Epigenetics Research

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <noscript><style>form.antibot * :not(.antibot-message) { display: none !important; }</style> </noscript><meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile" /> <meta name="description" content="Epigenetics refers to modifications in gene expression that do not result from changes in the DNA nucleotide sequence. Learn about epigenetic mechanisms." /> <meta name="keywords" content="Epigenetics" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.bio-techne.com/research-areas/epigenetics" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Bio-Techne" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.bio-techne.com/research-areas/epigenetics" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/brands/bio-techne-og.png" /> <meta name="published-date" content="1692779988" /> <meta name="brand" content="R&D Systems Novus Biologicals Tocris Bioscience" /> <meta name="research-area" content="Epigenetics" /> <meta name="product-category" content="Antibodies Small Molecules" /> <meta name="revision-date" content="1721740989" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <script type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://www.bio-techne.com/research-areas/epigenetics", "breadcrumb": { "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "name": "Home", "item": "https://www.bio-techne.com/" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 2, "name": "Research Areas", "item": "https://www.bio-techne.com/research-areas" } ] } } ] }</script> <meta http-equiv="x-dns-prefetch-control" content="on" /> <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://www.bio-techne.com/research-areas/epigenetics" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-hans" href="https://www.bio-techne.com/cn/research-areas/epigenetics" /> <link rel="icon" href="/themes/custom/bio_techne_global/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://resources.bio-techne.com" /> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://resources.tocris.com" /> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://i.icomoon.io" /> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn.icomoon.io" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://connect.facebook.net" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://resources.bio-techne.com" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://snap.licdn.com" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://www.google-analytics.com" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://munchkin.marketo.net" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://resources.tocris.com" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://i.icomoon.io" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://cdn.icomoon.io" /> <title>Epigenetics Research | Bio-Techne</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_ZxgPvtjfU58dVOS4x7hBdmXFv-da3Cr5fEZJ4OaYVB4.css?delta=0&language=en&theme=bio_techne_global&include=eJxNzmFuwyAMBeALQTiSZcBNvDiYGuiUnX5J06399aTP0vMzalVL4wdBxygEN5ZOFuzf_dNd21unLURs5CIrdEpLIZhFI0q4wre-C5fZfd0H2Q6DoVUu5eh7pUuqKxMU7XzjhJ21hMv8p_komlZX0XA2rEsL2UZFmd4yjVJHFG4LZSe46-gQB0s-vvVvTSrQKJ1lLgr-7EEU8zmumuaR-nFFS0u4AiKe47aNLBHcB6dV7az6M_-26TnuF94DfJ4" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_d9gn2GRzRb_AMxXfgjVqY5zLMXvuwkXc1qKvoeAAIxE.css?delta=1&language=en&theme=bio_techne_global&include=eJxNzmFuwyAMBeALQTiSZcBNvDiYGuiUnX5J06399aTP0vMzalVL4wdBxygEN5ZOFuzf_dNd21unLURs5CIrdEpLIZhFI0q4wre-C5fZfd0H2Q6DoVUu5eh7pUuqKxMU7XzjhJ21hMv8p_komlZX0XA2rEsL2UZFmd4yjVJHFG4LZSe46-gQB0s-vvVvTSrQKJ1lLgr-7EEU8zmumuaR-nFFS0u4AiKe47aNLBHcB6dV7az6M_-26TnuF94DfJ4" /> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/9511","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"gtm":{"tagId":null,"settings":{"data_layer":"dataLayer","include_environment":false},"tagIds":["GTM-N2MWQDR"]},"gtag":{"tagId":"","consentMode":false,"otherIds":[],"events":[],"additionalConfigInfo":[]},"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"eJxtk-2W3CAIhm9Ix0vyoGGiHSMWcXazV1_yMZltu38UHsDzQkjI5AVjqujnQgGKC0TShaH5OFUT_osfl-2yllznHxJypIXop9ICX6stBNMWO0MlP9HDjFXcBe0G7Q7VDAy8mrAVu_087Vig95K7nP7x8G42Kus9l_JymZbc8fQY7qf1gaGpSbQwQky-5U8sbgKBAiuybaMnZBPEY01QI04etbkFOaILYl_UXtT2LPiRJ7T4VPXdXOlXxjGLK-B_jxwfxBPyO-fNbiovPjSbHhl9Jcn3HEEyVXcw-53ZI_vqwAVM8MzE3aBOS3L0DST50ZE9xEhDNbrTsIwyuNqmg9ex14eZieaCXmB2sx7_-jf4BZ9_w8XkKsh1VwMlf72k6vu82o4FoxwqbSsQMVHRLo2qpSE-jLy5Tj4oUvFdk7XcNGCYdSNTdxOPBuX2JrdR2wi6Bgknox96GlG0EDgmd1w-ABvG3qj2bdkEgurV9VCh7s3tzk1fu-DiAui-7GPK9U68HH1swH4Dr7_gD6_YSNg","theme":"bio_techne_global","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":[],"dataLayer":{"defaultLang":"en","languages":{"en":{"id":"en","name":"English","direction":"ltr","weight":0},"zh-hans":{"id":"zh-hans","name":"Chinese, Simplified","direction":"ltr","weight":1},"ja":{"id":"ja","name":"Japanese","direction":"ltr","weight":2}}},"internationalization":{"origin":{"id":"cn","label":"CN","country_name":"China","alternate_spellings":"CN","country_enabled":true,"country_encased":true,"commerce_enabled":false,"credit_cards_enabled":true,"region":"China","currency":"USD","localities":"","phone_pattern":"","country_shipping":"*","shipping_delay":3,"country_contact_message":"To find your local distributor please use the province filter on the left hand menu.","product_block_message":"","default_language_setting":"zh-hans","default_contact_email":""},"languagePrefix":"\/"},"bloomreach_pixel":{"br_info":{"acct_id":"6368","domain_key":"biotechne"},"page_info":{"ptype":"content"},"order_info":{"order_id":""},"user_info":{"uid":0},"searchbar":{"enabled":"1","form":".product-search-form","input":"#edit-keywords"},"atc":{"enabled":"1","form":".add-to-cart-block"}},"blazy":{"loadInvisible":false,"offset":100,"saveViewportOffsetDelay":50,"validateDelay":25,"loader":true,"unblazy":false,"visibleClass":false},"blazyIo":{"disconnect":false,"rootMargin":"0px","threshold":[0,0.25,0.5,0.75,1]},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"085655eba91c5b5dd7808236555504ceb824f9fddd71e3c0265b4003df711142"}}</script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_VXwrJf_GoEAY9I4SWeDh30VrU0-JgQhDzf_eoQcyzA4.js?scope=header&delta=0&language=en&theme=bio_techne_global&include=eJxtUltywzAIvJBVHUmDZGLTYKFBOIl7-srPSR8_YlkYWECRxDCNGQPTAwMMmM3Hk3Qr6TaywaigS9eDAcOC6iOO8CDR2iFDNUqhgI1hrqgBUpI5W_UHcIo2a3alFWul8r1rTcLRemCJwD6KWDWFElKf_4nvxlVbWoGhG0QGxmAw-MGmny4Mv_0P-IRXFy1gHiEn7AMmmSbUhD6aO1l3sa6S4ZN6dPho89fuSr8ydkEtIHfCkMXoRgmMJPudc--ciyypzc0ikyKkMRR6Iftroa7MdURtGfC1-O09MAv0ByzCy42YDze1zVemamdYZaKKh6dwO9ATY-lasJ-ThYqgafS7CRG0o2yoeZMJTF_nDO1wuriKjMl2-a4wJByF-1XonxOtvdymdvsFlG-i015tJdwbcd7xG70D-wA"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/google_tag/js/gtm.js?snbwxk"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/google_tag/js/gtag.js?snbwxk"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_noO6VL3JUON9fTBkbqcAjEkLsfpTqx94dWIfXpNxuMg.js?scope=header&delta=3&language=en&theme=bio_techne_global&include=eJxtUltywzAIvJBVHUmDZGLTYKFBOIl7-srPSR8_YlkYWECRxDCNGQPTAwMMmM3Hk3Qr6TaywaigS9eDAcOC6iOO8CDR2iFDNUqhgI1hrqgBUpI5W_UHcIo2a3alFWul8r1rTcLRemCJwD6KWDWFElKf_4nvxlVbWoGhG0QGxmAw-MGmny4Mv_0P-IRXFy1gHiEn7AMmmSbUhD6aO1l3sa6S4ZN6dPho89fuSr8ydkEtIHfCkMXoRgmMJPudc--ciyypzc0ikyKkMRR6Iftroa7MdURtGfC1-O09MAv0ByzCy42YDze1zVemamdYZaKKh6dwO9ATY-lasJ-ThYqgafS7CRG0o2yoeZMJTF_nDO1wuriKjMl2-a4wJByF-1XonxOtvdymdvsFlG-i015tJdwbcd7xG70D-wA"></script> </head> <body class="node-9511 node-type-hero-page"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable"> Skip to main content </a> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-N2MWQDR" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <div id="page-wrapper"> <div id="page"> <header id="header" class="header" role="banner" aria-label="Site header"> <div class="section layout-container clearfix"> <section id="site-header__top"> <div class="container-fluid container-wide"> <div class="row m___navigation-utility-top"> <div class="col-xl-2 col-lg-12 text-xl-left text-lg-center"> <div id="site-header__logo" class="valign d-none d-lg-block mb-md-3"> <div> <div id="block-sitebranding" class="site-branding system_branding_block"> <a href="/" title="Home" rel="home" class="site-branding__logo"> <img width="160" height="28" src="/themes/custom/bio_techne_global/logo.svg" alt="Home" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col d-none d-xl-block text-lg-left text-md-center"> <div class="utility-bar-tagline rotating-text position-absolute"> <p class="ml-xl-4 bt-px_groteskbold text-white mb-0"> Global Developer, Manufacturer, and Supplier of High-Quality<br/> Reagents, Analytical Instruments, and Precision Diagnostics. </p> </div> <div class="utility-bar-brands rotating-text position-absolute ml-xl-4 text-white mb-0"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-2"> <div class="bt-px_groteskbold valign utility-bar-includes">INCLUDES</div> </div> <div class="col-lg-10 col-md-auto bt-inter"> <span class="mr-3">R&D Systems<sup>TM</sup></span> <span class="mr-3">Novus Biologicals<sup>TM</sup></span> <span class="mr-3">Tocris Bioscience<sup>TM</sup></span><br/> <span class="mr-3">ProteinSimple<sup>TM</sup></span> <span class="mr-3">ACD<sup>TM</sup></span> <span class="mr-3">ExosomeDx<sup>TM</sup></span> <span class="mr-3">Asuragen<sup style="font-size:11px;">®</sup></span> <span>Lunaphore<sup>TM</sup></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xl-auto col-lg-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="col text-xl-left text-center"> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col text-xl-left text-center"> <nav id="site-header-top__left m___navigation-language"> <div> <div id="block-i18ncountryselect" class="i18n_country_select"> <div id="country-select-block-placeholder"> <div id="country-select-block-spinner" class="spinner-border spinner-border-sm mt-3 ml-3" role="status"> <span class="sr-only">Loading...</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div id="hero-banner" class="position-relative"> <div id="header-wrapper" class="position-absolute w-100"> <section id="site-header__middle"> <div class="container-fluid container-wide"> <div class="row search-row"> <div id="hamburger-col" class="col-3 col-sm-3 col-md-2 d-block d-lg-none"> <button class="navbar-toggler collapsed" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="icon-bar top-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar middle-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar bottom-bar"></span> </button> </div> <div class="col-6 col-sm-6 col-md-8 d-block d-lg-none text-center"> <div id="site-header__logo" class="vertical-align mb-3"> <div> <div id="block-sitebranding" class="site-branding system_branding_block"> <a href="/" title="Home" rel="home" class="site-branding__logo"> <img width="160" height="28" src="/themes/custom/bio_techne_global/logo.svg" alt="Home" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="tools-col" class="col-3 col-md-12 col-lg-auto order-sm-1 order-md-12 order-lg-12"> <div id="site-header__tools" class="vertical-align"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="d-flex justify-content-end justify-content-md-center justify-content-lg-end"> <div class="text-right order-3 cart-not-available user_cart_information_block" id="block-biotechnecartinformation"> <span ></span> </div> <div class="mr-3 d-none d-md-block order-2 block-quickorderblock quick_order_block" id="block-quickorderblock"> </div> <div class="mr-3 order-1 user_account_information_block" id="block-biotechneuserinformation"> <a class="btn btn-primary" rel="nofollow" href="/account/login" role="button"> <span class="icon icon-bt-icon-user"></span> Sign In / Register </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col order-sm-12 order-md-1 order-lg-1"> <div id="site-header__search">  <section role="search" class="vertical-align"> <div> <div class="block-product-search-form-block product_search_form_block" id="block-product-search-form-block"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12 search-bar mb-md-4"> <form class="product-search-form" action="/search" method="get" id="product-search-form" accept-charset="UTF-8" data-date="2024-11-21 07:11:32"> <div class="container-inline input-group" id="edit-container"> <div class="js-form-type-select"> <select class="dropdown-select text-dark-gray js-search-section-dropdown mr-2 pl-4 pr-5" id="edit-search-type" name="search_type" aria-label="Select search type"> <option value="products">Products</option> <option value="resources">Resources</option> </select> </div> <input placeholder="Search keyword, molecule name, target, catalog number, or product type..." autocomplete="off" class="form-control js-search-bar form-autocomplete form-text required ui-autocomplete-input" title="Search keyword, molecule name, target, catalog number, or product type..." data-autocomplete-path="/ajax/product-search/auto-suggest" type="text" id="product-search-keywords" name="keywords" value="" size="60" maxlength="256" required="required" aria-required="true" data-once="autocomplete" spellcheck="false"> <div class="form-actions" id="edit-actions"> <div class="input-group-append"> <input class="form-submit" type="submit" value=""> </div> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section id="site-header__bottom"> <div class="container-fluid container-wide"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12">  <nav id="main-nav"> <div> <div id="block-bio-techne-global-mainmenublock" class="main_menu_block"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-main-menu" id="block-main-menu" class="contextual-region navbar navbar-expand-md navbar-dark"> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarSupportedContent" data-date="2024-11-22 05:11:30"> <ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto"> <li class="nav-item dropdown d-md-none"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdown-quick-order" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Quick Order <span class="icon-bt-icon-caret-cropped menu-caret js-caret d-inline-block"></span> </a> <div class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-quick-order" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdown-quick-order"> <div class="row"> <a href="/commerce/quickorder" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" title="Quick order form" data-drupal-link-system-path="commerce/quickorder">Quick Order Form</a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdown-research-products" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Research Products <span class="icon-bt-icon-caret-cropped menu-caret js-caret d-inline-block"></span> </a> <div class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-research-products" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdown-research-products"> <div class="row"> <div class="col sub-menu-wrapper"> <div class="sub-menu-header"> Reagents & Kits<span class="icon-keyboard_arrow_down submenu-caret"></span> <hr/> <div class="menu-children-wrap sub-menu-box"> <a href="/reagents/antibodies" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/276">Antibodies</a> <a href="/reagents/cell-culture-reagents" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/156">Cell Culture Reagents</a> <a href="/reagents/compound-libraries" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1096">Compound Libraries</a> <a href="/reagents/elisa-kits" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/176">ELISA Kits</a> <a href="/reagents/elispot-kits" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/141">ELISpot Kits</a> <a href="/reagents/enzymes" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/246">Enzymes</a> <a href="/reagents/fluorescent-dyes-probes" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6191">Fluorescent Dyes and Probes</a> <a href="/reagents/luminex-assays" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/181">Luminex Assays</a> <a href="/reagents/proteins" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/236">Proteins</a> <a href="/reagents/proteome-profiler-antibody-arrays" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/206">Proteome Profiler Antibody Arrays</a> <a href="/reagents/rnascope-ish-technology" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1626">RNAscope ISH Probes & Assays</a> <a href="/reagents/simple-plex-immunoassays" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1531">Simple Plex Immunoassays</a> <a href="/reagents/small-molecules-and-peptides" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/371">Small Molecules & Inhibitors</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col sub-menu-wrapper"> <div class="sub-menu-header"> GMP Products<span class="icon-keyboard_arrow_down submenu-caret"></span> <hr/> <div class="menu-children-wrap sub-menu-box"> <a href="/gmp-products/gmp-proteins" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/511">GMP Proteins</a> <a href="/gmp-products/gmp-small-molecules" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/366">GMP Small Molecules</a> <a href="/gmp-products/gmp-antibodies" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13266">GMP Antibodies</a> <a href="/gmp-products/gmp-capabilities" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" title="GMP Capabilities" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1071">GMP Capabilities</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col sub-menu-wrapper"> <div class="sub-menu-header"> Instruments<span class="icon-keyboard_arrow_down submenu-caret"></span> <hr/> <div class="menu-children-wrap sub-menu-box"> <a href="/brands/proteinsimple" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3281">ProteinSimple Instruments</a> <a href="/instruments/ice" title="Our capillary electrophoresis instruments (icIEF and CE-SDS) provide reproducible quantitative analysis for thorough therapeutic protein characterization." class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/256">iCE Maurice</a> <a href="/instruments/imagers" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/536">Imagers</a> <a href="/instruments/luminex" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/241">Luminex</a> <a href="/instruments/micro-flow-imaging" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/526">Micro-Flow Imaging</a> <a href="/instruments/simple-plex" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/541">Simple Plex Ella</a> <a href="/instruments/simple-western" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/521">Simple Western</a> <a href="/instruments/single-cell-dispensers" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6361">Single Cell Dispensers</a> <a href="/instruments/single-cell-western" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/531">Single-Cell Western</a> <a href="/instruments" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6731">View All Instruments</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col sub-menu-wrapper"> <div class="sub-menu-header"> Applications<span class="icon-keyboard_arrow_down submenu-caret"></span> <hr/> <div class="menu-children-wrap sub-menu-box"> <a href="/methods/bioprocessing" class="dropdown-item text-wrap">Bioprocessing</a> <a href="/applications/crispr" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/9356">CRISPR</a> <a href="/applications/electrophysiology" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/426">Electrophysiology</a> <a href="/applications/flow-cytometry" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/321">Flow Cytometry</a> <a href="/applications/imaging" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10181">Imaging </a> <a href="/applications/immunoassays" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/496">Immunoassays</a> <a href="/resources/instrument-applications" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3341">Instrument Applications</a> <a href="/applications/mass-cytometry" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10071">Mass Cytometry (CyTOF)</a> <a href="/applications/spatial-biology" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13416">Spatial Biology</a> <a href="/applications/vaccine-development" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/566">Vaccine Development</a> <a href="/applications/western-blotting" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/281">Western Blotting</a> <a href="/applications" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6736">View All Applications</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col sub-menu-wrapper"> <div class="sub-menu-header"> Research Areas<span class="icon-keyboard_arrow_down submenu-caret"></span> <hr/> <div class="menu-children-wrap sub-menu-box"> <a href="/research-areas/cancer" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/8791">Cancer</a> <a href="/research-areas/cell-biology" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10661">Cell Biology</a> <a href="/research-areas/cell-and-gene-therapy" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/51">Cell & Gene Therapy</a> <a href="/research-areas/coronavirus" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/576">COVID-19</a> <a href="/research-areas/epigenetics" class="dropdown-item text-wrap is-active" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/9511" aria-current="page">Epigenetics</a> <a href="/research-areas/hypoxia" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/8846">Hypoxia</a> <a href="/research-areas/immunology" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10601">Immunology</a> <a href="/research-areas/immuno-oncology" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/381">Immuno-Oncology</a> <a href="/research-areas/metabolism" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/406">Metabolism</a> <a href="/research-areas/neuroscience" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10591">Neuroscience</a> <a href="/research-areas/organoids-3d-culture" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1452">Organoid and 3-D Culture</a> <a href="/research-areas/stem-cells" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/161">Stem Cells</a> <a href="/research-areas/targeted-protein-degradation" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/376">Targeted Protein Degradation</a> <a href="/research-areas" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6741">View All Research Areas</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdown-therapeutic-manufacturing" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Therapeutic Manufacturing <span class="icon-bt-icon-caret-cropped menu-caret js-caret d-inline-block"></span> </a> <div class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-therapeutic-manufacturing" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdown-therapeutic-manufacturing"> <div class="row"> <div class="col sub-menu-wrapper"> <div class="sub-menu-header"> Reagents & Kits<span class="icon-keyboard_arrow_down submenu-caret"></span> <hr/> <div class="menu-children-wrap sub-menu-box"> <a href="/reagents/cell-culture-reagents/serum-free-animal-free" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3576">Animal-Free Cell Culture</a> <a href="/reagents/elisa-kits" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/176">ELISA Kits</a> <a href="/therapeutic-manufacturing/simple-plex-assays" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" title="Bioprocess impurities and immunotitration" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1311">Simple Plex Immunoassays</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col sub-menu-wrapper"> <div class="sub-menu-header"> GMP Products<span class="icon-keyboard_arrow_down submenu-caret"></span> <hr/> <div class="menu-children-wrap sub-menu-box"> <a href="/gmp-products/gmp-proteins" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/511">GMP Proteins</a> <a href="/gmp-products/gmp-small-molecules" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/366">GMP Small Molecules</a> <a href="/gmp-products/gmp-antibodies" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13266">GMP Antibodies</a> <a href="/gmp-products/gmp-capabilities" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" title="GMP Capabilities" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1071">GMP Capabilities</a> <a href="/gmp-products/ruo-to-gmp" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3421">Transition to GMP </a> <a href="/gmp-products/loa-request" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/13326">DMF/LOA Request</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col sub-menu-wrapper"> <div class="sub-menu-header"> Instruments<span class="icon-keyboard_arrow_down submenu-caret"></span> <hr/> <div class="menu-children-wrap sub-menu-box"> <a href="/brands/proteinsimple" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3281">ProteinSimple Instruments</a> <a href="/instruments/ice" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/256">iCE Maurice</a> <a href="/instruments/imagers" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/536">Imagers</a> <a href="/instruments/luminex" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/241">Luminex</a> <a href="/instruments/micro-flow-imaging" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/526">Micro-Flow Imaging</a> <a href="/instruments/simple-plex" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/541">Simple Plex Ella</a> <a href="/instruments/simple-western" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/521">Simple Western</a> <a href="/instruments/single-cell-dispensers" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6361">Single Cell Dispensers</a> <a href="/instruments/single-cell-western" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/531">Single Cell Western</a> <a href="/instruments" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6731">View All Instruments</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col sub-menu-wrapper"> <div class="sub-menu-header"> Applications<span class="icon-keyboard_arrow_down submenu-caret"></span> <hr/> <div class="menu-children-wrap sub-menu-box"> <a href="/methods/bioprocessing" class="dropdown-item text-wrap">Bioprocessing</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col sub-menu-wrapper"> <div class="sub-menu-header"> Research Areas<span class="icon-keyboard_arrow_down submenu-caret"></span> <hr/> <div class="menu-children-wrap sub-menu-box"> <a href="/research-areas/cell-and-gene-therapy" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/51">Cell & Gene Therapy</a> <a href="/applications/immuno-oncology-clinical" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2066">Immuno-Oncology</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdown-diagnostics" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Diagnostics <span class="icon-bt-icon-caret-cropped menu-caret js-caret d-inline-block"></span> </a> <div class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-diagnostics" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdown-diagnostics"> <div class="row"> <div class="col sub-menu-wrapper"> <div class="sub-menu-header"> Controls & Reagents<span class="icon-keyboard_arrow_down submenu-caret"></span> <hr/> <div class="menu-children-wrap sub-menu-box"> <a href="/diagnostics/clinical-quality-controls" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/7606">Clinical Quality Controls</a> <a href="/diagnostics/molecular-quality-controls" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5596">Molecular Controls</a> <a href="/diagnostics/controls-reagents/rnascope-ish-probe-high-risk-hpv" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5981">RNAscope™ ISH Probe High Risk HPV</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col sub-menu-wrapper"> <div class="sub-menu-header"> Kits<span class="icon-keyboard_arrow_down submenu-caret"></span> <hr/> <div class="menu-children-wrap sub-menu-box"> <a href="/diagnostics/amplidex-genetic-testing-kits" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5581">Genetics</a> <a href="/diagnostics/quantidex-oncology-testing-kits" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5586">Oncology</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col sub-menu-wrapper"> <div class="sub-menu-header"> Technology<span class="icon-keyboard_arrow_down submenu-caret"></span> <hr/> <div class="menu-children-wrap sub-menu-box"> <a href="/diagnostics/exosome" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5486">Exosome Platform</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col sub-menu-wrapper"> <div class="sub-menu-header"> OEM Services<span class="icon-keyboard_arrow_down submenu-caret"></span> <hr/> <div class="menu-children-wrap sub-menu-box"> <a href="/diagnostics/ivd-assay-development" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10881">IVD Assay Development</a> <a href="/diagnostics/ivd-contract-manufacturing" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/7381">IVD Contract Manufacturing</a> <a href="/diagnostics/molecular-quality-controls/oem-and-commercial-services" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6781">Molecular Diagnostic OEM Services</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col sub-menu-wrapper"> <div class="sub-menu-header"> Companion Diagnostics<span class="icon-keyboard_arrow_down submenu-caret"></span> <hr/> <div class="menu-children-wrap sub-menu-box"> <a href="/diagnostics/companion-diagnostics" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5631">Companion Diagnostics Services</a> <a href="/diagnostics/companion-diagnostics/multiomics" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/10616">Multiomics Platform</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdown-services" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Services <span class="icon-bt-icon-caret-cropped menu-caret js-caret d-inline-block"></span> </a> <div class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-services" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdown-services"> <div class="row"> <div class="col sub-menu-wrapper"> <div class="sub-menu-header"> Custom Quotes<span class="icon-keyboard_arrow_down submenu-caret"></span> <hr/> <div class="menu-children-wrap sub-menu-box"> <a href="/services/bulk-quotes" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="services/bulk-quotes">Bulk Quote Discounts</a> <a href="/services/custom-formulation" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="services/custom-formulation">Custom Formulation Quotes</a> <a href="/reagents/rnascope-ish-technology/probes/custom" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12571">RNAscope Custom Probe Design Quote</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col sub-menu-wrapper"> <div class="sub-menu-header"> Custom Services<span class="icon-keyboard_arrow_down submenu-caret"></span> <hr/> <div class="menu-children-wrap sub-menu-box"> <a href="/services/custom-services" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1891">All Custom Services</a> <a href="/services/custom-antibody-services" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/906">Custom Antibody Services</a> <a href="/services/custom-cell-and-gene-therapy-services" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1281">Custom Cell & Gene Therapy Services</a> <a href="/services/custom-compound-library-service" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/2126">Custom Compound Library Services</a> <a href="/services/custom-elisa-services" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/261">Custom ELISA Services</a> <a href="/services/gene-engineering-services-tcbuster" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" title="Gene Engineering Services: Bio-Techne" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1136">Custom Gene Engineering Services</a> <a href="/services/custom-luminex-services" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/271">Custom Luminex Services</a> <a href="/services/custom-protein-services" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1441">Custom Protein Services</a> <a href="/services/custom-simple-plex-services" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6296">Custom Simple Plex Services</a> <a href="/services/custom-targeted-protein-degradation-services" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/861">Custom Targeted Protein Degradation Services</a> <a href="/services/professional-assay-services-rnascope" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/12306">RNAscope Professional Assay Services</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col sub-menu-wrapper"> <div class="sub-menu-header"> Instrument Services<span class="icon-keyboard_arrow_down submenu-caret"></span> <hr/> <div class="menu-children-wrap sub-menu-box"> <a href="/services/certified-service-provider-program" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5446">Certified Service Provider (CSP) Program</a> <a href="/resources/instrument-services" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/5471">Contract Services</a> <a href="/services/instrument-services/simple-western-service-plans" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3181">Simple Western Service Plans</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col sub-menu-wrapper"> <div class="sub-menu-header"> Licensing<span class="icon-keyboard_arrow_down submenu-caret"></span> <hr/> <div class="menu-children-wrap sub-menu-box"> <a href="/services/biotechnology-licensing-partnering" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1101">Biotechnology Licensing and Partnering</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdown-resources" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Resources <span class="icon-bt-icon-caret-cropped menu-caret js-caret d-inline-block"></span> </a> <div class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-resources" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdown-resources"> <div class="row"> <div class="col sub-menu-wrapper"> <div class="sub-menu-header"> Product & Instrument Tools<span class="icon-keyboard_arrow_down submenu-caret"></span> <hr/> <div class="menu-children-wrap sub-menu-box"> <a href="/resources/cofa-finder-tool" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="resources/cofa-finder-tool">Certificate of Analysis (COA) Finder Tool</a> <a href="/resources/calculators" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/7416">Calculators</a> <a href="/resources/flow-cytometry-panel-builder" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/8821">Flow Cytometry Panel Builder</a> <a href="/luminex-assay-customization-tool" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="luminex-assay-customization-tool">Luminex Assay Customization Tool</a> <a href="/resources/product-insert-lookup-tool" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="resources/product-insert-lookup-tool">Product Insert Lookup Tool</a> <a href="/resources/rnascope-citations" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="resources/rnascope-citations">RNAscope Citations</a> <a href="/resources/simple-plex-panel-builder" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="resources/simple-plex-panel-builder">Simple Plex Panel Builder</a> <a href="/resources/simple-western-kit-builder" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="resources/simple-western-kit-builder">Simple Western Kit Builder</a> <a href="/resources/simple-western-antibody-database" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="resources/simple-western-antibody-database">Simple Western Antibody Database</a> <a href="/resources/single-cell-western-antibody-database" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="resources/single-cell-western-antibody-database">Single-Cell Western Antibody Database</a> <a href="/resources/spectra-viewer" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6176">Spectra Viewer</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col sub-menu-wrapper"> <div class="sub-menu-header"> Scientific Resources<span class="icon-keyboard_arrow_down submenu-caret"></span> <hr/> <div class="menu-children-wrap sub-menu-box"> <a href="/resources/blogs" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="resources/blogs">Blogs</a> <a href="/resources/literature" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="resources/literature">Literature</a> <a href="/resources/podcasts/biotech-podcast-back-of-the-napkin" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/8601">Podcasts</a> <a href="/resources/protocols-troubleshooting" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="resources/protocols-troubleshooting">Protocols & Troubleshooting</a> <a href="/resources/scientific-articles" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="resources/scientific-articles">Scientific Articles</a> <a href="/resources/signal-transduction-pathways" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="resources/signal-transduction-pathways">Signal Transduction Pathways</a> <a href="/resources/testimonials" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="resources/testimonials">Testimonials & Interviews</a> <a href="/resources/webinars" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1596">Webinars</a> <a href="/resources/videos" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="resources/videos">Videos</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col sub-menu-wrapper"> <div class="sub-menu-header"> Instrument Resources<span class="icon-keyboard_arrow_down submenu-caret"></span> <hr/> <div class="menu-children-wrap sub-menu-box"> <a href="/resources/instrument-applications" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/3341">Instrument Applications</a> <a href="/resources/instrument-citations" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="resources/instrument-citations">Instrument Citations</a> <a href="/resources/protocols" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="resources/protocols">Instrument Protocols</a> <a href="/resources/instrument-software-download-center" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="resources/instrument-software-download-center">Instrument Software</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdown-about" data-toggle="dropdown" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> About <span class="icon-bt-icon-caret-cropped menu-caret js-caret d-inline-block"></span> </a> <div class="dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-about" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdown-about"> <div class="row"> <div class="col sub-menu-wrapper"> <div class="sub-menu-header"> About Us<span class="icon-keyboard_arrow_down submenu-caret"></span> <hr/> <div class="menu-children-wrap sub-menu-box"> <a href="/welcome-to-bio-techne" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/876">Welcome to Bio-Techne.com!</a> <a href="/about/about-bio-techne" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/16">About Bio-Techne</a> <a href="/brands" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/46">Bio-Techne Brands</a> <a href="/about/corporate-and-social-responsibility" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/61">Corporate & Social Responsibility</a> <a href="https://investors.bio-techne.com/" target="_blank" class="dropdown-item text-wrap">Investor Relations</a> <a href="/about/quality" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/6056">Quality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col sub-menu-wrapper"> <div class="sub-menu-header"> Latest at Bio-Techne<span class="icon-keyboard_arrow_down submenu-caret"></span> <hr/> <div class="menu-children-wrap sub-menu-box"> <a href="/about/careers" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/21">Careers</a> <a href="/about/events" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/786">Events</a> <a href="/programs" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/4621">Programs & Promotions</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col sub-menu-wrapper"> <div class="sub-menu-header"> Support<span class="icon-keyboard_arrow_down submenu-caret"></span> <hr/> <div class="menu-children-wrap sub-menu-box"> <a href="/support/contact-us" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/96">Contact & Support</a> <a href="/distributors" class="dropdown-item text-wrap" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/9936">Distributors</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <section class="paragraph paragraph--type--hero-banner paragraph--view-mode--full paragraph-background-color--dark"> <div class="banner_background_image no-lazy-load" style="background: linear-gradient(to top, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.0) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.90) 100%), url('https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/banners/tocriscreen_background_banner_3.png'); background-position: top center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover;"> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--h1-2-2-text-to-media-multi-cta paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container-fluid container-wide"> <div class="layout layout--twocol-section layout--twocol-section--50-50"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="hero-content-wrap"> <div class="field_block:paragraph:h1_2_2_text_to_media_multi_cta:field_indv_h1"> <div><h1>Epigenetics</h1></div> </div> <div class="field_block:paragraph:h1_2_2_text_to_media_multi_cta:field_lg_sngl_frmtd_text_global"> <div><p>Epigenetic programs play a crucial role in many biological processes, including embryonic development and cellular differentiation and integrate environmental changes at the cellular level. Epigenetic mechanisms are involved in pathologies related to diet, lifestyle and environmental exposure to toxins, including cancer, inflammation and metabolic disorders, and as such provide a wealth of potential therapeutic targets.  Bio-Techne's extensive range of products for epigenetics research includes small molecule modulators, antibodies for identifying modified histones, ELISA kits and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) kits.</p> <p> </p></div> </div> <div class="field_block:paragraph:h1_2_2_text_to_media_multi_cta:field_multi_cta_links"> <div class="mt-3"> <a href="/research-areas/stem-cells" class="text-white" type="link"> <u class="text-white">Stem Cells </u> </a> <span class="text-light"> | </span> <a href="/research-areas/metabolism" class="text-white" type="link"> <u class="text-white">Metabolism</u> </a> <span class="text-light"> | </span> <a href="/research-areas/cancer" class="text-white" type="link"> <u class="text-white">Cancer</u> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div class="hero-content-wrap"> <div class="field_block:paragraph:h1_2_2_text_to_media_multi_cta:field_indv_media"> <div> <img src="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/banners/histone-hero-foreground-480x480.png" alt="Histone for Epigenetics in Cancer " loading="lazy" > </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </header> </div> <div id="main" class="container-fluid container-wide"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div> <div id="block-bio-techne-global-breadcrumbs" class="system_breadcrumb_block"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="system-breadcrumb"> <h2 id="system-breadcrumb" class="visually-hidden">Breadcrumb</h2> <ol> <li> <a href="/">Home</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-areas">Research Areas</a> </li> <li> Epigenetics </li> </ol> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> <main> <section class="section"> <div> <div id="block-bio-techne-global-content" class="system_main_block"> <article> <div> <div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--freeform mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div><p><a href="#what-is-epigenetics">What is Epigenetics?</a> | <a href="#featured">Featured Products</a> | <a href="#machinery">Epigenetic Machinery</a> | <a href="#detection">Detection Methods</a> | <a href="#resources">Resources</a> | <a href="#background">Additional Background Information</a> </p></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--freeform mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div><h2><a name="what-is-epigenetics"></a>What is Epigenetics?</h2> <p>Epigenetics can be defined as acquired changes in chromatin structure that arise independently of a change in the underlying DNA nucleotide sequence. Epigenetic modifications,  including acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of chromatin or DNA, alter the accessibility of DNA to transcription machinery and therefore influence gene expression. <a href="#background"><strong>Learn more about Epigenetics</strong>.</a></p> <p> </p></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--freeform mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div><p><a name="featured"></a></p></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--section paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--card-paragraph paragraph--view-mode--default card-para-default"> <h2>Featured Products for Epigenetics Research</h2> <div class="row card_row"> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="h-100"> <div class="bg-white border rounded flex-column d-flex h-100"> <a href="/p/small-molecules-peptides/tocriscreen-epigenetics-3-0_7578" > <div class="card-img-top text-center mb-3" style="background-repeat: no-repeat; background-color: ; height:200px; width: 100%;"> <div class="teaser-valign-container" style=""> <div class="valign"> <img src="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/banners/tocriscreen_plate_2.png" alt="Tocriscreen plate and molecules for compound libraries page" loading="lazy" > </div> </div> </div> </a> <a class="card_title_link" href="/p/small-molecules-peptides/tocriscreen-epigenetics-3-0_7578" > <h3 class="card_title_htag"> <div><h3>Tocriscreen™ Epigenetics</h3></div> </h3> </a> <div class="card_description flex-grow-1"> <div><p>The Tocriscreen™ Epigenetics 3.0 Library is a collection of 160 compounds to help you decipher the epigenetics machinery in your cells. </p></div> </div> <div class="card-bottom-link"> <div> <a href="/p/small-molecules-peptides/tocriscreen-epigenetics-3-0_7578" > Explore Tocriscreen Epigenetics </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="h-100"> <div class="bg-white border rounded flex-column d-flex h-100"> <a href="/search?keywords=active%20degraders" > <div class="card-img-top text-center mb-3" style="background-repeat: no-repeat; background-color: ; height:200px; width: 100%;"> <div class="teaser-valign-container" style=""> <div class="valign"> <img src="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/research-areas/targeted-protein-degradation-frontimg.png" alt="PROTAC degrader molecule in complex with an E3 ligase and the target protein" loading="lazy" > </div> </div> </div> </a> <a class="card_title_link" href="/search?keywords=active%20degraders" > <h3 class="card_title_htag"> <div><h3>Protein Degraders</h3></div> </h3> </a> <div class="card_description flex-grow-1"> <div><p>Bio-Techne provides a range small molecule Protein Degraders to enable you to selectively degrade bromodomains and other epigenetic targets of interest.  </p></div> </div> <div class="card-bottom-link"> <div> <a href="/search?keywords=active%20degraders" > Find Your Degrader </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="h-100"> <div class="bg-white border rounded flex-column d-flex h-100"> <a href="/search?keywords=ELISA%20Kits&category_attr=ELISA%20Kits" > <div class="card-img-top text-center mb-3" style="background-repeat: no-repeat; background-color: ; height:200px; width: 100%;"> <div class="teaser-valign-container" style=""> <div class="valign"> <img src="https://resources.bio-techne.com/images/webinar/LP_images/natural-killer-cell-elisa-v2.png" alt="ELISA" loading="lazy" > </div> </div> </div> </a> <a class="card_title_link" href="/search?keywords=ELISA%20Kits&category_attr=ELISA%20Kits" > <h3 class="card_title_htag"> <div>ELISA Kits</div> </h3> </a> <div class="card_description flex-grow-1"> <div><p>Our ELISA kits for epigenetic targets can help you detect epigenetic modifications. </p></div> </div> <div class="card-bottom-link"> <div> <a href="/search?keywords=ELISA%20Kits&category_attr=ELISA%20Kits" > Search ELISA Kits for Your Epigenetic Target </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--freeform mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div><p><a name="machinery"></a></p></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--section paragraph--view-mode--default mb-4"> <div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--header"> <div> <div><h2>Epigenetic Machinery</h2></div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--freeform mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div><p>The epigenetic players that carry out modifications are grouped as <a href="#background"><strong>writers</strong>, <strong>readers</strong>, or <strong>erasers</strong></a>, according to their activity. More specifically, these include proteins that add, recognize, or remove specific marks such as histones. Additionally, small molecules function as activators or inhibitors, modulating the epigenetic enzymes, while antibodies are used for detection of these modifications. Browse products by epigenetic target below:  </p> <figure class="responsive-figure-table"><table class="table table-striped"> <thead> <tr> <th>Epigenetic Mechanism</th> <th>Writer Enzymes</th> <th>Reader Domains</th> <th>Eraser Enzymes</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>DNA Methylation</td> <td><a href="/search?keywords=DNA%20methyltransferase">DNA Methyltransferases (DMT)</a></td> <td><a href="/search?keywords=mbd">Methyl-CpG Binding Domains</a></td> <td>Active DNA Demethylation Enzymes; Passive DNA Demethylation</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Histone Acetylation</td> <td><a href="/search?keywords=Histone%20acetyltransferase">Histone Acetyltransferases (HAT)</a></td> <td><a href="/search?keywords=bromodomain">Bromodomains</a>; <a href="/search?keywords=prolyl%20hydroxylase%20domain">Tandem PHD Fingers</a>; <a href="/search?keywords=pleckstrin%20homology%20domain">Pleckstrin Homology Domains</a></td> <td><a href="/search?keywords=histone%20deacetylase">Histone Deacetylases (HDAC)</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Histone Arginine Methylation</td> <td><a href="/search?keywords=protein%20arginine%20methyltransferase">Protein Arginine Methyltransferases (PRMT)</a></td> <td><a href="/search?keywords=tudor%20domain">Tudor Domains</a> (recognize symmetrically dimethylated arginines); <a href="/search?keywords=wd40">WD40 Domains</a></td> <td><a href="/search?keywords=histone%20demethylase">Histone Demethylases</a> (JMJD6);<a href="/search?keywords=PADI"> Peptidyl Arginine Deiminases</a> (putative)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Histone Lysine Methylation</td> <td><a href="/search?keywords=histone%20lysine%20methyltransferase&brand=rnd">Histone Lysine Methyltransferases<br> (KMT)</a></td> <td><a href="/search?keywords=chromodomain">Chromodomains</a>; <a href="/search?keywords=tudor%20domains">Tudor Domains</a>; <a href="/search?keywords=phd%20fingers">PHD Fingers</a>; MBT Domains; ZF-CW Proteins; <a href="/search?keywords=wd40">WD40 Domains</a>; <a href="/search?keywords=pwwp">PWWP</a></td> <td><a href="/search?keywords=Histone%20Demethylases">Histone Lysine Demethylases</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Histone Phosphorylation</td> <td>Kinases (<a href="/search?keywords=jak2">JAK2</a>, <a href="/search?keywords=atm">ATM/ATR</a>, <a href="/search?keywords=pkc">PKC</a>, <a href="/search?keywords=pka">PKA</a>, <a href="/search?keywords=haspin">Haspin</a>, <a href="/search?keywords=aurora%20b">Aurora B Kinase</a>, <a href="/search?keywords=rsk2">RSK2</a>, <a href="/search?keywords=ampk">AMPK</a>, <a href="/search?keywords=msk">MSK</a>, <a href="/search?keywords=mek">MEK</a>)</td> <td>Chromoshadow Domains (phosphoTyrosine); <a href="/search?keywords=14-3-3%20proteins">14.3.3 Proteins</a> (phosphoSerine); <a href="/search?keywords=BIR%20domain">BIR Domains</a>; <a href="/search?keywords=brct">BRCT Proteins</a></td> <td><a href="/search?keywords=Protein%20Serine/Threonine%20Phosphatases">Protein Serine/Threonine Phosphatases</a>; <a href="/search?keywords=protein%20tyrosine%20phosphatase">Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Histone Ubiquitination</td> <td><a href="/search?keywords=ubiquitin%20conjugating%20enzyme">Ubiquitin E2 Conjugases</a>; <a href="/search?keywords=ubiquitin%20e3%20ligase">Ubiquitin E3 Ligases</a></td> <td> </td> <td><br> <a href="/search?keywords=DUB">Deubiquitinating Enzymes</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></figure></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--individual-button mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default w-100"> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <a href="/research-areas/epigenetics/epigenetic-machinery" class="btn btn-primary" type="link" > Learn More About Epigenetic Machinery </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <section class="paragraph paragraph--type--full-width-banner-with-image mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default paragraph-background-color--dark"> <div class="banner_background_image" data-bgimage="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/products/antibody-custom-banner.jpg" style="background-repeat: no-repeat;"> <div> <div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--_-2-text-to-media mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container-fluid container-wide"> <div class="layout layout--twocol-section layout--twocol-section--50-50"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="hero-content-wrap"> <div class="field_block:paragraph:2_2_text_to_media:field_header_2_global"> <div><h3>Epigenetic Modulators</h3></div> </div> <div class="field_block:paragraph:2_2_text_to_media:field_lg_sngl_frmtd_text_global"> <div><p>Uncovering underlying epigenetic mechanisms controlling gene expression is facilitated by the use of modulators, inhibitors or activators of epigenetic enzymes. A variety of small molecule modulators selectively target <a href="https://www.bio-techne.com/search?keywords=dna%20methyltransferase&category_attr=Small%20Molecules%20and%20Peptides">DNA methyltransferases</a> and histone modifying enzymes (<a href="/search?keywords=histone%20methyltransferase&category_attr=Small%20Molecules%20and%20Peptides">HMT</a>, <a href="/search?keywords=histone%20demethylase&category_attr=Small%20Molecules%20and%20Peptides">HDM</a>, <a href="/search?keywords=histone%20acetyltransferase&category_attr=Small%20Molecules%20and%20Peptides">HAT</a>, <a href="/search?keywords=histone%20deacetylase&category_attr=Small%20Molecules%20and%20Peptides">HDAC</a>). Chemical epigenetic modulators serve as useful probes to dissect the role of specific modifying enzymes in the complex process of transcriptional regulation.</p></div> </div> <div class="field_block:paragraph:2_2_text_to_media:field_call_to_action_global"> <a href="/search?keywords=epigenetics&category_attr=Small%20Molecules%20and%20Peptides" class="btn btn-primary" type="link"> Find Your Epigenetic Probe </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div class="hero-content-wrap"> <div class="field_block:paragraph:2_2_text_to_media:field_indv_media"> <div> <img src="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/products/small-molecules-img-v2.png" alt="Tocris GMP small molecules" loading="lazy" > </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--freeform mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div><p><a name="detection"></a></p></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--section paragraph--view-mode--default mb-4"> <div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--header"> <div> <div><h2>Detection Methods for Histone Modifications </h2></div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--freeform mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div><p>Epigenetic modifications determine how the information encoded in DNA sequences is translated into specific phenotypes. A wide range of epigenetic marks and modifier enzymes, including methylated DNA and histone modification, shape the epigenetic code. Understanding the complex interactions between different epigenetic marks which often influence the activities of <a href="#background">epigenetic writers, readers, and erasers</a> requires diverse technical approaches. A variety of methods may be used to target the specific marks or modifiers to understand the underlying mechanisms. </p> <h3>Methylated DNA</h3> <p>Various methods may be employed for the detection of methylated CpG sequences. Selection of a specific method depends partly on the objectives of the study (e.g., quantifying the extent of methylation genome wide vs methylation of a known gene region). </p> <ul> <li>Bisulfate conversion: A DNA sample is treated with sodium bisulfite resulting in the deamination of unmethylated cytosine to uracil and allowing the distinction between cytosine and methylated cytosine via sequencing and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) approaches. </li> <li>DNA enzyme digest: Based on the use of DNA endonucleases which do not cut methylated DNA. Digestion of specific DNA target sequences by these enzymes generates DNA fragments of different lengths which may be sequenced to determine the extent of methylation. </li> </ul> <h3> </h3> <p> </p></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--_-2-media-to-text mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container-fluid container-wide"> <div class="layout layout--twocol-section layout--twocol-section--50-50"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="hero-content-wrap"> <div class="field_block:paragraph:2_2_media_to_text:field_indv_media"> <div> <img src="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/research-areas/epigenetics-elisa-kit-detection.jpg" alt="Depiction of 5-Methylcytosine DNA ELISA Kit workflow showing single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) as a black line coated into wells of a plate and 5-mc antibody in purple and the yellow conjugate HRP-Ab are added to the wells to detect the red 5-methylated cytosin" loading="lazy" > </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div class="hero-content-wrap"> <div class="field_block:paragraph:2_2_media_to_text:field_lg_sngl_frmtd_text_global"> <div><p><strong>ELISA for detection of 5-methylated cytosine.</strong></p> <p>The workflow for the 5-Methylcytosine DNA ELISA kit (Catalog # <a href="/p/elisa-kits/5-methylcytosine-elisa-kit_nbp2-62131">NBP2-62131</a>) utilizes the indirect ELISA methodology where denatured, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) samples are coated on the plate well surfaces and a 5-mC mAb and conjugate HRP-Ab are added to the wells. </p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--freeform mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div><h3>Histone Modification</h3> <p>Chromatin post-translational modifications have been predominantly identified within the amino-terminal “tail” domain of histones. Modified histones influence chromatin’s structure and its interaction with readers, which in turn introduce additional modifications. The specific array of posttranslational modifications executed by the activities of writers, erasers and readers directly shape the expression of genes via different mechanisms. </p> <p>To understand the role of histone modifications in regulating gene expression several methods are necessary to: </p> <ul> <li>Detect histone modifications (type and abundance): Immunoblot analysis including dot blots and western blots are used to validate antibody specificity or to assess histone mark abundance. </li> <li>Identify modified-histone interacting proteins: Immunoprecipitation and western blot analyses are used in combination for the identification of histone interacting proteins.  </li> <li>Determine the genomic location of histone marks: <a href="/research-areas/epigenetics/chromata-chip">Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)</a> is used in combination with PCR, NGS, or microarray strategies to map the location and determine the abundance of modified histones or variants in the genome. </li> </ul> <p>Learn more about <strong><a href="/research-areas/epigenetics/detection-methods">Epigenetic Detection Methods</a></strong>.</p> <p> </p></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--button-row paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="row"> <div class="col"> <div><h3>Related Products</h3></div> <div class="list-grid-wrap"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-4"> <a href="/research-areas/epigenetics/epi-plus-antibodies" class="btn btn-primary" type="link"> Epi-Plus® Antibodies </a> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <a href="/research-areas/epigenetics/chromata-chip" class="btn btn-primary" type="link"> ChromataChIP Kits </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--freeform mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div><p><a name="resources"></a></p></div> </div> </div> <div> <section class="paragraph paragraph--type--full-width-banner-with-image mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default paragraph-background-color--dark"> <div class="banner_background_image" data-bgimage="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/banners/novus-transition-gradient-1500px.jpg" style="background-repeat: no-repeat;"> <div> <div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--_-2-text-to-media mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="container-fluid container-wide"> <div class="layout layout--twocol-section layout--twocol-section--50-50"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="hero-content-wrap"> <div class="field_block:paragraph:2_2_text_to_media:field_header_2_global"> <div><h3>Epigenetics in Cancer Product Guide</h3></div> </div> <div class="field_block:paragraph:2_2_text_to_media:field_lg_sngl_frmtd_text_global"> <div><p>This guide reviews some of the main areas in cancer epigenetics research and highlights products that can be used for the common epigenetic targets including methylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination.</p></div> </div> <div class="field_block:paragraph:2_2_text_to_media:field_call_to_action_global"> <a href="/resources/literature/epigenetics-in-cancer-product-guide" class="btn btn-primary" type="link"> Get Your Guide </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div class="hero-content-wrap"> <div class="field_block:paragraph:2_2_text_to_media:field_indv_media"> <div> <img src="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/literature/epigentics_brochure_cover.png" alt="A guide to Epigenetics in Cancer research, including key products that can be used for the main epigenetic targets" loading="lazy" > </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--section paragraph--view-mode--default mb-4"> <div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--header"> <div> <div><h2>Resources</h2></div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--_-3-media-to-text paragraph--view-mode--default mb-4"> <div class="container-fluid container-wide"> <div class="layout layout--twocol-section layout--twocol-section--25-75"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="hero-content-wrap"> <div class="field_block:paragraph:1_3_media_to_text:field_indv_media"> <div> <img src="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/icons/protocols-faqs-icon525x315.png" alt="Protocols FAQs Icon" loading="lazy" > </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div class="hero-content-wrap"> <div class="field_block:paragraph:1_3_media_to_text:field_header_2_global"> <div><h3>Protocols & Troubleshooting Guides</h3></div> </div> <div class="field_block:paragraph:1_3_media_to_text:field_lg_sngl_frmtd_text_global"> <div><ul> <li><a href="/resources/protocols-troubleshooting/chromatin-immunoprecipitation">Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/resources/protocols-troubleshooting/immunoprecipitation">Immunoprecipitation Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/research-areas/epigenetics">ChIP Troubleshooting Guide</a></li> <li><a href="/resources/protocols-troubleshooting/western-blotting-troubleshooting">Western Blot Troubleshooting Guide</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--_-3-media-to-text paragraph--view-mode--default mb-4"> <div class="container-fluid container-wide"> <div class="layout layout--twocol-section layout--twocol-section--25-75"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="hero-content-wrap"> <div class="field_block:paragraph:1_3_media_to_text:field_indv_media"> <div> <img src="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/icons/handbooks-posters-icon525x315.png" alt="Handbooks Posters Icon" loading="lazy" > </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div class="hero-content-wrap"> <div class="field_block:paragraph:1_3_media_to_text:field_header_2_global"> <div><h3>Posters, Handbooks & Blogs</h3></div> </div> <div class="field_block:paragraph:1_3_media_to_text:field_lg_sngl_frmtd_text_global"> <div><ul> <li><a href="/resources/blogs">Epigenetics Blogs</a></li> <li><a href="/resources/literature/secondary-antibody-handbook">Secondary Antibody Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/research-areas/epigenetics">Modified Histone Poster</a></li> <li><a href="/resources/literature/western-blot-handbook">Western Blot Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/resources/literature/epigenetics-in-cancer-poster">Epigenetics in Cancer Poster</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.tocris.com/literature/life-science-posters/rheumatoid-arthritis" target="_blank">Rheumatoid Arthritis Poster</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--_-3-media-to-text paragraph--view-mode--default mb-4"> <div class="container-fluid container-wide"> <div class="layout layout--twocol-section layout--twocol-section--25-75"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="hero-content-wrap"> <div class="field_block:paragraph:1_3_media_to_text:field_indv_media"> <div> <img src="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/icons/videos-webinars-icon525x315.png" alt="Videos Webinars Icon" loading="lazy" > </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div class="hero-content-wrap"> <div class="field_block:paragraph:1_3_media_to_text:field_header_2_global"> <div><h3>Webinars & Videos</h3></div> </div> <div class="field_block:paragraph:1_3_media_to_text:field_lg_sngl_frmtd_text_global"> <div><ul> <li><a href="/resources/webinars/chromatin-immunoprecipitation">Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) Struggles and Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/resources/protocols-troubleshooting/chip">Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Video</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--_-3-media-to-text paragraph--view-mode--default mb-4"> <div class="container-fluid container-wide"> <div class="layout layout--twocol-section layout--twocol-section--25-75"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="hero-content-wrap"> <div class="field_block:paragraph:1_3_media_to_text:field_indv_media"> <div> <img src="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/icons/other-resources-icon525x315.png" alt="Other Resources Icon" loading="lazy" > </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div class="hero-content-wrap"> <div class="field_block:paragraph:1_3_media_to_text:field_header_2_global"> <div><h3>Other Useful Resources</h3></div> </div> <div class="field_block:paragraph:1_3_media_to_text:field_lg_sngl_frmtd_text_global"> <div><ul> <li><a href="/applications/western-blotting/western-blot-illustrated-assay">Western Blot Illustrated Assay</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.thesgc.org/" target="_blank">Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC)</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.bio-techne.com/support/faqs">FAQs (Antibodies, Techniques & Research Areas)</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--freeform mb-4 paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div><p><a name="background"></a></p></div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--section paragraph--view-mode--default mb-4"> <div> <div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--header"> <div> <div><h2>Background Information</h2></div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph accordion mb-4 paragraph--type--extendable-paragraph paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="card-header rounded-top bg-white"> <a class="collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" href="#expPara-epigenetic-mechanisms21" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="expPara"> <h5>Epigenetic Mechanisms</h5> </a> </div> <div class="collapse" id="expPara-epigenetic-mechanisms21" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="expPara"> <div class="card-body p-4"> <div> <img src="https://resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/images/banners/epigenetics-figure-banner-1110px.jpg" alt="Epigenetics Figure Illustration" loading="lazy" > </div> <div>Key Epigenetic Mechanisms</div> <br/> <div><p>Epigenetics means literally "above the genes” and refers to modifications in gene expression that do not involve changes in the DNA nucleotide sequence. Epigenetic changes may include:</p> <ul> <li>Chemical modifications (e.g., methylation) to DNA or RNA</li> <li>Chemical modifications to DNA associated proteins (e.g., histones)</li> <li>Incorporation of histone variants which alter the chromatin conformation</li> <li>mRNA degradation by microRNAs (~22 nucleotides-long RNA sequences)</li> </ul> <p>Epigenetic modifications result from environmental influences. Overall, epigenetic changes either enhance or inhibit gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. Phenotypic outcome is dictated by the specific combination of epigenetic modifications.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph accordion mb-4 paragraph--type--extendable-paragraph paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="card-header rounded-top bg-white"> <a class="collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" href="#expPara-what-are-epigenetic-writers11" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="expPara"> <h5>What are Epigenetic Writers?</h5> </a> </div> <div class="collapse" id="expPara-what-are-epigenetic-writers11" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="expPara"> <div class="card-body p-4"> <br/> <div><p>Epigenetic writers catalyze the addition of chemical groups onto either histone tails or the DNA itself. These modifications are known as epigenetic marks. One such group of epigenetic "writers" is histone methyltransferases, which are further subdivided into lysine methyltransferases and arginine methyltransferases according to their target residue. Protein lysine methyltransferases, also known as PKMTs, catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from the co-factor <em>S</em>-adenosyl methionine (SAM) onto a lysine side chain on the exposed histone tail. Histone lysine methylation can involve the transfer of one, two or three methyl groups onto a histone tail; the degree of methylation is of biological significance since proteins that interact with methylated histones are able to distinguish between mono-, di- and trimethylated lysines. Histone arginine residues may also undergo methylation, in a reaction catalyzed by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). PRMTs generate either monomethylated or dimethylated arginine residues, where the dimethylation can either occur symmetrically or asymmetrically. The symmetry of the methyl groups added to arginine residues determine the biological effect of the epigenetic modification: asymmetric dimethylation is linked to gene activation whilst symmetric dimethylation is associated with gene repression.</p> <p>In addition to methyl marks, histone lysine residues may also undergo acetylation through the activity of <a href="/search?keywords=histone%20acetyltransferase">histone acetyltransferases</a> (HATs). The transfer of an acetyl group from the co-factor acetyl-CoA to lysine residues on histone tails neutralizes the positive charge of lysine; this weakens the affinity of the histone tail for the DNA and reduces chromatin condensation. Since a more relaxed, open chromatin architecture enables the recruitment of <a href="/search?keywords=transcription%20factor">transcription factors</a> and polymerases, histone acetylation results in the promotion of gene expression.</p> <p>Enzymes that catalyze the phosphorylation of histone tails are also important epigenetic "writers". For example, phosphorylation of histone H3 (H3Y41) by <a href="/search?keywords=JAK2">JAK2</a> disrupts binding of the heterochromatin protein HP1α to chromatin, leading to increased DNA accessibility and the transcription of the oncogene lmo2. Other kinases including <a href="/search?keywords=haspin">Haspin</a>, <a href="/search?keywords=pim1" title="Browse products for Pim Kinases">Pim-1</a>, <a href="/search?keywords=pkc">PKC</a>, and <a href="/search?keywords=atm">ATM/ATR</a> kinases have also been implicated in the phosphorylation of histone proteins and subsequent modification of gene expression.</p> <p>A further epigenetic mark that alters gene expression is ubiquitination. Lysine residues on histone proteins H2A and H2B can undergo monoubiquitination through the concerted actions of <a href="/search?keywords=ubiquitin%20e2">ubiquitin E2 conjugases</a> and <a href="/search?keywords=ubiquitin%20e3%20ligase">ubiquitin E3 ligases</a>. Ubiquitin of histone H2A is associated with gene silencing through the involvement of repressive complexes including <a href="/search?keywords=prc1">Polycomb repressive complex 1</a> (PRC1). In contrast, histone H2B ubiquitination has been suggested to act as a checkpoint for <a href="/search?keywords=rna%20polymerase">RNA polymerase</a> activity, providing a stalling mechanism during early transcription elongation for the recruitment of Ctk1 to RNA polymerase II, and has been linked to both gene silencing and gene transcription. A further difference is that histone H2B is a pre-requisite for di- and tri-methylation of histone H3 Lys-9 (H3K9), whereas H2A ubiquitination inhibits histone lysine methylation.</p> <p>DNA can also undergo methylation through different mechanisms. The addition of a methyl group to a nucleotide by <a href="/search?keywords=dna%20methyltransferase">DNA methyltransferases</a> (DNMTs) occurs at the major groove of the DNA double helix, and prevents transcription by blocking the binding of transcription factors and polymerases. DNA methylation has a major involvement in embryonic development, genomic imprinting and the preservation of chromosome stability. There are two known types of DNA methylation - <em>de novo</em> and maintenance methylation. <em>De novo</em> methylation, predominantly carried out by DNA methyltransferases DNMT3A and DNMT3B, catalyzes the addition of methyl groups onto cytosine nucleotides. Since cell replication does not preserve such methylation, maintenance methylation copies these marks from the parent DNA onto the daughter DNA strands. The high affinity of DNMT1 for hemimethylated DNA <em>in vitro</em> suggests that this enzyme is primarily responsible for maintenance DNA methylation <em>in vivo</em>.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph accordion mb-4 paragraph--type--extendable-paragraph paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="card-header rounded-top bg-white"> <a class="collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" href="#expPara-what-are-epigenetic-readers7" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="expPara"> <h5>What are Epigenetic Readers?</h5> </a> </div> <div class="collapse" id="expPara-what-are-epigenetic-readers7" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="expPara"> <div class="card-body p-4"> <br/> <div><p>Epigenetic reader domains can be thought of as effector proteins that recognize and are recruited to specific epigenetic marks. "Writer" and "eraser" enzymes may also contain such reader domains, leading to the coordination of "read-write" or "read-erase" mechanisms. </p> <p>The structure of reader domains typically provides a cavity or surface groove in which to accommodate a specific epigenetic mark. Interactions between the reader domain and the flanking sequence of the modified amino acid also allows the reader domain-containing protein to distinguish between similar epigenetic marks, for example between histone lysine mono-, di- and trimethylation.</p> <p>Proteins that contain reader domains can be broadly classified into four groups: chromatin architectural proteins, <a href="/search?keywords=chromatin%20remodeling">chromatin remodeling enzymes</a>, chromatin modifiers, and adaptor proteins that recruit other machinery involved in gene expression. The first group of these, chromatin architectural proteins, bind to nucleosomes and can either directly induce chromatin compaction or alternatively act as a shield to prevent the binding of proteins involved in RNA transcription. Through self-propagation and oligomerization, these chromatin architectural proteins can exert their inhibitory effect on transcription over a significant length of DNA.</p> <p>In contrast to chromatin architectural proteins, chromatin remodeling enzymes prompt a more open chromatin architecture; the increased accessibility of chromatin facilitates DNA transcription. This structural shift in chromatin architecture is driven by the energy of ATP hydrolysis. One such example is the yeast chromatin remodeling enzyme complex, RSC, which contains a tandem <a href="/search?keywords=bromodomain">bromodomain</a> within its Rsc4 subunit that recruits the complex to acetylated lysine residues on histone H3 (H3K14). RSC is involved in a number of cellular processes including nucleosome remodeling, the consequence of which is the promotion of <a href="/search?keywords=rna%20polymerase">RNA polymerase II</a> recruitment to the underlying DNA, prompting gene transcription.</p> <p>Aside from chromatin remodeling enzymes and architectural proteins, many other proteins that contain reader domains cannot directly influence chromatin architecture, but instead serve to recruit secondary chromatin modifiers to further modify chromatin or to reverse an existing chromatin modification. The corepressor complex Sin3S is recruited to methylated histone lysine residues through a Sin3 tandem bromodomain. Since <a href="/search?keywords=histone%20deacetylase">histone deacetylases</a> HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC3 are also found within the Sin3S complex, the recruitment of this complex prompts a secondary histone modification: histone deacetylation.</p> <p>The final class of reader domain-containing proteins is adaptor proteins: the principal function of these domains is to recruit factors that are linked to DNA metabolism processes including transcription, DNA damage repair, DNA recombination, DNA replication and RNA processing. Interaction of the BRCT domain of <a href="/search?keywords=mdc1">MDC1</a> - a critical mediator of the DNA damage response - with a phosphorylated serine residue on histone H2AX acts as an adaptor to recruit the histone ubiquitin ligase, <a href="/search?keywords=rnf8">RNF8</a>, to double-strand break-flanking chromatin. Subsequent histone ubiquitination itself recruits repair machinery including <a href="/search?keywords=TP53BP1">tumor protein p53 binding protein 1</a> (TP53BP1).</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph accordion mb-4 paragraph--type--extendable-paragraph paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="card-header rounded-top bg-white"> <a class="collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" href="#expPara-what-are-epigenetic-erasers17" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="expPara"> <h5>What are Epigenetic Erasers?</h5> </a> </div> <div class="collapse" id="expPara-what-are-epigenetic-erasers17" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="expPara"> <div class="card-body p-4"> <br/> <div><p>Epigenetic marks are not necessarily permanent modifications; instead, they can be removed by a group of enzymes known as "erasers" in order to reverse the influence of a given epigenetic mark on gene expression.</p> <p>Histone acetylation is an important post-translational modification, both for histone and non-histone proteins, and has a comparable impact to phosphorylation on the regulation of cellular processes. Within epigenetics, histone acetylation is an integral mechanism for decreasing chromatin condensation, thereby facilitating gene transcription, but an equally important mechanism is the removal of acetyl groups through the actions of <a href="/search?keywords=histone%20deacetylase">histone deacetylases</a> (HDACs). HDACs can be divided into two groups termed group I and group II; group I, which is further divided into classes I, II and IV, contains zinc-dependent amidohydrolases whereas group II enzymes, also known as class III or SIRTs, are reliant upon nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) as a co-factor.</p> <p>Histone phosphatases can target either phosphorylated serine, threonine or tyrosine residues on histone proteins. <a href="http://Protein Ser/Thr phosphatases">Protein Ser/Thr phosphatases</a> PP1, PP2A and PP4, amongst others, have been reported to dephosphorylate histone proteins. For example, the catalytic subunit of PP2A colocalizes with phosphorylated H2AX, a phosphorylated sequence variant of histone protein H2A that is rapidly concentrated within chromatin domains flanking DNA double-strand breaks. Phosphorylated H2AX acts as a docking site for DNA repair proteins, and is released from chromatin once double-strand breaks have been rejoined; this mechanism is thought to involve PP2A.</p> <p>The removal of ubiquitin groups from histone lysine residues is catalyzed by proteases known as <a href="/search?keywords=deubiquitinating%20enzymes">deubiquitinating enzymes</a> (DUBs). These can be further categorized into groups including ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs) and Jab1/MPN domain-associated metalloisopeptidase (JAMM) domain proteins. Both USP and JAMM family members have been shown to target histone proteins H2A and H2B, where they regulate transcription, DNA repair, gene expression and cell cycle progression. Compared to other histone modifications, the functions of histone ubiquitinaton are less well understood, yet increasing evidence points to an important role for this epigenetic modification in the DNA damage response.</p> <p>The first <a href="/search?keywords=histone%20demethylase">histone demethylase</a> to be discovered was <a href="/search?keywords=histone%20demethylase">lysine-specific demethylase 1</a> (LSD1), also known as KDM1. LSD1 contains an amino oxidase domain which binds the co-factor, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), crucial for demethylation. A further family of lysine demethylases have since be identified, termed <a href="/search?keywords=Jumonji%20C%20domain-containing%20demethylase">Jumonji C domain-containing demethylase</a>s (JMJD). The demethylases do not require FAD as a co-factor but instead are dependent on Fe<sup>2+</sup>/2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) for catalysis. As yet, only one enzyme with arginine demethylase activity has been identified, JMJD6, which is a 2-OG-dependent JmjC demethylase.</p> <p>In contrast to the well-defined mechanisms of the removal of epigenetic marks from histones, the mechanism by which methyl groups are removed from nucleotides remains poorly understood. What is known, however, is that DNA demethylation can occur both actively and passively. Passive DNA demethylation involves the failure of maintenance DNMTs to methylate newly synthesized DNA strands during mitosis, whilst the molecular machinery that catalyzes active DNA demethylation occurs is yet to be elucidated. Since demethylation of DNA is crucial for processes such as epigenetic reprogramming in germ cells, further research into the mechanisms of active DNA demethylation may identify novel targets in <a href="/research-areas/stem-cells">stem cell research</a>.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="paragraph accordion mb-4 paragraph--type--extendable-paragraph paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="card-header rounded-top bg-white"> <a class="collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" href="#expPara-epigenetics-in-health-and-disease16" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="expPara"> <h5>Epigenetics in Health and Disease</h5> </a> </div> <div class="collapse" id="expPara-epigenetics-in-health-and-disease16" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="expPara"> <div class="card-body p-4"> <br/> <div><p>Epigenetic mechanisms have a key role in embryonic development; the genome of <a href="/research-areas/stem-cells/ipsc">pluripotent cells</a> is generally highly methylated while the process of differentiation is associated with a loss of DNA-methylation marks. Additionally, pluripotent cells generally have a greater incidence of chromatin in an open state, which is determined by specific histone modifications, while differentiated cells are more enriched in condensed chromatin. Epigenetic mechanisms have been also recently recognized to regulate <a href="/research-areas/autophagy">autophagy</a>, a homeostatic process controlling cellular components.</p> <p>Abnormal frequency or location of epigenetic marks, often due to the aberrant function of DNA- or histone-modifying enzymes, has been associated with various disease states including <a href="/research-areas/cancer">cancer</a> and neurodegeneration. The dysregulation of these epigenetic modifications has been shown to result in oncogenesis and cancer progression. The cell cycle, as well as proliferation and metastasis can be regulated by histone modification, DNA methylation and chromatin remodeling. For example, hypermethylation of tumor-suppressor genes has been identified as a pro-tumorigenic aberrant epigenetic mechanisms.</p> <p>Neurodegenerative conditions are generally associated with aging. Environmental factors, such as smoking and diet, promote changes in epigenetic markers over time potentially leading to neuronal death. For example Parkinson's disease is associated with inhibition of histone acetylation and <a href="/search?keywords=histone%20deacetylase%20inhibitors">inhibitors of histone deacetylase</a> (HDAC) reduce neurotoxicity. HDAC inhibitors also prevent the amyloid β-induced hyper-phosphorylation of tau protein in Alzheimer's disease and the expression of genes that are responsible for cognition loss, while in Huntington's disease, HDAC inhibitors are also beneficial.</p> <p>In rheumatoid arthritis (RA) a number of epigenetic modifications have been identified as having pathogenic importance. Synovial fibroblasts in RA display a pattern of DNA methylation that is distinct from healthy fibroblasts. Similarly, CD4+ T cell hypomethylation in RA patients has been shown to result in dysregulated cell function. In T<sub>reg</sub> cells, DNA methylation of promoter and enhancers of key genes can also inhibit the ability of these cells to suppress the ongoing inflammation.</p> <p><strong>Read the blog:</strong> <a href="/resources/blogs/epigenetics-of-depression-how-can-psychological-stress-alter-your-dna">The Epigenetics of Depression: How Psychological Stress Alters DNA</a></p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> </main> </div> <div id="brandsbar-footer" class="bg-bt-primary"> <div class="container-wide container-fluid text-white"> <div class="row py-5"> <div class="footer-logo col-xl-3 col-lg-auto d-flex"> <img class="brand-bar-footer-logo" src="/themes/custom/bio_techne_global/logo.svg" alt="Bio-techne logo"> </div> <div class="col-xl-9 col-lg-auto"> <p class="ml-xl-4 bt-px_groteskbold footer-tagline">Global Developer, Manufacturer, and Supplier of High-Quality Reagents, Analytical Instruments, and Precision Diagnostics.</p> </div> <div class="included-brands col"> <span class="font-weight-bold mr-3 bt-inter_regular">INCLUDES</span> <span class="mr-3 bt-inter_regular">R&D Systems™</span> <span class="mr-3 bt-inter_regular">Novus Biologicals™</span> <span class="mr-3 bt-inter_regular">Tocris Bioscience™</span> <span class="mr-3 bt-inter_regular">ProteinSimple™</span> <span class="mr-3 bt-inter_regular">ACD™</span> <span class="mr-3 bt-inter_regular">ExosomeDx™</span> <span class="mr-3 bt-inter_regular">Asuragen™</span> <span class="mr-3 bt-inter_regular">Lunaphore™</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="site-footer__top" class=" pt-4"> <div class="container-wide container-fluid pt-3"> <div> <div class="col-md-12"> <footer> <div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xl-3 col-md-6 col-xs-12 p-0 text-white bt-inter_regular"> <div> <div id="block-footercolumn1" class="block_content:8da4adc8-094f-4085-8706-613703de4da6"> <div><h4>CONTACT INFORMATION</h4> <p>614 McKinley Place NE<br /> Minneapolis, MN 55413<br /> USA</p> <p>TEL <a href="tel:612 379 2956">612 379 2956</a><br /> Toll-free <a href="tel:800 343 7475">800 343 7475</a><br /> FAX 612 656 4400</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-xl-3 col-md-6 col-xs-12 p-0 bt-inter_regular"> <div> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-footercolumn2-menu" id="block-footercolumn2"> <h4 id="block-footercolumn2-menu">Who We Are</h4> <ul> <li> <a href="/about/about-bio-techne" title="About Bio-Techne" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/16">About Bio-Techne</a> </li> <li> <a href="/brands" title="Brands" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/46">Bio-Techne Brands</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/careers" title="History" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/21">Careers </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/corporate-and-social-responsibility" title="Corporate Responsibility" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/61">Corporate & Social Responsibility </a> </li> <li> <a href="/terms-and-conditions" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/686">Terms and Conditions</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="col-xl-3 col-md-6 col-xs-12 p-0 bt-inter_regular"> <div> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-footercolumn3-menu" id="block-footercolumn3"> <h4 id="block-footercolumn3-menu">Investor Relations</h4> <ul> <li> <a href="https://investors.bio-techne.com/">Overview</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://investors.bio-techne.com/news-events">News / Events</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://investors.bio-techne.com/company-information">Company Information</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://investors.bio-techne.com/financial-information">Financial Information</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://investors.bio-techne.com/stock-data">Stock Data</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://investors.bio-techne.com/sec-filings">SEC Filings</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://investors.bio-techne.com/corporate-governance">Corporate Governance</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="col-xl-3 col-md-6 col-xs-12 p-0 text-white bt-inter_regular"> <div> <div id="block-stayconnectedblock" class="block_content:3f9f347f-6b53-40fd-8dfa-25f57854770b"> <div><h4>Stay Connected</h4> <section class="social-icons mb-3"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/bio-techne" class="text-white mr-2" aria-label="Follow Bio-techne on LinkedIn"><span class="icon-linkedin rounded-pill p-3"></span></a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/bio_techne/" class="text-white mr-2" aria-label="Follow Bio-techne on Instagram"><span class="icon-instagram rounded-pill p-3"></span></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/biotechne" class="text-white mr-2" aria-label="Follow Bio-techne on X"><span class="icon-x rounded-pill p-3"></span></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCE68f793S1eyQM2E1BH0Bw?reload=9" class="text-white mr-2" aria-label="Bio-techne YouTube channel"><span class="icon-youtube rounded-pill p-3"></span></a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/BioTechne/" class="text-white" aria-label="Follow Bio-techne on Facebook"><span class="icon-facebook rounded-pill p-3"></span></a> </section></div> </div> </div> <div> <a href="/support/contact-us" class="py-2 mt-3 mb-4 text-center font-weight-bold text-decoration-none text-white">Contact Us </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <hr> <div class="pb-5 mt-4 d-flex flex-wrap legal-navigation"> <div class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.bio-techne.com/privacy-and-cookie-policy" class="mr-4 text-white text-center">Privacy and Cookie Policy</a> </div> <div class="mb-2"> <a href="/sitemap" class="mr-4 text-white">Site Map</a> </div> <div class="text-white">© Copyright 2024 Bio-Techne. All Rights Reserved.</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div id="block-cookieblock" class="cookie_block"> <div class="cookie-notification-block" data-expires="100"> <div class="container"> <div class="row pt-4 pb-4 pl-5 pr-5"> <div class="col-lg-10 mb-1"> Bio-Techne uses cookies to provide you with a great website experience. By continuing to use this website you acknowledge this and agree to our cookie policy. <a class="cookie-notification-block__link text-white" href="/privacy-and-cookie-policy">Learn more</a>. </div> <div class="col-lg-2 text-lg-right text-center align-middle"> <a href="#" class="btn btn-primary text-nowrap js-cookies"> I Agree </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="embeddedServiceInvitation" id="snapins_invite" aria-live="assertive" role="dialog" aria-atomic="true" style="display: none;"> <div class="embeddedServiceInvitationHeader" aria-labelledby="snapins_titletext" aria-describedby="snapins_bodytext"> <img id="embeddedServiceAvatar"/> <span class="embeddedServiceTitleText" id="snapins_titletext">Need help?</span> <button type="button" id="closeInvite" class="embeddedServiceCloseIcon" aria-label="Exit invitation">×</button> </div> <div class="embeddedServiceInvitationBody"> <p id="snapins_bodytext">How can we help you?</p> </div> <div class="embeddedServiceInvitationFooter" aria-describedby="snapins_bodytext"> <button type="button" class="embeddedServiceActionButton" id="rejectInvite">Close</button> <button type="button" class="embeddedServiceActionButton" id="acceptInvite">Start Chat</button> </div> </div> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({"drupalLanguage":"en","drupalCountry":"US","siteName":"Bio-Techne","brand":"R\u0026D","entityLangcode":"und","entityStatus":"1","entityType":"node","entityBundle":"hero_page","entityId":"9511","entityTitle":"Epigenetics","entityTaxonomy":{"brand":{"322":"R\u0026D Systems","327":"Novus Biologicals","332":"Tocris Bioscience"},"application":{"1031":"Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP)"},"product_category":{"121":"Antibodies","151":"Small Molecules"},"research_area":{"1076":"Epigenetics"}},"userUid":0});</script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_VCuLJxWfwcxc208bItHJBuLPq8DlU4ex_zmsx0pJbhk.js?scope=footer&delta=0&language=en&theme=bio_techne_global&include=eJxtUltywzAIvJBVHUmDZGLTYKFBOIl7-srPSR8_YlkYWECRxDCNGQPTAwMMmM3Hk3Qr6TaywaigS9eDAcOC6iOO8CDR2iFDNUqhgI1hrqgBUpI5W_UHcIo2a3alFWul8r1rTcLRemCJwD6KWDWFElKf_4nvxlVbWoGhG0QGxmAw-MGmny4Mv_0P-IRXFy1gHiEn7AMmmSbUhD6aO1l3sa6S4ZN6dPho89fuSr8ydkEtIHfCkMXoRgmMJPudc--ciyypzc0ikyKkMRR6Iftroa7MdURtGfC1-O09MAv0ByzCy42YDze1zVemamdYZaKKh6dwO9ATY-lasJ-ThYqgafS7CRG0o2yoeZMJTF_nDO1wuriKjMl2-a4wJByF-1XonxOtvdymdvsFlG-i015tJdwbcd7xG70D-wA"></script> <script src="//resources.bio-techne.com/bio-techne-assets/css/bootstrap/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_f9Ht4rMsmvXFlpOu9q6kVMmELiTwxkNbyS8OBAaG0m0.js?scope=footer&delta=2&language=en&theme=bio_techne_global&include=eJxtUltywzAIvJBVHUmDZGLTYKFBOIl7-srPSR8_YlkYWECRxDCNGQPTAwMMmM3Hk3Qr6TaywaigS9eDAcOC6iOO8CDR2iFDNUqhgI1hrqgBUpI5W_UHcIo2a3alFWul8r1rTcLRemCJwD6KWDWFElKf_4nvxlVbWoGhG0QGxmAw-MGmny4Mv_0P-IRXFy1gHiEn7AMmmSbUhD6aO1l3sa6S4ZN6dPho89fuSr8ydkEtIHfCkMXoRgmMJPudc--ciyypzc0ikyKkMRR6Iftroa7MdURtGfC1-O09MAv0ByzCy42YDze1zVemamdYZaKKh6dwO9ATY-lasJ-ThYqgafS7CRG0o2yoeZMJTF_nDO1wuriKjMl2-a4wJByF-1XonxOtvdymdvsFlG-i015tJdwbcd7xG70D-wA"></script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Epigenetics Research | Bio-Techne