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class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Joins Cabinet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joins_Cabinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Chancellor of the Exchequer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister_(1923–1924)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister_(1923–1924)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prime Minister (1923–1924)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prime_Minister_(1923–1924)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prime Minister (1923–1924) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister_(1923–1924)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appointment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appointment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Appointment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appointment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1923_general_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1923_general_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1923 general election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1923_general_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leader_of_the_Opposition_(1924)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader_of_the_Opposition_(1924)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Leader of the Opposition (1924)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leader_of_the_Opposition_(1924)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Leader of the Opposition (1924) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Leader_of_the_Opposition_(1924)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1924_re-election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1924_re-election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>1924 re-election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1924_re-election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister_(1924–1929)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister_(1924–1929)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prime Minister (1924–1929)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prime_Minister_(1924–1929)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prime Minister (1924–1929) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister_(1924–1929)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cabinet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabinet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cabinet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Domestic affairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trade_unions_strike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_unions_strike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Trade unions strike</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_unions_strike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Social reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leader_of_the_Opposition_(1929–1931)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader_of_the_Opposition_(1929–1931)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2.1</span> <span>Leader of the Opposition (1929–1931)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leader_of_the_Opposition_(1929–1931)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lord_President_of_the_Council_(1931–1935)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lord_President_of_the_Council_(1931–1935)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Lord President of the Council (1931–1935)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lord_President_of_the_Council_(1931–1935)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lord President of the Council (1931–1935) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lord_President_of_the_Council_(1931–1935)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disarmament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disarmament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Disarmament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disarmament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister_(1935–1937)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister_(1935–1937)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Prime Minister (1935–1937)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prime_Minister_(1935–1937)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prime Minister (1935–1937) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister_(1935–1937)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_Government_and_appointment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Government_and_appointment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>National Government and appointment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Government_and_appointment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rearmament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rearmament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Rearmament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rearmament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abdication_of_Edward_VIII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abdication_of_Edward_VIII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Abdication of Edward VIII</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abdication_of_Edward_VIII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Retirement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Retirement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leaving_office_and_peerage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaving_office_and_peerage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Leaving office and peerage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaving_office_and_peerage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attitude_to_appeasement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attitude_to_appeasement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Attitude to appeasement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitude_to_appeasement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letter_to_Lord_Halifax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letter_to_Lord_Halifax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Letter to Lord Halifax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letter_to_Lord_Halifax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_gates_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_gates_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Iron gates criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_gates_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comments_on_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comments_on_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Comments on politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comments_on_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_years_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_years_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Last years and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_years_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governments_as_prime_minister" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governments_as_prime_minister"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Governments as prime minister</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governments_as_prime_minister-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governments as prime minister subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governments_as_prime_minister-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_government,_May_1923_–_January_1924" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_government,_May_1923_–_January_1924"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>First government, May 1923 – January 1924</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_government,_May_1923_–_January_1924-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1.1</span> <span>Changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_cabinet,_November_1924_–_June_1929" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_cabinet,_November_1924_–_June_1929"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Second cabinet, November 1924 – June 1929</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_cabinet,_November_1924_–_June_1929-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Changes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.1</span> <span>Changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_cabinet,_June_1935_–_May_1937" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_cabinet,_June_1935_–_May_1937"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Third cabinet, June 1935 – May 1937</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_cabinet,_June_1935_–_May_1937-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Changes_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3.1</span> <span>Changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Cultural depictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Stanley Baldwin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ستانلي بلدوين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ستانلي بلدوين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenli_Boldvin" title="Stenli Boldvin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Stenli Boldvin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Стэнлі Болдуін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Стэнлі Болдуін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%9E%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Стэнлі Болдўін – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Стэнлі Болдўін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Стенли Болдуин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стенли Болдуин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8A_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B9%CE%BD" title="Στάνλεϊ Μπάλντουιν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στάνλεϊ Μπάλντουιν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="استنلی بالدوین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استنلی بالدوین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%A0%EB%A6%AC_%EB%B3%BC%EB%93%9C%EC%9C%88" title="스탠리 볼드윈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스탠리 볼드윈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Սթենլի Բոլդուին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սթենլի Բոլդուին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9F" title="סטנלי בולדווין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטנלי בולדווין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სტენლი ბოლდუინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სტენლი ბოლდუინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Стэнли Болдуин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Стэнли Болдуин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenlijs_Boldvins" title="Stenlijs Boldvins – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Stenlijs Boldvins" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="സ്റ്റാൻലി ബാൾഡ്വിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്റ്റാൻലി ബാൾഡ്വിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="स्टॅन्ली बाल्डविन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्टॅन्ली बाल्डविन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ستانلى بلدوين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ستانلى بلدوين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3" title="スタンリー・ボールドウィン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スタンリー・ボールドウィン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BC%D9%86%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%89%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سټنلي بالډوین – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سټنلي بالډوین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Болдуин, Стэнли – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Болдуин, Стэнли" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Стенли Болдвин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стенли Болдвин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Стэнли Болдуин – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Стэнли Болдуин" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="สแตนลีย์ บอลดวิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สแตนลีย์ บอลดวิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Станлей Балдуин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Станлей Балдуин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Стенлі Болдвін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стенлі Болдвін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%84%DB%92_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="اسٹینلے بالڈون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسٹینلے بالڈون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E9%AE%91%E5%BE%B7%E6%BA%AB" title="斯坦利·鮑德溫 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="斯坦利·鮑德溫" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E9%B2%8D%E5%BE%B7%E6%B8%A9" title="斯坦利·鲍德温 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="斯坦利·鲍德温" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9F" title="סטענלי באלדווין – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סטענלי באלדווין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Stanley Baldwin" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E9%B2%8D%E5%BE%B7%E6%B8%A9" title="斯坦利·鲍德温 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斯坦利·鲍德温" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q166635#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Earl Baldwin of Bewdley</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Order of the Garter">KG</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Privy Council for Canada">PC (Can)</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice of the Peace">JP</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanley_Baldwin_ggbain.35233.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Stanley_Baldwin_ggbain.35233.jpg/220px-Stanley_Baldwin_ggbain.35233.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Stanley_Baldwin_ggbain.35233.jpg/330px-Stanley_Baldwin_ggbain.35233.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Stanley_Baldwin_ggbain.35233.jpg/440px-Stanley_Baldwin_ggbain.35233.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2944" data-file-height="4256" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Stoneman" title="Walter Stoneman">Walter Stoneman</a>, 1920</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />7 June 1935 – 28 May 1937</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />4 November 1924 – 4 June 1929</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">George V</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Ramsay MacDonald</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Ramsay MacDonald</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 May 1923 – 22 January 1924</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">George V</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Ramsay MacDonald</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />24 August 1931 – 7 June 1935</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Ramsay MacDonald</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cripps,_1st_Baron_Parmoor" title="Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor">The Lord Parmoor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Ramsay MacDonald </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Senior positions </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" title="Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)">Leader of the Opposition</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />5 June 1929 – 24 August 1931</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Ramsay MacDonald</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Ramsay MacDonald</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 January 1924 – 4 November 1924</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Ramsay MacDonald</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Ramsay MacDonald</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Ramsay MacDonald</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Leader of the Conservative Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 May 1923 – 28 May 1937</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Bonar Law</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Neville Chamberlain </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em"> Ministerial offices <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">1917‍–‍1923</span> </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />27 October 1922 – 27 August 1923</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Bonar Law</li> <li><i>Himself</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Horne,_1st_Viscount_Horne_of_Slamannan" title="Robert Horne, 1st Viscount Horne of Slamannan">Robert Horne</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Neville Chamberlain</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 April 1921 – 19 October 1922</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Robert Horne</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Lloyd-Greame" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Lloyd-Greame">Philip Lloyd-Greame</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Financial_Secretary_to_the_Treasury" title="Financial Secretary to the Treasury">Financial Secretary to the Treasury</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />18 June 1917 – 1 April 1921<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.1em">Serving with <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hardman_Lever" title="Hardman Lever">Hardman Lever</a> (1917–1919)</span></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">David Lloyd George</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Hardman Lever</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hilton_Young" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilton Young">Hilton Young</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Parliamentary offices </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_House_of_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the House of Lords">Member of the House of Lords</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; margin:0; color: black; background-color: #eee"><b><a href="/wiki/Lord_Temporal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Temporal">Lord Temporal</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_peer" title="Hereditary peer">Hereditary peerage</a></b></span><br />8 July 1937 – 14 December 1947</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Earl_Baldwin_of_Bewdley" title="Earl Baldwin of Bewdley">Peerage created</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Baldwin,_2nd_Earl_Baldwin_of_Bewdley" title="Oliver Baldwin, 2nd Earl Baldwin of Bewdley">The 2nd Earl Baldwin of Bewdley</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Bewdley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bewdley (UK Parliament constituency)">Bewdley</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />29 February 1908 – 30 June 1937</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baldwin_(politician)" title="Alfred Baldwin (politician)">Alfred Baldwin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Roger_Conant,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Roger Conant, 1st Baronet">Roger Conant</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Stanley Baldwin</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1867-08-03</span>)</span>3 August 1867<br /><a href="/wiki/Bewdley" title="Bewdley">Bewdley</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">14 December 1947<span style="display:none">(1947-12-14)</span> (aged 80)<br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stourport-on-Severn" title="Stourport-on-Severn">Stourport-on-Severn</a>, England</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Worcester_Cathedral" title="Worcester Cathedral">Worcester Cathedral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Ridsdale" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucy Ridsdale">Lucy Ridsdale</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="12 September 1892">1892</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="17 June 1945">1945</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">7, including <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Baldwin,_2nd_Earl_Baldwin_of_Bewdley" title="Oliver Baldwin, 2nd Earl Baldwin of Bewdley">Oliver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Baldwin,_3rd_Earl_Baldwin_of_Bewdley" title="Arthur Baldwin, 3rd Earl Baldwin of Bewdley">Arthur</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baldwin_(politician)" title="Alfred Baldwin (politician)">Alfred Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_MacDonald" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisa MacDonald">Louisa MacDonald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harrow_School" title="Harrow School">Harrow School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">business magnate</a></li><li>politician</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanley_Baldwin_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stanley Baldwin's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Stanley_Baldwin_Signature.svg/128px-Stanley_Baldwin_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Stanley_Baldwin_Signature.svg/192px-Stanley_Baldwin_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Stanley_Baldwin_Signature.svg/256px-Stanley_Baldwin_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="184" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanley_Baldwin%27s_last_speech_as_Prime_Minister.ogg" title="File:Stanley Baldwin's last speech as Prime Minister.ogg">Stanley Baldwin's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="195" data-mwtitle="Stanley_Baldwin's_last_speech_as_Prime_Minister.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Stanley_Baldwin%27s_last_speech_as_Prime_Minister.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/Stanley_Baldwin%27s_last_speech_as_Prime_Minister.ogg/Stanley_Baldwin%27s_last_speech_as_Prime_Minister.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Baldwin's last speech as Prime Minister<br />Recorded 27 May 1937</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Stanley Baldwin, 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley</b>, (3 August 1867 – 14 December 1947)<sup id="cite_ref-Stuart_Ball_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuart_Ball-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a British statesman and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> politician who dominated the government of the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">United Kingdom between the world wars</a>. He was <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">prime minister</a> on three occasions, from May 1923 to January 1924, from November 1924 to June 1929, and from June 1935 to May 1937. </p><p>Born to a prosperous family in <a href="/wiki/Bewdley" title="Bewdley">Bewdley</a>, Worcestershire, Baldwin was educated at <a href="/wiki/Hawtreys" title="Hawtreys">Hawtreys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harrow_School" title="Harrow School">Harrow School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a>. He joined the family iron- and steel-making business, and entered the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> in <a href="/wiki/1908_Bewdley_by-election" title="1908 Bewdley by-election">1908</a> as the member for <a href="/wiki/Bewdley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bewdley (UK Parliament constituency)">Bewdley</a>, succeeding his father <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baldwin_(politician)" title="Alfred Baldwin (politician)">Alfred</a>. He was <a href="/wiki/Financial_Secretary_to_the_Treasury" title="Financial Secretary to the Treasury">Financial Secretary to the Treasury</a> (1917–1921) and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a> (1921–1922) in the <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_George_ministry" title="Lloyd George ministry">coalition ministry</a> of <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> and then rose rapidly. In 1922, Baldwin was one of the prime movers in the <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club_meeting" title="Carlton Club meeting">withdrawal of Conservative support</a> from Lloyd George; he subsequently became <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a>'s Conservative ministry. Upon Law's resignation for health reasons in May 1923, Baldwin became prime minister and <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">leader of the Conservative Party</a>. He called an <a href="/wiki/1923_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1923 United Kingdom general election">election in December 1923</a> on the issue of <a href="/wiki/Tariff_Reform_League" title="Tariff Reform League">tariffs</a> and lost the Conservatives' parliamentary majority, after which <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a> formed a minority <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> government. </p><p>After winning the <a href="/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1924 United Kingdom general election">1924 general election</a>, Baldwin formed his second government, which saw important tenures of office by <a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a> (Foreign Secretary), <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (at the Exchequer) and <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> (Health). The latter two ministers strengthened Conservative appeal by reforms in areas formerly associated with the Liberal Party. They included industrial conciliation, unemployment insurance, a more extensive old-age pension system, <a href="/wiki/Slum_clearance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Slum clearance in the United Kingdom">slum clearance</a>, more private housing and expansion of maternal care and childcare. However, continuing sluggish economic growth and declines in mining and heavy industry weakened Baldwin's base of support. His government also saw the <a href="/wiki/1926_United_Kingdom_general_strike" title="1926 United Kingdom general strike">General Strike</a> in 1926 and introduced the <a href="/wiki/Trade_Disputes_and_Trade_Unions_Act_1927" title="Trade Disputes and Trade Unions Act 1927">Trade Disputes and Trade Unions Act 1927</a> to curb the powers of trade unions.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baldwin narrowly lost the <a href="/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1929 United Kingdom general election">1929 general election</a> and his continued leadership of the party was subject to extensive criticism by press barons <a href="/wiki/Harold_Harmsworth,_1st_Viscount_Rothermere" title="Harold Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere">Lord Rothermere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Beaverbrook" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Beaverbrook">Lord Beaverbrook</a>. In 1931, with the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, Labour Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald formed a <a href="/wiki/National_Government_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Government (United Kingdom)">National Government</a>, most of whose ministers were Conservatives, which won an enormous majority at the <a href="/wiki/1931_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1931 United Kingdom general election">1931 general election</a>. As <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a> and one of four Conservatives among the small ten-member Cabinet, Baldwin took over many of the Prime Minister's duties when MacDonald's health deteriorated. This government saw <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">an Act</a> delivering increased self-government for India, a measure opposed by Churchill and by many rank-and-file Conservatives. The <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster 1931</a> gave <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a> status to Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, while taking the first step towards the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. As party leader, Baldwin made many striking innovations, such as clever use of radio and film, that made him highly visible to the public and strengthened Conservative appeal. </p><p>In 1935, Baldwin replaced MacDonald as prime minister and won the <a href="/wiki/1935_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1935 United Kingdom general election">1935 general election</a> with another large majority. During this time, he oversaw the beginning of British rearmament and the <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_King_Edward_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdication of King Edward VIII">abdication of King Edward VIII</a>. Baldwin's third government saw a number of crises in foreign affairs, including the public uproar over the <a href="/wiki/Hoare%E2%80%93Laval_Pact" title="Hoare–Laval Pact">Hoare–Laval Pact</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Remilitarisation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Remilitarisation of the Rhineland">remilitarisation of the Rhineland</a>, and the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>. Baldwin stepped down in 1937 and was succeeded by Neville Chamberlain. </p><p>Historical retrospection and analysis of Baldwin's political career have been complex. During his tenure, Baldwin was regarded as a popular and successful prime minister,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but for the final decade of his life and for many years afterwards he was vilified for having presided over high unemployment and a struggling economy in the 1930s. Baldwin has been criticized both contemporaneously and more recently as he was among several high-profile British public figures who instituted the policy of <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and failed to rearm sufficiently to prepare for the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. However, some have praised Baldwin for his role in forcing and expediting the <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII" title="Abdication of Edward VIII">abdication of Edward VIII</a>, as rumours circulated about Edward's Nazi sympathies and potential compromises to British national security.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, modern scholars <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">generally rank him in the upper half</a> of British prime ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life:_family,_education_and_marriage"><span id="Early_life:_family.2C_education_and_marriage"></span>Early life: family, education and marriage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life: family, education and marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baldwin was born at Lower Park House (Lower Park, <a href="/wiki/Bewdley" title="Bewdley">Bewdley</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a>, England, to <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baldwin_(politician)" title="Alfred Baldwin (politician)">Alfred</a> and <a href="/wiki/MacDonald_sisters" title="MacDonald sisters">Louisa (MacDonald) Baldwin</a>, and through his mother was a first cousin of, and had a lifelong friendship with, the writer and poet <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>. A summer spent with Kipling and his sister with the freedom of farm and forest at <a href="/wiki/Loughton" title="Loughton">Loughton</a>, Essex, in 1877 was seminal to the development of both boys.<sup id="cite_ref-Lingley_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lingley-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The family was prosperous, and owned the eponymous iron- and steel-making business that in later years became part of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Thomas_and_Baldwins" title="Richard Thomas and Baldwins">Richard Thomas and Baldwins</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Baldwin's schools were <a href="/wiki/Hawtreys" title="Hawtreys">St Michael's School</a>, at the time located in <a href="/wiki/Slough" title="Slough">Slough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a>), followed by <a href="/wiki/Harrow_School" title="Harrow School">Harrow School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later wrote that "<a href="/wiki/Humpty_Dumpty" title="Humpty Dumpty">all the king's horses and all the king's men</a> would have failed to have drawn me into the company of school masters, and in relation to them I once had every qualification as a passive resister."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baldwin then went on to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, where he studied history at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College</a>. His time at university was blighted by the presence, as <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge#Masters" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Master of Trinity</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Montagu_Butler" title="Henry Montagu Butler">Henry Montagu Butler</a>, his former headmaster who had punished him at Harrow for writing a piece of schoolboy smut. He was asked to resign from the Magpie & Stump (the Trinity College debating society) for never speaking, and, after receiving a <a href="/wiki/Third-class_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-class degree">third-class degree</a> in history, he went into the family business of iron manufacturing. His father sent him to <a href="/wiki/Mason_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Mason College">Mason College</a> for one session of technical training in <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a> as preparation.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a young man he served briefly as a <a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant" title="Second lieutenant">second lieutenant</a> in the Artillery Volunteers at <a href="/wiki/Malvern,_Worcestershire" title="Malvern, Worcestershire">Malvern</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1897 became a <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">JP</a> for the county of <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WWW_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWW-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baldwin married <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Ridsdale" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucy Ridsdale">Lucy Ridsdale</a> on 12 September 1892. Following the birth of a still-born son in January 1894, the couple had six surviving children:<sup id="cite_ref-Stuart_Ball_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuart_Ball-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Lady Diana Lucy Baldwin (8 April 1895 – 21 May 1982)</li> <li>Lady Leonora Stanley Baldwin (10 July 1896 – 23 June 1989)</li> <li>Lady Pamela Margaret Baldwin (16 September 1897 – 14 August 1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">Major</a> <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ridsdale_Baldwin,_2nd_Earl_Baldwin_of_Bewdley" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Ridsdale Baldwin, 2nd Earl Baldwin of Bewdley">Oliver Ridsdale Baldwin, 2nd Earl Baldwin of Bewdley</a> (1 March 1899 – 10 August 1958)</li> <li>Lady Esther Louisa (Betty) Baldwin (16 March 1902 – 22 June 1981)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Baldwin,_3rd_Earl_Baldwin_of_Bewdley" title="Arthur Baldwin, 3rd Earl Baldwin of Bewdley">Arthur Windham Baldwin, 3rd Earl Baldwin of Bewdley</a> (22 March 1904 – 5 July 1976)</li></ul> <p>Baldwin's youngest daughter, Lady Betty, was severely injured by shrapnel in March 1941 as a result of a <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">bombing raid</a> which destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_de_Paris_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Café de Paris (London)">Café de Paris</a> nightclub she was attending.<sup id="cite_ref-Belton,_Neil_1998,_p.52_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belton,_Neil_1998,_p.52-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She required facial reconstruction surgery from the pioneering surgeon <a href="/wiki/Archibald_MacIndoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald MacIndoe">Archibald MacIndoe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Belton,_Neil_1998,_p.52_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belton,_Neil_1998,_p.52-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baldwin proved to be an adept businessman, and acquired a reputation as a modernising industrialist. He inherited £200,000, equivalent to £26,376,221 in 2023,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a directorship of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a> on the death of his father in 1908. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Member_of_Parliament">Member of Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Member of Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">1906 general election</a> he contested <a href="/wiki/Kidderminster_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Kidderminster (UK Parliament constituency)">Kidderminster</a> but lost amidst the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> landslide defeat after the party split on the issue of free trade. In <a href="/wiki/1908_Bewdley_by-election" title="1908 Bewdley by-election">a by-election in 1908</a> he was elected <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> (MP) for <a href="/wiki/Bewdley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bewdley (UK Parliament constituency)">Bewdley</a>, in which role he succeeded his father, who had died earlier that year. During the First World War he became <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Private_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary Private Secretary">Parliamentary Private Secretary</a> to the party leader <a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a>. In 1917 he was appointed to the junior ministerial post of <a href="/wiki/Financial_Secretary_to_the_Treasury" title="Financial Secretary to the Treasury">Financial Secretary to the Treasury</a>, where he sought to encourage voluntary donations by the rich to repay the United Kingdom's war debt, writing letters to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> under the pseudonym 'FST', many of which were published. He relinquished to the Treasury one fifth of his own fortune (its total estimated at own account as £580,000) held in the form of <a href="/wiki/War_Loan" class="mw-redirect" title="War Loan">War Loan</a> stock worth £120,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuart_Ball_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuart_Ball-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joins_Cabinet">Joins Cabinet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Joins Cabinet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Astley,_Worcs,_Astley_Hall_2_back.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Astley%2C_Worcs%2C_Astley_Hall_2_back.jpg/220px-Astley%2C_Worcs%2C_Astley_Hall_2_back.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Astley%2C_Worcs%2C_Astley_Hall_2_back.jpg/330px-Astley%2C_Worcs%2C_Astley_Hall_2_back.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Astley%2C_Worcs%2C_Astley_Hall_2_back.jpg/440px-Astley%2C_Worcs%2C_Astley_Hall_2_back.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3592" data-file-height="2360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Astley_Hall_(Stourport-on-Severn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Astley Hall (Stourport-on-Severn)">Astley Hall</a> near <a href="/wiki/Stourport_On_Severn" class="mw-redirect" title="Stourport On Severn">Stourport On Severn</a>, Baldwin's home between 1902 and 1947</figcaption></figure> <p>Although he entered politics at a relatively late age, his rise to the top leadership was very rapid. In the Treasury he served jointly with <a href="/wiki/Hardman_Lever" title="Hardman Lever">Hardman Lever</a>, who had been appointed in 1916, but after 1919 Baldwin carried out the duties largely alone. He was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Privy Council</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1920_Birthday_Honours" title="1920 Birthday Honours">1920 Birthday Honours</a>. In 1921 he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Conservative_government_1922%E2%80%9324" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative government 1922–24">the Cabinet</a> as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chancellor of the Exchequer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In late 1922 dissatisfaction was steadily growing within the Conservative Party over its coalition with the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>. At a <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club_meeting,_19_October_1922" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlton Club meeting, 19 October 1922">meeting of Conservative MPs</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club" title="Carlton Club">Carlton Club</a> in October, Baldwin announced that he would no longer support the coalition, and famously condemned Lloyd George for being a "dynamic force" that was bringing destruction across politics. The meeting chose to leave the coalition, against the wishes of most of the party leadership. As a direct result Bonar Law was forced to search for new ministers for a Cabinet which he would lead, and so promoted Baldwin to the position of <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>. In the November <a href="/wiki/1922_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1922 United Kingdom general election">1922 general election</a> the Conservatives were returned with a majority in their own right.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_Minister_(1923–1924)"><span id="Prime_Minister_.281923.E2.80.931924.29"></span>Prime Minister (1923–1924)<span class="anchor" id="First_premiership"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prime Minister (1923–1924)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appointment">Appointment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Appointment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/First_Baldwin_ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="First Baldwin ministry">First Baldwin ministry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanley_Baldwin_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Stanley_Baldwin_02.jpg/220px-Stanley_Baldwin_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Stanley_Baldwin_02.jpg/330px-Stanley_Baldwin_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Stanley_Baldwin_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Baldwin, unknown date</figcaption></figure> <p>In May 1923 Bonar Law was diagnosed with terminal cancer and retired immediately; he died five months later. With many of the party's senior leading figures standing aloof and outside of the government, there were only two candidates to succeed him: <a href="/wiki/Lord_Curzon" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Curzon">Lord Curzon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">foreign secretary</a>, and Baldwin. The choice formally fell to King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> acting on the advice of senior ministers and officials.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It is not entirely clear what factors proved most crucial, but some Conservative politicians felt that Curzon was unsuitable for the role of prime minister because he was a member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>. Curzon was strong and experienced in international affairs, but his lack of experience in domestic affairs, his personal character quirks and his huge inherited wealth and many directorships at a time when the Conservative Party was seeking to shed its patrician image were all deemed impediments. Much weight at the time was given to the intervention of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The King turned to Baldwin to become prime minister. Initially Baldwin was also <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> whilst he sought to recruit the former Liberal Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Reginald_McKenna" title="Reginald McKenna">Reginald McKenna</a> to join the government. When this failed he appointed <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> to that position.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1923_general_election">1923 general election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1923 general election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Conservatives now had a clear majority in the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a> and could govern for five years before holding a general election, but Baldwin felt bound by Bonar Law's pledge at the previous election that there would be no introduction of tariffs without a further election. Thus Baldwin turned towards a degree of <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a> which would remain a key party message during his lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-mc_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mc-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the country facing growing unemployment in the wake of free trade imports driving down prices and profits, Baldwin decided to call an early general election in <a href="/wiki/1923_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1923 United Kingdom general election">December 1923</a> to seek a mandate to introduce protectionist tariffs which, he hoped, would drive down unemployment and spur an economic recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He expected to unite his party but he divided it, for protectionism proved a divisive issue.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The election was inconclusive: the Conservatives had 258 MPs, Labour 191 and the reunited Liberals 159. Whilst the Conservatives retained a plurality in the House of Commons, they had been clearly defeated on the central issue: tariffs.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baldwin remained prime minister until the opening of the new Parliament in January 1924, when his administration was defeated in a vote on its legislative programme set out in the <a href="/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="State Opening of Parliament">King's Speech</a>. He offered his resignation to <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> immediately.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leader_of_the_Opposition_(1924)"><span id="Leader_of_the_Opposition_.281924.29"></span>Leader of the Opposition (1924)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Leader of the Opposition (1924)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baldwin successfully held on to the party leadership amid some colleagues' calls for his resignation.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the next ten months, an unstable minority Labour government under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a> held office. On 13 March 1924, the Labour government was defeated for the first time in the Commons, although the Conservatives decided to vote with Labour later that day against the Liberals.<sup id="cite_ref-Cowling1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowling1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During a debate on the naval estimates the Conservatives opposed Labour but supported them on 18 March in a vote on cutting expenditure on the Singapore military base.<sup id="cite_ref-Cowling1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowling1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baldwin also cooperated with MacDonald over Irish policy to stop it becoming a party-political issue.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Labour government was negotiating with the Soviet government over intended commercial treaties – 'the Russian Treaties' – to provide <a href="/wiki/Most_favoured_nation" title="Most favoured nation">most favoured nation</a> privileges and diplomatic status for the UK trade delegation; and a treaty that would settle the claims of pre-revolutionary British bondholders and holders of confiscated property, after which the British government would guarantee a loan to the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baldwin decided to vote against the government over the Russian Treaties, which brought the government down on 8 October.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1924_re-election">1924 re-election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1924 re-election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1924 United Kingdom general election">general election</a> held in October 1924 brought a landslide majority of 223 for the Conservative party, primarily at the expense of an unpopular <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a>. Baldwin campaigned on the "impracticability" of socialism, the <a href="/wiki/Campbell_Case" title="Campbell Case">Campbell Case</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zinoviev_letter" title="Zinoviev letter">Zinoviev letter</a> (which Baldwin thought was genuine, and the Conservatives leaked to the <i>Daily Mail</i> at a most damaging time to the Labour campaign; the letter is now widely believed to have been a forgery<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and the Russian Treaties.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a speech during the campaign Baldwin said: </p> <blockquote><p>It makes my blood boil to read of the way which Mr. Zinoviev is speaking of the Prime Minister today. Though one time there went up a cry, "Hands off Russia", I think it's time somebody said to Russia, "Hands off England".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_Minister_(1924–1929)"><span id="Prime_Minister_.281924.E2.80.931929.29"></span>Prime Minister (1924–1929)<span class="anchor" id="Second_premiership"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Prime Minister (1924–1929)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cabinet">Cabinet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cabinet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Second_Baldwin_ministry" title="Second Baldwin ministry">Second Baldwin ministry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KingBaldwin1926.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/KingBaldwin1926.jpg/220px-KingBaldwin1926.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/KingBaldwin1926.jpg/330px-KingBaldwin1926.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/KingBaldwin1926.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">W. L. Mackenzie King</a>, Prime Minister of Canada (left) and Baldwin at the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Conference" title="Imperial Conference">Imperial Conference</a>, October 1926</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward,_Prince_of_Wales_and_Prime_Minister_Stanley_Baldwin_talk_after_the_unveiling_of_a_tablet_honoring_the_dead_at_Westminster_Abbey_(October_1926).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Edward%2C_Prince_of_Wales_and_Prime_Minister_Stanley_Baldwin_talk_after_the_unveiling_of_a_tablet_honoring_the_dead_at_Westminster_Abbey_%28October_1926%29.jpg/220px-Edward%2C_Prince_of_Wales_and_Prime_Minister_Stanley_Baldwin_talk_after_the_unveiling_of_a_tablet_honoring_the_dead_at_Westminster_Abbey_%28October_1926%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Edward%2C_Prince_of_Wales_and_Prime_Minister_Stanley_Baldwin_talk_after_the_unveiling_of_a_tablet_honoring_the_dead_at_Westminster_Abbey_%28October_1926%29.jpg/330px-Edward%2C_Prince_of_Wales_and_Prime_Minister_Stanley_Baldwin_talk_after_the_unveiling_of_a_tablet_honoring_the_dead_at_Westminster_Abbey_%28October_1926%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Edward%2C_Prince_of_Wales_and_Prime_Minister_Stanley_Baldwin_talk_after_the_unveiling_of_a_tablet_honoring_the_dead_at_Westminster_Abbey_%28October_1926%29.jpg/440px-Edward%2C_Prince_of_Wales_and_Prime_Minister_Stanley_Baldwin_talk_after_the_unveiling_of_a_tablet_honoring_the_dead_at_Westminster_Abbey_%28October_1926%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1363" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Baldwin (right) talks with <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward, Prince of Wales</a> (the future King Edward VIII) in October 1926</figcaption></figure> <p>Baldwin's new Cabinet now included many former political associates of Lloyd George: former Coalition Conservatives: <a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a> (as foreign secretary), <a href="/wiki/F_E_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="F E Smith">Lord Birkenhead</a> (secretary for India) and Arthur Balfour (lord president after 1925), and the former Liberal <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> as chancellor of the exchequer. Baldwin created the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Maintenance_of_Supplies" title="Organisation for the Maintenance of Supplies">Organisation for the Maintenance of Supplies</a>, a volunteer body of those opposed to the strike which was intended to complete essential work.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_affairs">Domestic affairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Domestic affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trade_unions_strike">Trade unions strike</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Trade unions strike"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A defining feature of Baldwin's Second term was the <a href="/wiki/1926_General_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="1926 General Strike">1926 General Strike</a>, Baldwin handled the strike by using powers awarded to him in the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Powers_Act_1920" title="Emergency Powers Act 1920">Emergency Powers Act 1920</a>. He deployed the military and volunteers to keep essential services running. The strike ended when it was found to not be protected by the <a href="/wiki/Trade_Disputes_Act_1906" title="Trade Disputes Act 1906">Trade Disputes Act 1906</a>, leading to the strike being called off on 12 May lasting just 9 days. Baldwin's government was widely credited for such an effective response to the strike.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Baldwin's instigation <a href="/wiki/William_Weir,_1st_Viscount_Weir" title="William Weir, 1st Viscount Weir">Lord Weir</a> headed a <a href="/wiki/Committee" title="Committee">committee</a> to "review the national problem of electrical energy". It published its report on 14 May 1925 and in it Weir recommended the setting up of a <a href="/wiki/Central_Electricity_Board" title="Central Electricity Board">Central Electricity Board</a>, a state monopoly half-financed by the <a href="/wiki/British_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="British Government">Government</a> and half by local undertakings. Baldwin accepted Weir's recommendations and they became law by the end of 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-Middlemas_and_Barnes,_pp._393–4_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middlemas_and_Barnes,_pp._393–4-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Board was a success. By 1939 electrical output was up fourfold and generating costs had fallen. Consumers of electricity rose from three-quarters of a million in 1920 to nine million in 1938, with annual growth of 700,000 to 800,000 a year (the fastest rate of growth in the world).<sup id="cite_ref-Middlemas_and_Barnes,_pp._393–4_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middlemas_and_Barnes,_pp._393–4-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_reforms">Social reforms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Social reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of his legislative reforms was a paradigm shift in his party. This was the Widows', Orphans' and Old Age Contributory Pensions Act 1925 (<a href="/wiki/15_%26_16_Geo._5" class="mw-redirect" title="15 & 16 Geo. 5">15 & 16 Geo. 5</a>. c. 70), which provided a pension of 10 shillings a week for widows with extra for children, and 10 shillings a week for insured workers and their wives at 65. This transformed <a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Toryism</a>, away from its historic reliance on community (particularly religious) charities, and towards acceptance of a humanitarian <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> which would guarantee a minimum living standard for those unable to work or who took out <a href="/wiki/National_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="National insurance">national insurance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1927, he was made a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Leader_of_the_Opposition_(1929–1931)"><span id="Leader_of_the_Opposition_.281929.E2.80.931931.29"></span>Leader of the Opposition (1929–1931)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Leader of the Opposition (1929–1931)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1929 United Kingdom general election">1929</a> Labour returned to office as the largest party in the House of Commons (although without an overall majority) despite obtaining fewer votes than the Conservatives.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In opposition, Baldwin was almost ousted as party leader by the <a href="/wiki/Press_baron" class="mw-redirect" title="Press baron">press barons</a> Lords Rothermere and Beaverbrook, whom he accused of enjoying "power without responsibility, the prerogative of the harlot throughout the ages".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ramsden argues that Baldwin made dramatic permanent improvements to the organisation and effectiveness of the Conservative Party. He enlarged the headquarters with professionals, professionalised the party agents, raised ample funds, and was an innovative user of the new mass media of radio and film.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lord_President_of_the_Council_(1931–1935)"><span id="Lord_President_of_the_Council_.281931.E2.80.931935.29"></span>Lord President of the Council (1931–1935)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Lord President of the Council (1931–1935)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1931, as the economy headed towards crisis, both in Britain and around the world, with the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, Baldwin and the Conservatives entered into a coalition with Labour Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decision led to MacDonald's expulsion from his own party, and Baldwin, as <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a>, became <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> prime minister, deputising for the increasingly senile MacDonald, until he once again officially became prime minister in 1935.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One central and vitally important agreement was the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster 1931</a>, which conferred full self-government upon the Dominions <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, while preparing the first steps towards the eventual <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, and away from the designation 'British Empire'.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1973_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1973-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1930, the first <a href="/wiki/British_Empire_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="British Empire Games">British Empire Games</a> sports competition was held successfully among Empire nations in <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton, Ontario</a>, Canada.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>His government then secured with great difficulty the passage of the landmark <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Government of India Act 1935</a>, in the teeth of opposition from Winston Churchill, spokesman for the die-hard imperialists who filled the Conservative ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disarmament">Disarmament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Disarmament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baldwin did not advocate total disarmament, but believed that, as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Lord Grey of Falloden</a> had stated in 1925, "great armaments lead inevitably to war".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he came to believe that, as he put it on 10 November 1932: "the time has now come to an end when Great Britain can proceed with unilateral disarmament".<sup id="cite_ref-Middlemas1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middlemas1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 November 1932 he said: </p> <blockquote><p>I think it is well also for the man in the street to realise that there is no power on earth that can protect him from being bombed. Whatever people may tell him, <a href="/wiki/The_bomber_will_always_get_through" title="The bomber will always get through">the bomber will always get through</a>, The only defence is in offence, which means that you have to kill more women and children more quickly than the enemy if you want to save yourselves...If the conscience of the young men should ever come to feel, with regard to this one instrument [bombing] that it is evil and should go, the thing will be done; but if they do not feel like that – well, as I say, the future is in their hands. But when the next war comes, and European civilisation is wiped out, as it will be, and by no force more than that force, then do not let them lay blame on the old men. Let them remember that they, principally, or they alone, are responsible for the terrors that have fallen upon the earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Middlemas1_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middlemas1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This speech was often used against Baldwin as allegedly demonstrating the futility of rearmament or disarmament, depending on the critic.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the second part of the Disarmament Conference starting in January 1933, Baldwin attempted to see through his hope of air disarmament.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he became alarmed at Britain's lack of defence against air raids and German rearmament, saying it "would be a terrible thing, in fact, the beginning of the end".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1933 the Cabinet agreed to follow through with the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> military base.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 September 1933, the German delegate at the Disarmament Conference refused to return to the Conference, and Germany left altogether in October. Baldwin, in a speech on 6 October to the Conservative Party Conference in Birmingham, pleaded for a Disarmament Convention, and then said: </p> <blockquote><p>when I speak of a Disarmament Convention I do not mean disarmament on the part of this country and not on the part of any other. I mean the limitation of armaments as a real limitation...and if we find ourselves on some lower rating and that some other country has higher figures, that country has to come down and we have to go up until we meet.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Germany left the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> on 14 October. The Cabinet decided on 23 October that Britain should still attempt to cooperate with other states, including Germany, in international disarmament.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However between mid-September 1933 and the beginning of 1934 Baldwin's mind changed from hoping for disarmament to favouring rearmament, including parity in aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1933 and early 1934 he rejected an invitation from Hitler to meet him, believing that visits to foreign capitals were the job of Foreign Secretaries.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 March 1934, Baldwin defended the creation of four new squadrons for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> against Labour criticisms, and said of international disarmament: </p> <blockquote><p>If all our efforts for an agreement fail, and if it is not possible to obtain this equality in such matters as I have indicated, then any Government of this country—a National Government more than any, and <i>this</i> Government—will see to it that in air strength and air power this country shall no longer be in a position inferior to any country within striking distance of our shores.<sup id="cite_ref-Middlemas2_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middlemas2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On 29 March 1934 Germany published its defence estimates, which showed a total increase of one-third and an increase of 250% in its air force.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A series of by-elections in late 1933 and early 1934 with massive swings against government candidates—most famous was <a href="/wiki/1933_Fulham_East_by-election" title="1933 Fulham East by-election">Fulham East</a> with a 26.5% swing— convinced Baldwin that the British public was profoundly pacifist.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baldwin also rejected the "belligerent" views of those like Churchill and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Vansittart,_1st_Baron_Vansittart" title="Robert Vansittart, 1st Baron Vansittart">Robert Vansittart</a> because he believed that the Nazis were rational men who would appreciate the logic of mutual and equal deterrence.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also believed war to be "the most fearful terror and prostitution of man's knowledge that ever was known".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_Minister_(1935–1937)"><span id="Prime_Minister_.281935.E2.80.931937.29"></span>Prime Minister (1935–1937)<span class="anchor" id="Third_premiership"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Prime Minister (1935–1937)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Government_and_appointment">National Government and appointment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: National Government and appointment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/National_Government_(1935%E2%80%931937)" title="National Government (1935–1937)">National Government (1935–1937)</a></div> <p>With MacDonald's health in decline, he and Baldwin changed places in June 1935: Baldwin was now prime minister, MacDonald Lord President of the council.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October that year, Baldwin called a <a href="/wiki/1935_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1935 United Kingdom general election">general election</a>. Neville Chamberlain advised Baldwin to make rearmament the leading issue in the election campaign against Labour and said that if a rearmament programme was not announced until after the election, his government would be seen as having deceived the people.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Baldwin did not make rearmament the central issue in the election. He said that he would support the League of Nations, modernise Britain's defences and remedy deficiencies, but he also said: "I give you my word that there will be no great armaments".<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor1_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main issues in the election were housing, unemployment and the special areas of economic depression.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor1_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The election gave 430 seats to National Government supporters (386 of these Conservative) and 154 seats to Labour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rearmament">Rearmament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Rearmament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baldwin's younger son A. Windham Baldwin, writing in 1955, argued that his father, Stanley, had planned a rearmament programme as early as 1934 but had to do so quietly to avoid antagonising the public, whose pacifism was revealed by the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Ballot" title="Peace Ballot">Peace Ballot</a> of 1934–35 and endorsed by both the Labour and the Liberal oppositions. His thorough presentation of the case for rearmament in 1935, his son argued, defeated pacifism and secured a victory that allowed rearmament to move ahead.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 July 1934, the Cabinet approved a report that called for expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> to the 1923 standard by creating 40 new squadrons over the next five years.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 November 1934, six days after receiving the news that the German air force would be as large as the RAF within one year, the Cabinet decided to speed up air rearmament from four years to two.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnett1_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnett1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 November 1934, Churchill moved an amendment to the vote of thanks for the King's Speech: "the strength of our national defences, and especially our air defences, is no longer adequate".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His motion was known eight days before it was moved, and a special Cabinet meeting decided how to deal with the motion, which dominated two other Cabinet meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churchill said Germany was rearming and requested that the money spent on air armaments be doubled or tripled to deter an attack and that the <i>Luftwaffe</i> was nearing equality with the RAF.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baldwin responded by denying that the Luftwaffe was approaching equality and said it was "not 50 per cent" of the RAF. He added that by the end of 1935 the RAF would still have "a margin of nearly 50 per cent" in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Baldwin said that the government would ensure the RAF had parity with the future German air force, Churchill withdrew his amendment. In April 1935, the Air Secretary reported that although Britain's strength in the air would be ahead of Germany's for at least three years, air rearmament needed to be increased; so the Cabinet agreed to the creation of an extra 39 squadrons for home defence by 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnett1_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnett1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, on 8 May 1935, the Cabinet heard that it was estimated that the RAF was inferior to the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> by 370 aircraft and that to reach parity, the RAF must have 3,800 aircraft by April 1937, an extra 1,400 above the existing air programme. It was learnt that Germany was easily able to outbuild that revised programme as well.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 May 1935, the Cabinet agreed to expanding the home defence force of the RAF to 1,512 aircraft (840 bombers and 420 fighters).<sup id="cite_ref-Barnett1_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnett1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 May 1935 Baldwin confessed in the Commons, "I was wrong in my estimate of the future. There I was completely wrong."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 February 1936, the Cabinet approved a report calling for expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> and the re-equipment of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> (though not its expansion), along with the creation of "shadow factories" built by public money and managed by industrial companies. The factories came into operation in 1937. In February 1937, the Chiefs of Staff reported that by May 1937, the Luftwaffe would have 800 bombers, compared to the RAF's 48.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the debate in the Commons on 12 November 1936, Churchill attacked the government on rearmament as being "decided only to be undecided, resolved to be irresolute, adamant for drift, solid for fluidity, all-powerful to be impotent. So we go on, preparing more months and years – precious, perhaps vital, to the greatness of Britain – for the locusts to eat". Baldwin replied: </p> <blockquote><p>I put before the whole House my own views with an appalling frankness. From 1933, I and my friends were all very worried about what was happening in Europe. You will remember at that time the Disarmament Conference was sitting in Geneva. You will remember at that time there was probably a stronger pacifist feeling running through the country than at any time since the War. I am speaking of 1933 and 1934. You will remember the election at Fulham in the autumn of 1933.... That was the feeling of the country in 1933. My position as a leader of a great party was not altogether a comfortable one. I asked myself what chance was there... within the next year or two of that feeling being so changed that the country would give a mandate for rearmament? Supposing I had gone to the country and said that Germany was rearming and we must rearm, does anybody think that this pacific democracy would have rallied to that cry at that moment! I cannot think of anything that would have made the loss of the election from my point of view more certain.... We got from the country – with a large majority – a mandate for doing a thing that no one, twelve months before, would have believed possible.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Churchill wrote to a friend: "I have never heard such a squalid confession from a public man as Baldwin offered us yesterday".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1935 Baldwin wrote to <a href="/wiki/J._C._C._Davidson" title="J. C. C. Davidson">J. C. C. Davidson</a> in a letter now lost that said of Churchill: "If there is going to be a war – and no one can say that there is not – we must keep him fresh to be our war Prime Minister".<sup id="cite_ref-Middlemas3_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middlemas3-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dugdale,_1st_Baron_Crathorne" title="Thomas Dugdale, 1st Baron Crathorne">Thomas Dugdale</a> also claimed Baldwin said to him: "If we do have a war, Winston must be Prime Minister. If he is in [the Cabinet] now we shan't be able to engage in that war as a united nation".<sup id="cite_ref-Middlemas3_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middlemas3-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The General Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">Trades Union Congress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Citrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Citrine">Walter Citrine</a>, recalled a conversation he had had with Baldwin on 5 April 1943: "Baldwin thought his [Churchill's] political recovery was marvellous. He, personally, had always thought that if war came Winston would be the right man for the job".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> strongly opposed the rearmament programme. <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> said on 21 December 1933: "For our part, we are unalterably opposed to anything in the nature of rearmament".<sup id="cite_ref-Barnett2_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnett2-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 March 1934, Attlee said, after Baldwin defended the Air Estimates, "we on our side are out for total disarmament".<sup id="cite_ref-Middlemas2_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middlemas2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 July 1934, Labour moved a motion of censure against the government because of its planned expansion of the RAF. Attlee spoke for it: "We deny the need for increased air arms...and we reject altogether the claim of parity".<sup id="cite_ref-Barnett2_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnett2-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Stafford Cripps</a> also said on that occasion that it was fallacy that Britain could achieve security through increasing air armaments.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnett2_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnett2-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 May 1935, the day after Hitler had made a speech claiming that German rearmament offered no threat to peace, Attlee asserted that Hitler's speech gave "a chance to call a halt in the armaments race".<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attlee also denounced the Defence White Paper of 1937: "I do not believe the Government are going to get any safety through these armaments".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abdication_of_Edward_VIII">Abdication of Edward VIII</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Abdication of Edward VIII"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The accession of King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a>, and the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Abdication_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdication crisis">abdication crisis</a>, brought Baldwin's last major test in office. The new monarch was "an ardent exponent of the cause of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-German relations">Anglo-German understanding</a>" and had "strong views on his right to intervene in affairs of state," but the "Government's main fears... were of indiscretion."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The King proposed to marry <a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a>, an American woman who was twice divorced. The high-minded Baldwin felt that he could tolerate her as "a respectable whore" as long as she stayed behind the throne but not as "Queen Wally".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mrs. Simpson was also distrusted by the government for her known pro-German sympathies and was believed to be in "close contact with German monarchist circles".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During October and November 1936, Baldwin joined the royal family in trying to dissuade the King from that marriage, arguing that the idea of having a twice-divorced woman as the Queen would be rejected by the government, by the country and by the Empire and that "the voice of the people must be heard."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the public standing of the King would be gravely compromised, the Prime Minister gave him time to reconsider the notion of this marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the historian Philip Williamson, "The offence lay in the implications of [the King's] attachment to Mrs. Simpson for the broader public morality and the constitutional integrity which were now perceived—especially by Baldwin—as underpinning the nation's unity and strength."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>News of the affair was broken in the newspapers on 2 December.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was some support for the wishes of the King, especially in and around London. The romantic royalists Churchill, <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Mosley</a>, and the press barons, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Beaverbrook" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Beaverbrook">Lord Beaverbrook</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Harmsworth,_1st_Viscount_Rothermere" title="Harold Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere">Lord Rothermere</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></i>, all declared that the king had a right to marry whichever woman he wished.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crisis assumed a political dimension when Beaverbrook and Churchill tried to rally support for the marriage in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuart_Ball_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuart_Ball-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the King's party could muster only 40 <a href="/wiki/Members_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of Parliament">Members of Parliament</a> in support,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the majority opinion sided with Baldwin and his Conservative government.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> leader, <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a>, told Baldwin "that while Labour people had no objection to an American becoming Queen, [he] was certain they would not approve of Mrs. Simpson for that position", especially in the provinces and in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmo_Lang" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmo Lang">Cosmo Lang</a>, held that the King, as the head of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, should not marry a divorcée.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> argued that the monarchy's prestige would be destroyed if "private inclination were to come into open conflict with public duty and be allowed to prevail".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_83-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While some recent critics have complained that "Baldwin refused the reasonable request for time to reflect, preferring to keep the pressure on the King – once again suggesting that his own agenda was to force the crisis to a head" and that he "never mentioned that the alternative [to the marriage] was abdication",<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> immediately and overwhelmingly came out against the marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuart_Ball_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuart_Ball-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Labour and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> parties, the <a href="/wiki/Trades_Union_Congress" title="Trades Union Congress">Trades Union Congress</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Dominions" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominions">dominions</a> of Australia and Canada, all joined the <a href="/wiki/British_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="British cabinet">British cabinet</a> in rejecting the King's compromise, initially supported and perhaps conceived by<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churchill,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for a <a href="/wiki/Morganatic_marriage" title="Morganatic marriage">morganatic marriage</a> that had originally been made on 16 November.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuart_Ball_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuart_Ball-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crisis threatened the unity of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, since the King's personal relationship with the Dominions was their "only remaining constitutional link".<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baldwin still hoped that the King would choose the throne over Mrs. Simpson.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuart_Ball_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuart_Ball-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the King to act against the wishes of the cabinet would have precipitated a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_crisis" title="Constitutional crisis">constitutional crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuart_Ball_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuart_Ball-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baldwin would have had to resign,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and no other party leader would have served as the prime minister under the King,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_83-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the Labour Party having already indicated that it would not form a ministry to uphold impropriety.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuart_Ball_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuart_Ball-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baldwin told the Cabinet, one Labour MP had asked, "Are we going to have a fascist monarchy?"<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Cabinet refused the morganatic marriage, Edward decided to abdicate.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_83-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The King's final plea, on 4 December, to broadcast an appeal to the nation was rejected by the Prime Minister as too divisive.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuart_Ball_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuart_Ball-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, at his final audience with King Edward on 7 December, Baldwin offered to strive all night with the King's conscience, but he found Edward to be determined to go.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuart_Ball_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuart_Ball-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baldwin announced the King's abdication in the Commons on 10 December. <a href="/wiki/Harold_Nicolson" title="Harold Nicolson">Harold Nicolson</a>, an MP who witnessed Baldwin's speech, wrote in his diary: </p> <blockquote><p>There is no moment when he overstates emotion or indulges in oratory. There is intense silence broken only by the reporters in the gallery scuttling away to telephone the speech.... When it was over... [we] file out broken in body and soul, conscious that we have heard the best speech that we shall ever hear in our lives. There was no question of applause. It was the silence of Gettysburg...No man has ever dominated the House as he dominated it tonight, and he knows it.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After the speech, the House adjourned and Nicolson bumped into Baldwin as he was leaving, who asked him what he thought of the speech. Nicolson said it was superb to which Baldwin replied: "Yes ... it was a success. I know it. It was almost wholly unprepared. I had a success, my dear Nicolson, at the moment I most needed it. Now is the time to go".<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The King abdicated on 11 December and was succeeded by his brother, <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a>. Edward VIII was assigned the title of the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Windsor" title="Duke of Windsor">Duke of Windsor</a> by his brother and then married Mrs. Simpson in France in June 1937 after her divorce from <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Simpson" title="Ernest Simpson">Ernest Simpson</a> had become final. </p><p>Baldwin had defused a political crisis by turning it into a constitutional question.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuart_Ball_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuart_Ball-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His discreet resolution met with general approval and restored his popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_83-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was praised on all sides for his tact and patience<sup id="cite_ref-Stuart_Ball_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuart_Ball-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was not in the least put out by the protestors' cries of "God save the King—from Baldwin!" "Flog Baldwin! Flog him!! We—want—Edward."<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Charmley" title="John Charmley">John Charmley</a> argued in his history of the Conservative Party that Baldwin was pushing for more democracy and less of an old aristocratic upper-class tone. Monarchy was to be a national foundation by which the head of the Church, the State, and the Empire would draw upon 1000 years of tradition and could unify the nation. George V was an ideal fit: "an ordinary little man with the philistine tastes of most of his subjects, he could be presented as the archetypical English paterfamilias getting on with his duties without fuss." Charmley finds that George V and Baldwin, "made a formidable conservative team, with their ordinary, honest, English decency proving the first (and most effective) bulwark against revolution". Edward VIII, flaunting his upper-class playboy style, suffered from an unstable neurotic character and needed a strong stabilising partner, a role that Mrs. Simpson was unable to provide. Baldwin's final achievement was to smooth the way for Edward to abdicate in favour of his younger brother, who became George VI. Both father and son demonstrated the value of a democratic king during the severe physical and psychological hardships of the world wars, and the tradition was carried on by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement">Retirement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanley_Baldwin,_wife_and_daughter_LCCN2014715581.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Stanley_Baldwin%2C_wife_and_daughter_LCCN2014715581.jpg/220px-Stanley_Baldwin%2C_wife_and_daughter_LCCN2014715581.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Stanley_Baldwin%2C_wife_and_daughter_LCCN2014715581.jpg/330px-Stanley_Baldwin%2C_wife_and_daughter_LCCN2014715581.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Stanley_Baldwin%2C_wife_and_daughter_LCCN2014715581.jpg/440px-Stanley_Baldwin%2C_wife_and_daughter_LCCN2014715581.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4259" data-file-height="2908" /></a><figcaption>Baldwin photographed by the American press on board a ship, with his wife and daughter</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #98285c;border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.1em;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.1em 0 0.2em;background:#98285c;font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;color:white;"><b><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Toryism</span></a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Oak.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Royal Oak in which Charles II hid to escape capture by the Roundheads is a prominent symbol of Toryism"><img alt="The Royal Oak in which Charles II hid to escape capture by the Roundheads is a prominent symbol of Toryism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_Oak.png/190px-Royal_Oak.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_Oak.png/285px-Royal_Oak.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Royal_Oak.png/380px-Royal_Oak.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">Characteristics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterrevolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterrevolution">Counterrevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church">High Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">High culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">Interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">Unionism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">General topics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Cavaliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier_Parliament" title="Cavalier Parliament">Cavalier Parliament</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Clique" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Clique">Château Clique</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Conservative corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Compact" title="Family Compact">Family Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">People </span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Robert Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">1st Earl of Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_L%27Estrange" title="Roger L'Estrange">Roger L'Estrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Rochester" title="Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester">1st Earl of Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">1st Viscount Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">3rd Earl of Bute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">1st Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stanley Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Enoch Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grant_(philosopher)" title="George Grant (philosopher)">George Grant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em;background:#98285c;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)"><span style="color:white">Related topics</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouan" title="Chouan">Chouans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristeros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Tory" title="Pink Tory">Pink Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red Tory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Spanish American royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Tory socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Tories" title="Ultra-Tories">Ultra-Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_and_Royal_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic and Royal Army">Vendéens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva_Maria_(movement)" title="Viva Maria (movement)">Viva Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronese_Easter" title="Veronese Easter">Veronese Easter</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Toryism" title="Template:Toryism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Toryism" title="Template talk:Toryism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Toryism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Toryism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leaving_office_and_peerage">Leaving office and peerage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Leaving office and peerage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_George_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation of George VI">coronation of George VI</a>, Baldwin announced on 27 May 1937 that he would resign the premiership the next day. His last act as prime minister was to raise the salaries of MPs from £400 a year to £600 and to give the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" title="Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)">leader of the Opposition</a> a salary. That was the first rise in MPs' wages since their introduction in 1911, and it particularly benefited Labour MPs. <a href="/wiki/Harold_Nicolson" title="Harold Nicolson">Harold Nicolson</a> wrote in his diary that it "was done with Baldwin's usual consummate taste. No man has ever left in such a blaze of affection".<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baldwin was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Garter">Knight Companion of the Garter</a> (KG) on 28 May<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ennobled as <b><a href="/wiki/Earl_Baldwin_of_Bewdley" title="Earl Baldwin of Bewdley">Earl Baldwin of Bewdley</a></b> and <b>Viscount Corvedale</b>, <i>of <a href="/wiki/Corvedale" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvedale">Corvedale</a> in the County of Salop</i> on 8 June.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuart_Ball_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuart_Ball-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a BBC radio broadcast transmitted on 8 December 1938, Baldwin made a nationwide appeal for funds to help Jewish and other refugees fleeing persecution in Nazi Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this, Baldwin was dubbed a "guttersnipe" by a Berlin newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Lord Baldwin Fund for Refugees", helping the kindertransport and other relief schemes, raised over £500,000 [£36,000,000 in 2022] <sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attitude_to_appeasement">Attitude to appeasement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Attitude to appeasement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baldwin supported the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> and said to Chamberlain on 26 September 1938: "If you can secure peace, you may be cursed by a lot of hotheads but my word you will be blessed in Europe and by future generations".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baldwin made a rare speech in the House of Lords on 4 October and said that he could not have gone to Munich but praised Chamberlain's courage. He also said the responsibility of a prime minister was not to commit a country to war until he was sure that it was ready to fight. If there was a 95% chance of war in the future, he would still choose peace. He also said he would put industry on a war footing the next day, as the opposition to such a move had disappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churchill said in a speech: "He says he would mobilise tomorrow. I think it would have been much better if Earl Baldwin had said that two and a half years ago when everyone demanded a Ministry of Supply".<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two weeks after Munich, Baldwin said prophetically in a conversation with <a href="/wiki/Victor_Montagu" title="Victor Montagu">Lord Hinchingbrooke</a>: "Can't we turn Hitler East? <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">broke himself against the Russians</a>. Hitler might <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">do the same</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baldwin's years in retirement were quiet. After Chamberlain's death in 1940, Baldwin's perceived part in prewar <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a> made him an unpopular figure during and after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Middlemas4_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middlemas4-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a succession of British military failures in 1940, Baldwin started to receive critical letters: "insidious to begin with, then increasingly violent and abusive; then the newspapers; finally the polemicists who, with time and wit at their disposal, could debate at leisure how to wound the deepest".<sup id="cite_ref-Middlemas4_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middlemas4-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not have a secretary and so was not shielded from the often-unpleasant letters that were sent to him.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a bitterly critical letter was sent to him by a member of the public, Baldwin wrote: "I can understand his bitterness. He wants a scapegoat and the men provided him with one". His biographers Middlemas and Barnes claim that "the men" almost certainly meant the authors of <i><a href="/wiki/Guilty_Men" title="Guilty Men">Guilty Men</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letter_to_Lord_Halifax">Letter to Lord Halifax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Letter to Lord Halifax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Lord Halifax made a speech on the strength of prayer as the instrument that could be invoked by the humblest to use in their country's service, Baldwin wrote to him on 23 July 1940: </p> <blockquote><p>With millions of others I had prayed hard at the time of <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk</a> and never did prayer seem to be more speedily answered to the full. And we prayed for France and the next day she surrendered. I thought much, and when I went to bed I lay for a long time vividly awake. And I went over in my mind what had happened, concentrating on the thoughts that you had dwelt on, that prayer to be effective must be in accordance with God's will, and that by far the hardest thing to say from the heart and indeed the last lesson we learn (if we ever do) is to say and mean it, 'Thy will be done.' And I thought what mites we all are and how we can never see God's plan, a plan on such a scale that it <i>must</i> be incomprehensible. And suddenly for what must have been a couple of minutes I seemed to see with extraordinary and vivid clarity and to hear someone speaking to me. The words at the time were clear, but the recollection of them had passed when I seemed to come to, as it were, but the sense remained, and the sense was this. 'You cannot see the plan'; then 'Have you not thought there is a purpose in stripping you one by one of all the human props on which you depend, that you are being left alone in the world? You have now one upon whom to lean and I have chosen you as my instrument to work with my will. Why then are you afraid?' And to prove ourselves worthy of that tremendous task is our job.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_gates_criticism">Iron gates criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Iron gates criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 1941, Baldwin's old enemy, Lord Beaverbrook, asked all local authorities to survey their area's iron and steel railings and gates that could be used for the war effort. Owners of such materials could appeal for an exemption on grounds of artistic or historic merit, which would be decided by a panel set up by local authorities. Baldwin applied for exemption for the iron gates of his country home on artistic grounds and his local council sent an architect to assess them. In December, the architect advised for them to be exempt, but in February 1942, the Ministry of Supply overruled that and said all his gates must go except the ones at the main entrance.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A newspaper campaign hounded him for not donating the gates to war production. The <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a></i> columnist <i><a href="/wiki/William_Connor" title="William Connor">Cassandra</a></i> denounced Baldwin: </p> <blockquote><p>Here was the country in deadly peril with half the Empire swinging in the wind like a busted barn door hanging on one hinge. Here was Old England half smothered in a shroud crying for steel to cut her way out, and right in the heart of beautiful Worcestershire was a one-time Prime Minister, refusing to give up the gates of his estate to make guns for our defence – and his. Here was an old stupid politician who had tricked the nation into complacency about rearmament for fear of losing an election.... Here is the very shrine of stupidity.... This National Park of Failure....<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>There were fears that if the gates were not taken by the proper authorities, "others without authority might".<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, months before any other collections were made, Baldwin's gates were removed except for those at the main entrance. Two of Beaverbrook's friends after the war claimed that it was Beaverbrook's decision despite Churchill saying, "Lay off Baldwin's gates".<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Question_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Question Time">Question Time</a> in the House of Commons, Conservative MP Captain <a href="/wiki/Alan_Crosland_Graham" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Crosland Graham">Alan Graham</a> said: "Is the honourable Member aware that it is very necessary to leave Lord Baldwin his gates in order to protect him from the just indignation of the mob?"<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comments_on_politics">Comments on politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Comments on politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the war, Churchill consulted him only once, in February 1943, on the advisability of his speaking out strongly against the continued neutrality of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>. Baldwin saw the draft of Churchill's speech and advised against it, which Churchill followed.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few months after this visit to Churchill, Baldwin told Harold Nicolson, "I went into Downing Street.... a happy man. Of course it was partly because an old buffer like me enjoys feeling that he is still not quite out of things. But it was also pure patriotic joy that my country at such a time should have found such a leader. The furnace of the war has smeltered out all base metals from him".<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To D. H. Barber, Baldwin wrote of Churchill: "You can take it from me he is a really big man, the War has brought out the best that was in him. His head isn't turned the least little bit by the great position he occupies in the eyes of the world. I pray he is spared to see us through".<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In private, Baldwin defended his conduct in the 1930s: </p> <blockquote><p>the critics have no historical sense. I have no Cabinet papers by me and do not want to trust my memory. But recall the Fulham election, the peace ballot, Singapore, sanctions, Malta. The English will only learn by example. When I first heard of Hitler, when Ribbentrop came to see me, I thought they were all crazy. I think I brought Ramsay and Simon to meet Ribbentrop. Remember that Ramsay's health was breaking up in the last two years. He had lost his nerve in the House in the last year. I had to take all the important speeches. The moment he went, I prepared for a general election and got a bigger majority for rearmament. No power on earth could have got rearmament without a general election except by a big split. Simon was inefficient. I had to lead the House, keep the machine together with those Labour fellows.<sup id="cite_ref-Middlemas5_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middlemas5-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In December 1944, strongly advised by friends, Baldwin decided to respond to criticisms of him through a biographer. He asked <a href="/wiki/G._M._Young" title="G. M. Young">G. M. Young</a>, who accepted, and asked Churchill to grant permission to Young to see Cabinet papers. Baldwin wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>I am the last person to complain of fair criticism, but when one book after another appears and I am compared, for example, to <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a>, my gorge rises; but I am crippled and cannot go and examine the files of the Cabinet Office. Could G. M. Young go on my behalf?<sup id="cite_ref-Middlemas5_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middlemas5-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Last_years_and_death">Last years and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Last years and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Worcester_Cathedral_Baldwin_of_Bewdley_grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Worcester_Cathedral_Baldwin_of_Bewdley_grave.jpg/220px-Worcester_Cathedral_Baldwin_of_Bewdley_grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Worcester_Cathedral_Baldwin_of_Bewdley_grave.jpg/330px-Worcester_Cathedral_Baldwin_of_Bewdley_grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Worcester_Cathedral_Baldwin_of_Bewdley_grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Worcester_Cathedral" title="Worcester Cathedral">Worcester Cathedral</a>, grave of the 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley and his wife <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Baldwin" title="Lucy Baldwin">Lucy, née Ridsdale</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In June 1945, Baldwin's wife, <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Baldwin" title="Lucy Baldwin">Lucy</a>, died. Baldwin himself now suffered from <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a> and needed a cane to walk. When he made his final public appearance in London in October 1947 at the unveiling of a statue of <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a>, a crowd of people recognised and cheered him, but he had become deaf and so asked: "Are they booing me?"<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having been made <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of the University of Cambridge">Chancellor of the University of Cambridge</a> in 1930, he continued in that capacity until his death in his sleep at <a href="/wiki/Astley_Hall_(Stourport-on-Severn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Astley Hall (Stourport-on-Severn)">Astley Hall</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Stourport-on-Severn" title="Stourport-on-Severn">Stourport-on-Severn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a>, on 14 December 1947. He was cremated in Birmingham, and his ashes were buried in <a href="/wiki/Worcester_Cathedral" title="Worcester Cathedral">Worcester Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuart_Ball_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuart_Ball-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No cause of death was revealed. </p><p>Baldwin was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Oddfellows" class="mw-redirect" title="Oddfellows">Oddfellows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foresters_Friendly_Society" title="Foresters Friendly Society">Foresters Friendly Society</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Astley,_Worcs,_Baldwin_memorial_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Astley%2C_Worcs%2C_Baldwin_memorial_1.jpg/220px-Astley%2C_Worcs%2C_Baldwin_memorial_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Astley%2C_Worcs%2C_Baldwin_memorial_1.jpg/330px-Astley%2C_Worcs%2C_Baldwin_memorial_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Astley%2C_Worcs%2C_Baldwin_memorial_1.jpg/440px-Astley%2C_Worcs%2C_Baldwin_memorial_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to the 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley near his home, <a href="/wiki/Astley_Hall_(Stourport-on-Severn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Astley Hall (Stourport-on-Severn)">Astley Hall</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Upon his retirement in 1937, he had received a great deal of praise, but the onset of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> would change his public image for the worse. Baldwin, Chamberlain and MacDonald were held responsible for Great Britain's military unpreparedness on the eve of war in 1939. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Howard_(journalist)" title="Peter Howard (journalist)">Peter Howard</a>, writing in the <i>Sunday Express</i> (3 September 1939), accused Baldwin of deceiving the country of the dangers that faced it in order not to rearm and so win the 1935 general election.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the ill-fated <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a> in May 1940, Lloyd George in conversation with Churchill and <a href="/wiki/General_Ironside" class="mw-redirect" title="General Ironside">General Ironside</a> railed against Baldwin and said that "he ought to be hanged".<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1940, a bestseller <i><a href="/wiki/Guilty_Men" title="Guilty Men">Guilty Men</a></i> appeared, which blamed Baldwin for failing to rearm enough. In May 1941, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fyfe" title="Hamilton Fyfe">Hamilton Fyfe</a> wrote an article ("Leadership and Democracy") for <i>Nineteenth Century and After</i>, which also laid those charges against Baldwin. In 1941, <a href="/wiki/A._L._Rowse" title="A. L. Rowse">A. L. Rowse</a> criticised Baldwin for lulling the people into a false sense of security and as a practitioner in "the art of taking the people in": </p> <blockquote><p>what can this man think in the still watches of the night, when he contemplates the ordeal his country is going through as the result of the years, the locust years, in which he held power?<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Churchill firmly believed that Baldwin's conciliatory stance toward Hitler gave the impression that in the case of an attack by the German dictator, Britain would not fight. Churchill was known for his magnanimity toward political rivals such as Chamberlain but had none to spare for Baldwin. "I wish Stanley Baldwin no ill," Churchill said in declining to send him 80th birthday greetings in 1947, "but it would have been much better had he never lived." Churchill also believed that Baldwin, rather than Chamberlain, would be most blamed by subsequent generations for the policies that led to "the most unnecessary war in history". An index entry in the first volume of Churchill's "History of the Second World War" (<i>The Gathering Storm</i>) records Baldwin "admitting to putting party before country" for his alleged admission that he would not have won the 1935 election if he had pursued a more aggressive policy of rearmament. Churchill selectively quoted a speech in the Commons by Baldwin that gave the false impression that Baldwin was speaking of the general election, instead of the Fulham by-election in 1933, and omitted Baldwin's actual comments about the 1935 election: "We got from the country, a mandate for doing a thing [a substantial rearmament programme] that no one, twelve months before, would have believed possible".<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his speech on Baldwin's death, Churchill paid him a double-edged yet respectful tribute: "He was the most formidable politician I ever encountered in public life".<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1948, <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Bassett" title="Reginald Bassett">Reginald Bassett</a> published an essay disputing the claim that Baldwin "confessed" to putting party before country and claimed that Baldwin was referring to 1933 and 1934 when a general election on rearmament would have been lost.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1952, <a href="/wiki/G._M._Young" title="G. M. Young">G. M. Young</a> published an authorised biography of Baldwin that asserted that Baldwin united the nation and helped moderate the policies of the Labour Party. However, Young accepted the chief criticisms of Baldwin that he failed to rearm early enough and that he put party before country. Young contends that Baldwin should have retired in 1935. Churchill and Beaverbrook deemed several passages in the biography to be defamatory of their own actions and threatened to sue if they were not removed or altered. A settlement was reached to remove the offending sentences, and the publisher <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Hart-Davis" title="Rupert Hart-Davis">Rupert Hart-Davis</a> had the "hideously expensive" job of removing and replacing seven leaves from 7,580 copies.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to Young's biography, <a href="/wiki/D._C._Somervell" title="D. C. Somervell">D. C. Somervell</a> published <i>Stanley Baldwin: An examination of some features of Mr. G. M. Young's biography</i> in 1953 with a foreword by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Brown_(MP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Brown (MP)">Ernest Brown</a>. This attempted to defend Baldwin against the charges made by Young. Both Young and Somervell were criticised by <a href="/wiki/C._L._Mowat" title="C. L. Mowat">C. L. Mowat</a> in 1955, who claimed that they both failed to rehabilitate Baldwin's reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism" title="Category:Conservatism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Blue" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/75px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/113px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/150px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a state model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_roles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender roles">Gender roles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Essentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternalism" title="Maternalism">Maternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism#Politics" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organised_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Organised religion">Organised religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jerzy_Czartoryski" title="Adam Jerzy Czartoryski">Czartoryski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Nordau" title="Max Nordau">Nordau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Jabotinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ilyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Freyre" title="Gilberto Freyre">Freyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Gómez Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Koselleck" title="Reinhart Koselleck">Koselleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukio_Mishima" title="Yukio Mishima">Mishima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">De Gasperi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">De Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Reza Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Meloni</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Religion</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Personal variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayib_Bukele#Political_views" title="Nayib Bukele">Bukelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Belgium" title="Conservatism">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Belize" title="Conservatism in North America">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Chile" title="Conservatism">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#China" title="Conservatism">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Cuba" title="Conservatism in North America">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Denmark" title="Conservatism">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Finland" title="Conservatism">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Greece" title="Conservatism">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Guatemala" title="Conservatism in North America">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Hungary" title="Conservatism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iceland" title="Conservatism">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iran" title="Conservatism">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Luxembourg" title="Conservatism">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Mexico" title="Conservatism in North America">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Netherlands" title="Conservatism">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Norway" title="Conservatism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Panama" title="Conservatism in North America">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Poland" title="Conservatism">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Singapore" title="Conservatism">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Ukraine" title="Conservatism">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-bottom:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="White Terror (disambiguation)">White Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-immigration" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-immigration">Anti-immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Hispanic conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">in United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism">LGBT conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchalism" title="Patriarchalism">Patriarchalism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Radical right <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_realism" title="Right realism">Right realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-c_conservative" title="Small-c conservative">Small-c conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Toryism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #36c; border-bottom:1px solid #36c; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Template:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1956, Baldwin's son <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Baldwin,_3rd_Earl_Baldwin_of_Bewdley" title="Arthur Baldwin, 3rd Earl Baldwin of Bewdley">A. W. Baldwin</a> published a biography entitled <i>My Father: The True Story</i>. It has been written that his son "evidently could not decide whether he was answering the charge of inanition and deceit which grew out of the war, or the radical 'dissenters' of the early 1930s who thought the Conservatives were warmongers and denounced them for rearming at all".<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an article written to commemorate the centenary of Baldwin's birth, in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></i> ("Don't Let's Be Beastly to Baldwin", 14 July 1967), <a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Rab Butler</a> defended Baldwin's moderate policies and claimed that it helped heal social divisions. In 1969 the first major biography of Baldwin appeared, of over 1,000 pages, written by <a href="/wiki/Keith_Middlemas" title="Keith Middlemas">Keith Middlemas</a> and John Barnes, both Conservatives who wished to defend Baldwin. </p><p>In 1998, historian <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a> wrote that apart from the questions of war and peace, Baldwin had a mixed reputation. He was moved by social deprivation but not to the point of legislation and systematically avoided intervention in the economy and social system. He had a ruthless style that included insincerity. His advisors were second rank figures like Davidson and Bridgeman. Thorpe wrote, "Essentially, Baldwin was a much more neurotic and insecure character than his public persona would have suggested", as shown by his nervous breakdown in 1936 that kept him out of action for three months. On the other hand, Thorpe says that Baldwin was a good co-ordinator of his coalition who did not block colleagues who proposed various small reforms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Thorpe argued that Baldwin's handling of the 1926 general strike was "firm and uncompromising" but disliked the harsh Trade Disputes Act that followed because it was too far to the right of Baldwin's preferred moderation. Thorpe praised Baldwin's handling of the Abdication Crisis in 1936, which allowed Baldwin to leave office in a blaze of glory. Thorpe said that Baldwin often lacked drive and was too easily depressed, too pessimistic and too neglectful of foreign affairs. On the other hand, he achieved his primary goals of preserving capitalism, maintaining the parliamentary system and strengthening the Conservative Party as a leading opponent of socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Williamson_(historian)" title="Philip Williamson (historian)">Philip Williamson</a> published a collection of essays on Baldwin that attempted to explain his beliefs and defended his policies as prime minister. Baldwin's defenders argued that with pacifist appeasement the dominant political view in Britain, France and the United States, he felt he could not start a programme of rearmament without a national consensus on the matter. Williamson argued that Baldwin had helped create "a moral basis for rearmament in the mid 1930s" that contributed greatly to "the national spirit of defiance after Munich".<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Williamson admitted that there was a clear postwar consensus that repudiated and denigrated all interwar governments: Baldwin was targeted with the accusation that he had failed to rearm Britain in the 1930s, despite Hitler's threat. Williamson said that the negative reputation was chiefly the product of partisan politics, the bandwagon of praise for Churchill, selective recollections, and the need for scapegoats to blame for Britain's very close call in 1940. Only during the 1960s would political distance and then the opening of government records lead to more balanced historical assessments, but the myth had become so central to larger myths about the 1930s and 1940s that it persists as conventional wisdom about the period.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2004, Ball could report, "The pendulum has swung almost completely towards a positive view." Ball noted, "Baldwin is now seen as having done more than most and perhaps as much as was possible in the context, but the fact remains that it was not enough to deter the aggressors or ensure their defeat. Less equivocal was his rediscovery as a moderate and inclusive Conservative for the modern age, part of a '<a href="/wiki/One_nation_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="One nation conservatism">one nation tradition</a>'."<sup id="cite_ref-Stuart_Ball_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuart_Ball-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governments_as_prime_minister">Governments as prime minister</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Governments as prime minister"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_government,_May_1923_–_January_1924"><span id="First_government.2C_May_1923_.E2.80.93_January_1924"></span>First government, May 1923 – January 1924</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: First government, May 1923 – January 1924"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Stanley Baldwin – <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Cave">Lord Cave</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gascoyne-Cecil,_4th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Robert_Cecil" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Robert Cecil">Lord Robert Cecil</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a> (Viscount Cecil of Chelwood from 28 December 1923<sup id="cite_ref-Viscount_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viscount-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bridgeman,_1st_Viscount_Bridgeman" title="William Bridgeman, 1st Viscount Bridgeman">William Bridgeman</a> – <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Lord Curzon of Kedleston</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)">Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Cavendish,_9th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire">The Duke of Devonshire</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_17th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby">Lord Derby</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Peel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Peel">Lord Peel</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Samuel Hoare</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Air" title="Secretary of State for Air">Secretary of State for Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Novar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Novar">Lord Novar</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary for Scotland">Secretary for Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Amery" title="Leo Amery">Leo Amery</a> – <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Lloyd-Greame" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Lloyd-Greame">Philip Lloyd-Greame</a> – <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sanders,_1st_Baron_Bayford" title="Robert Sanders, 1st Baron Bayford">Robert Sanders</a> – <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture,_Fisheries_and_Food" title="Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food">Minister of Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._L._Wood" class="mw-redirect" title="E. F. L. Wood">E. F. L. Wood</a> – <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Board of Education">President of the Board of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anderson_Montague-Barlow" title="Anderson Montague-Barlow">Anderson Montague-Barlow</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Employment" title="Secretary of State for Employment">Minister of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Health">Minister of Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joynson-Hicks" class="mw-redirect" title="William Joynson-Hicks">William Joynson-Hicks</a> – <a href="/wiki/Financial_Secretary_to_the_Treasury" title="Financial Secretary to the Treasury">Financial Secretary to the Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laming_Worthington-Evans" title="Laming Worthington-Evans">Laming Worthington-Evans</a> – <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Postmaster_General" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Postmaster General">Postmaster-General</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Changes">Changes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>August 1923 – Neville Chamberlain took over from Baldwin as Chancellor of the Exchequer. William Joynson-Hicks succeeded Chamberlain as Minister of Health. Joynson-Hicks' successor as Financial Secretary to the Treasury was not in the Cabinet.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_cabinet,_November_1924_–_June_1929"><span id="Second_cabinet.2C_November_1924_.E2.80.93_June_1929"></span>Second cabinet, November 1924 – June 1929</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Second cabinet, November 1924 – June 1929"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Stanley Baldwin – Prime Minister and <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Cave">Lord Cave</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Lord Curzon of Kedleston</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gascoyne-Cecil,_4th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joynson-Hicks" class="mw-redirect" title="William Joynson-Hicks">William Joynson-Hicks</a> – <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a> – <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a> and Deputy <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Amery" title="Leo Amery">Leo Amery</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Colonial Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laming_Worthington-Evans" title="Laming Worthington-Evans">Laming Worthington-Evans</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._E._Smith,_1st_Earl_of_Birkenhead" title="F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead">Lord Birkenhead</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Samuel Hoare</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Air" title="Secretary of State for Air">Secretary for Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Gilmour,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir John Gilmour, 2nd Baronet">John Gilmour</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary_for_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary for Scotland">Secretary for Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bridgeman,_1st_Viscount_Bridgeman" title="William Bridgeman, 1st Viscount Bridgeman">William Bridgeman</a> – <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Cecil_of_Chelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Cecil of Chelwood">Lord Cecil of Chelwood</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster">Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Cunliffe-Lister" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Cunliffe-Lister">Philip Cunliffe-Lister</a> – <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._L._Wood" class="mw-redirect" title="E. F. L. Wood">E. F. L. Wood</a> – <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture,_Fisheries_and_Food" title="Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food">Minister of Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Eustace_Percy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Eustace Percy">Lord Eustace Percy</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Education_and_Skills" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Education and Skills">President of the Board of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Peel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Peel">Lord Peel</a> – <a href="/wiki/First_Commissioner_of_Works" title="First Commissioner of Works">First Commissioner of Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Steel-Maitland" title="Arthur Steel-Maitland">Arthur Steel-Maitland</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Employment" title="Secretary of State for Employment">Minister of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Health">Minister of Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hogg,_1st_Viscount_Hailsham" title="Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham">Douglas Hogg</a> – <a href="/wiki/Attorney-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney-General">Attorney-General</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Changes_2">Changes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>April 1925 – On Curzon's death, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Balfour" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Balfour">Lord Balfour</a> succeeded him as Lord President. Lord Salisbury became the new Leader of the House of Lords, remaining also Lord Privy Seal.</li> <li>June 1925 – The post of <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Dominion_Affairs" title="Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs">Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs</a> was created, held by <a href="/wiki/Leo_Amery" title="Leo Amery">Leo Amery</a> in tandem with <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a>.</li> <li>November 1925 – <a href="/wiki/Walter_Guinness" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Guinness">Walter Guinness</a> succeeded E. F. L. Wood as Minister of Agriculture.</li> <li>July 1926 – The post of <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Scotland">Secretary of Scotland</a> was upgraded to <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland" title="Secretary of State for Scotland">Secretary of State for Scotland</a>.</li> <li>October 1927 – <a href="/wiki/Lord_Cushendun" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Cushendun">Lord Cushendun</a> succeeded Lord Cecil of Chelwood as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster</li> <li>March 1928 – Lord Hailsham (former Douglas Hogg) succeeded Lord Cave as Lord Chancellor. Hailsham's successor as Attorney-General was not in the Cabinet.</li> <li>October 1928 – Lord Peel succeeded Lord Birkenhead as Secretary of State for India. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane-Tempest-Stewart,_7th_Marquess_of_Londonderry" title="Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry">Lord Londonderry</a> succeeded Peel as First Commissioner of Public Works</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_cabinet,_June_1935_–_May_1937"><span id="Third_cabinet.2C_June_1935_.E2.80.93_May_1937"></span>Third cabinet, June 1935 – May 1937</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Third cabinet, June 1935 – May 1937"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Stanley Baldwin – Prime Minister and <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hogg,_1st_Viscount_Hailsham" title="Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham">Lord Hailsham</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane-Tempest-Stewart,_7th_Marquess_of_Londonderry" title="Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry">Lord Londonderry</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> – <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">John Simon</a> – <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> and Deputy Leader of the House of Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Samuel Hoare</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)">Foreign Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_MacDonald" title="Malcolm MacDonald">Malcolm MacDonald</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Colonial Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._H._Thomas" title="J. H. Thomas">J. H. Thomas</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Dominion_Affairs" title="Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs">Dominions Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Halifax">Lord Halifax</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary for War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Dundas,_2nd_Marquess_of_Zetland" title="Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland">Lord Zetland</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Cunliffe-Lister,_1st_Earl_of_Swinton" title="Philip Cunliffe-Lister, 1st Earl of Swinton">Lord Swinton</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Air" title="Secretary of State for Air">Secretary of State for Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Collins" title="Godfrey Collins">Godfrey Collins</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland" title="Secretary of State for Scotland">Secretary of State for Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolton_Eyres-Monsell" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolton Eyres-Monsell">Bolton Eyres-Monsell</a> – <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Runciman,_1st_Viscount_Runciman_of_Doxford" title="Walter Runciman, 1st Viscount Runciman of Doxford">Walter Runciman</a> – <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Elliot_(Scottish_politician)" title="Walter Elliot (Scottish politician)">Walter Elliot</a> – <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture,_Fisheries_and_Food" title="Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food">Minister of Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stanley" title="Oliver Stanley">Oliver Stanley</a> – <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Board of Education">President of the Board of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Brown_(British_politician)" title="Ernest Brown (British politician)">Ernest Brown</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Employment" title="Secretary of State for Employment">Minister of Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Wood" title="Kingsley Wood">Kingsley Wood</a> – <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Health">Minister of Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ormsby-Gore,_4th_Baron_Harlech" title="William Ormsby-Gore, 4th Baron Harlech">William Ormsby-Gore</a> – <a href="/wiki/First_Commissioner_of_Works" title="First Commissioner of Works">First Commissioner of Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a> – <a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio_(United_Kingdom)" title="Minister without portfolio (United Kingdom)">Minister without Portfolio</a> with responsibility for League of Nations Affairs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Eustace_Percy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Eustace Percy">Lord Eustace Percy</a> – <a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio_(United_Kingdom)" title="Minister without portfolio (United Kingdom)">Minister without Portfolio</a> with responsibility for government policy</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Changes_3">Changes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>November 1935 – Malcolm MacDonald succeeded <a href="/wiki/J._H._Thomas" title="J. H. Thomas">J. H. Thomas</a> as Dominions Secretary. Thomas succeeded MacDonald as Colonial Secretary. Lord Halifax succeeded Lord Londonderry as Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Lords. <a href="/wiki/Duff_Cooper" title="Duff Cooper">Duff Cooper</a> succeeded Halifax as Secretary for War. Philip Cunliffe-Lister became <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Swinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscount Swinton">Viscount Swinton</a> and Bolton Eyres-Monsell became <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Monsell" title="Viscount Monsell">Viscount Monsell</a>, both remaining in the Cabinet.</li> <li>December 1935 Anthony Eden succeeded Samuel Hoare as Foreign Secretary and was not replaced as Minister without Portfolio.</li> <li>March 1936 – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Inskip" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Inskip">Thomas Inskip</a> entered the Cabinet as Minister for the Coordination of Defence. Lord Eustace Percy left the Cabinet.</li> <li>May 1936 – William Ormsby-Gore succeeded J. H. Thomas as Colonial Secretary. <a href="/wiki/James_Stanhope,_7th_Earl_Stanhope" title="James Stanhope, 7th Earl Stanhope">Lord Stanhope</a> succeeded Ormsby-Gore as First Commissioner of Works.</li> <li>June 1936 – Samuel Hoare succeeded Lord Monsell as First Lord of the Admiralty.</li> <li>October 1936 – Walter Elliot succeeded Collins as Scottish Secretary. <a href="/wiki/William_Morrison,_1st_Viscount_Dunrossil" title="William Morrison, 1st Viscount Dunrossil">William Morrison</a> succeeded Elliot as Minister of Agriculture. <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Hore-Belisha" title="Leslie Hore-Belisha">Leslie Hore-Belisha</a> entered the Cabinet as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Transport" title="Secretary of State for Transport">Minister of Transport</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Honours_of_Stanley_Baldwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Honours of Stanley Baldwin">Honours of Stanley Baldwin</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_depictions">Cultural depictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Cultural depictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_British_prime_ministers#Stanley_Baldwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural depictions of British prime ministers">Cultural depictions of British prime ministers § Stanley Baldwin</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Baldwin, Stanley. <i>Service of Our Lives: Last Speeches as Prime Minister</i> (London: National Book Association, Hutchinson & Co., 1937). viii, 167 pp. speeches from between 12 December 1935 to 18 May 1937.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar Britain</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_on_the_cover_of_Time_Magazine:_1920s" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people on the cover of Time Magazine: 1920s">List of people on the cover of Time Magazine: 1920s</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stuart_Ball-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stuart_Ball_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stuart_Ball_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stuart_Ball_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stuart_Ball_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stuart_Ball_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stuart_Ball_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stuart_Ball_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stuart_Ball_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stuart_Ball_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stuart_Ball_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stuart_Ball_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stuart_Ball_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stuart_Ball_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stuart_Ball_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stuart_Ball_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stuart_Ball_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBall" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ball, Stuart. "Baldwin, Stanley, first Earl Baldwin of Bewdley (1867–1947)"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F30550">10.1093/ref:odnb/30550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baldwin%2C+Stanley%2C+first+Earl+Baldwin+of+Bewdley+%281867%E2%80%931947%29%22&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F30550&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+Baldwin" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Williamson, "The Conservative Party 1900 – 1939," in Chris Wrigley, ed., <i>A Companion to Early 20th-Century Britain</i>, (2003) pp 17–18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jan/29/editorial-unthinkable-historically-accurate-films">"Unthinkable? Historically accurate films"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. 29 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Unthinkable%3F+Historically+accurate+films&rft.date=2011-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2011%2Fjan%2F29%2Feditorial-unthinkable-historically-accurate-films&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+Baldwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alistairlexden.org.uk/news/greatness-stanley-baldwin">"The greatness of Stanley Baldwin"</a>. <i>Lord Lexden OBE</i>. 29 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lord+Lexden+OBE&rft.atitle=The+greatness+of+Stanley+Baldwin&rft.date=2023-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alistairlexden.org.uk%2Fnews%2Fgreatness-stanley-baldwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+Baldwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2022/07/traitor-king-edward-viii-interview">"Inside Traitor King and the Case That Edward VIII Was a Nazi Sympathizer"</a>. <i>Vanity Fair</i>. 7 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanity+Fair&rft.atitle=Inside+Traitor+King+and+the+Case+That+Edward+VIII+Was+a+Nazi+Sympathizer&rft.date=2022-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Fstyle%2F2022%2F07%2Ftraitor-king-edward-viii-interview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+Baldwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrangio2013" class="citation book cs1">Strangio, Paul; et al. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kMu2nAZmMbEC&pg=PA226"><i>Understanding Prime-Ministerial Performance: Comparative Perspectives</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 224, 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1996-6642-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1996-6642-3"><bdi>978-0-1996-6642-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Prime-Ministerial+Performance%3A+Comparative+Perspectives&rft.pages=224%2C+226&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-1996-6642-3&rft.aulast=Strangio&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkMu2nAZmMbEC%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+Baldwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lingley-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lingley_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLingley2020" class="citation book cs1">Lingley, Janice (2020). <i>The Loughton Idyll</i>. 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University of Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baldwin%2C+Stanley+%28BLDN885S%29&rft.btitle=A+Cambridge+Alumni+Database&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenn.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch-2018.pl%3Fsur%3D%26suro%3Dw%26fir%3D%26firo%3Dc%26cit%3D%26cito%3Dc%26c%3Dall%26z%3Dall%26tex%3DBLDN885S%26sye%3D%26eye%3D%26col%3Dall%26maxcount%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+Baldwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin1926" class="citation book cs1">Baldwin, Stanley (1926). <i>On England</i>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. p. 162.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+England&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+Baldwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. Feiling, <i>The Life of Neville Chamberlain</i> (London, 1970), pg. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddlemas_and_Barnes1969" class="citation book cs1">Middlemas and Barnes (1969). <i>Baldwin: a biography</i>. <a href="/wiki/Weidenfeld_and_Nicolson" class="mw-redirect" title="Weidenfeld and Nicolson">Weidenfeld and Nicolson</a>. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baldwin%3A+a+biography&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Middlemas+and+Barnes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+Baldwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WWW-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WWW_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Who Was Who, 1941–1950</i>. 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Crans, Switzerland: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd. p. 171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burke%27s+Peerage+and+Baronetage&rft.place=Crans%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=171&rft.edition=106th&rft.pub=Burke%27s+Peerage+%28Genealogical+Books%29+Ltd&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Mosley&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+Baldwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosley2003" class="citation book cs1">Mosley, Charles (2003). <i>Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage</i> (107th ed.). 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London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998, p.52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge2016" class="citation book cs1">George, Robert Lloyd (October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=isk-DQAAQBAJ&q=stanley+baldwin+inheritance+200%2C000&pg=PT169"><i>A Modern Plutarch: Comparisons of the Greatest Western Thinkers</i></a>. The Overlook Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4683-1411-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4683-1411-3"><bdi>978-1-4683-1411-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modern+Plutarch%3A+Comparisons+of+the+Greatest+Western+Thinkers&rft.pub=The+Overlook+Press&rft.date=2016-10&rft.isbn=978-1-4683-1411-3&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Robert+Lloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Disk-DQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dstanley%2Bbaldwin%2Binheritance%2B200%252C000%26pg%3DPT169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+Baldwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUK" class="citation web cs1">UK, Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/history/past-prime-ministers/stanley-baldwin">"Past Prime Ministers Stanley Baldwin"</a>. <i>gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Taylor, <i>English History, 1914–1945</i> (Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nick Smart, "Baldwin's Blunder? The General Election of 1923." <i>Twentieth Century British History</i> 7#1 (1996): 110–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelf1992" class="citation journal cs1">Self, Robert (1992). 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(2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OdRixcpqvDwC&pg=PA176"><i>Twentieth-Century Britain: A Political History</i></a>. 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Fleming, "Diehard Conservatism, Mass Democracy, and Indian Constitutional Reform, c. 1918–35", <i>Parliamentary History</i> 32#2 (2013): 337–360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, p. 722.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Middlemas1-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Middlemas1_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Middlemas1_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, p. 735.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, p. 736.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, pp. 736–737.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, p. 738.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, p. 739.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, p. 741.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, p. 742.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, p. 743.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, pp. 748–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Middlemas2-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Middlemas2_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Middlemas2_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, p. 754.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, p. 756.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, pp. 745–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, p. 757.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, p. 759.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, p. 378.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurice Cowling, <i>The Impact of Hitler. 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An Autobiography</i> (London: Hutchinson, 1964), p. 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnett2-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barnett2_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnett2_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnett2_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnett, p. 422.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, p. 819.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, p. 1030.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, p. 979.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Williamson, <i>Stanley Baldwin: Conservative Leadership and National Values</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, p. 990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman Lowe, <i>Mastering Modern British History</i>, 2nd ed. (London: Macmillan, 1989), p. 488.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, p. 992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williamson, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_83-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_83-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_83-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_83-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lowe, p. 488.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, p. 1008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, p. 1003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. I. T. Machin, "Marriage and the Churches in the 1930s: Royal abdication and divorce reform, 1936–7." <i>Journal of Ecclesiastical History</i> 42.1 (1991): 68–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lynn Prince Picknett and Stephen Clive Prior, <i>War of the Windsors</i> (2002) p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated4-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Williamson, p. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce_and_Goodland1991" class="citation book cs1">Pearce and Goodland (23 May 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hL8zAgAAQBAJ&q=churchill+++morganatic+marriage.&pg=PT64"><i>British Prime Ministers From Balfour to Brown</i></a>. Transworld Publishers Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4156-6983-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4156-6983-2"><bdi>978-0-4156-6983-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Prime+Ministers+From+Balfour+to+Brown&rft.pub=Transworld+Publishers+Ltd&rft.date=1991-05-23&rft.isbn=978-0-4156-6983-2&rft.au=Pearce+and+Goodland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhL8zAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dchurchill%2B%2B%2Bmorganatic%2Bmarriage.%26pg%3DPT64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+Baldwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce_and_Goodland2013" class="citation book cs1">Pearce and Goodland (2 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e5yLAgAAQBAJ&q=n+king+Edward+VIII+wanted+to+marry+Mrs.+Wallis+Simpson%2C+++Cosmo+Gordon+Lang&pg=PA80"><i>British Prime Ministers From Balfour to Brown</i></a>. Routledge. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4156-6983-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4156-6983-2"><bdi>978-0-4156-6983-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Prime+Ministers+From+Balfour+to+Brown&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-09-02&rft.isbn=978-0-4156-6983-2&rft.au=Pearce+and+Goodland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De5yLAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dn%2Bking%2BEdward%2BVIII%2Bwanted%2Bto%2Bmarry%2BMrs.%2BWallis%2BSimpson%252C%2B%2B%2BCosmo%2BGordon%2BLang%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+Baldwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williamson, p. 327</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, p. 998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, pp. 1006–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harold Nicolson, <i>Diaries and Letters. 1930–1939</i> (London: Collins, 1966), pp. 285–286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicolson, p. 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211150526/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,757199,00.html">Foreign News: Baldwin the Magnificent – TIME</a>, <i>Time Magazine</i> (21 December 1936).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharmley2008" class="citation book cs1">Charmley, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e_AcBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA129"><i>A History of Conservative Politics Since 1830</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 129–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1370-1963-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1370-1963-9"><bdi>978-1-1370-1963-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Conservative+Politics+Since+1830&rft.pages=129-30&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-1370-1963-9&rft.aulast=Charmley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De_AcBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+Baldwin" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicolson, p. 301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette34403" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34403/page/3508">"No. 34403"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 1 June 1937. p. 3508.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+34403&rft.pages=3508&rft.date=1937-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F34403%2Fpage%2F3508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+Baldwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette34405" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34405/page/3663">"No. 34405"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 8 June 1937. p. 3663.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+34405&rft.pages=3663&rft.date=1937-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F34405%2Fpage%2F3663&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+Baldwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Times 9 December 1938</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">TIME 26 December 1938</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Times 29 July 1939</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, p. 1045.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, p. 1046.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cato, <i>Guilty Men</i> (London: Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1940), p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, p. 1047.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Middlemas4-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Middlemas4_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Middlemas4_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, p. 1055.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, p. 1054, p. 1057.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, p. 1058 and note 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Earl of Halifax, <i>Fulness of Days</i> (London: Collins, 1957), p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, pp. 1059–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, pp. 1056–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baldwin, <i>My Father: The True Story</i>, p. 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, p. 1061.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, p. 1060.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, pp. 1065–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, p. 1065.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, p. 066.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Middlemas5-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Middlemas5_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Middlemas5_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, p. 1063.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas and Barnes, p. 1070.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard would later have a reconciliation with Baldwin and tried to get him to support <a href="/wiki/Moral_Re-Armament" title="Moral Re-Armament">Moral Re-Armament</a>. Middlemas and Barnes, p. 1062.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colonel Roderick Macleod and Denis Kelly (eds.), <i>Time Unguarded. The Ironside Diaries. 1937–1940</i> (New York: David McKay Company, 1963), p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. L. Rowse, 'Reflections on Lord Baldwin', <i>Political Quarterly</i>, XII (1941), pp. 305–17. Reprinted in Rowse, <i>End of an Epoch</i> (1947).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Rhodes James, <i>Churchill: A Study in Failure</i> (Pelican, 1973), p. 343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlemas & Barnes 1969, p1072</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reginald Bassett, 'Telling the truth to the people: the myth of the Baldwin 'confession',' <i>Cambridge Journal</i>, II (1948), pp. 84–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart-Davis1998" class="citation book cs1">Hart-Davis, Rupert (1998) [First ed. published]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/halfwaytoheavenc0000hart/page/38"><i>Halfway to Heaven: Concluding memoirs of a literary life</i></a>. Stroud Gloucestershire: Sutton. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/halfwaytoheavenc0000hart/page/38">38</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-1837-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-1837-4"><bdi>978-0-7509-1837-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Halfway+to+Heaven%3A+Concluding+memoirs+of+a+literary+life&rft.place=Stroud+Gloucestershire&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-1837-4&rft.aulast=Hart-Davis&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhalfwaytoheavenc0000hart%2Fpage%2F38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+Baldwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/C._L._Mowat" title="C. L. Mowat">C. L. Mowat</a>, 'Baldwin Restored?', <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>, Vol. 27, No. 2. (June 1955), pp. 169–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbara C. Malament, 'Baldwin Re-restored?', <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>, Vol. 44, No. 1 (Mar. 1972), p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Thorpe, "Stanley Baldwin, first Earl Baldwin of Bewdley." in <i>Biographical Dictionary of British Prime Ministers</i> (1998) pp 278–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Williamson, <i>Stanley Baldwin. Conservative Leadership and National Values</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Williamson, "Baldwin's Reputation: Politics and History, 1937–1967," <i>Historical Journal</i> (Mar 2004) 47#1 pp 127–168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For membership and dates see David Butler, <i>British Political Facts 1900–1985</i> (6th ed. 1986) pp 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Viscount-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Viscount_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette32892" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32892/page/9107">"No. 32892"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 28 December 1923. p. 9107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+32892&rft.pages=9107&rft.date=1923-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F32892%2Fpage%2F9107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+Baldwin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For membership and dates see David Butler, <i>British Political Facts 1900–1985</i> (6th ed. 1986) pp 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For membership and dates see David Butler, <i>British Political Facts 1900–1985</i> (6th ed. 1986) pp 22–25.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ball, Stuart. "Baldwin, Stanley, first Earl Baldwin of Bewdley (1867–1947)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F30550">10.1093/ref:odnb/30550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baldwin%2C+Stanley%2C+first+Earl+Baldwin+of+Bewdley+%281867%E2%80%931947%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F30550&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+Baldwin" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span> a short scholarly biography</li> <li>Ball, Stuart. <i>Baldwin & the Conservative Party: The Crisis of 1929–1931</i> (1988) 266pp</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassett1948" class="citation journal cs1">Bassett, Reginald (1948). "Telling the truth to the people: the myth of the Baldwin 'confession'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Cambridge Journal</i>. <b>II</b>: 84–95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Journal&rft.atitle=Telling+the+truth+to+the+people%3A+the+myth+of+the+Baldwin+%27confession%27&rft.volume=II&rft.pages=84-95&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Bassett&rft.aufirst=Reginald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+Baldwin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bryant Arthur. <i>Stanley Baldwin</i> (1937) Short popular biography; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.260048/page/n7/mode/1up">online</a></li> <li>Byrne, Christopher, et al. "Disjunctive Leadership in Interwar Britain: Stanley Baldwin, Ramsay MacDonald, and Neville Chamberlain." in <i>Disjunctive Prime Ministerial Leadership in British Politics: From Baldwin to Brexit</i> (2020): 17–49.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell_(biographer)" title="John Campbell (biographer)">Campbell, John</a>. "Stanley Baldwin" in John P. McIntosh, ed, <i>British Prime Ministers in the 20th Century: volume 1 Balfour to Chamberlain</i> (1977) 1:188–218</li> <li>Cowling, Maurice. <i>The Impact of Labour. 1920–1924. The Beginnings of Modern British Politics</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1971).</li> <li>Cowling, Maurice. <i>The Impact of Hitler. British Politics and British Policy, 1933–1940</i> (U of Chicago Press, 1977).</li> <li>Dilks, David. "Baldwin and Chamberlain," in Lord Butler, ed. <i>The Conservatives: A History from their Origins to 1965</i> (1977) pp. 273–369. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conservativeshis0000unse/page/n10/mode/1up">online</a></li> <li>Dunbabin, J. P. D. "British Rearmament in the 1930s: a Chronology and Review." <i>Historical Journal</i> 18#3 (1975): 587–609. Argues Baldwin rearmed enough to save Britain while it stood alone in 1940–41. Delays in rearmament were caused by slow decision-making. not by any political scheme to insure Baldwin's return to office in 1935.</li> <li>Eccleshall, Robert, and Graham Walker, eds. <i>Biographical Dictionary of British Prime Ministers</i> (1998) pp. 273–280. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_k7v1">online</a></li> <li>Hyde, H. Montgomery. <i>Baldwin: The Unexpected Prime Minister</i> (1973); 616pp;</li> <li>Jenkins, Roy. <i>Baldwin</i> (1987), a short scholarly biography.</li> <li>McKercher, B. J. C. <i>Second Baldwin Government & the United States, 1924–1929: Attitudes & Diplomacy</i> (1984), 271pp.</li> <li>Malament, Barbara C. 'Baldwin Re-restored?', <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>, (Mar. 1972), 44#1 pp. 87–96. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1878824">in JSTOR</a>, historiography</li> <li>Mowat, C. L. 'Baldwin Restored?', <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>, (June. 1955) 27#2 pp. 169–174. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1874991">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Middlemas, Keith, and John Barnes, <i>Baldwin: A Biography</i> (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969); 1100 pp of details</li> <li>Ramsden, John. <i>The age of Balfour and Baldwin, 1902–1940</i>. Vol. 3 Of the history of the Conservative Party (1978), pp188–295.</li> <li>Ramsden, John. <i>An appetite for power : a history of the Conservative Party since 1830</i> (1999) pp. 247–270. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/appetiteforpower0000rams">online</a></li> <li>Raymond, John. "The Baldwin Age" <i>History Today</i> (Sep 1960) 10#9 pp 598–607. on the frivolous features of frivolous years of the Baldwin era, 1923–1937.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1974" class="citation journal cs1">Robertson, James C (1974). "The British General Election of 1935". <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 149–164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200947400900109">10.1177/002200947400900109</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/260273">260273</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159751685">159751685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=The+British+General+Election+of+1935&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=149-164&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159751685%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F260273%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200947400900109&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=James+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+Baldwin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rowse, A. L. 'Reflections on Lord Baldwin', <i>Political Quarterly</i>, XII (1941), pp. 305–17. Reprinted in Rowse, <i>End of an Epoch</i> (1947).</li> <li>Stannage, Tom. <i>Baldwin Thwarts the Opposition: The British General Election of 1935</i> (1980) 320pp.</li> <li>Somervell, D.C. <i>The Reign of King George V,</i> (1936) pp 342 – 409.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.176466">online</a></li> <li>Taylor, A. J. P. <i>English History, 1914–1945</i> (Oxford University Press, 1990).</li> <li>Taylor, Andrew. "The oratory of Stanley Baldwin." in <i>Conservative orators from Baldwin to Cameron</i> (Manchester UP, 2016) pp. 14–29.</li> <li>Taylor, Andrew J. "Stanley Baldwin, Heresthetics and the Realignment of British Politics," <i>British Journal of Political Science,</i> (July 2005), 35#3 pp 429–463, Baldwin polarized politics with Labour, squeezing out the Liberals</li> <li>Thackeray, David. "Baldwin’s party?." in <i>Conservatism for the democratic age</i> (Manchester UP, 2016) pp. 171–189.</li> <li>Thorpe, Andrew. "Stanley Baldwin, first Earl Baldwin of Bewdley." in Robert Eccleshall and Graham S. Walker, eds. <i>Biographical Dictionary of British Prime Ministers</i> (1998): 273–280.</li> <li>Ward‐Smith, Gabrielle. "Essays on Stanley Baldwin: More than just a biography." <i>Contemporary British History</i> 14.2 (2000): 189–200.</li> <li>Ward-Smith, Gabrielle Diana. "Stanley Baldwin: Public image and public opinion, 1923–1937" (PhD dissertation, University of Toronto; ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 1996. NN19040).</li> <li>Williamson, Philip. <i>Stanley Baldwin. Conservative Leadership and National Values</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dro.dur.ac.uk/10563/1/10563.pdf">Introduction</a></li> <li>Williamson, Philip. "Baldwin's Reputation: Politics and History, 1937–1967," <i>Historical Journal</i> (Mar 2004) 47#1 pp 127–168 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4091548">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Williamson, Philip. <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Safety First': Baldwin, the Conservative Party, and the 1929 General Election," <i>Historical Journal,</i> (June 1982) 25#2 pp 385–409 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638829">in JSTOR</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style 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class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Stanley Baldwin">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Stanley_Baldwin" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Stanley Baldwin">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a></i> 1803–2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/mr-stanley-baldwin">contributions in Parliament by Stanley Baldwin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/yourcountry/collections/churchillexhibition/churchill-the-orator/gold-standard/">Churchill, Baldwin & The Gold Standard – UK Parliament Living Heritage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111216134952/http://www.number10.gov.uk/history-and-tour/stanley-baldwin-2/">Stanley Baldwin</a> on the Downing Street website.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sounds.bl.uk/View.aspx?item=024M-1CL0047621XX-0100V0.xml">Recording of Baldwin's youth speech at the Empire Rally of Youth (1937)</a> – a British Library sound recording</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F256825">"Archival material relating to Stanley Baldwin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+Stanley+Baldwin&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF256825&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+Baldwin" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166635#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.earthlink.net/~bcavert/id35.html">Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin and Anne of Green Gables</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp00222">Portraits of Stanley Baldwin, 1st Earl Baldwin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166635#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Baldwin%2C%20Stanley%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Stanley%20Baldwin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Baldwin%2C%20Stanley%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Stanley%20Baldwin%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Stanley%20Baldwin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Baldwin%2C%20Stanley%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Stanley%20Baldwin%22%29%20OR%20%28%221867-1947%22%20AND%20Baldwin%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Stanley Baldwin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/8944">Works by Stanley Baldwin</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hardman_Lever" title="Hardman Lever">Hardman Lever</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Financial_Secretary_to_the_Treasury" title="Financial Secretary to the Treasury">Financial Secretary to the Treasury</a> </b><br />1917–1921 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Hardman_Lever" title="Hardman Lever">Hardman Lever</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hilton_Young" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Hilton Young">Edward Hilton Young</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Horne,_1st_Viscount_Horne_of_Slamannan" title="Robert Horne, 1st Viscount Horne of Slamannan">Robert Horne</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a> </b><br />1921–1922 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Lloyd-Greame" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Lloyd-Greame">Philip Lloyd-Greame</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> </b><br />1922–1923 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> </b><br />22 May 1923 – 22 January 1924 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="5">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a> </b><br />1923–1924 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="4">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Opposition (UK)">Leader of the Opposition</a> </b><br />1924 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> </b><br />4 November 1924 – 4 June 1929 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a> </b><br />1924–1929 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Opposition (UK)">Leader of the Opposition</a> </b><br />1929–1931 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cripps,_1st_Baron_Parmoor" title="Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor">The Lord Parmoor</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a> </b><br />1931–1935 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Snowden" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Snowden">The Viscount Snowden</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a> </b><br />1932–1934 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> </b><br />7 June 1935 – 28 May 1937 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a> </b><br />1935–1937 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baldwin_(politician)" title="Alfred Baldwin (politician)">Alfred Baldwin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Bewdley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bewdley (UK Parliament constituency)">Bewdley</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1908_Bewdley_by-election" title="1908 Bewdley by-election">1908</a>–<a href="/wiki/1937_Bewdley_by-election" title="1937 Bewdley by-election">1937</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Roger_Conant,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Roger Conant, 1st Baronet">Roger Conant</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Leader of the British Conservative Party</a> </b><br />1923–1937 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh" title="Rector of the University of Edinburgh">Rector of the University of Edinburgh</a> </b><br />1923–1926 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Gilmour,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir John Gilmour, 2nd Baronet">John Gilmour</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_Glasgow" title="Rector of the University of Glasgow">Rector of the University of Glasgow</a> </b><br />1928–1931 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Compton_Mackenzie" title="Compton Mackenzie">Compton Mackenzie</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Burdon_Haldane,_1st_Viscount_Haldane" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Burdon Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane">The Viscount Haldane</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Chancellor of the University of St Andrews">Chancellor of the University of St Andrews</a> </b><br />1929–1947 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Douglas-Hamilton,_14th_Duke_of_Hamilton" title="Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton">The Duke of Hamilton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">The Earl of Balfour</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of the University of Cambridge">Chancellor of the University of Cambridge</a> </b><br />1930–1947 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Visitor of <a href="/wiki/Girton_College,_Cambridge" title="Girton College, Cambridge">Girton College, Cambridge</a> </b><br />1930–1947 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">Peerage of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Earl_Baldwin_of_Bewdley" title="Earl Baldwin of Bewdley">Earl Baldwin of Bewdley</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Viscount_Corvedale" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscount Corvedale">Viscount Corvedale</a> </b><br />1937–1947 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Baldwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Baldwin">Oliver Baldwin</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stanley_Baldwin_navigational_boxes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Stanley_Baldwin_navigational_boxes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Stanley Baldwin navigational boxes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stanley_Baldwin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stanley_Baldwin" title="Template:Stanley Baldwin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stanley_Baldwin" title="Template talk:Stanley Baldwin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stanley_Baldwin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stanley Baldwin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stanley_Baldwin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stanley Baldwin</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Premierships</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_government,_1922%E2%80%931924#Baldwin's_Cabinet,_May_1923_–_January_1924" title="Conservative government, 1922–1924">1923–1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Baldwin_ministry" title="Second Baldwin ministry">1924–1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Government_(1935%E2%80%931937)" title="National Government (1935–1937)">1935–1937</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanley_Baldwin_ggbain.35233.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Stanley_Baldwin_ggbain.35233.jpg/100px-Stanley_Baldwin_ggbain.35233.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Stanley_Baldwin_ggbain.35233.jpg/150px-Stanley_Baldwin_ggbain.35233.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Stanley_Baldwin_ggbain.35233.jpg/200px-Stanley_Baldwin_ggbain.35233.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2944" data-file-height="4256" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1923_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1923 United Kingdom general election">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1924 United Kingdom general election">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1929 United Kingdom general election">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1931 United Kingdom general election">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1935 United Kingdom general election">1935</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constituency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bewdley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bewdley (UK Parliament constituency)">Bewdley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baldwin_(politician)" title="Alfred Baldwin (politician)">Alfred Baldwin</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Baldwin" title="Lucy Baldwin">Lucy Baldwin</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Baldwin,_2nd_Earl_Baldwin_of_Bewdley" title="Oliver Baldwin, 2nd Earl Baldwin of Bewdley">Oliver Baldwin, 2nd Earl Baldwin of Bewdley</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Baldwin,_3rd_Earl_Baldwin_of_Bewdley" title="Arthur Baldwin, 3rd Earl Baldwin of Bewdley">Arthur Baldwin, 3rd Earl Baldwin of Bewdley</a> (son)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club_meeting" title="Carlton Club meeting">Carlton Club meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Westminster_St_George%27s_by-election#Campaign" title="1931 Westminster St George's by-election">Power without responsibility speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Government_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Government (United Kingdom)">National Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_Economic_Conference" title="British Empire Economic Conference">British Empire Economic Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoare%E2%80%93Laval_Pact" title="Hoare–Laval Pact">Hoare–Laval Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII" title="Abdication of Edward VIII">Abdication of Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honours_of_Stanley_Baldwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Honours of Stanley Baldwin">Honours</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gathering_Storm_(1974_film)" title="The Gathering Storm (1974 film)">The Gathering Storm</a></i> (TV, 1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_%26_Mrs._Simpson" title="Edward & Mrs. Simpson">Edward & Mrs. Simpson</a></i> (TV, 1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill:_The_Wilderness_Years" title="Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years">Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years</a></i> (TV, 1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Woman_He_Loved" title="The Woman He Loved">The Woman He Loved</a></i> (TV, 1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gathering_Storm_(2002_film)" title="The Gathering Storm (2002 film)">The Gathering Storm</a></i> (TV, 2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wallis_%26_Edward" title="Wallis & Edward">Wallis & Edward</a></i> (TV, 2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Speech" title="The King's Speech">The King's Speech</a></i> (Film, 2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/W.E." title="W.E.">W.E.</a></i> (Film, 2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astley_Hall,_Stourport-on-Severn" title="Astley Hall, Stourport-on-Severn">Astley Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Baldwin_of_Bewdley" title="Earl Baldwin of Bewdley">Earl Baldwin of Bewdley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilden_Ironworks" title="Wilden Ironworks">Wilden Ironworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Bewdley_by-election" title="1908 Bewdley by-election">1908 Bewdley by-election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Bewdley_by-election" title="1921 Bewdley by-election">1921 Bewdley by-election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Prime_Minister%27s_Resignation_Honours" title="1924 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours">1924 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime ministers of the United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole (Orford)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_1st_Earl_of_Wilmington" title="Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington">Wilmington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_4th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire">Devonshire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">Bute</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">G. Grenville</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Chatham (Pitt the Elder)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_FitzRoy,_3rd_Duke_of_Grafton" title="Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton">Grafton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Portland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Lord Grenville</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Portland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/F._J._Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" title="F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">Goderich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Grey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli (Beaconsfield)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baldwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baldwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baldwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span 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id="Chancellors_of_the_exchequer" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellors of the exchequer</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer_of_England" title="Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer of England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_of_Fauconberg" title="Eustace of Fauconberg">Eustace of Fauconberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maunsell" title="John Maunsell">Maunsell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralf_de_Leicester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralf de Leicester (page does not exist)">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_of_Westminster_(chancellor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward of Westminster (chancellor) (page does not exist)">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chishull" title="John Chishull">Chishull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Giffard" title="Walter Giffard">W. Giffard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Giffard" title="Godfrey Giffard">G. Giffard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chishull" title="John Chishull">Chishull</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_de_la_Leye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger de la Leye (page does not exist)">de la Leye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_de_Willoughby" title="Philip de Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Benstede" title="John de Benstede">Benstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sandale" title="John Sandale">Sandale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hotham_(bishop)" title="John Hotham (bishop)">Hotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hervey_de_Stanton" title="Hervey de Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_Harvington" title="Adam de Harvington">Harvington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wodehouse" title="Robert Wodehouse">Wodehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Stratford" title="Robert de Stratford">Stratford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ashby_(chancellor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Ashby (chancellor) (page does not exist)">Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Ashton" title="Robert de Ashton">Ashton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Barnham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Barnham (page does not exist)">Barnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Somer" title="Henry Somer">Somer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Somerset" title="John Somerset">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Browne_(died_1460)" title="Thomas Browne (died 1460)">Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Witham" title="Thomas Witham">Witham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thwaites_(civil_servant)" title="Thomas Thwaites (civil servant)">Thwaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Witham" title="Thomas Witham">Witham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fowler_(chancellor)" title="Richard Fowler (chancellor)">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Catesby" title="William Catesby">Catesby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lovell" title="Thomas Lovell">Lovell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bourchier,_2nd_Baron_Berners" title="John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners">Berners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baker_(died_1558)" title="John Baker (died 1558)">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sackville_(escheator)" title="Richard Sackville (escheator)">Sackville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mildmay" title="Walter Mildmay">Mildmay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fortescue_of_Salden" title="John Fortescue of Salden">Fortescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Home,_1st_Earl_of_Dunbar" title="George Home, 1st Earl of Dunbar">Dunbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(judge)" title="Julius Caesar (judge)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulke_Greville,_1st_Baron_Brooke" title="Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke">Greville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Weston,_1st_Earl_of_Portland" title="Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Barrett,_1st_Lord_Barrett_of_Newburgh" title="Edward Barrett, 1st Lord Barrett of Newburgh">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Cottington,_1st_Baron_Cottington" title="Francis Cottington, 1st Baron Cottington">Cottington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Colepeper,_1st_Baron_Colepeper" title="John Colepeper, 1st Baron Colepeper">Colepeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury">Ashley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Duncombe_(Bury_St_Edmunds_MP)" title="John Duncombe (Bury St Edmunds MP)">Duncombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ernle" title="John Ernle">Ernle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Booth,_1st_Earl_of_Warrington" title="Henry Booth, 1st Earl of Warrington">Delamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hampden" title="Richard Hampden">Hampden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Montagu,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax">Montagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer)" title="John Smith (Chancellor of the Exchequer)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Boyle,_1st_Baron_Carleton" title="Henry Boyle, 1st Baron Carleton">Boyle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer_of_Great_Britain" title="Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Boyle,_1st_Baron_Carleton" title="Henry Boyle, 1st Baron Carleton">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer)" title="John Smith (Chancellor of the Exchequer)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Harley,_1st_Earl_of_Oxford_and_Earl_Mortimer" title="Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer">Harley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Benson,_1st_Baron_Bingley" title="Robert Benson, 1st Baron Bingley">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Wyndham,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir William Wyndham, 3rd Baronet">Wyndham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Onslow,_1st_Baron_Onslow" title="Richard Onslow, 1st Baron Onslow">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stanhope,_1st_Earl_Stanhope" title="James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope">Stanhope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Aislabie" title="John Aislabie">Aislabie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Pratt_(judge)" title="John Pratt (judge)">Pratt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sandys,_1st_Baron_Sandys" title="Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys">Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Lee_(English_judge)" title="William Lee (English judge)">Lee</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bilson-Legge" title="Henry Bilson-Legge">Bilson-Legge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lyttelton,_1st_Baron_Lyttelton" title="George Lyttelton, 1st Baron Lyttelton">Lyttelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bilson-Legge" title="Henry Bilson-Legge">Bilson-Legge</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Murray,_1st_Earl_of_Mansfield" title="William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield">Mansfield</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bilson-Legge" title="Henry Bilson-Legge">Bilson-Legge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrington,_2nd_Viscount_Barrington" title="William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington">Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Dashwood,_11th_Baron_le_Despencer" title="Francis Dashwood, 11th Baron le Despencer">Dashwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dowdeswell_(politician,_born_1721)" title="William Dowdeswell (politician, born 1721)">Dowdeswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Cavendish" title="Lord John Cavendish">Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Cavendish" title="Lord John Cavendish">Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Law,_1st_Baron_Ellenborough" title="Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough">Ellenborough</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">Petty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Vansittart,_1st_Baron_Bexley" title="Nicholas Vansittart, 1st Baron Bexley">Vansittart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Vansittart,_1st_Baron_Bexley" title="Nicholas Vansittart, 1st Baron Bexley">Vansittart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._J._Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" title="F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Abbott,_1st_Baron_Tenterden" title="Charles Abbott, 1st Baron Tenterden">Tenterden</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">Herries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Goulburn" title="Henry Goulburn">Goulburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer">Althorp</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Denman,_1st_Baron_Denman" title="Thomas Denman, 1st Baron Denman">Denman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Spring_Rice,_1st_Baron_Monteagle_of_Brandon" title="Thomas Spring Rice, 1st Baron Monteagle of Brandon">Spring Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Baring,_1st_Baron_Northbrook" title="Francis Baring, 1st Baron Northbrook">Baring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Goulburn" title="Henry Goulburn">Goulburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wood,_1st_Viscount_Halifax" title="Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cornewall_Lewis" title="George Cornewall Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ward_Hunt" title="George Ward Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowe" title="Robert Lowe">Lowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Childers" title="Hugh Childers">Childers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">R. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Goschen,_1st_Viscount_Goschen" title="George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen">Goschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ritchie,_1st_Baron_Ritchie_of_Dundee" title="Charles Ritchie, 1st Baron Ritchie of Dundee">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_McKenna" title="Reginald McKenna">McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Horne,_1st_Viscount_Horne_of_Slamannan" title="Robert Horne, 1st Viscount Horne of Slamannan">Horne</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Snowden,_1st_Viscount_Snowden" title="Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden">Snowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">W. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Snowden,_1st_Viscount_Snowden" title="Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden">Snowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Wood" title="Kingsley Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anderson,_1st_Viscount_Waverley" title="John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dalton" title="Hugh Dalton">Dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Thorneycroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derick_Heathcoat-Amory,_1st_Viscount_Amory" title="Derick Heathcoat-Amory, 1st Viscount Amory">Heathcoat-Amory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Maudling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Macleod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Barber" title="Anthony Barber">Barber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Lawson" title="Nigel Lawson">Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Lamont" title="Norman Lamont">Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke" title="Kenneth Clarke">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Darling" title="Alistair Darling">Darling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Osborne" title="George Osborne">Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hammond" title="Philip Hammond">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_Javid" title="Sajid Javid">Javid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadhim_Zahawi" title="Nadhim Zahawi">Zahawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwasi_Kwarteng" title="Kwasi Kwarteng">Kwarteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Reeves" title="Rachel Reeves">Reeves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italic:</i> Interim Chancellor of the Exchequer, as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_England_and_Wales" title="Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales">Lord Chief Justice</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_House_of_Commons" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Template:Leader of the House of Commons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Template talk:Leader of the House of Commons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leader of the House of Commons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_House_of_Commons" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leaders of the House of Commons</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sandys,_1st_Baron_Sandys" title="Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys">Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robinson,_1st_Baron_Grantham" title="Thomas Robinson, 1st Baron Grantham">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland" title="Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland">H. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Pitt the Elder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1757_caretaker_ministry" title="1757 caretaker ministry">Vacant (caretaker ministry)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Pitt the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland" title="Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland">H. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Seymour_Conway" title="Henry Seymour Conway">Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">C. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Townshend,_1st_Viscount_Sydney" title="Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney">Townshend</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">C. Fox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">C. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Howick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Castlereagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Huskisson" title="William Huskisson">Huskisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer">Althorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks-Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">R. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smith_(1825%E2%80%931891)" title="William Henry Smith (1825–1891)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">W. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chuter_Ede" title="James Chuter Ede">Chuter Ede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Crookshank" title="Harry Crookshank">Crookshank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Macleod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Bowden,_Baron_Aylestone" title="Herbert Bowden, Baron Aylestone">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Crossman" title="Richard Crossman">Crossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Peart,_Baron_Peart" title="Fred Peart, Baron Peart">Peart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carr" title="Robert Carr">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Prior" title="Jim Prior">Prior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Short,_Baron_Glenamara" title="Edward Short, Baron Glenamara">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_St_John-Stevas" title="Norman St John-Stevas">St John-Stevas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Pym" title="Francis Pym">Pym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Biffen" title="John Biffen">Biffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wakeham" title="John Wakeham">Wakeham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_MacGregor,_Baron_MacGregor_of_Pulham_Market" title="John MacGregor, Baron MacGregor of Pulham Market">MacGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Newton,_Baron_Newton_of_Braintree" title="Tony Newton, Baron Newton of Braintree">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Taylor,_Baroness_Taylor_of_Bolton" title="Ann Taylor, Baroness Taylor of Bolton">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reid,_Baron_Reid_of_Cardowan" title="John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hain" title="Peter Hain">Hain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Hoon" title="Geoff Hoon">Hoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Young,_Baron_Young_of_Cookham" title="George Young, Baron Young of Cookham">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lansley" title="Andrew Lansley">Lansley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Grayling" title="Chris Grayling">Grayling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lidington" title="David Lidington">Lidington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Leadsom" title="Andrea Leadsom">Leadsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Stride" title="Mel Stride">Stride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg" title="Jacob Rees-Mogg">Rees-Mogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Spencer_(British_politician)" title="Mark Spencer (British politician)">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Mordaunt" title="Penny Mordaunt">Mordaunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Powell" title="Lucy Powell">Powell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Opposition_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leaders_of_the_Opposition_UK" title="Template:Leaders of the Opposition UK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leaders_of_the_Opposition_UK" title="Template talk:Leaders of the Opposition UK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders_of_the_Opposition_UK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders of the Opposition UK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Opposition_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" title="Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)">Leaders of the Opposition of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Howick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ponsonby" title="George Ponsonby">Ponsonby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tierney" title="George Tierney">Tierney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer">Althorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Bentinck" title="Lord George Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">Herries</a>/<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Hartington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li>Vacant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Maclean_(British_politician)" title="Donald Maclean (British politician)">Maclean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lansbury" title="George Lansbury">Lansbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Lees-Smith" title="Hastings Lees-Smith">Lees-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Pethick-Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Pethick-Lawrence" title="Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence">Pethick-Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Kinnock" title="Neil Kinnock">Kinnock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Labour_Party_leader)" title="John Smith (Labour Party leader)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Duncan Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby (Stanley)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cairns,_1st_Earl_Cairns" title="Hugh Cairns, 1st Earl Cairns">Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordon-Lennox,_6th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Beaconsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_5th_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">5th Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crewe-Milnes,_1st_Marquess_of_Crewe" title="Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe">Crewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon of Kedleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Haldane,_1st_Viscount_Haldane" title="Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cripps,_1st_Baron_Parmoor" title="Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor">Parmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gascoyne-Cecil,_4th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury">4th Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hogg,_1st_Viscount_Hailsham" title="Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham">Hailsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cripps,_1st_Baron_Parmoor" title="Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor">Parmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ponsonby,_1st_Baron_Ponsonby_of_Shulbrede" title="Arthur Ponsonby, 1st Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede">Ponsonby of Shulbrede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Snell,_1st_Baron_Snell" title="Harry Snell, 1st Baron Snell">Snell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Addison,_1st_Viscount_Addison" title="Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_5th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury">5th Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Addison,_1st_Viscount_Addison" title="Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jowitt,_1st_Earl_Jowitt" title="William Jowitt, 1st Earl Jowitt">Jowitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._V._Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Hillsborough" title="A. V. Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough">Alexander of Hillsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Shackleton,_Baron_Shackleton" title="Edward Shackleton, Baron Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Peart,_Baron_Peart" title="Fred Peart, Baron Peart">Peart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cledwyn_Hughes,_Baron_Cledwyn_of_Penrhos" title="Cledwyn Hughes, Baron Cledwyn of Penrhos">Cledwyn of Penrhos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Richard" title="Ivor Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_7th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury">Cranborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Galbraith,_2nd_Baron_Strathclyde" title="Thomas Galbraith, 2nd Baron Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Royall,_Baroness_Royall_of_Blaisdon" title="Janet Royall, Baroness Royall of Blaisdon">Royall of Blaisdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Smith,_Baroness_Smith_of_Basildon" title="Angela Smith, Baroness Smith of Basildon">Smith of Basildon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_True,_Baron_True" title="Nicholas True, Baron True">True</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Board_of_Trade" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="Template:Presidents of the Board of Trade"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="Template talk:Presidents of the Board of Trade"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the Board of Trade"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Board_of_Trade" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">Presidents of the Board of Trade</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury">Shaftesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Egerton,_3rd_Earl_of_Bridgewater" title="John Egerton, 3rd Earl of Bridgewater">Bridgewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Grey,_2nd_Earl_of_Stamford" title="Thomas Grey, 2nd Earl of Stamford">Stamford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thynne,_1st_Viscount_Weymouth" title="Thomas Thynne, 1st Viscount Weymouth">Weymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Grey,_2nd_Earl_of_Stamford" title="Thomas Grey, 2nd Earl of Stamford">Stamford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Finch,_4th_Earl_of_Winchilsea" title="Charles Finch, 4th Earl of Winchilsea">Winchilsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_North,_2nd_Baron_Guilford" title="Francis North, 2nd Baron Guilford">Guilford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Berkeley,_4th_Baron_Berkeley_of_Stratton" title="William Berkeley, 4th Baron Berkeley of Stratton">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Howard,_6th_Earl_of_Suffolk" title="Henry Howard, 6th Earl of Suffolk">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Darcy,_3rd_Earl_of_Holderness" title="Robert Darcy, 3rd Earl of Holderness">Holderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mildmay,_1st_Earl_FitzWalter" title="Benjamin Mildmay, 1st Earl FitzWalter">FitzWalter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Monson,_1st_Baron_Monson" title="John Monson, 1st Baron Monson">Monson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Montagu-Dunk,_2nd_Earl_of_Halifax" title="George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sandys,_1st_Baron_Sandys" title="Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys">Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wills_Hill,_1st_Marquess_of_Downshire" title="Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of Downshire">Hillsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Legge,_2nd_Earl_of_Dartmouth" title="William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth">Dartmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wills_Hill,_1st_Marquess_of_Downshire" title="Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of Downshire">Hillsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nugent,_1st_Earl_Nugent" title="Robert Nugent, 1st Earl Nugent">Nugent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wills_Hill,_1st_Marquess_of_Downshire" title="Wills Hill, 1st Marquess of Downshire">Hillsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Legge,_2nd_Earl_of_Dartmouth" title="William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth">Dartmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">Sackville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Howard,_5th_Earl_of_Carlisle" title="Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robinson,_2nd_Baron_Grantham" title="Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham">Grantham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Townshend,_1st_Viscount_Sydney" title="Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Jenkinson,_1st_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Charles Jenkinson, 1st Earl of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Graham,_3rd_Duke_of_Montrose" title="James Graham, 3rd Duke of Montrose">Montrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eden,_1st_Baron_Auckland" title="William Eden, 1st Baron Auckland">Auckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bathurst,_3rd_Earl_Bathurst" title="Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst">Bathurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trench,_2nd_Earl_of_Clancarty" title="Richard Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty">Clancarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._J._Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" title="F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Huskisson" title="William Huskisson">Huskisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grant,_1st_Baron_Glenelg" title="Charles Grant, 1st Baron Glenelg">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Vesey-FitzGerald,_2nd_Baron_FitzGerald_and_Vesey" title="William Vesey-FitzGerald, 2nd Baron FitzGerald and Vesey">Vesey-Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">Herries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eden,_1st_Earl_of_Auckland" title="George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland">Auckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Poulett_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Sydenham" title="Charles Poulett Thomson, 1st Baron Sydenham">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Baring,_1st_Baron_Ashburton" title="Alexander Baring, 1st Baron Ashburton">Baring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Poulett_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Sydenham" title="Charles Poulett Thomson, 1st Baron Sydenham">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Labouchere,_1st_Baron_Taunton" title="Henry Labouchere, 1st Baron Taunton">Labouchere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._J._Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" title="F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Labouchere,_1st_Baron_Taunton" title="Henry Labouchere, 1st Baron Taunton">Labouchere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._W._Henley" title="J. W. Henley">Henley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Cardwell,_1st_Viscount_Cardwell" title="Edward Cardwell, 1st Viscount Cardwell">Cardwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_2nd_Baron_Stanley_of_Alderley" title="Edward Stanley, 2nd Baron Stanley of Alderley">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._W._Henley" title="J. W. Henley">Henley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hely-Hutchinson,_4th_Earl_of_Donoughmore" title="Richard Hely-Hutchinson, 4th Earl of Donoughmore">Donoughmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Milner_Gibson" title="Thomas Milner Gibson">Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordon-Lennox,_6th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">Bright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichester_Parkinson-Fortescue,_1st_Baron_Carlingford" title="Chichester Parkinson-Fortescue, 1st Baron Carlingford">Parkinson-Fortescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Adderley,_1st_Baron_Norton" title="Charles Adderley, 1st Baron Norton">Adderley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Ryder,_3rd_Earl_of_Harrowby" title="Dudley Ryder, 3rd Earl of Harrowby">Sandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordon-Lennox,_6th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanhope" title="Edward Stanhope">Stanhope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Mundella" title="A. J. Mundella">Mundella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Stanley,_16th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Mundella" title="A. J. Mundella">Mundella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce" title="James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce">Bryce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ritchie,_1st_Baron_Ritchie_of_Dundee" title="Charles Ritchie, 1st Baron Ritchie of Dundee">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Balfour,_2nd_Earl_of_Balfour" title="Gerald Balfour, 2nd Earl of Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gascoyne-Cecil,_4th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Buxton,_1st_Earl_Buxton" title="Sydney Buxton, 1st Earl Buxton">Buxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burns" title="John Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Runciman,_1st_Viscount_Runciman_of_Doxford" title="Walter Runciman, 1st Viscount Runciman of Doxford">Runciman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Stanley,_1st_Baron_Ashfield" title="Albert Stanley, 1st Baron Ashfield">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Geddes,_1st_Baron_Geddes" title="Auckland Geddes, 1st Baron Geddes">Geddes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Horne,_1st_Viscount_Horne_of_Slamannan" title="Robert Horne, 1st Viscount Horne of Slamannan">Horne</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Cunliffe-Lister,_1st_Earl_of_Swinton" title="Philip Cunliffe-Lister, 1st Earl of Swinton">Cunliffe-Lister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Graham_(Edinburgh_MP)" title="William Graham (Edinburgh MP)">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Cunliffe-Lister,_1st_Earl_of_Swinton" title="Philip Cunliffe-Lister, 1st Earl of Swinton">Cunliffe-Lister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Runciman,_1st_Viscount_Runciman_of_Doxford" title="Walter Runciman, 1st Viscount Runciman of Doxford">Runciman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stanley" title="Oliver Stanley">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Duncan_(businessman)" title="Andrew Duncan (businessman)">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lyttelton,_1st_Viscount_Chandos" title="Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos">Lyttelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Duncan_(businessman)" title="Andrew Duncan (businessman)">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Llewellin,_1st_Baron_Llewellin" title="John Llewellin, 1st Baron Llewellin">Llewellin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dalton" title="Hugh Dalton">Dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lyttelton,_1st_Viscount_Chandos" title="Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos">Lyttelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartley_Shawcross" title="Hartley Shawcross">Shawcross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Thorneycroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Eccles,_1st_Viscount_Eccles" title="David Eccles, 1st Viscount Eccles">Eccles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Maulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Erroll,_1st_Baron_Erroll_of_Hale" title="Frederick Erroll, 1st Baron Erroll of Hale">Erroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Jay" title="Douglas Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Mason" title="Roy Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Noble,_Baron_Glenkinglas" title="Michael Noble, Baron Glenkinglas">Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(British_businessman)" title="John Davies (British businessman)">Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Walker,_Baron_Walker_of_Worcester" title="Peter Walker, Baron Walker of Worcester">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Varley" title="Eric Varley">Varley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Jenkin" title="Patrick Jenkin">Jenkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Shore" title="Peter Shore">Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Dell" title="Edmund Dell">Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Labour_Party_leader)" title="John Smith (Labour Party leader)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nott" title="John Nott">Nott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Biffen" title="John Biffen">Biffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cockfield,_Baron_Cockfield" title="Arthur Cockfield, Baron Cockfield">Cockfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Parkinson" title="Cecil Parkinson">Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Tebbit" title="Norman Tebbit">Tebbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Brittan" title="Leon Brittan">Brittan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Channon" title="Paul Channon">Channon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Young,_Baron_Young_of_Graffham" title="David Young, Baron Young of Graffham">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ridley,_Baron_Ridley_of_Liddesdale" title="Nicholas Ridley, Baron Ridley of Liddesdale">Ridley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lilley" title="Peter Lilley">Lilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Heseltine" title="Michael Heseltine">Heseltine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Lang,_Baron_Lang_of_Monkton" title="Ian Lang, Baron Lang of Monkton">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Mandelson" title="Peter Mandelson">Mandelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Byers" title="Stephen Byers">Byers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Hewitt" title="Patricia Hewitt">Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Johnson" title="Alan Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Darling" title="Alistair Darling">Darling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hutton,_Baron_Hutton_of_Furness" title="John Hutton, Baron Hutton of Furness">Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Mandelson" title="Peter Mandelson">Mandelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vince_Cable" title="Vince Cable">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_Javid" title="Sajid Javid">Javid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Clark" title="Greg Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Fox" title="Liam Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Marie_Trevelyan" title="Anne-Marie Trevelyan">Trevelyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reynolds" title="Jonathan Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_lesser_arms).svg" 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role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_Bonar_Law_(1922–1923)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bonar_Law_Ministry" title="Template:Bonar Law Ministry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bonar_Law_Ministry" title="Template talk:Bonar Law Ministry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bonar_Law_Ministry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bonar Law Ministry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_Bonar_Law_(1922–1923)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a> (1922–1923)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Bonar Law</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="16" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A._Bonar_Law_LCCN2014715818_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/A._Bonar_Law_LCCN2014715818_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-A._Bonar_Law_LCCN2014715818_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/A._Bonar_Law_LCCN2014715818_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-A._Bonar_Law_LCCN2014715818_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/A._Bonar_Law_LCCN2014715818_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-A._Bonar_Law_LCCN2014715818_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3362" data-file-height="4627" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a></th><td 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title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stanley Baldwin</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Bridgeman,_1st_Viscount_Bridgeman" title="William Bridgeman, 1st Viscount Bridgeman">William Bridgeman</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Leader of the House of Lords">Leader of the House of Lords</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Lord Curzon</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Cavendish,_9th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire">The Duke of Devonshire</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_17th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby">Lord Derby</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Peel,_1st_Earl_Peel" title="William Peel, 1st Earl Peel">Lord Peel</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland" title="Secretary of State for Scotland">Secretary of State for Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Munro_Ferguson,_1st_Viscount_Novar" title="Ronald Munro Ferguson, 1st Viscount Novar">Lord Novar</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Amery" title="Leo Amery">Leo Amery</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Cunliffe-Lister,_1st_Earl_of_Swinton" title="Philip Cunliffe-Lister, 1st Earl of Swinton">Sir Phillip Lloyd-Greame</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture_and_Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries">Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sanders,_1st_Baron_Bayford" title="Robert Sanders, 1st Baron Bayford">Sir Robert Sanders</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Board of Education">President of the Board of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">E. F. L. Wood</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Employment" title="Secretary of State for Employment">Minister of Labour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Anderson_Montague-Barlow,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Anderson Montague-Barlow, 1st Baronet">Sir Anderson Montague-Barlow</a> (1922–1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Health">Minister of Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Griffith-Boscawen" title="Arthur Griffith-Boscawen">Arthur Griffith-Boscawen</a> (1922–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> (1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservative_and_Unionist_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Template:Conservative Party (UK)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Template talk:Conservative Party (UK)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservative Party (UK)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservative_and_Unionist_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)"><span style="color:white;">Conservative and Unionist Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Archive" title="Conservative Party Archive">Conservative Party Archive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="History of the Conservative Party (UK)">History of the Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism">History of conservatism in Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Electoral history of the Conservative Party (UK)">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamworth_Manifesto" title="Tamworth Manifesto">Tamworth Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club" title="Carlton Club">Carlton Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primrose_League" title="Primrose League">Primrose League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_Reform_League" title="Tariff Reform League">Tariff Reform League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Free_Food_League" title="Unionist Free Food League">Unionist Free Food League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Coupon" title="Coalition Coupon">Coalition Coupon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club_meeting" title="Carlton Club meeting">Carlton Club meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Conservative_Party_(UK)_general_election_manifestos" title="List of Conservative Party (UK) general election manifestos">General election manifestos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party" title="Fourth Party">Fourth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party" title="Liberal Unionist Party">Liberal Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Conservative_Party" title="Irish Conservative Party">Irish Conservative Party </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Unionist_Alliance" title="Irish Unionist Alliance">Irish Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Party_(Scotland)" title="Unionist Party (Scotland)">Scottish Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(UK,_1917)" title="National Party (UK, 1917)">National Party (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1931)" title="National Liberal Party (UK, 1931)">National Liberal Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Leadership" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leadership</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords"><span style="color:white;">House of Lords</span></a><br />(1828–1922)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cairns,_1st_Earl_Cairns" title="Hugh Cairns, 1st Earl Cairns">Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordon-Lennox,_6th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Beaconsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Devonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom"><span style="color:white;">House of Commons</span></a><br />(1834–1922)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Bentinck" title="Lord George Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><small><i>vacant</i> (1848–1849)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">Herries</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">R. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smith_(1825%E2%80%931891)" title="William Henry Smith (1825–1891)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)"><span style="color:white;">Leaders (1922–)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">W. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Duncan Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Conservative_Party" title="Chairman of the Conservative Party"><span style="color:white;">Chairmen (1911–)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Steel-Maitland" title="Arthur Steel-Maitland">Steel-Maitland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Younger,_1st_Viscount_Younger_of_Leckie" title="George Younger, 1st Viscount Younger of Leckie">Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Jackson_(cricketer)" title="Stanley Jackson (cricketer)">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._C._Davidson" title="J. C. C. Davidson">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baird,_1st_Viscount_Stonehaven" title="John Baird, 1st Viscount Stonehaven">Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hacking,_1st_Baron_Hacking" title="Douglas Hacking, 1st Baron Hacking">Hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dugdale,_1st_Baron_Crathorne" title="Thomas Dugdale, 1st Baron Crathorne">Dugdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Assheton,_1st_Baron_Clitheroe" title="Ralph Assheton, 1st Baron Clitheroe">Assheton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Marquis,_1st_Earl_of_Woolton" title="Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton">Woolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Poole,_1st_Baron_Poole" title="Oliver Poole, 1st Baron Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Hailsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Macleod</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Poole,_1st_Baron_Poole" title="Oliver Poole, 1st Baron Poole">Poole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hare,_1st_Viscount_Blakenham" title="John Hare, 1st Viscount Blakenham">Blakenham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_du_Cann" title="Edward du Cann">du Cann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Barber" title="Anthony Barber">Barber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thomas,_Baron_Thomas_of_Gwydir" title="Peter Thomas, Baron Thomas of Gwydir">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Thorneycroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Parkinson" title="Cecil Parkinson">Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gummer" title="John Gummer">Gummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Tebbit" title="Norman Tebbit">Tebbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brooke,_Baron_Brooke_of_Sutton_Mandeville" title="Peter Brooke, Baron Brooke of Sutton Mandeville">Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Baker,_Baron_Baker_of_Dorking" title="Kenneth Baker, Baron Baker of Dorking">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten">Patten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Fowler,_Baron_Fowler" title="Norman Fowler, Baron Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hanley" title="Jeremy Hanley">Hanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mawhinney" title="Brian Mawhinney">Mawhinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Parkinson" title="Cecil Parkinson">Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ancram" title="Michael Ancram">Ancram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(British_politician)" title="David Davis (British politician)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Fox" title="Liam Fox">Fox</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Saatchi,_Baron_Saatchi" title="Maurice Saatchi, Baron Saatchi">Saatchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Maude" title="Francis Maude">Maude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Spelman" title="Caroline Spelman">Spelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Pickles" title="Eric Pickles">Pickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayeeda_Warsi,_Baroness_Warsi" title="Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi">Warsi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Feldman,_Baron_Feldman_of_Elstree" title="Andrew Feldman, Baron Feldman of Elstree">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Shapps" title="Grant Shapps">Shapps</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Feldman,_Baron_Feldman_of_Elstree" title="Andrew Feldman, Baron Feldman of Elstree">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Feldman,_Baron_Feldman_of_Elstree" title="Andrew Feldman, Baron Feldman of Elstree">Feldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_McLoughlin" title="Patrick McLoughlin">McLoughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandon_Lewis" title="Brandon Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cleverly" title="James Cleverly">Cleverly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Milling" title="Amanda Milling">Milling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Dowden" title="Oliver Dowden">Dowden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stephenson" title="Andrew Stephenson">Stephenson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Elliot" title="Ben Elliot">Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Berry" title="Jake Berry">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadhim_Zahawi" title="Nadhim Zahawi">Zahawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Hands" title="Greg Hands">Hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holden_(British_politician)" title="Richard Holden (British politician)">Holden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fuller_(Conservative_politician)" title="Richard Fuller (Conservative politician)">Fuller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Leader_of_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)">Deputy Leader of the Conservative Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Maudling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lilley" title="Peter Lilley">Lilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ancram" title="Michael Ancram">Ancram</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Leadership_elections" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leadership elections</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1965_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1965 Conservative Party leadership election">1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1975 Conservative Party leadership election">1975</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1989 Conservative Party leadership election">1989</a> <ul><li>Thatcher re-elected</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1990 Conservative Party leadership election">1990</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1995 Conservative Party leadership election">1995</a> <ul><li>Major re-elected</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="1997 Conservative Party leadership election">1997</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2001 Conservative Party leadership election">2001</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Duncan Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2003 Conservative Party leadership election">2003</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2005 Conservative Party leadership election">2005</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2016 Conservative Party leadership election">2016</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2019 Conservative Party leadership election">2019</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July%E2%80%93September_2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election">July–September 2022</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_2022_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="October 2022 Conservative Party leadership election">October 2022</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Conservative_Party_leadership_election" title="2024 Conservative Party leadership election">2024</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Party_structure" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Party structure</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Professional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Board" title="Conservative Party Board">Conservative Party Board</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Campaign_Headquarters" title="Conservative Campaign Headquarters">Conservative Campaign Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treasurer_of_the_Conservative_Party" title="Treasurer of the Conservative Party">Treasurer of the Conservative Party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Research_Department" title="Conservative Research Department">Conservative Research Department</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Voluntary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Convention" title="National Conservative Convention">National Conservative Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Parliamentary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1922_Committee" title="1922 Committee">1922 Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Whip_of_the_Conservative_Party" title="Chief Whip of the Conservative Party">Conservative Chief Whip's Office</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Conference</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Conference_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party Conference (UK)">Conservative Party Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Subnational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Conservatives" title="Northern Ireland Conservatives">Northern Ireland Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Conservatives" title="Scottish Conservatives">Scottish Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Conservatives" title="Welsh Conservatives">Welsh Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Conservatives" title="Gibraltar Conservatives">Gibraltar Conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Directly elected city mayoral authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Conservatives" title="London Conservatives">London Conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Local</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Association" title="Conservative Association">Conservative Associations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_Review_(2016)" title="Conservative Party Review (2016)">Conservative Party Review (2016)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Associated_organisations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Associated organisations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">List</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_organisations_associated_with_the_Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="List of organisations associated with the Conservative Party (UK)">Organisations associated with the Conservative Party</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Sectional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Women%27s_Organisation" title="Conservative Women's Organisation">Conservative Women's Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Conservatives_(UK)" title="Young Conservatives (UK)">Young Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_Abroad" title="Conservatives Abroad">Conservatives Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT%2B_Conservatives" title="LGBT+ Conservatives">LGBT+ Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Conservative_Clubs" title="Association of Conservative Clubs">Association of Conservative Clubs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Factional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_group" title="2020 group">2020 group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activate_(organisation)" title="Activate (organisation)">Activate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_Bridge" title="The Atlantic Bridge">The Atlantic Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Collar_Conservativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Collar Conservativism">Blue Collar Conservativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense_Group" title="Common Sense Group">Common Sense Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Animal_Welfare_Foundation" title="Conservative Animal Welfare Foundation">Conservative Animal Welfare Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Christian_Fellowship" title="Conservative Christian Fellowship">Conservative Christian Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Co-operative_Movement" title="Conservative Co-operative Movement">Conservative Co-operative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Countryside_Forum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Countryside Forum (page does not exist)">Conservative Countryside Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Disability_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Disability Group (page does not exist)">Conservative Disability Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_European_Forum" title="Conservative European Forum">Conservative European Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Friends of America">Conservative Friends of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_the_Chinese" title="Conservative Friends of the Chinese">Conservative Friends of the Chinese</a></li> <li>Conservative Friends of Gibraltar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_India" title="Conservative Friends of India">Conservative Friends of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_Israel" title="Conservative Friends of Israel">Conservative Friends of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_Palestine" title="Conservative Friends of Palestine">Conservative Friends of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends_of_Turkey" title="Conservative Friends of Turkey">Conservative Friends of Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_History_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative History Group (page does not exist)">Conservative History Group</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Humanist_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Humanist Association (page does not exist)">Conservative Humanist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Mainstream" title="Conservative Mainstream">Conservative Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Health&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Health (page does not exist)">Conservative Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Muslim_Forum" title="Conservative Muslim Forum">Conservative Muslim Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Education_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Education Society (page does not exist)">Conservative Education Society</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_National_Property_Advisory_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative National Property Advisory Committee (page does not exist)">Conservative National Property Advisory Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Rural_Affairs_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Rural Affairs Group (page does not exist)">Conservative Rural Affairs Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Science_%26_Technology_Forum" title="Conservative Science & Technology Forum">Conservative Science & Technology Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_at_Work" title="Conservatives at Work">Conservative Trade Unionists</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Transport_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Transport Group (page does not exist)">Conservative Transport Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Way_Forward" title="Conservative Way Forward">Conservative Way Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservative_Women_National_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservative Women National Committee (page does not exist)">Conservative Women National Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Workers_%26_Trade_Unionists" title="Conservative Workers & Trade Unionists">Conservative Workers & Trade Unionists</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatives_4_Cities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatives 4 Cities (page does not exist)">Conservatives 4 Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatives_Against_Fox_Hunting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatives Against Fox Hunting (page does not exist)">Conservatives Against Fox Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatives_at_Work" title="Conservatives at Work">Conservatives at Work</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conservatives_for_International_Travel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conservatives for International Travel (page does not exist)">Conservatives for International Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Group" title="Cornerstone Group">Cornerstone Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID_Recovery_Group" title="COVID Recovery Group">COVID Recovery Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Foundation_(think_tank)" title="European Foundation (think tank)">European Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Research_Group" title="European Research Group">European Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_Start_(politics)" title="Fresh Start (politics)">Fresh Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Thatcher Foundation">Margaret Thatcher Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Monday_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Monday Club">Monday Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/92_Group" title="92 Group">92 Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Campaign_(UK)" title="No Campaign (UK)">No Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Turning_Back_(political_group)" title="No Turning Back (political group)">No Turning Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Research_Group" title="Northern Research Group">Northern Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Nation_Conservatives_(caucus)" title="One Nation Conservatives (caucus)">One Nation Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Conservatism" title="Popular Conservatism">Popular Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renewing_One_Nation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renewing One Nation (page does not exist)">Renewing One Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selsdon_Group" title="Selsdon Group">Selsdon Group</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tory_Green_Initiative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tory Green Initiative (page does not exist)">Tory Green Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_Reform_Group" title="Tory Reform Group">Tory Reform Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Britons%27_Foundation" title="Young Britons' Foundation">Young Britons' Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Families_(Conservative_Party)" title="Five Families (Conservative Party)">Five Families</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Conservative_Party_MPs_(UK)" title="List of Conservative Party MPs (UK)">List of MPs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Conservative_MPs_(2005%E2%80%932010)" title="List of United Kingdom Conservative MPs (2005–2010)">2005–2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_Conservative_MPs_(2010%E2%80%932015)" title="List of United Kingdom Conservative MPs (2010–2015)">2010–2015</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Conservative_Party_MPs_in_London" title="List of Conservative Party MPs in London">London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Think_tanks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Think tanks</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_Group" title="Bow Group">Bow Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Blue_(organisation)" title="Bright Blue (organisation)">Bright Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruges_Group_(United_Kingdom)" title="Bruges Group (United Kingdom)">Bruges Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Policy_Studies" title="Centre for Policy Studies">Centre for Policy Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Social_Justice" title="Centre for Social Justice">Centre for Social Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Foundation_(think_tank)" title="European Foundation (think tank)">European Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onward_(think_tank)" title="Onward (think tank)">Onward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Exchange" title="Policy Exchange">Policy Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Conservative_Lawyers" title="Society of Conservative Lawyers">Society of Conservative Lawyers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;"><div id="Party_alliances" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Party alliances</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>List of current alliances<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_Democrat_Union" title="European Democrat Union">European Democrat Union</a>)<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_Group_and_Democratic_Alliance" title="European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance">European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#0087DC;color:white; line-height:1.1em;">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>List of former alliances<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative%E2%80%93DUP_agreement" title="Conservative–DUP agreement">Conservative–DUP agreement</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party_Group" title="European People's Party Group">European People's Party Group</a>)<br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives" title="European Conservatives">European Conservative Group</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Group" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Group">European Conservatives and Reformists Group</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democrats" title="European Democrats">European Democrats</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_European_Reform" title="Movement for European Reform">Movement for European Reform</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_an_Open_Europe" title="Alliance for an Open Europe">Alliance for an Open Europe</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Conservatives_and_Unionists" title="Ulster Conservatives and Unionists">Ulster Conservatives and Unionists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#0087DC;color:white;;background:white; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000, inset -1px -1px 0 #000;"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rudyard_Kipling" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rudyard_Kipling" title="Template:Rudyard Kipling"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rudyard_Kipling" title="Template talk:Rudyard Kipling"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rudyard_Kipling" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rudyard Kipling"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rudyard_Kipling" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Light_That_Failed" title="The Light That Failed">The Light That Failed</a></i> (1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Naulahka:_A_Story_of_West_and_East" title="The Naulahka: A Story of West and East">The Naulahka: A Story of West and East</a></i> (co-author, <a href="/wiki/Wolcott_Balestier" title="Wolcott Balestier">Wolcott Balestier</a>, 1892)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Captains_Courageous" title="Captains Courageous">Captains Courageous</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kim_(novel)" title="Kim (novel)">Kim</a></i> (1901)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Plain_Tales_from_the_Hills" title="Plain Tales from the Hills">Plain Tales from the Hills</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soldiers_Three" title="Soldiers Three">Soldiers Three</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Gadsbys" title="The Story of the Gadsbys">The Story of the Gadsbys</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Black_and_White_(short_story_collection)" title="In Black and White (short story collection)">In Black and White</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Phantom_%27Rickshaw_and_Other_Tales" title="The Phantom 'Rickshaw and Other Tales">The Phantom 'Rickshaw and Other Tales</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Under_the_Deodars" title="Under the Deodars">Under the Deodars</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wee_Willie_Winkie_and_Other_Child_Stories" title="Wee Willie Winkie and Other Child Stories">Wee Willie Winkie and Other Child Stories</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/From_Sea_to_Sea_and_Other_Sketches,_Letters_of_Travel" title="From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches, Letters of Travel">From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches, Letters of Travel</a></i> (1889)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barrack-Room_Ballads" title="Barrack-Room Ballads">Barrack-Room Ballads</a></i> (1892, poetry)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Many_Inventions" title="Many Inventions">Many Inventions</a></i> (1893)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book" title="The Jungle Book">The Jungle Book</a></i> (1894) <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Mowgli%27s_Brothers" title="Mowgli's Brothers">Mowgli's Brothers</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Kaa%27s_Hunting" title="Kaa's Hunting">Kaa's Hunting</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tiger!_Tiger!_(Kipling_short_story)" title="Tiger! Tiger! (Kipling short story)">Tiger! Tiger!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Rikki-Tikki-Tavi" title="Rikki-Tikki-Tavi">Rikki-Tikki-Tavi</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Jungle_Book" title="The Second Jungle Book">The Second Jungle Book</a></i> (1895) <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Letting_in_the_Jungle" title="Letting in the Jungle">Letting in the Jungle</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Red_Dog_(Kipling_short_story)" title="Red Dog (Kipling short story)">Red Dog</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Mowgli_Stories" title="All the Mowgli Stories">All the Mowgli Stories</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1895</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Seas_(poetry_collection)" title="The Seven Seas (poetry collection)">The Seven Seas</a></i> (1896, poetry)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Day%27s_Work" title="The Day's Work">The Day's Work</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stalky_%26_Co." title="Stalky & Co.">Stalky & Co.</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Just_So_Stories" title="Just So Stories">Just So Stories</a></i> (1902)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Nations" title="The Five Nations">The Five Nations</a></i> (1903, poetry)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puck_of_Pook%27s_Hill" title="Puck of Pook's Hill">Puck of Pook's Hill</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rewards_and_Fairies" title="Rewards and Fairies">Rewards and Fairies</a></i> (1910)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fringes_of_the_Fleet" title="The Fringes of the Fleet">The Fringes of the Fleet</a></i> (1915, non-fiction)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Debits_and_Credits_(book)" title="Debits and Credits (book)">Debits and Credits</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Limits_and_Renewals" title="Limits and Renewals">Limits and Renewals</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling%27s_Verse:_Definitive_Edition" title="Rudyard Kipling's Verse: Definitive Edition">Rudyard Kipling's Verse: Definitive Edition</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_of_Kipling%27s_Verse" title="A Choice of Kipling's Verse">A Choice of Kipling's Verse</a></i> (by T. S. Eliot, 1941)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Absent-Minded_Beggar" title="The Absent-Minded Beggar">The Absent-Minded Beggar</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Ballad_of_the_%22Clampherdown%22" title="The Ballad of the "Clampherdown"">The Ballad of the 'Clampherdown'</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Ballad_of_East_and_West" title="The Ballad of East and West">The Ballad of East and West</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Beginnings" title="The Beginnings">The Beginnings</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Buoy" title="The Bell Buoy">The Bell Buoy</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Betrothed_(poem)" title="The Betrothed (poem)">The Betrothed</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Big_Steamers" title="Big Steamers">Big Steamers</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Boots_(poem)" title="Boots (poem)">Boots</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cold_Iron_(poem)" title="Cold Iron (poem)">Cold Iron</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dane-geld_(poem)" title="Dane-geld (poem)">Dane-geld</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Danny_Deever" title="Danny Deever">Danny Deever</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Death-Bed" title="A Death-Bed">A Death-Bed</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Female_of_the_Species_(poem)" title="The Female of the Species (poem)">The Female of the Species</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Fuzzy-Wuzzy" title="Fuzzy-Wuzzy">Fuzzy-Wuzzy</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gentleman_ranker" title="Gentleman ranker">Gentleman ranker</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Gods_of_the_Copybook_Headings" title="The Gods of the Copybook Headings">The Gods of the Copybook Headings</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gunga_Din" title="Gunga Din">Gunga Din</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hymn_Before_Action" title="Hymn Before Action">Hymn Before Action</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/If%E2%80%94" title="If—">If—</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/In_the_Neolithic_Age" title="In the Neolithic Age">In the Neolithic Age</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Pilgrimage" title="The King's Pilgrimage">The King's Pilgrimage</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Last_of_the_Light_Brigade" title="The Last of the Light Brigade">The Last of the Light Brigade</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Lowestoft_Boat" title="The Lowestoft Boat">The Lowestoft Boat</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Mandalay_(poem)" title="Mandalay (poem)">Mandalay</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Mary_Gloster" title="The Mary Gloster">The <i>Mary Gloster</i></a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/McAndrew%27s_Hymn" title="McAndrew's Hymn">McAndrew's Hymn</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/My_Boy_Jack_(poem)" title="My Boy Jack (poem)">My Boy Jack</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Recessional_(poem)" title="Recessional (poem)">Recessional</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Song_in_Storm" title="A Song in Storm">A Song in Storm</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Sons_of_Martha" title="The Sons of Martha">The Sons of Martha</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Submarines_(poem)" title="Submarines (poem)">Submarines</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Sweepers_(poem)" title="The Sweepers (poem)">The Sweepers</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tommy_(Kipling_poem)" title="Tommy (Kipling poem)">Tommy</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ubique_(poem)" title="Ubique (poem)">Ubique</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_White_Man%27s_Burden" title="The White Man's Burden">The White Man's Burden</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/.007" title=".007">.007</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Arrest_of_Lieutenant_Golightly" title="The Arrest of Lieutenant Golightly">The Arrest of Lieutenant Golightly</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Baa_Baa,_Black_Sheep_(short_story)" title="Baa Baa, Black Sheep (short story)">Baa Baa, Black Sheep</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bread_upon_the_Waters" title="Bread upon the Waters">Bread upon the Waters</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Broken-Link_Handicap" title="The Broken-Link Handicap">The Broken-Link Handicap</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Butterfly_that_Stamped" title="The Butterfly that Stamped">The Butterfly that Stamped</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consequences_(Kipling_story)" title="Consequences (Kipling story)">Consequences</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Conversion_of_Aurelian_McGoggin" title="The Conversion of Aurelian McGoggin">The Conversion of Aurelian McGoggin</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cupid%27s_Arrows" title="Cupid's Arrows">Cupid's Arrows</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Devil_and_the_Deep_Sea" title="The Devil and the Deep Sea">The Devil and the Deep Sea</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Drums_of_the_Fore_and_Aft" title="The Drums of the Fore and Aft">The Drums of the Fore and Aft</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Fairy-Kist" title="Fairy-Kist">Fairy-Kist</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/False_Dawn_(short_story)" title="False Dawn (short story)">False Dawn</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Germ-Destroyer" title="A Germ-Destroyer">A Germ-Destroyer</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/His_Chance_in_Life" title="His Chance in Life">His Chance in Life</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/His_Wedded_Wife" title="His Wedded Wife">His Wedded Wife</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/In_the_House_of_Suddhoo" title="In the House of Suddhoo">In the House of Suddhoo</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Kidnapped_(short_story)" title="Kidnapped (short story)">Kidnapped</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Learoyd,_Mulvaney_and_Ortheris" title="Learoyd, Mulvaney and Ortheris">Learoyd, Mulvaney and Ortheris</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lispeth" title="Lispeth">Lispeth</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Would_Be_King" title="The Man Who Would Be King">The Man Who Would Be King</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Matter_of_Fact" title="A Matter of Fact">A Matter of Fact</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Miss_Youghal%27s_Sais" title="Miss Youghal's Sais">Miss Youghal's Sais</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Mother_Hive" title="The Mother Hive">The Mother Hive</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Other_Man_(short_story)" title="The Other Man (short story)">The Other Man</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Rescue_of_Pluffles" title="The Rescue of Pluffles">The Rescue of Pluffles</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Ship_that_Found_Herself" title="The Ship that Found Herself">The Ship that Found Herself</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Sing-Song_of_Old_Man_Kangaroo" title="The Sing-Song of Old Man Kangaroo">The Sing-Song of Old Man Kangaroo</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Taking_of_Lungtungpen" title="The Taking of Lungtungpen">The Taking of Lungtungpen</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Three_and_%E2%80%93_an_Extra" title="Three and – an Extra">Three and – an Extra</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Three_Musketeers_(short_story)" title="The Three Musketeers (short story)">The Three Musketeers</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Thrown_Away" title="Thrown Away">Thrown Away</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Toomai_of_the_Elephants" title="Toomai of the Elephants">Toomai of the Elephants</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Watches_of_the_Night" title="Watches of the Night">Watches of the Night</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Wireless_(short_story)" title="Wireless (short story)">Wireless</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Yoked_with_an_Unbeliever" title="Yoked with an Unbeliever">Yoked with an Unbeliever</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling_bibliography" title="Rudyard Kipling bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateman%27s" title="Bateman's">Bateman's (house)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Railway_Library" title="Indian Railway Library">Indian Railway Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_of_the_Calling_of_an_Engineer" title="Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer">Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Ring" title="Iron Ring">Iron Ring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_jungle" title="Law of the jungle">Law of the jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_Board_of_Control" title="Aerial Board of Control">Aerial Board of Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Boy_Jack_(play)" title="My Boy Jack (play)"><i>My Boy Jack</i></a> (1997 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling:_A_Remembrance_Tale" title="Rudyard Kipling: A Remembrance Tale">Rudyard Kipling: A Remembrance Tale</a></i> (2006 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Boy_Jack_(film)" title="My Boy Jack (film)"><i>My Boy Jack</i></a> (2007 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Starr_Balestier_Kipling" title="Caroline Starr Balestier Kipling">Caroline Starr Balestier Kipling</a> <small>(wife)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsie_Bambridge" title="Elsie Bambridge">Elsie Bambridge</a> <small>(daughter)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kipling" title="John Kipling">John Kipling</a> <small>(son)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lockwood_Kipling" title="John Lockwood Kipling">John Lockwood Kipling</a> <small>(father)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacDonald_sisters" title="MacDonald sisters">MacDonald sisters</a> <small>(mother's family)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stanley Baldwin</a> <small>(cousin)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgiana_Burne-Jones" title="Georgiana Burne-Jones">Georgiana Burne-Jones</a> <small>(aunt)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones" title="Edward Burne-Jones">Edward Burne-Jones</a> <small>(uncle)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Burne-Jones" title="Philip Burne-Jones">Philip Burne-Jones</a> <small>(cousin)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Poynter" title="Edward Poynter">Edward Poynter</a> <small>(uncle)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baldwin_(politician)" title="Alfred Baldwin (politician)">Alfred Baldwin</a> <small>(uncle)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Cambridge" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Cambridge" title="Template:Chancellors of the University of Cambridge"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Cambridge" title="Template talk:Chancellors of the University of Cambridge"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Cambridge" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chancellors of the University of Cambridge"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Cambridge" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellors of the University of Cambridge">Chancellors of the University of Cambridge</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Wetheringsett" title="Richard of Wetheringsett">Richard of Wetheringsett</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_de_Hotton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh de Hotton (page does not exist)">Hugh de Hotton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Gerninghall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reginald Gerninghall (page does not exist)">Reginald Gerninghall</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hepworth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Hepworth (page does not exist)">Stephen Hepworth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_de_Ludham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William de Ludham (page does not exist)">William de Ludham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_de_Gedney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard de Gedney (page does not exist)">Richard de Gedney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dryfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Dryfield (page does not exist)">Richard Dryfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Asgarby" title="John de Asgarby">John de Asgarby</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hooke_(academic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hooke (academic) (page does not exist)">John Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_de_Fulbourn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger de Fulbourn (page does not exist)">Roger de Fulbourn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_de_Gisleham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew de Gisleham (page does not exist)">Andrew de Gisleham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sheringham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Sheringham (page does not exist)">Thomas Sheringham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hepworth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Hepworth (page does not exist)">Stephen Hepworth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_de_Leicester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralph de Leicester (page does not exist)">Ralph de Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_de_Boyton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry de Boyton (page does not exist)">Henry de Boyton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Bradenham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Bradenham (page does not exist)">John de Bradenham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_de_Sheringham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas de Sheringham (page does not exist)">Thomas de Sheringham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hepworth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Hepworth (page does not exist)">Stephen Hepworth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Haslingfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Haslingfield (page does not exist)">Stephen Haslingfield</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_de_Segrace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen de Segrace (page does not exist)">Stephen de Segrace</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Haslingfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Haslingfield (page does not exist)">Stephen Haslingfield</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_de_Ashton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard de Ashton (page does not exist)">Richard de Ashton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Northburgh" title="Roger Northburgh">Roger Northburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Badew" title="Richard Badew">Richard de Badew</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_de_Foxton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas de Foxton (page does not exist)">Thomas de Foxton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_de_Winwick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert de Winwick (page does not exist)">Robert de Winwick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_de_Winwick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert de Winwick (page does not exist)">Robert de Winwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Langley" title="John de Langley">John de Langley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_de_Mildenhall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert de Mildenhall (page does not exist)">Robert de Mildenhall</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_de_Herwarden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry de Herwarden (page does not exist)">Henry de Herwarden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Harling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Harling (page does not exist)">Richard Harling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_de_Claydon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert de Claydon (page does not exist)">Robert de Claydon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_de_Northwood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas de Northwood (page does not exist)">Thomas de Northwood</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_de_Northwood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas de Northwood (page does not exist)">Thomas de Northwood</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Crakhall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Crakhall (page does not exist)">John de Crakhall</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_de_Grantchester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas de Grantchester (page does not exist)">Thomas de Grantchester</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_de_Lymbergh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William de Lymbergh (page does not exist)">William de Lymbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Harling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Harling (page does not exist)">Richard Harling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_of_Grantchester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony of Grantchester (page does not exist)">Anthony of Grantchester</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Tynkell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Tynkell (page does not exist)">William Tynkell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sutton_(chancellor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Sutton (chancellor) (page does not exist)">Thomas Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_de_Wetherset&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard de Wetherset (page does not exist)">Richard de Wetherset</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_de_Haynton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael de Haynton (page does not exist)">Michael de Haynton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_de_Causton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael de Causton (page does not exist)">Michael de Causton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_de_Gotham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William de Gotham (page does not exist)">William de Gotham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_de_Stewkley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas de Stewkley (page does not exist)">Thomas de Stewkley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Donwich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Donwich (page does not exist)">John de Donwich</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_de_Lakenheath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam de Lakenheath (page does not exist)">Adam de Lakenheath</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Donwich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Donwich (page does not exist)">John de Donwich</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_de_Gotham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William de Gotham (page does not exist)">William de Gotham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Scrope_(chancellor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Scrope (chancellor) (page does not exist)">Richard Scrope</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eudo_Zouche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eudo Zouche (page does not exist)">Eudo Zouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cavendish" title="John Cavendish">John Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guy_Zouche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guy Zouche (page does not exist)">Guy Zouche</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Bromyard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Bromyard (page does not exist)">John de Bromyard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_of_Neketon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John of Neketon (page does not exist)">John of Neketon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Burgh_(Cambridge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Burgh (Cambridge) (page does not exist)">John de Burgh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hetherset&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Hetherset (page does not exist)">Thomas Hetherset</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Burgh_(Cambridge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Burgh (Cambridge) (page does not exist)">John de Burgh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Colvile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Colvile (page does not exist)">William Colvile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dereham_(Cambridge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Dereham (Cambridge) (page does not exist)">Richard Dereham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Colvile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Colvile (page does not exist)">William Colvile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Neketon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Neketon (page does not exist)">John de Neketon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Colvile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Colvile (page does not exist)">William Colvile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guy_Zouche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guy Zouche (page does not exist)">Guy Zouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Billingford" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Billingford">Richard Billingford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dereham_(Cambridge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Dereham (Cambridge) (page does not exist)">Richard Dereham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Billingford" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Billingford">Richard Billingford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_le_Scrope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen le Scrope (page does not exist)">Stephen le Scrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rickingale" title="John Rickingale">John de Rickingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Cobham" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas of Cobham">Thomas of Cobham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fitzhugh" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Fitzhugh">Robert Fitzhugh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Wymbell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Wymbell (page does not exist)">William Wymbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmaduke_Lumley" title="Marmaduke Lumley">Marmaduke Lumley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Holeroke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Holeroke (page does not exist)">John Holeroke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lascells&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Lascells (page does not exist)">William Lascells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Billingford" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Billingford">Richard Billingford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Cawdray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Cawdray (page does not exist)">Richard Cawdray</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Langton,_Bishop_of_St_David&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Langton, Bishop of St David (page does not exist)">John Langton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Kenton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicholas Kenton (page does not exist)">Nicholas Kenton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Langton_(chancellor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Langton (chancellor) (page does not exist)">John Langton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Ascogh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Ascogh (page does not exist)">Robert Ascogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Close" title="Nicholas Close">Nicholas Close</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Percy_(bishop)" title="William Percy (bishop)">William Percy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Booth" title="Lawrence Booth">Lawrence Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Wilflete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Wilflete (page does not exist)">William Wilflete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodlark" title="Robert Woodlark">Robert Woodlark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Scroope" title="Richard Scroope">Richard Scroope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodlark" title="Robert Woodlark">Robert Woodlark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Booth_(bishop)" title="John Booth (bishop)">John Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Wilflete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Wilflete (page does not exist)">William Wilflete</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Harrison_(chancellor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Harrison (chancellor) (page does not exist)">John Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Wilflete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Wilflete (page does not exist)">William Wilflete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Story" title="Edward Story">Edward Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rotherham" title="Thomas Rotherham">Thomas Rotherham (or Scot)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Story" title="Edward Story">Edward Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rotherham" title="Thomas Rotherham">Thomas Rotherham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Boynton_(Cambridge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Boynton (Cambridge) (page does not exist)">John Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rotherham" title="Thomas Rotherham">Thomas Rotherham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cosyn" title="Thomas Cosyn">Thomas Cosyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blythe_(bishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Blythe (bishop)">John Blythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fitzhugh_(dean)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Fitzhugh (dean)">George Fitzhugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rotherham" title="Thomas Rotherham">Thomas Rotherham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Foxe" title="Richard Foxe">Richard Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fitzhugh_(dean)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Fitzhugh (dean)">George Fitzhugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ruthall" title="Thomas Ruthall">Thomas Ruthall (or Rowthall)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Thomas Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gardiner" title="Stephen Gardiner">Stephen Gardiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Seymour,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset">Edward Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dudley,_1st_Duke_of_Northumberland" title="John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland">The Duke of Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gardiner" title="Stephen Gardiner">Stephen Gardiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Pole" title="Reginald Pole">Reginald Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley" title="William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley">The Lord Burghley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Devereux,_2nd_Earl_of_Essex" title="Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex">The Earl of Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury">The Earl of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Northampton" title="Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton">The Earl of Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Suffolk" title="Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk">The Earl of Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham">The Duke of Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Rich,_1st_Earl_of_Holland" title="Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland">The Earl of Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Montagu,_2nd_Earl_of_Manchester" title="Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester">The Earl of Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_St_John" title="Oliver St John">Oliver St John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Montagu,_2nd_Earl_of_Manchester" title="Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester">The Duke of Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham">The Duke of Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Scott,_1st_Duke_of_Monmouth" title="James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth">The Duke of Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Monck,_2nd_Duke_of_Albemarle" title="Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albemarle">The Duke of Albemarle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Seymour,_6th_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset">The Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">The Duke of Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_FitzRoy,_3rd_Duke_of_Grafton" title="Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton">The Duke of Grafton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Frederick,_Duke_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh">HRH The Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pratt,_1st_Marquess_Camden" title="John Pratt, 1st Marquess Camden">The Marquess Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Percy,_3rd_Duke_of_Northumberland" title="Hugh Percy, 3rd Duke of Northumberland">The Duke of Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">HRH The Prince Consort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_7th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire">The Duke of Devonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">The Duke of Devonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">The Lord Rayleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">The Earl of Balfour</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Earl Baldwin of Bewdley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tedder,_1st_Baron_Tedder" title="Arthur Tedder, 1st Baron Tedder">The Lord Tedder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian,_1st_Baron_Adrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian">The Lord Adrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">HRH The Duke of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sainsbury" class="mw-redirect" title="David Sainsbury">The Lord Sainsbury of Turville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166635#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166635#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166635#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118652117">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50017584">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125602781">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125602781">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620316">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Baldwin, Stanley <1867-1947>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV275512">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35012701">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981000191&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/119291">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070210918">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90871887">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=244197">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/rp350pz95f7m1v5">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810646594905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007258017705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/789598">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118652117.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118652117">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/034899286">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6000n4g">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&oldid=1259538066">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Baldwin&oldid=1259538066</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stanley_Baldwin" title="Category:Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1867_births" title="Category:1867 births">1867 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1947_deaths" title="Category:1947 deaths">1947 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:20th-century prime ministers of the United Kingdom">20th-century prime ministers of the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abdication_of_Edward_VIII" title="Category:Abdication of Edward 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