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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fox_(1er_baron_Holland)" title="Henry Fox (1er baron Holland) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Henry Fox (1er baron Holland)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fox,_I_barone_Holland" title="Henry Fox, I barone Holland – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Henry Fox, I barone Holland" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9_(%E5%88%9D%E4%BB%A3%E3%83%9B%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5)" title="ヘンリー・フォックス (初代ホランド男爵) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘンリー・フォックス (初代ホランド男爵)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fox_(1._baron_Holland)" title="Henry Fox (1. baron Holland) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Henry Fox (1. baron Holland)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Fox,_1.%C2%BA_Bar%C3%A3o_de_Holland" title="Henry Fox, 1.º Barão de Holland – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Henry Fox, 1.º Barão de Holland" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Lord Holland</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Most_Honourable_Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council">PC</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland_by_John_Giles_Eccardt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Henry_Fox%2C_1st_Baron_Holland_by_John_Giles_Eccardt.jpg/220px-Henry_Fox%2C_1st_Baron_Holland_by_John_Giles_Eccardt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Henry_Fox%2C_1st_Baron_Holland_by_John_Giles_Eccardt.jpg/330px-Henry_Fox%2C_1st_Baron_Holland_by_John_Giles_Eccardt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Henry_Fox%2C_1st_Baron_Holland_by_John_Giles_Eccardt.jpg/440px-Henry_Fox%2C_1st_Baron_Holland_by_John_Giles_Eccardt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2900" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/John_Giles_Eccardt" title="John Giles Eccardt">John Giles Eccardt</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />26 May 1762 – 16 April 1763</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">George III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">The Earl of Bute</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">George Grenville</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">George Grenville</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />14 November 1755 – 13 November 1756</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">The Duke of Newcastle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robinson,_1st_Baron_Grantham" title="Thomas Robinson, 1st Baron Grantham">Thomas Robinson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">William Pitt</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Paymaster_of_the_Forces" title="Paymaster of the Forces">Paymaster of the Forces</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />2 July 1757 – 13 July 1765</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a><br /><a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">George III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">The Duke of Newcastle</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">The Earl of Bute</a><br /><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">George Grenville</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hay,_9th_Earl_of_Kinnoull" title="Thomas Hay, 9th Earl of Kinnoull">Viscount Dupplin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Potter_(died_1759)" title="Thomas Potter (died 1759)">Thomas Potter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend">Charles Townshend</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Southern_Department" title="Secretary of State for the Southern Department">Secretary of State for the Southern Department</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />14 November 1755 – 13 November 1756</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">The Duke of Newcastle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robinson,_1st_Baron_Grantham" title="Thomas Robinson, 1st Baron Grantham">Thomas Robinson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">William Pitt</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_at_War" title="Secretary at War">Secretary at War</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1746–1755</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Henry Pelham</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">The Duke of Newcastle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Winnington_(1696%E2%80%931746)" title="Thomas Winnington (1696–1746)">Thomas Winnington</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Barrington,_2nd_Viscount_Barrington" title="William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington">The Viscount Barrington</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1705-09-28</span>)</span>28 September 1705</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1774<span style="display:none">(1774-07-01)</span> (aged 68)<br /><a href="/wiki/Holland_House,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Holland House, London">Holland House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kensington" title="Kensington">Kensington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Whig_(British_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whig (British political party)">Whig</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lady_Caroline_Lennox" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Caroline Lennox">Lady Caroline Lennox</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1744)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fox,_2nd_Baron_Holland" title="Stephen Fox, 2nd Baron Holland">Stephen Fox, 2nd Baron Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Hon. Charles James Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Edward_Fox" title="Henry Edward Fox">Gen. Hon. Henry Edward Fox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fox" title="Stephen Fox">Sir Stephen Fox</a></li> <li>Christiana Hope</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fox_family_(English_aristocracy)" title="Fox family (English aristocracy)">Fox family</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Politician</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fox_(BaronHolland)_Arms.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fox_%28BaronHolland%29_Arms.png/220px-Fox_%28BaronHolland%29_Arms.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fox_%28BaronHolland%29_Arms.png/330px-Fox_%28BaronHolland%29_Arms.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fox_%28BaronHolland%29_Arms.png/440px-Fox_%28BaronHolland%29_Arms.png 2x" data-file-width="807" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Canting_arms" title="Canting arms">Canting arms</a> of Fox, Baron Holland: <i>Ermine, on a chevron azure three fox's heads and necks erased or on a canton of the second a fleur-de-lys of the third</i></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland</b>, <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of Great Britain">PC</a> (28 September 1705 – 1 July 1774) was an English peer and <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a> politician who served as the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_at_War" title="Secretary at War">Secretary at War</a> from 1746 to 1755. He also held the offices of <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Southern_Department" title="Secretary of State for the Southern Department">Secretary of State for the Southern Department</a> from 1755 to 1756 and <a href="/wiki/Paymaster_of_the_Forces" title="Paymaster of the Forces">Paymaster of the Forces</a> from 1757 to 1765, enriching himself while holding the latter office. While Fox was widely tipped as a potential candidate for the office of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a>, he never held the office. His third son was the Whig statesman <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Charles James Fox</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was the second son of Sir <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fox" title="Stephen Fox">Stephen Fox</a> and his second wife the former Christiana Hope, and inherited a large share of his father's wealth. He squandered most of it soon after attaining his majority, and went to <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a> to escape from his creditors. There he made the acquaintance of a woman of fortune, who became his patroness and was so generous to him that, after several years' absence, he was in a position to return home. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_children">Marriage and children</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marriage and children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1744 he eloped with and married the much younger <a href="/wiki/Lady_Caroline_Lennox" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Caroline Lennox">Lady Caroline Lennox</a> (1723–1774), the eldest daughter of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lennox,_2nd_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond">Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond</a> (1701–1750). The Duke of Richmond was the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>, the duke's father having been the child of Charles and his mistress, Louise de Kérouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth. Lady Caroline's marriage caused a great scandal in high society.<sup id="cite_ref-lascelles3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lascelles3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was later created Baroness Holland, "of Holland in the County of Lincoln". To his wife, Lord Holland bequeathed £2,000 per annum, with Holland House, Kensington, his plate, etc., but charged with various other legacies. As his residuary legatee it was estimated that she would be worth £120,000 in government securities, besides her jointure.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, she did not long survive him. By his wife he had children including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fox,_2nd_Baron_Holland" title="Stephen Fox, 2nd Baron Holland">Stephen Fox, 2nd Baron Holland</a> (1745–1774), eldest son and heir, of delicate health in his early childhood.<sup id="cite_ref-lascelles3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lascelles3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like his younger brother he was a notorious gambler. His father bequeathed him his Wiltshire estate, £5,000 per annum and £20,000 cash.<sup id="cite_ref-walpole42_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walpole42-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Henry Charles Fox (1746–1746), second son, died in infancy.<sup id="cite_ref-lascelles3_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lascelles3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Charles James Fox</a> (1749–1806), third but second surviving son, the noted Whig statesman and notorious gambler. He was born in Conduit Street, Mayfair, as his father's new home of Holland House in Kensington, leased in 1746, was being redecorated.<sup id="cite_ref-lascelles3_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lascelles3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father bequeathed him his Sheppy and Thanet estates in Kent, including Kingsgate, £900 per annum, and £20,000 cash.<sup id="cite_ref-walpole42_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walpole42-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>General <a href="/wiki/Henry_Edward_Fox" title="Henry Edward Fox">Henry Edward Fox</a> (1755–1811), youngest son, to whom his father bequeathed an estate in the North, £500 per annum, and £10,000 cash.<sup id="cite_ref-walpole42_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walpole42-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election">Election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1735 he entered Parliament as Member for <a href="/wiki/Hindon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Hindon (UK Parliament constituency)">Hindon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>. He became a protégé and devoted supporter of Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a>, the long-standing Prime Minister, achieving unequalled and unenviable proficiency in the worst political arts of his master and model. He earned particular notice with a speech in parliament calling on Britain to support its European allies, principally <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He generally aligned with the government Whigs rather than the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Whig" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriot Whig">Patriot Whig</a> faction that opposed them. Until 1742 this meant the government of Walpole but afterwards it was the government (1743–1754) of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Henry Pelham</a> to which he lent his support. </p><p>A skilled speaker, he was able to hold his own against <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Pitt</a> himself. This helped him progress in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Great_Britain" title="House of Commons of Great Britain">House of Commons</a>, becoming an indispensable member of several administrations. He served as Surveyor-General of Works from 1737 to 1742, as Member for <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Berkshire" title="Windsor, Berkshire">Windsor</a> from 1741 to 1761 and as a Lord of the Treasury in 1743. </p><p>He had eloped with and married the much younger <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Fox,_1st_Baroness_Holland" title="Caroline Fox, 1st Baroness Holland">Lady Caroline Lennox</a>, daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Richmond" title="Duke of Richmond">Duke of Richmond</a>, in 1744. She was later created Baroness Holland, of Holland in the County of Lincoln. The noted Whig politicians <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Charles James Fox</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Vassall-Fox,_3rd_Baron_Holland" title="Henry Vassall-Fox, 3rd Baron Holland">3rd Baron Holland</a> were his son and grandson, respectively. Another son was the general <a href="/wiki/Henry_Edward_Fox" title="Henry Edward Fox">Henry Edward Fox</a>. He was known for his tendency to spoil his children, whom he allowed to mingle with the numerous public figures who came to dine at the Fox household.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles would later grow up to be a politician of equal note to his father, many of whose policies and friendships he subsequently adopted<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although he tended more toward radicalism than the elder Fox. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secretary_at_War">Secretary at War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Secretary at War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elderpitt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Elderpitt.jpg/220px-Elderpitt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Elderpitt.jpg/330px-Elderpitt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Elderpitt.jpg/440px-Elderpitt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham</a>, the bitter political rival of Fox, despite both belonging to the Whig faction</figcaption></figure> <p>Fox was appointed <a href="/wiki/Secretary_at_War" title="Secretary at War">Secretary at War</a> and member of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Privy Council</a> in 1746, at a time when Britain was engaged in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>. At the time much of the nation's foreign policy was dominated by the Duke of Newcastle, who also served as a <i>de facto</i> Defence Minister, with Fox acting largely as a deputy and being called upon to defend the government's defence policy in the House of Commons. </p><p>During these years he became a close friend and confidante of the <a href="/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland" title="Prince William, Duke of Cumberland">Duke of Cumberland</a>, the King's third and youngest son, who had become known for his suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rebellion_of_1745" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite rebellion of 1745">Jacobite rebellion of 1745</a>. He had also gained fame on the Continent as military commander of Britain's forces there. He had built himself a notable political following in London and, perhaps most importantly to Fox, offered a channel of communication to King <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II of Great Britain</a>. Fox soon grew to be a favourite of George II as well, who would in the future support his inclusion in governments in much the same way he would oppose Pitt's membership<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By the early 1750s, Fox and Pitt were both viewed as likely future leaders of the country. This pushed their rivalry to yet further lengths. Fox through his office as War Secretary was closer to the top office while Pitt languished in opposition. In 1754, the sudden death of Pelham brought their rivalry to a head. The new Prime Minister, Pelham's brother, the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle-upon-Tyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne">Duke of Newcastle</a>, needed a strong figure to represent him in the House of Commons. This job would command immense prestige and influence, and Pitt and Fox were considered the outstanding favourites to attain it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Newcastle, fearing the relentless ambitions of both men, ultimately chose neither and instead selected <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robinson,_1st_Baron_Grantham" title="Thomas Robinson, 1st Baron Grantham">Sir Thomas Robinson</a>. To try to assuage Fox, Newcastle had first offered the post to him but with unacceptable conditions attached so that Fox would refuse the post, allowing Newcastle to offer it to his favoured candidate, Robinson.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Robinson, who was considered a nonentity, was poorly equipped to the task and struggled to defend the government from the strident attacks it now came under from Fox and Pitt, who were both angry at being spurned. By this point the government was facing a <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">serious situation in America</a> and Newcastle began to consider more seriously an alliance with either Pitt or Fox. Ultimately, he chose Fox in the belief that Pitt could be controlled less easily.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alliance_with_Newcastle">Alliance with Newcastle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Alliance with Newcastle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Great Britain in the Seven Years' War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1stDukeOfNewcastleOld.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/1stDukeOfNewcastleOld.jpg/220px-1stDukeOfNewcastleOld.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/1stDukeOfNewcastleOld.jpg/330px-1stDukeOfNewcastleOld.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/1stDukeOfNewcastleOld.jpg/440px-1stDukeOfNewcastleOld.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2359" data-file-height="2811" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle</a>, with whom in 1755 Fox formed a political alliance, but their government soon fell. Newcastle later made an agreement with Fox's enemy William Pitt, forming the <a href="/wiki/Pitt-Newcastle_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitt-Newcastle Ministry">Pitt-Newcastle Ministry</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Forced into the move by circumstances beyond his control Newcastle agreed the terms of the partnership with Fox. In 1755 Fox was given the dual roles of <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Southern_Department" title="Secretary of State for the Southern Department">Southern Secretary</a>. The alliance between them was seen as the only way to forestall a similar proposed government including Pitt, who was considered a bitter enemy of both men. Newcastle could scarcely contain his growing distaste for Fox, who he considered grasping.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fox was heavily influenced by Cumberland, who favoured a strong response to a dispute with the French in the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a>. The two men forced the policy on a more reluctant Newcastle. </p><p>It was decided to despatch a large British force under the command of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Braddock" title="Edward Braddock">Edward Braddock</a> to America to drive the French out of <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Territory</a>. Braddock's column <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Monongahela" title="Battle of the Monongahela">met with disaster</a> in July 1755 and when news of this reached London, the pressure increased on Newcastle and Fox. Pitt mocked the inept handling of the crisis and suggested Britain was ill-prepared for a major war that might break out with the French over the issue. Ultimately war broke out with France the following year over the issue of its invasion of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> rather than the North American situation. Fox and Newcastle, realising that <a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Menorca</a> was severely vulnerable to a French attack, despatched a naval force to relieve the island. </p><p>The fleet was unable to prevent the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Menorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Menorca">Fall of Menorca</a>, leading to a major public outburst against both its commander, Admiral Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Byng" title="John Byng">John Byng</a>, and the government. Fox and Newcastle initiated a prosecution against Byng by accusing him of cowardice. Byng was later shot after a <a href="/wiki/Court_martial" class="mw-redirect" title="Court martial">court martial</a> for "failing to do his utmost", a verdict that opponents of the government saw as a move to protect Newcastle and Fox from censure.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fox feared that he himself would be made the "<a href="/wiki/Scapegoat" title="Scapegoat">scapegoat</a>" blamed Newcastle for not giving Byng enough ships. On 13 October 1756, Fox resigned, fatally weakening Newcastle, whose ministry collapsed completely that November.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was replaced by a government dominated by Pitt. However, Pitt had little control over most MPs and struggled to control the House of Commons. After a few months, the government collapsed in April 1757.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The King wanted Newcastle and Fox to return, restoring their previous government, but by now, Newcastle felt a bitter hatred towards Fox over the Byng Affair, and refused to serve with him. A three-month spell followed in which Britain's war effort was essentially leaderless. With the continued support of Cumberland, Fox retained high hopes of gaining the premiership. However, he could not come to a necessary agreement with either Pitt or Newcastle. In mid-summer, Pitt and Newcastle defied expectations, and formed a political partnership. Left out in the cold by this, Fox now turned his attentions instead to attaining a profitable position.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paymaster_General_of_the_Forces">Paymaster General of the Forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Paymaster General of the Forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years' War">Great Britain in the Seven Years' War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingsgate-castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Kingsgate-castle.jpg/220px-Kingsgate-castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Kingsgate-castle.jpg/330px-Kingsgate-castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Kingsgate-castle.jpg/440px-Kingsgate-castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3805" data-file-height="2864" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kingsgate_Castle" title="Kingsgate Castle">Kingsgate Castle</a> in Kent was built by Holland, although most of the current structure is Victorian</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1757, in the rearrangements of the government, Fox was ultimately excluded from the Cabinet and given the post of <a href="/wiki/Paymaster_of_the_Forces" title="Paymaster of the Forces">Paymaster of the Forces</a>. This office had a continuous history from 1662, when Henry Fox's father, Sir Stephen Fox, had been the first tenant. Before his time, it had been the custom to appoint Treasurers at War <i>ad hoc</i> for specific campaigns; the practice of the Protectorate Government foreshadowed, however, a permanent office. Within a generation of the Restoration, the status of the Paymastership began to change. In 1692, the Paymaster, the Earl of Ranelagh, was sworn of the privy council; and thereafter, every Paymaster – or, when there were two Paymasters, at least one of them – was sworn of the council if not already a member. From the accession of Queen Anne, the Paymaster tended to change with the Ministry, and 18th century appointments must be considered as made not upon merit alone but by merit and political affiliation, the office becoming a political prize and perhaps potentially the most lucrative that a parliamentary career had to offer.<sup id="cite_ref-sb229_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sb229-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the war, Fox devoted himself mainly to accumulating a vast fortune. The British Army expanded a great deal during these years, giving him further scope for irregularities. He collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Magens" title="Nicholas Magens">Nicholas Magens</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Amyand" title="George Amyand">George Amyand</a>. By some estimates he was calculated to have amassed £400,000 in his eight years in the office, an average of £50,000 a year.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1760 he built the original <a href="/wiki/Kingsgate_Castle" title="Kingsgate Castle">Kingsgate Castle</a> near <a href="/wiki/Broadstairs" title="Broadstairs">Broadstairs</a>, Kent, of which only the tower now remains. </p><p>In 1762, he again accepted the leadership of the House, with a seat in the Cabinet, under <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">Lord Bute</a>, and managed to induce the House of Commons to approve of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris</a>; as a reward, he was raised to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> as <b>Baron Holland</b> of Foxley in the <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">County of Wilts</a>, on 16 April 1763.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resignation">Resignation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Resignation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1765, Fox was forced to resign the Paymaster Generalship, and four years later, a petition of the Livery of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> delivered by the Lord Mayor of London <a href="/wiki/William_Beckford_(politician)" title="William Beckford (politician)">William Beckford</a> against the Ministers referred to him as "the public defaulter of unaccounted millions".<sup id="cite_ref-sb229_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sb229-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was not the first time that he had been attacked on the financial conduct of his office. In 1763, in a debate opened by Sir John Phillips, William Aislabie had raised much the same issue in the Commons and was received with 'loud marks of approbation';<sup id="cite_ref-sb229_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sb229-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but on this occasion, little public attention was aroused, and 1769 was the first time that it was taken up with vigour and outside parliament. The city's address, like a Middlesex petition of the previous month, echoed charges made in the Commons when Alderman Beckford, the mouthpiece of many popular causes, had asserted that more than forty millions of public money remained unaccounted for in the army Pay Office and that legal process in regard to this had been issued from the exchequer but had been suspended by the king's signed manual warrant. Beckford had called upon members of the Treasury Board then present to correct him if he had been misinformed, but not a word had been uttered.<sup id="cite_ref-sb229_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sb229-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The proceedings brought against him in the Court of Exchequer were delayed by a Royal Warrant; and he proved that in the delays in making up the accounts of his office, he had not broken the law. From the interest on the outstanding balances, he had nonetheless amassed a fortune. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life">Later life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Fox,_baron_Holland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Henry_Fox%2C_baron_Holland.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="254" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="254" /></a><figcaption>Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland</figcaption></figure> <p>He tried in vain to obtain promotion to an earldom, a title on which he had set his heart, and he died at <a href="/wiki/Holland_House,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Holland House, London">Holland House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kensington" title="Kensington">Kensington</a>, a sorely disappointed man, with a reputation for cunning and unscrupulousness, the most unpopular politician of his day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Fox had first arrived on the political scene, many had considered him as the greatest politician of his generation. Many saw him as a future Prime Minister, who could lead a revolution of the "New Whigs" against the old-style patriarchy of men like the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Duke of Newcastle">Duke of Newcastle</a>. In 1755 he had disappointed them first by making an alliance with Newcastle, and then in 1757 by turning his back on serious politics by accepting the Paymaster General post, a lucrative but unimportant post that signalled to many he was no longer a serious contender for high office. Rumours that he had misappropriated £400,000 during his eight years in the job did little to help his reputation as vain and mercenary and that he been under the influence of the notorious <a href="/wiki/Socialite" title="Socialite">socialite</a> Lady <a href="/wiki/Etheldreda_Townshend" title="Etheldreda Townshend">Etheldreda Townshend</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most depictions in popular culture have portrayed him in such a light. </p><p>His son <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Charles James Fox</a> also became a leading light in the Whig party and many too considered him a future national leader. Fox, however, became associated with much the same sort of figures as his father had. In a strange parallel he was frustrated in his bid to become Prime Minister by that of Pitt's younger son <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a> who held the office for twenty years continuously, leaving Fox out in the wilderness in much the same way the Elder Pitt had done to Henry Fox. </p><p>In the 1999 <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">British</a> television series <i><a href="/wiki/Aristocrats_(TV_series)" title="Aristocrats (TV series)">Aristocrats</a></i> depicting the lives of the wealthy Lennox family during the 18th century, Fox was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Alun_Armstrong_(actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alun Armstrong (actor)">Alun Armstrong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an account of Beckford's speech, see the <i>Gentleman's Magazine</i>, 1769, pp. 290, 329ff, 363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Walpole" title="Horace Walpole">Horace Walpole</a>, <i>Memoirs of the Reign of George III</i>, ed. D. le Marchant, 1845, i. 243.<sup id="cite_ref-sb229_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sb229-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The date of this is uncertain, but it is not unlikely to have been during the debate on the Budget of 1769. The occasion for the attack would seem to be the active part taken by Stephen and Charles James Fox against Wilkes in the Middlesex election.<sup id="cite_ref-sb229_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sb229-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-lascelles3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lascelles3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lascelles3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lascelles3_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lascelles3_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lascelles, Edward, The Life of Charles James Fox, London, 1936, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walpole, B. C., <i>Recollections of the life of ... Charles James Fox</i>, London, 1806, p. 42 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fx1cAAAAcAAJ&dq=charles+james+fox+kingsgate&pg=PA39">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-walpole42-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-walpole42_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walpole42_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walpole42_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Walpole, 1806, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pearce 2008, p. 406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foreman 2008, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foreman 2008, pp. 56–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson 2001, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson 2001, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson 2001, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson 2001, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson 2001, pp. 174–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sb229-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sb229_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sb229_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sb229_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sb229_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sb229_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sb229_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutherland and Binney 1955, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson 2001, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGazette10304" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/10304/page/5">"No. 10304"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 12 April 1763. pp. 5–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+10304&rft.pages=5-6&rft.date=1763-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F10304%2Fpage%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Fox%2C+1st+Baron+Holland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artandthecountryhouse.com/catalogues/catalogues-index/edward-harrison-16741732">"Townshend [née Harrison], Etheldreda [Audrey], Viscountess Townshend"</a>. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Townshend+%5Bn%C3%A9e+Harrison%5D%2C+Etheldreda+%5BAudrey%5D%2C+Viscountess+Townshend&rft.pub=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fartandthecountryhouse.com%2Fcatalogues%2Fcatalogues-index%2Fedward-harrison-16741732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Fox%2C+1st+Baron+Holland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0204082/">"Aristocrats" (1999)</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2001" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Fred (2001). <i>Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754-1766</i>. <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber and Faber">Faber and Faber</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crucible+of+War%3A+The+Seven+Years%27+War+and+the+Fate+of+Empire+in+British+North+America%2C+1754-1766&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Fox%2C+1st+Baron+Holland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning1975" class="citation book cs1">Browning, Reed (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dukeofnewcastle0000brow"><i>The Duke of Newcastle</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-01746-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-01746-5"><bdi>978-0-300-01746-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Duke+of+Newcastle&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-300-01746-5&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Reed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdukeofnewcastle0000brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Fox%2C+1st+Baron+Holland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForeman2008" class="citation book cs1">Foreman, Amanda (2008). <i>The Duchess: Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire</i>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Duchess%3A+Georgiana%2C+Duchess+of+Devonshire&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Foreman&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Fox%2C+1st+Baron+Holland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce2008" class="citation book cs1">Pearce, Edward (2008). <i>The Great Man: Sir Robert Walpole</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pimlico_(publishing_imprint)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pimlico (publishing imprint)">Pimlico</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Man%3A+Sir+Robert+Walpole&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Fox%2C+1st+Baron+Holland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherlandBinney1955" class="citation journal cs1">Sutherland, Lucy S.; Binney, J. (1955). "Henry Fox as Paymaster General of the Forces". <i><a href="/wiki/The_English_Historical_Review" title="The English Historical Review">The English Historical Review</a></i>. <b>70</b> (275). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: 229–257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Flxx.cclxxv.229">10.1093/ehr/lxx.cclxxv.229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Henry+Fox+as+Paymaster+General+of+the+Forces&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=275&rft.pages=229-257&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2Flxx.cclxxv.229&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Lucy+S.&rft.au=Binney%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+Fox%2C+1st+Baron+Holland" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fox-Strangways,_1st_Earl_of_Ilchester" title="Stephen Fox-Strangways, 1st Earl of Ilchester">Stephen Fox</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/George_Fox-Lane,_1st_Baron_Bingley" title="George Fox-Lane, 1st Baron Bingley">George Fox</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Hindon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Hindon (UK Parliament constituency)">Hindon</a> </b><br />1735–<a href="/wiki/1741_British_general_election" title="1741 British general election">1741</a> <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/George_Fox-Lane,_1st_Baron_Bingley" title="George Fox-Lane, 1st Baron Bingley">George Fox</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Calthorpe_(died_1788)" title="Henry Calthorpe (died 1788)">Henry Calthorpe</a> <br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Steele_(MP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Steele (MP) (page does not exist)">William Steele</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Sidney_Beauclerk" title="Lord Sidney Beauclerk">Lord Sidney Beauclerk</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Vere_Beauclerk,_1st_Baron_Vere_of_Hanworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Vere Beauclerk, 1st Baron Vere of Hanworth">Lord Vere Beauclerk</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Windsor_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Windsor (UK Parliament constituency)">Windsor</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1741_British_general_election" title="1741 British general election">1741</a>–<a href="/wiki/1761_British_general_election" title="1761 British general election">1761</a> <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Sidney_Beauclerk" title="Lord Sidney Beauclerk">Lord Sidney Beauclerk</a> 1741–1744<br /><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Beauclerk" title="Lord George Beauclerk">Lord George Beauclerk</a> 1744–1754<br /><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzwilliam_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Fitzwilliam (British Army officer)">John Fitzwilliam</a> 1754–1761 </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzwilliam_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Fitzwilliam (British Army officer)">John Fitzwilliam</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Keppel,_1st_Viscount_Keppel" title="Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel">Augustus Keppel</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Jacob_Downing,_4th_Baronet" title="Sir Jacob Downing, 4th Baronet">Sir Jacob Downing, Bt</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Forrester_(politician)" title="Alexander Forrester (politician)">Alexander Forrester</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Dunwich_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Dunwich (UK Parliament constituency)">Dunwich</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1761_British_general_election" title="1761 British general election">1761</a>–1763 <br />With: <b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eliab_Harvey_(1716%E2%80%931769)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eliab Harvey (1716–1769) (page does not exist)">Eliab Harvey</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Jacob_Downing,_4th_Baronet" title="Sir Jacob Downing, 4th Baronet">Sir Jacob Downing, Bt</a> <br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eliab_Harvey_(1716%E2%80%931769)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eliab Harvey (1716–1769) (page does not exist)">Eliab Harvey</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Winnington_(1696%E2%80%931746)" title="Thomas Winnington (1696–1746)">Thomas Winnington</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_at_War" title="Secretary at War">Secretary at War</a> </b><br />1746–1755 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Wildman_Shute_Barrington,_2nd_Viscount_Barrington" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wildman Shute Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington">The Viscount Barrington</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robinson,_1st_Baron_Grantham" title="Thomas Robinson, 1st Baron Grantham">Thomas Robinson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Southern_Department" title="Secretary of State for the Southern Department">Secretary of State for the Southern Department</a> </b><br />1755–1756 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">William Pitt</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a> </b><br />1755–1756 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hay,_9th_Earl_of_Kinnoull" title="Thomas Hay, 9th Earl of Kinnoull">Viscount Dupplin</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Potter_(d._1759)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Potter (d. 1759)">Thomas Potter</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Paymaster_of_the_Forces" title="Paymaster of the Forces">Paymaster of the Forces</a> </b><br />1757–1765 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend">Charles Townshend</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">George Grenville</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a> </b><br />1762 – 1763 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">George Grenville</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain" title="Peerage of Great Britain">Peerage of Great Britain</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Baron_Holland" title="Baron Holland">Baron Holland</a> (of Foxley) </b><br />1763–1774 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fox,_2nd_Baron_Holland" title="Stephen Fox, 2nd Baron Holland">Stephen Fox</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_House_of_Commons" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Template:Leader of the House of Commons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Template talk:Leader of the House of Commons"><abbr title="Discuss this 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Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Pitt the Elder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1757_caretaker_ministry" title="1757 caretaker ministry">Vacant (caretaker ministry)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Pitt the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">H. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Seymour_Conway" title="Henry Seymour Conway">Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">C. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Townshend,_1st_Viscount_Sydney" title="Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney">Townshend</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">C. Fox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">C. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Howick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Castlereagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Huskisson" title="William Huskisson">Huskisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer">Althorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks-Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">R. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smith_(1825%E2%80%931891)" title="William Henry Smith (1825–1891)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">W. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chuter_Ede" title="James Chuter Ede">Chuter Ede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Crookshank" title="Harry Crookshank">Crookshank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Macleod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Bowden,_Baron_Aylestone" title="Herbert Bowden, Baron Aylestone">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Crossman" title="Richard Crossman">Crossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Peart,_Baron_Peart" title="Fred Peart, Baron Peart">Peart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carr" title="Robert Carr">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Prior" title="Jim Prior">Prior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Short,_Baron_Glenamara" title="Edward Short, Baron Glenamara">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_St_John-Stevas" title="Norman St John-Stevas">St John-Stevas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Pym" title="Francis Pym">Pym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Biffen" title="John Biffen">Biffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wakeham" title="John Wakeham">Wakeham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_MacGregor,_Baron_MacGregor_of_Pulham_Market" title="John MacGregor, Baron MacGregor of Pulham Market">MacGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Newton,_Baron_Newton_of_Braintree" title="Tony Newton, Baron Newton of Braintree">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Taylor,_Baroness_Taylor_of_Bolton" title="Ann Taylor, Baroness Taylor of Bolton">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reid,_Baron_Reid_of_Cardowan" title="John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hain" title="Peter Hain">Hain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Hoon" title="Geoff Hoon">Hoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Young,_Baron_Young_of_Cookham" title="George Young, Baron Young of Cookham">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lansley" title="Andrew Lansley">Lansley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Grayling" title="Chris Grayling">Grayling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lidington" title="David Lidington">Lidington</a></li> <li><a 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