996). <i>Extra-Scriptural Binding: A New Danger</i>. Neerlandia, Alta, Canada: Inheritance. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-921100-46-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-921100-46-9"><bdi>0-921100-46-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extra-Scriptural+Binding%3A+A+New+Danger&rft.place=Neerlandia%2C+Alta%2C+Canada&rft.pub=Inheritance&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-921100-46-9&rft.aulast=Schilder&rft.aufirst=Klaas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span> The "danger" in the title is a reference to covenantism's challenge to Dutch Reformed theological confessionalism.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Til1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Van_Til" title="Cornelius Van Til">Van Til, Cornelius</a> (1955). "Covenant Theology". In Loetscher, L. A. (ed.). <i>The New Schaff-Herzog Twentieth Century Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge</i>. Grand Rapids: Baker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99914-2-980-8" title="Special:BookSources/99914-2-980-8"><bdi>99914-2-980-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Covenant+Theology&rft.btitle=The+New+Schaff-Herzog+Twentieth+Century+Encyclopedia+of+Religious+Knowledge&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pub=Baker&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=99914-2-980-8&rft.aulast=Van+Til&rft.aufirst=Cornelius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVos2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geerhardus_Vos" title="Geerhardus Vos">Vos, Geerhardus</a> (2001). "The Doctrine of the Covenant in Reformed Theology". In Gaffin, R. B. Jr. (ed.). <i>Redemptive History and Biblical Interpretation: The Shorter Writings of Geerhardus Vos</i>. Phillipsburg: Presbyterian & Reformed. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87552-513-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87552-513-X"><bdi>0-87552-513-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Doctrine+of+the+Covenant+in+Reformed+Theology&rft.btitle=Redemptive+History+and+Biblical+Interpretation%3A+The+Shorter+Writings+of+Geerhardus+Vos&rft.place=Phillipsburg&rft.pub=Presbyterian+%26+Reformed&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-87552-513-X&rft.aulast=Vos&rft.aufirst=Geerhardus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitsius1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Witsius" title="Hermann Witsius">Witsius, Hermann</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060820230610/http://www.apuritansmind.com/Baptism/McMahonSummaryWitsiusEconomy.htm"><i>The Economy of the Covenants Between God and Man</i></a>. Phillipsburg: Presbyterian & Reformed. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87552-870-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87552-870-8"><bdi>0-87552-870-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apuritansmind.com/Baptism/McMahonSummaryWitsiusEconomy.htm">the original</a> on 20 August 2006 – via APuritanMind.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economy+of+the+Covenants+Between+God+and+Man&rft.place=Phillipsburg&rft.pub=Presbyterian+%26+Reformed&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-87552-870-8&rft.aulast=Witsius&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apuritansmind.com%2FBaptism%2FMcMahonSummaryWitsiusEconomy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span> 2 vols.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critics">Critics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_theology&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Critics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShowers1990" class="citation book cs1">Showers, Reginald (1990). <i>There Really Is a Difference: A Comparison of Covenant and Dispensational Theology</i>. Friends of Israel Gospel Ministry. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915540-50-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-915540-50-9"><bdi>0-915540-50-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=There+Really+Is+a+Difference%3A+A+Comparison+of+Covenant+and+Dispensational+Theology&rft.pub=Friends+of+Israel+Gospel+Ministry&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-915540-50-9&rft.aulast=Showers&rft.aufirst=Reginald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Covenant_theology&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaugh2000" class="citation web cs1">Baugh, S. M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.modernreformation.org/default.php?page=articledisplay&var1=ArtRead&var2=496&var3=authorbio&var4=AutRes&var5=247m">"Covenant Theology Illustrated: Romans 5 on the Federal Headship of Christ"</a>. <i>Modern Reformation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Modern+Reformation&rft.atitle=Covenant+Theology+Illustrated%3A+Romans+5+on+the+Federal+Headship+of+Christ&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Baugh&rft.aufirst=S.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.modernreformation.org%2Fdefault.php%3Fpage%3Darticledisplay%26var1%3DArtRead%26var2%3D496%26var3%3Dauthorbio%26var4%3DAutRes%26var5%3D247m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark" class="citation web cs1">Clark, R. Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060829105645/http://www.wscal.edu/clark/covtheology.php">"Theses, quotations from Reformed covenant theologians, and histories of covenant theology"</a>. <i>WSCal.edu</i>. <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Seminary_California" title="Westminster Seminary California">Westminster Seminary California</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wscal.edu/clark/covtheology.php">the original</a> on 29 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WSCal.edu&rft.atitle=Theses%2C+quotations+from+Reformed+covenant+theologians%2C+and+histories+of+covenant+theology&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=R.+Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wscal.edu%2Fclark%2Fcovtheology.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDulles2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Avery_Dulles" title="Avery Dulles">Dulles, Avery</a> (November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstthings.com/article/2005/11/the-covenant-with-israel">"The Covenant with Israel"</a>. <i>First Things</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+Things&rft.atitle=The+Covenant+with+Israel&rft.date=2005-11&rft.aulast=Dulles&rft.aufirst=Avery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstthings.com%2Farticle%2F2005%2F11%2Fthe-covenant-with-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan" class="citation web cs1">Duncan, J. Ligon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041019081129/http://www.fpcjackson.org/resources/apologetics/Covenant%20Theology%20%26%20Justification/Ligons_covtheology/ctindex.htm">"Series on Covenant Theology"</a>. <i>FPCJackson.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fpcjackson.org/resources/apologetics/Covenant%20Theology%20%26%20Justification/Ligons_covtheology/ctindex.htm">the original</a> on 19 October 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FPCJackson.org&rft.atitle=Series+on+Covenant+Theology&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=J.+Ligon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fpcjackson.org%2Fresources%2Fapologetics%2FCovenant%2520Theology%2520%2526%2520Justification%2FLigons_covtheology%2Fctindex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ligonier.org/guides/covenant-theology">"Covenant Theology"</a>. <i>Ligonier.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ligonier_Ministries" title="Ligonier Ministries">Ligonier Ministries</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ligonier.com&rft.atitle=Covenant+Theology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ligonier.org%2Fguides%2Fcovenant-theology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendenhall1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_E._Mendenhall" title="George E. Mendenhall">Mendenhall, George E.</a> (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.earthlink.net/~cadman777/Law_Cov_Mendenhall_TITLE.htm"><i>Law and Covenant in Israel and the Ancient Near East</i></a> – via EarthLink.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+Covenant+in+Israel+and+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Mendenhall&rft.aufirst=George+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.earthlink.net%2F~cadman777%2FLaw_Cov_Mendenhall_TITLE.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monergism.com/search?keywords=Covenant+theology&format=All">"Search: Covenant theology"</a>. <i>Monergism</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monergism&rft.atitle=Search%3A+Covenant+theology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monergism.com%2Fsearch%3Fkeywords%3DCovenant%2Btheology%26format%3DAll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span> Index of essays and articles (mostly modern) on covenant theology by historic and contemporary scholars.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120806013335/http://www.pressiechurch.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=3&Itemid=7">"Covenant theology articles and essays"</a>. <i>PressieChurch.org</i>. Geelong, Victoria, Australia: New Geelong Presbyterian Church. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pressiechurch.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=section&id=3&Itemid=7">the original</a> on 6 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PressieChurch.org&rft.atitle=Covenant+theology+articles+and+essays&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressiechurch.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Dsection%26id%3D3%26Itemid%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPacker" class="citation web cs1">Packer, J. I. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gospelpedlar.com/articles/Bible/cov_theo.html">"Introduction to Covenant Theology"</a>. <i>GospelPedlar.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GospelPedlar.com&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Covenant+Theology&rft.aulast=Packer&rft.aufirst=J.+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgospelpedlar.com%2Farticles%2FBible%2Fcov_theo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSystma" class="citation web cs1">Systma, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prdl.org/topics.php?topic=Covenant">"Topics: Covenant"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Post-Reformation_Digital_Library" title="Post-Reformation Digital Library">Post-Reformation Digital Library</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Post-Reformation+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Topics%3A+Covenant&rft.aulast=Systma&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prdl.org%2Ftopics.php%3Ftopic%3DCovenant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACovenant+theology" class="Z3988"></span> Early modern works on covenant.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1373014#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4194154-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000128433&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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157.065 25 Template:Sfn"," 10.41% 156.663 3 Template:Langx"," 10.38% 156.289 13 Template:Cite_web"," 7.32% 110.275 9 Template:Fix"," 6.68% 100.591 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.994","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17621092,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBall2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaugh2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBierma1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonar1870\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrowther1815\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenault\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDulles2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuncan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEstelleFeskoVanDrunen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaber1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGill\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodge\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFHoehner2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorton2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorton2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleine1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKline2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLetham2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalone2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarquardtKlaiber2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMendenhall1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMurray1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNave2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPacker\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReasoner2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReymond1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertson1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodes2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchilder1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchreiner2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShowers1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSproul1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpurgeon1864\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSweet2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSystma\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Dorn2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Til1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVos2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson1852\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWesley\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitsius1804\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitsius1990\"] = 1,\n [\"Hahn\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 3,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 5,\n [\"Broken anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Calvinism\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 54,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 13,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Covenant Theology\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Em\"] = 3,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Methodism\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 25,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-9dgt8","timestamp":"20241125142837","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Covenant theology","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Covenant_theology","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1373014","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1373014","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-07-21T23:31:09Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T10:00:22Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/ab\/ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg","headline":"Protestant biblical interpretive framework for understanding the overall structure of the Bible"}</script> 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