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<span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immediacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immediacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Immediacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immediacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Species_used" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Species_used"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Species used</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Species_used-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Species used subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Species_used-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fescue_grass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fescue_grass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Fescue grass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fescue_grass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tall_fescue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tall_fescue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Tall fescue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tall_fescue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fine_fescues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fine_fescues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Fine fescues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fine_fescues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bermuda_grass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bermuda_grass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Bermuda grass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bermuda_grass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bluegrass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bluegrass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Bluegrass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bluegrass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-St._Augustine_grass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#St._Augustine_grass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>St. Augustine grass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-St._Augustine_grass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Centipedegrass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Centipedegrass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Centipedegrass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Centipedegrass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wildflower_turf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildflower_turf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Wildflower turf</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildflower_turf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_turf_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_turf_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Natural turf communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_turf_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="مخضرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مخضرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87im" title="Çim – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çim" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%85%D9%86" title="چمن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چمن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Дзёран – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дзёран" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Çерем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çерем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassode" title="Grassode – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grassode" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4tas" title="Mätas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mätas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepe" title="Tepe – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tepe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turfo" title="Turfo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Turfo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%85%D9%86" title="چمن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چمن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3d" title="Fód – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fód" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%96%BC" title="떼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="떼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempeng_rumput" title="Lempeng rumput – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lempeng rumput" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%C3%A6%D0%BB%D0%B2" title="Дзæлв – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дзæлв" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torf" title="Torf – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Torf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Шым – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шым" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vel%C4%93na" title="Velēna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Velēna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vel%C4%97na" title="Velėna – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Velėna" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graszode" title="Graszode – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Graszode" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chim" title="Chim – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chim" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar%C5%84" title="Darń – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Darń" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Дернина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дернина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sod" title="Sod – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sod" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C5%A1a" title="Ruša – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ruša" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Чим – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Чим" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Дерен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дерен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Upper layer of soil and grass</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sod_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sod (disambiguation)">Sod (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Turf" redirects here. For an alternative expression, see <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">Grass</a>. For the Irish expression, see <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Turf_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Turf (disambiguation)">Turf (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rollrasen-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Rollrasen-01.jpg/220px-Rollrasen-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Rollrasen-01.jpg/330px-Rollrasen-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Rollrasen-01.jpg/440px-Rollrasen-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Turf rolls</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golf_bunkers_Filton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Golf_bunkers_Filton.jpg/220px-Golf_bunkers_Filton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Golf_bunkers_Filton.jpg/330px-Golf_bunkers_Filton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Golf_bunkers_Filton.jpg/440px-Golf_bunkers_Filton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Golf course sod</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvesting_Sod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Harvesting sod" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Harvesting_Sod.jpg/220px-Harvesting_Sod.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Harvesting_Sod.jpg/330px-Harvesting_Sod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Harvesting_Sod.jpg/440px-Harvesting_Sod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3148" data-file-height="2361" /></a><figcaption>Harvesting sod</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trimax-Pegasus_Sod-Turf-Roller-Mower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Trimax-Pegasus_Sod-Turf-Roller-Mower.jpg/220px-Trimax-Pegasus_Sod-Turf-Roller-Mower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Trimax-Pegasus_Sod-Turf-Roller-Mower.jpg/330px-Trimax-Pegasus_Sod-Turf-Roller-Mower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Trimax-Pegasus_Sod-Turf-Roller-Mower.jpg/440px-Trimax-Pegasus_Sod-Turf-Roller-Mower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A typical roller mower operating on a sod grass farm</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sod</b> is the upper layer of turf that is harvested for transplanting. <b>Turf</b> consists of a variable thickness of a <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> medium that supports a community of turfgrasses.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a>, sod is more commonly known as <i>turf</i>, and the word "sod" is limited mainly to agricultural senses. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sod&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sod is generally used for <a href="/wiki/Lawn" title="Lawn">lawns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golf_course" title="Golf course">golf courses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stadium" title="Stadium">sports stadiums</a> around the world. In residential construction, it is sold to <a href="/wiki/Landscaping" title="Landscaping">landscapers</a>, home builders or home owners who use it to establish a lawn quickly and avoid <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a>. Sod can be used to repair a small area of lawn,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> golf course, or <a href="/wiki/Athletic_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Athletic field">athletic field</a> that has died and is used as a quicker alternative to re-growing a lawn from seed.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sod is also effective in increasing cooling, improving air and water quality, and assisting in <a href="/wiki/Flood_prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood prevention">flood prevention</a> by draining water.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> has a long history of employing <a href="/wiki/Sod_roof" title="Sod roof">sod roofing</a> and a traditional house type is the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_turf_house" title="Icelandic turf house">Icelandic turf house</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, following the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts#Homestead_Act_of_1862" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Act</a> by Congress in 1862, settlers in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> used sod bricks to build entire <a href="/wiki/Sod_house" title="Sod house">sod houses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was effective because the prairie sod of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> was so dense and difficult to cut it earned the nickname "<a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> marble". Blacksmith <a href="/wiki/John_Deere_(inventor)" title="John Deere (inventor)">John Deere</a> made his fortune when he became the first to make a <a href="/wiki/Plough" title="Plough">plow</a> that could reliably cut the prairie sod.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different types of grass are used for sod installation.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sod&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sod&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Sod" title="Talk:Sod">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Sod is grown on specialist farms. For 2009, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> reported 1,412 farms had 368,188 acres (149,000.4 ha) of sod in production.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is usually grown locally (within 100 miles of the target market)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to minimize both the cost of transport and also the risk of damage to the product. The farms that produce this grass may have many varieties of grass grown in one location to best suit the consumer's use and preference of appearance. </p><p>It is usually harvested 10 to 18 months after planting, depending on the growing climate. On the farm, it undergoes fertilization, frequent mowing, watering, and subsequent vacuuming to remove the clippings. It is harvested using specialized equipment, precision cut to standardized sizes. Sod is typically harvested in small square or rectangular slabs, or large 4-foot-wide (1.2 m) rolls. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_State_University" title="Mississippi State University">Mississippi State University</a> has developed a <a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">hydroponic</a> method of cultivating sod. For the very few sod farms that export turf internationally, this soilless sod may travel both lighter and better than traditional sod. Additionally, since the sod is not grown in soil, it does not need to be washed clean of soil down to the bare roots (or sprigs), so time to export is shortened.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Immediacy">Immediacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sod&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Immediacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many applications, such as <a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">erosion control</a> and athletic fields, immediacy is a key factor. Seed may be blown about by the wind, eaten by birds, or fail because of <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a>. It takes some weeks to form a visually appealing lawn and further time before it is robust enough for use. Sod largely avoids these problems, and with proper care, newly laid sod is usually fully functional within 30 days of installation and its root system is comparable to that of a seeding lawn two to three years older.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sod also reduces <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> by stabilizing the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many prized cultivars (such as Bella Bluegrass, a brand-named dwarf variant of <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Bluegrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Kentucky Bluegrass">Kentucky Bluegrass</a>) can only be reproduced <a href="/wiki/Vegetative_reproduction" title="Vegetative reproduction">vegetatively</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (February 2023)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> rather than <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexually</a> (via seed). For these, sod cultivation is the only means of producing additional plants. To grow these varieties for sale, turf farms use a technique called <a href="/wiki/Sprigging" title="Sprigging">sprigging</a>, where recently harvested sod mats are cut into slender rows and replanted in the field. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Species_used">Species used</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sod&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Species used"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fescue_grass">Fescue grass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sod&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fescue grass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tall_fescue">Tall fescue</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sod&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tall fescue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tall <a href="/wiki/Festuca" title="Festuca">fescue</a> (<i>Festuca</i> spp.) is a cool-weather group of grasses originating in Europe, commonly used as sod. It is moderately tolerant to both drought and cold, and as such is especially popular in inland temperate environments referred to in the turf and landscaping industries as the "<a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">transition zone</a>", where summers are too hot for most cool-weather grasses, yet winters are too cold for most warm-weather grasses. Fescue is well-adapted to clay soils, moderately shade-tolerant, and somewhat resistant to disease, yet vulnerable to the diseases <a href="/wiki/Brown_patch" title="Brown patch">brown patch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fusarium_patch" title="Fusarium patch">Fusarium patch</a>. It grows most actively (and thus provides the most desirable appearance) in spring and fall, and requires frequent watering during summer. Due to its bunch-type growth habit (unique among common sod grasses), it will not spread undesirably or invade adjacent areas once sodded, yet neither will it fill in voids, and periodic maintenance (such as overseeding with Fescue seed) may be required to sustain a homogeneous surface. It has poor wear tolerance compared to Bermuda grass, making it less popular for applications such as athletic fields.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fine_fescues">Fine fescues</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sod&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fine fescues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fine fescues (<i><a href="/wiki/Festuca_rubra" title="Festuca rubra">F. rubra</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Festuca_ovina" title="Festuca ovina">F. ovina</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Festuca_trachyphylla" title="Festuca trachyphylla">F. trichophylla</a></i>) are less popular as sod than the tall fescues. As their names suggest, they exhibit much thinner leaf blades, and tolerate lower mowing heights than the tall fescues. They may be somewhat more resistant to common diseases. Otherwise, their characteristics are similar. Fine fescues are generally used in mixtures with other grasses.<sup id="cite_ref-horticulture.oregonstate.edu_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horticulture.oregonstate.edu-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bermuda_grass">Bermuda grass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sod&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bermuda grass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cynodon_dactylon" title="Cynodon dactylon">Bermuda grass</a> is quite commonly used for golf courses and sports fields across the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">southern portions of the United States</a>. It tolerates a range of climates in the U.S., from hot and humid <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inlet" title="Inlet">inlets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">bays</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf Coast</a>, to the arid expanses of terrain like <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deserts_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Deserts of North America">deserts</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a> and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States#Geography" title="Midwestern United States">Lower Midwest</a>. Established bermuda grass is a network of <a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">shoots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stolon" title="Stolon">stolons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crown_(botany)" title="Crown (botany)">crown tissue</a> together that usually form a dense plant canopy. This dense plant canopy can be used to propagate clonal varieties by sod, sprigs, or plugs.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aggressive and resilient nature of Bermuda grass makes it not only an excellent <a href="/wiki/Turfgrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Turfgrass">turfgrass</a> but also a challenging and <a href="/wiki/Invasive_weed" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasive weed">invasive weed</a> in land cultivated for other purposes. Its one noted weakness is its relatively low tolerance of shade. Given the economic importance of Bermuda grass (as a sod product, agricultural forage, and, at times, as an invasive weed), it has been the subject of numerous studies. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Celebration_Bermudagrass"></span> <b>Celebration Bermuda grass:</b> </p> <dl><dd>Celebration Bermuda grass is a dark–green, fine–textured, aggressive, traffic–tolerant <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivar</a> with high recuperative potential and <a href="/wiki/Drought_tolerance" title="Drought tolerance">drought tolerance</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cultivar is a breed of <i><a href="/wiki/Cynodon_dactylon" title="Cynodon dactylon">Cynodon dactylon</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Turfgrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Turfgrass">turfgrass</a> breeder Rod Riley.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grass has a distinctive deep blue–green color which makes it popular on golf courses and for private home lawns throughout the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">southern United States</a>. As a leading cultivar, the research on the grass is extensive. The grass was rated for the best shade tolerance by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Golf_Association" title="United States Golf Association">United States Golf Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A researcher at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a> noted this <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivar's</a>, "good wear tolerance, quality, and color ratings" in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Florida" title="Central Florida">Central Florida</a> environment.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grass was the overall best–performing turfgrass in a two-year drought resistance study commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Water_System" title="San Antonio Water System">San Antonio Water System</a> and performed by <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A & M extension service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cultivar was also the top–rated Bermuda grass for drought resistance in a test conducted in <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with many <a href="/wiki/Golf_course" title="Golf course">golf courses</a> across the southern United States, the <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers" title="Tampa Bay Buccaneers">Tampa Bay Buccaneers</a> elected to install Celebration Bermudagrass in their <a href="/wiki/Stadium" title="Stadium">stadium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p><span class="anchor" id="Discovery_Bermudagrass"></span> <b>Discovery Bermuda grass:</b> </p> <dl><dd>Discovery is a Bermuda grass that has an exceptional dark blue-green color. It also has extremely slow vertical growth which means that it only needs to be mowed once a month. Discovery has the drought resistance of a Bermuda grass but does not need to be maintained as much as other varieties. It was developed in Europe. It was made available in the United States in 2011 by <a href="/wiki/Sod_Solutions" title="Sod Solutions">Sod Solutions</a> which owns the right to market it in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It grows well in all of the southern United States.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bluegrass">Bluegrass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sod&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bluegrass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Bella Bluegrass:</b> </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bella_Bluegrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Bella Bluegrass">Bella Bluegrass</a> was developed by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Nebraska">University of Nebraska</a> as a drought-resistant grass that would help states conserve water. It was immediately embraced by schools and homeowners in <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> who are trying to conserve water.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bella is the world's first dwarf, vegetative bluegrass. It is sold only as sod, not as seed. Bella is a quick grower laterally but has very minimal vertical growth. Because it only grows to about 4 inches in height, it requires less mowing. It grows in <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muck_(soil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muck (soil)">muck</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peat_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Peat soil">peat</a> soils, and it is currently being adopted across the <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">northern United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="St._Augustine_grass">St. Augustine grass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sod&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: St. Augustine grass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_grass" title="St. Augustine grass">St. Augustine grass</a> (<i>Stenotaphrum secundatum</i>) (also known as Charleston grass in <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> and Buffalo Turf in Australia) is warm-season, <a href="/wiki/Perennial_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial grass">perennial grass</a> that is a widely used. A native grass of tropical origin that extends from <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marshes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saltwater_marsh" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltwater marsh">salt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">freshwater</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoon fringes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beach_ridge" title="Beach ridge">sandy beach ridges</a>. </p><p>St. Augustine lawns are a popular coarse, wide–bladed coarse lawn planted throughout many areas of the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern United States</a> This grass is found in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and in tropical parts of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. It is a warm-season grass that does not handle cold weather very well. The majority of this grass is planted in vegetative forms (such as plugs and sod), as seeds are not usually available due to production difficulties. </p><p><b>Captiva St. Augustine:</b> </p> <dl><dd>Developed by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a> in 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Captiva is a <a href="/wiki/Blissus_leucopterus" title="Blissus leucopterus">chinch bug</a> resistant St. Augustine <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivar</a>. It has a lush, dark-green color with a dense canopy and a massive root system. Because it has a slow leaf-blade growth and lateral spread, the requirement for mowing is reduced. Captiva has a good–excellent shade tolerance and has excellent pest resistance which means there is less need to use pesticides.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Centipedegrass">Centipedegrass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sod&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Centipedegrass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Covington:</b> </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Eremochloa_ophiuroides" title="Eremochloa ophiuroides">Centipedegrass</a> was introduced into the United States from <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Asia">southeastern Asia</a> in 1916. It does well in the climate and soils of <a href="/wiki/Central_Florida" title="Central Florida">central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Florida">northern Florida</a> and is the most common home lawn grass in the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Panhandle">Florida Panhandle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-edis.ifas_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edis.ifas-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Covington is a proprietary <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivar</a> of centipede grass from <a href="/wiki/Sod_Solutions" title="Sod Solutions">Sod Solutions</a> that grows in the southeast United States, from the <a href="/wiki/West_Texas" title="West Texas">west half of Texas</a> to all of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, most of <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. It is the only uniformly green centipede grass on the market. It is a low-maintenance grass, which retains its color in the fall and greens quickly in the spring. This variety is currently being evaluated by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-edis.ifas_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edis.ifas-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p><b>Santee:</b> </p> <dl><dd>Santee grass is another new proprietary selection from <a href="/wiki/Sod_Solutions" title="Sod Solutions">Sod Solutions</a>, which is also being evaluated by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a> for adaptation to Florida use.<sup id="cite_ref-edis.ifas_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edis.ifas-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wildflower_turf">Wildflower turf</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sod&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Wildflower turf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wildflower turf is a type of lawn alternative that is made up of a mixture of wildflower seeds. These seeds are sown together and grow to form a lawn of flowers, rather than the traditional monoculture of grass found in a traditional lawn. Wildflower turf can be a low-maintenance and sustainable alternative to traditional lawns, as well as providing a habitat for beneficial insects and other wildlife. They often require less watering and fertilization than traditional lawns.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wildflower turf can be used in the restoration of natural habitats, such as meadows, prairies, and wetlands. It is used on <a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">green roofs</a> to provide a low-maintenance alternative to traditional green roof systems. Wildflower turf can help to sequester carbon from the atmosphere, helping to mitigate the effects of climate change and to purify the air by absorbing pollutants and releasing oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_turf_communities">Natural turf communities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sod&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Natural turf communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Low growing vegetation is referred to as "turf communities" in areas where such growth is not common, as in moss-turf communities of sub Antarctica,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some <a href="/wiki/Fauna#Epifauna" title="Fauna">epifauna</a> in the sea,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, as species-rich communities of plants under 5 cm (1.97 in) tall, on coastal headlands, dune hollows, rivers and lakes,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where most of the natural cover was forest.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A form of turf community is a <a href="/wiki/Herbfield" title="Herbfield">herbfield</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diseases">Diseases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sod&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turfgrasses suffer from a wide number of <a href="/wiki/Plant_fungal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant fungal disease">fungal diseases</a>; In 2023, Lane <i>et al.</i>, provided a sampling methodology for testing.<sup id="cite_ref-Learn_and_use_method_to_sample_turfgrass_diseases_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Learn_and_use_method_to_sample_turfgrass_diseases-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sod&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTurgeonKaminiski2019" class="citation book cs1">Turgeon, Alfred J.; Kaminiski, John E. (2019). <i>Turfgrass management</i> (Edition 1.0 ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.openspace.org.nz&rft.atitle=Natural+turfs+of+diverse+tiny+plants&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.openspace.org.nz%2FSite%2FAbout_QEII%2FPartnerships%2FLandcare_Research%2FLandcare_Research_Biodiversity%2Fnatural_turfs.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Johnson2003" class="citation web cs1">Peter Johnson, Geoff Rogers (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doc.govt.nz/documents/science-and-technical/sfc230.pdf">"Ephemeral wetlands and their turfs in New Zealand SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION 230"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Department of Conservation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Conservation&rft.atitle=Ephemeral+wetlands+and+their+turfs+in+New+Zealand+SCIENCE+FOR+CONSERVATION+230&rft.date=2003-10&rft.aulast=Peter+Johnson&rft.aufirst=Geoff+Rogers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc.govt.nz%2Fdocuments%2Fscience-and-technical%2Fsfc230.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Learn_and_use_method_to_sample_turfgrass_diseases-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Learn_and_use_method_to_sample_turfgrass_diseases_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaneBealesHughes2023" class="citation book cs1">Lane, Charles R.; Beales, Paul A.; Hughes, Kelvin J.D., eds. 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GB: CABI. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1079%2F9781800620575.0047">10.1079/9781800620575.0047</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80062-055-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80062-055-1"><bdi>978-1-80062-055-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fungal+Plant+Pathogens%3A+Applied+Techniques&rft.place=GB&rft.pages=147&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2023-07-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1079%2F9781800620575.0047&rft.isbn=978-1-80062-055-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabidigitallibrary.org%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.1079%2F9781800620575.0000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASod" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 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