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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Evolutionary history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Subdivisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_reproduction_and_meiosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_reproduction_and_meiosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sexual reproduction and meiosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_reproduction_and_meiosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Food_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Food production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palaeoecological_reconstructions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palaeoecological_reconstructions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Palaeoecological reconstructions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palaeoecological_reconstructions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lawn_and_ornamental_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lawn_and_ornamental_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Lawn and ornamental use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lawn_and_ornamental_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports_turf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_turf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Sports turf</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_turf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cricket" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cricket"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>Cricket</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cricket-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.2</span> <span>Golf</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tennis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tennis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.3</span> <span>Tennis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tennis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economically_important_grasses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economically_important_grasses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Economically important grasses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economically_important_grasses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Role in society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Image gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Poaceae</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 113 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-113" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">113 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasfamilie" title="Grasfamilie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Grasfamilie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%9Fgr%C3%A4ser" title="Süßgräser – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Süßgräser" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نجيلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نجيلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A5%DC%A3%DC%92%DC%90" title="ܥܣܒܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܥܣܒܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Poaceae" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapi%27i" title="Kapi'i – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kapi'i" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1rt%C4%B1ckimil%C9%99r" title="Qırtıckimilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qırtıckimilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Poaceae" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF" title="পোয়াসি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পোয়াসি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4-p%C3%BAn-kho" title="Hô-pún-kho – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hô-pún-kho" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Метлюжковыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Метлюжковыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Метлюжковыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Метлюжковыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Poaceae" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Житни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Житни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Poaceae" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C3%A0cies" title="Poàcies – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Poàcies" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D3%B3%C3%A7%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Çӳçен йышшисем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çӳçен йышшисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balili" title="Balili – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Balili" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipnicovit%C3%A9" title="Lipnicovité – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lipnicovité" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Poaceae" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Poaceae" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A6s-familien" title="Græs-familien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Græs-familien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%9Fgr%C3%A4ser" title="Süßgräser – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Süßgräser" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5rrelised" title="Kõrrelised – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kõrrelised" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%B4%CE%B7" title="Αγρωστώδη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγρωστώδη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Poaceae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poacoj" title="Poacoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Poacoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Poaceae" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گندمیان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گندمیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Poaceae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerzen" title="Gerzen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gerzen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Poaceae" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram%C3%ADneas" title="Gramíneas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gramíneas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%BC%EA%B3%BC" title="벼과 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벼과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հացազգիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հացազգիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="पोएसी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पोएसी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82%C3%B3dke_trawy" title="Słódke trawy – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Słódke trawy" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trave" title="Trave – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Trave" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Poaceae" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Poaceae" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivik" title="Ivik – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Ivik" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D1%84%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Æфсирджынтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æфсирджынтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasa%C3%A6tt" title="Grasaætt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Grasaætt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Poaceae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="דגניים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דגניים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Poaceae" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF" title="ಪೊಯೇಸಿಯಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೊಯೇಸಿಯಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AA%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მარცვლოვანნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარცვლოვანნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%81%D9%95" title="گاسہٕ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گاسہٕ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D2%B1%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Астық тұқымдасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Астық тұқымдасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Poaceae" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fam%C3%AEleya_genim_%C3%BB_kurt%C3%AEjan" title="Famîleya genim û kurtîjan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Famîleya genim û kurtîjan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D3%A9%D1%81%D2%AF%D0%BC%D0%B4%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%AF" title="Дан өсүмдүктөрү – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дан өсүмдүктөрү" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Poaceae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graudz%C4%81%C4%BCu_dzimta" title="Graudzāļu dzimta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Graudzāļu dzimta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migliniai" title="Migliniai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Migliniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graas" title="Graas – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Graas" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Poaceae" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjef%C3%A9l%C3%A9k" title="Perjefélék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Perjefélék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Треви – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Треви" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Poaceae" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80" title="പൊവേസീ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പൊവേസീ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ყუბერამეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ყუბერამეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="نجيليه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نجيليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Poaceae" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="စပါးမျိုးရင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စပါးမျိုးရင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zacatl" title="Zacatl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Zacatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grassenfamilie" title="Grassenfamilie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grassenfamilie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grezenfemilie" title="Grezenfemilie – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Grezenfemilie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8D%E7%A7%91" title="イネ科 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イネ科" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swetg%C3%A4%C3%A4rs" title="Swetgäärs – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Swetgäärs" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasfamilien" title="Grasfamilien – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grasfamilien" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasfamilien" title="Grasfamilien – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Grasfamilien" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Poaceae" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug%CA%BBdoydoshlar" title="Bugʻdoydoshlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bugʻdoydoshlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9" title="ਘਾਹ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਘਾਹ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7%DB%81" title="گھاہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گھاہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiechlinowate" title="Wiechlinowate – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wiechlinowate" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Poaceae" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Poaceae" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiru_yura_rikch%27aq_ayllu" title="Wiru yura rikch'aq ayllu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wiru yura rikch'aq ayllu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Злаки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Злаки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Poaceae" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Poaceae" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Poaceae" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%87%D9%BB%D8%B1" title="ڇٻر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڇٻر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipnicovit%C3%A9" title="Lipnicovité – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lipnicovité" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trave" title="Trave – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Trave" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="گرامینیای – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گرامینیای" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Траве – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Траве" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Poaceae" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Poaceae" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hein%C3%A4kasvit" title="Heinäkasvit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Heinäkasvit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A4s" title="Gräs – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gräs" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Poaceae" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="பொவேசி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பொவேசி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumedt" title="Tumedt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tumedt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кыяклылар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кыяклылар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF" title="పోయేసి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పోయేసి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="หญ้า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หญ้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohuku" title="Mohuku – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Mohuku" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C4%9Fdaygiller" title="Buğdaygiller – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Buğdaygiller" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Злакові – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Злакові" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%8D_H%C3%B2a_th%E1%BA%A3o" title="Họ Hòa thảo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Họ Hòa thảo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenaesses_(famile)" title="Fenaesses (famile) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Fenaesses (famile)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasfamilie" title="Grasfamilie – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Grasfamilie" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Poaceae" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grass&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">Grass</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of flowering plants commonly known as grasses</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Grass" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Grass_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Grass (disambiguation)">Grass (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gramineae" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Graminea" title="Graminea"><i>Graminea</i></a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Grasses<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Albian–Present</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:177.43169230769px; width:42.568307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:181.75384615385px; width:38.246153846154px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:182.75384615385px; width:36.246153846154px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span><sup id="cite_ref-NSR_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSR-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Meadow_Foxtail_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Meadow_Foxtail_head.jpg/220px-Meadow_Foxtail_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Meadow_Foxtail_head.jpg/330px-Meadow_Foxtail_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Meadow_Foxtail_head.jpg/440px-Meadow_Foxtail_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Flowering head of meadow foxtail (<i><a href="/wiki/Alopecurus_pratensis" title="Alopecurus pratensis">Alopecurus pratensis</a></i>), with stamens exerted at anthesis </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Poaceae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commelinids" title="Commelinids">Commelinids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poales" title="Poales">Poales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Graminid_clade" title="Graminid clade">Graminid clade</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poaceae</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/John_Hendley_Barnhart" title="John Hendley Barnhart">Barnhart</a><sup id="cite_ref-APGIII2009_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APGIII2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Type_genus" title="Type genus">Type genus</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/Poa" title="Poa">Poa</a></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Subfamilies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomochlooideae" title="Anomochlooideae">Anomochlooideae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristideae" title="Aristideae">Aristidoideae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arundinoideae" title="Arundinoideae">Arundinoideae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambusoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambusoideae">Bambusoideae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloridoideae" title="Chloridoideae">Chloridoideae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danthonieae" class="mw-redirect" title="Danthonieae">Danthonioideae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehrhartoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ehrhartoideae">Ehrhartoideae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micrairoideae" title="Micrairoideae">Micrairoideae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panicoideae" title="Panicoideae">Panicoideae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharoideae" title="Pharoideae">Pharoideae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pooideae" title="Pooideae">Pooideae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puelioideae" title="Puelioideae">Puelioideae</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>Gramineae <small><a href="/wiki/Juss." class="mw-redirect" title="Juss.">Juss.</a></small> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Poaceae</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">poh-<span style="font-size:90%">AY</span>-see-e(y)e</i></a>), also called <b>Gramineae</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">grə-<span style="font-size:90%">MIN</span>-ee-e(y)e</i></a>), is a large and nearly ubiquitous <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> of <a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">monocotyledonous</a> <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> commonly known as <b>grasses</b>. It includes the <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereal</a> grasses, <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboos</a>, the grasses of natural <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a> and species cultivated in <a href="/wiki/Lawn" title="Lawn">lawns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pasture</a>. The latter are commonly referred to collectively as <b>grass</b>. </p><p>With around 780 <a href="/wiki/Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a> and around 12,000 species,<sup id="cite_ref-Christenhusz-Byng2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christenhusz-Byng2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Poaceae is the fifth-largest <a href="/wiki/Category:Plant_families" title="Category:Plant families">plant family</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orchidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchidaceae">Orchidaceae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rubiaceae" title="Rubiaceae">Rubiaceae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Poaceae are the most economically important plant family, providing <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple foods</a> from domesticated <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereal</a> crops such as <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oats" class="mw-redirect" title="Oats">oats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a> for people and as <a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">feed</a> for <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">meat-producing animals</a>. They provide, through direct human consumption, just over one-half (51%) of all dietary energy; rice provides 20%,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wheat supplies 20%, maize (corn) 5.5%, and other <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grains</a> 6%.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some members of the Poaceae are used as building materials (<a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thatch" class="mw-redirect" title="Thatch">thatch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">straw</a>); others can provide a source of <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a>, primarily via the conversion of maize to <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>. </p><p>Grasses have <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stems</a> that are hollow except at the <a href="/wiki/Nodes_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nodes (botany)">nodes</a> and narrow alternate leaves borne in two ranks. The lower part of each leaf encloses the stem, forming a leaf-sheath. The leaf grows from the base of the blade, an adaptation allowing it to cope with frequent grazing. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">Grasslands</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Savannah" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannah">savannah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairie</a> where grasses are dominant are estimated to constitute 40.5% of the land area of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, excluding <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grasses are also an important part of the vegetation in many other habitats, including <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a>. </p><p>Though they are commonly called "grasses", groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Seagrasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Seagrasses">seagrasses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juncaceae" title="Juncaceae">rushes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">sedges</a> fall outside this family. The rushes and sedges are related to the Poaceae, being members of the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <a href="/wiki/Poales" title="Poales">Poales</a>, but the seagrasses are members of the order <a href="/wiki/Alismatales" title="Alismatales">Alismatales</a>. However, all of them belong to the <a href="/wiki/Monocot" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocot">monocot</a> group of plants. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1062633282">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .content .thumb>div:not(.thumbinner){display:flex;justify-content:center;flex-wrap:wrap;align-content:flex-start;flex-direction:column}}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output div.thumb>div:not(.thumbinner){font-size:94%;text-align:center;overflow:hidden;min-width:100px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.thumb>div:not(.thumbinner){margin:0 auto;max-width:100%!important}</style> <div class="thumb tright"> <div style="display:table;"> <div class="thumbcaption" style="display:table-caption;caption-side:top;box-sizing:border-box;"><div style="float: left; margin-top: 0.25em; width: 11px; height: 9.5px;"><div style="position: relative; float: left; width: 0px; height: 0px; -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg); border-style: solid inset; border-width: 9.5px 5.5px 0 5.5px; border-color: #43d050 transparent transparent transparent;"></div></div><div style="padding-left: 20px">Diagram of a typical lawn grass plant</div> </div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Grassy_grass_plant.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram of a typical lawn grass plant"><img alt="Diagram of a typical lawn grass plant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Grassy_grass_plant.svg/300px-Grassy_grass_plant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="475" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Grassy_grass_plant.svg/450px-Grassy_grass_plant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Grassy_grass_plant.svg/600px-Grassy_grass_plant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="950" /></a></span> </div> </div> <p>Grasses may be <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annual</a> or <a href="/wiki/Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennial</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">herbs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BSBI13_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSBI13-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> generally with the following characteristics (the image gallery can be used for reference): The <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stems</a> of grasses, called <a href="/wiki/Culm_(botany)" title="Culm (botany)">culms</a>, are usually cylindrical (more rarely flattened, but not 3-angled) and are hollow, plugged at the <a href="/wiki/Node_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Node (botany)">nodes</a>, where the leaves are attached.<sup id="cite_ref-BSBI13_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSBI13-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clayton_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clayton-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grass <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> are nearly always alternate and distichous (in one plane), and have parallel veins.<sup id="cite_ref-BSBI13_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSBI13-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup> Each leaf is differentiated into a lower sheath hugging the stem and a blade with entire (i.e., smooth) margins.<sup id="cite_ref-BSBI13_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSBI13-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup> The leaf blades of many grasses are hardened with <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> <a href="/wiki/Phytolith" title="Phytolith">phytoliths</a>, which discourage grazing animals; some, such as <a href="/wiki/Imperata_cylindrica" title="Imperata cylindrica">sword grass</a>, are sharp enough to cut human skin. A membranous appendage or fringe of hairs called the <a href="/wiki/Ligule#Poaceae_and_Cyperaceae" title="Ligule">ligule</a> lies at the junction between sheath and blade, preventing water or insects from penetrating into the sheath.<sup id="cite_ref-BSBI13_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSBI13-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grassbluete_numbers_clones_unlinked.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Grassbluete_numbers_clones_unlinked.svg/220px-Grassbluete_numbers_clones_unlinked.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Grassbluete_numbers_clones_unlinked.svg/330px-Grassbluete_numbers_clones_unlinked.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Grassbluete_numbers_clones_unlinked.svg/440px-Grassbluete_numbers_clones_unlinked.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="773" /></a><figcaption>Inflorecence scheme and floral diagram. 1 – glume, 2 – lemma, 3 – awn, 4 – palea, 5 – lodicules, 6 – stamens, 7 – ovary, 8 – styles.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flowers</a> of Poaceae are characteristically arranged in <a href="/wiki/Spikelet" title="Spikelet">spikelets</a>, each having one or more florets.<sup id="cite_ref-BSBI13_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSBI13-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12">: 12 </span></sup> The spikelets are further grouped into <a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">panicles or spikes</a>. The part of the spikelet that bears the florets is called the rachilla. A spikelet consists of two (or sometimes fewer) <a href="/wiki/Bracts" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracts">bracts</a> at the base, called <a href="/wiki/Glumes" class="mw-redirect" title="Glumes">glumes</a>, followed by one or more florets.<sup id="cite_ref-BSBI13_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSBI13-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13">: 13 </span></sup> A floret consists of the flower surrounded by two bracts, one external—the <a href="/wiki/Lemma_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemma (botany)">lemma</a>—and one internal—the <a href="/wiki/Palea_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palea (botany)">palea</a>. The flowers are usually <a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermaphroditic">hermaphroditic</a>—<a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> being an important exception—and mainly <a href="/wiki/Anemophily" title="Anemophily">anemophilous</a> or wind-pollinated, although insects occasionally play a role.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">perianth</a> is reduced to two scales, called <i><a href="/wiki/Lodicule" class="mw-redirect" title="Lodicule">lodicules</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-BSBI13_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSBI13-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup> that expand and contract to spread the lemma and palea; these are generally interpreted to be modified sepals. The <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> of grasses is a <a href="/wiki/Caryopsis" title="Caryopsis">caryopsis</a>, in which the seed coat is fused to the fruit wall.<sup id="cite_ref-BSBI13_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSBI13-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16">: 16 </span></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Tiller_(botany)" title="Tiller (botany)">tiller</a> is a leafy shoot other than the first shoot produced from the seed.<sup id="cite_ref-BSBI13_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSBI13-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_and_development">Growth and development</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grassflowers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Grassflowers.jpg/250px-Grassflowers.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Grassflowers.jpg/375px-Grassflowers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Grassflowers.jpg/500px-Grassflowers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1371" data-file-height="1248" /></a><figcaption>Grass flowers</figcaption></figure> <p>Grass blades grow at the base of the blade and not from elongated stem tips. This low growth point evolved in response to grazing animals and allows grasses to be <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazed</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lawnmower" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawnmower">mown</a> regularly without severe damage to the plant.<sup id="cite_ref-Attenborough1984_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Attenborough1984-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 113–114">: 113–114 </span></sup> </p><p>Three general classifications of growth habit present in grasses: bunch-type (also called caespitose), <a href="/wiki/Stolon" title="Stolon">stoloniferous</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomatous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of the grasses lies in part in their morphology and growth processes and in part in their physiological diversity. There are both <a href="/wiki/C3_carbon_fixation" title="C3 carbon fixation">C3</a> and <a href="/wiki/C4_carbon_fixation" title="C4 carbon fixation">C4</a> grasses, referring to the photosynthetic pathway for carbon fixation. The C4 grasses have a photosynthetic pathway, linked to specialized <a href="/wiki/Kranz_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kranz anatomy">Kranz leaf anatomy</a>, which allows for increased <a href="/wiki/Water_use_efficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Water use efficiency">water use efficiency</a>, rendering them better adapted to hot, arid environments.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The C3 grasses are referred to as "cool-season" grasses, while the C4 plants are considered "warm-season" grasses.<sup id="cite_ref-BSBI13_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSBI13-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 18–19">: 18–19 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li>Annual cool-season – <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>, annual bluegrass (annual meadowgrass, <i><a href="/wiki/Poa_annua" title="Poa annua">Poa annua</a></i>), and <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oat</a></li> <li>Perennial cool-season – orchardgrass (cocksfoot, <i><a href="/wiki/Dactylis_glomerata" title="Dactylis glomerata">Dactylis glomerata</a></i>), fescue (<i><a href="/wiki/Festuca" title="Festuca">Festuca</a></i> spp.), <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_bluegrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Kentucky bluegrass">Kentucky bluegrass</a> and perennial ryegrass (<i><a href="/wiki/Lolium_perenne" title="Lolium perenne">Lolium perenne</a></i>)</li> <li>Annual warm-season – <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudangrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudangrass">sudangrass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pearl_millet" title="Pearl millet">pearl millet</a></li> <li>Perennial warm-season – <a href="/wiki/Big_bluestem" class="mw-redirect" title="Big bluestem">big bluestem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiangrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiangrass">Indiangrass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bermudagrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermudagrass">Bermudagrass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switchgrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Switchgrass">switchgrass</a>.</li></ul> <p>Although the C4 species are all in the <a href="/wiki/PACMAD_clade" title="PACMAD clade">PACMAD clade</a> (see diagram below), it seems that various forms of C4 have arisen some twenty or more times, in various subfamilies or genera. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Aristida" title="Aristida">Aristida</a></i> genus for example, one species (<i>A. longifolia</i>) is C3 but the approximately 300 other species are C4. As another example, the whole tribe of <a href="/wiki/Andropogoneae" title="Andropogoneae">Andropogoneae</a>, which includes <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Job%27s_tears" title="Job's tears">Job's tears</a>", and <a href="/wiki/Bluestem_grass" title="Bluestem grass">bluestem grasses</a>, is C4.<sup id="cite_ref-GPWGII_2012_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPWGII_2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 46 percent of grass species are C4 plants.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2></div> <p>The name Poaceae was given by <a href="/wiki/John_Hendley_Barnhart" title="John Hendley Barnhart">John Hendley Barnhart</a> in 1895,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> based on the tribe Poeae described in 1814 by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brown_(Scottish_botanist_from_Montrose)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Brown (Scottish botanist from Montrose)">Robert Brown</a>, and the type genus <i><a href="/wiki/Poa" title="Poa">Poa</a></i> described in 1753 by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a>. The term is derived from the Ancient Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Poa" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Poa">πόα (póa, "fodder")</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutionary_history">Evolutionary history</h3></div> <p>Grasses include some of the most versatile <a href="/wiki/Plant_life-form" title="Plant life-form">plant life-forms</a>. They became widespread toward the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> period, and fossilized <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaur</a> dung (<a href="/wiki/Coprolite" title="Coprolite">coprolites</a>) have been found containing <a href="/wiki/Phytolith" title="Phytolith">phytoliths</a> of a variety that include grasses that are related to modern <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grasses have adapted to conditions in lush <a href="/wiki/Rain_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Rain forest">rain forests</a>, dry <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a>, cold mountains and even <a href="/wiki/Intertidal_ecology" title="Intertidal ecology">intertidal habitats</a>, and are currently the most widespread plant type; grass is a valuable source of food and energy for all sorts of wildlife. </p><p>A cladogram shows subfamilies and approximate species numbers in brackets:<sup id="cite_ref-GPWGII_2012_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPWGII_2012-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%;line-height:75%;width:800px;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/PACMAD_clade" title="PACMAD clade">PACMAD clade</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chloridoideae" title="Chloridoideae">Chloridoideae</a> (1600) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Danthonioideae" title="Danthonioideae">Danthonioideae</a> (300) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Micrairoideae" title="Micrairoideae">Micrairoideae</a> (200) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Arundinoideae" title="Arundinoideae">Arundinoideae</a> (50) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Panicoideae" title="Panicoideae">Panicoideae</a> (3250) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Aristidoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristidoideae">Aristidoideae</a> (350) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/BOP_clade" title="BOP clade">BOP clade</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Oryzoideae" title="Oryzoideae">Oryzoideae</a> (110) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bambusoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambusoideae">Bambusoideae</a> – bamboos (1450) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pooideae" title="Pooideae">Pooideae</a> (3850) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Puelioideae" title="Puelioideae">Puelioideae</a> (11) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pharoideae" title="Pharoideae">Pharoideae</a> (13) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Anomochlooideae" title="Anomochlooideae">Anomochlooideae</a> (4) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anomochloa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Anomochloa.jpg/220px-Anomochloa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Anomochloa.jpg/330px-Anomochloa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Anomochloa.jpg/440px-Anomochloa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3033" data-file-height="3616" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of <i><a href="/wiki/Anomochloa_marantoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Anomochloa marantoidea">Anomochloa marantoidea</a></i>, one of the most primitive living grass species</figcaption></figure> <p>Before 2005, fossil findings indicated that grasses evolved around 55 million years ago. Finds of grass-like <a href="/wiki/Phytolith" title="Phytolith">phytoliths</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> dinosaur <a href="/wiki/Coprolite" title="Coprolite">coprolites</a> from the latest Cretaceous (<a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian" title="Maastrichtian">Maastrichtian</a>) aged <a href="/wiki/Lameta_Formation" title="Lameta Formation">Lameta Formation</a> of India have pushed this date back to 66 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-DinosDined_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DinosDined-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prasad2005_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasad2005-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, fossils from the same deposit were found to belong to the modern rice tribe <a href="/wiki/Oryzeae" title="Oryzeae">Oryzeae</a>, suggesting substantial diversification of major lineages by this time.<sup id="cite_ref-Prasadetal_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prasadetal-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, a study described grass microfossils extracted from the teeth of the <a href="/wiki/Hadrosauroidea" title="Hadrosauroidea">hadrosauroid</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaur</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Equijubus" title="Equijubus">Equijubus</a> normani</i> from northern China, dating to the <a href="/wiki/Albian" title="Albian">Albian</a> stage of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early Cretaceous</a> approximately 113–100 million years ago, which were found to belong to primitive lineages within Poaceae, similar in position to the Anomochlooideae. These are currently the oldest known grass fossils.<sup id="cite_ref-NSR_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSR-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relationships among the three subfamilies Bambusoideae, Oryzoideae and Pooideae in the BOP clade have been resolved: Bambusoideae and Pooideae are more closely related to each other than to Oryzoideae.<sup id="cite_ref-Wu_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This separation occurred within the relatively short time span of about 4 million years. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Lester_Charles_King" title="Lester Charles King">Lester Charles King</a>, the spread of grasses in the <a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Late Cenozoic</a> would have changed patterns of <a href="/wiki/Hillslope_evolution" title="Hillslope evolution">hillslope evolution</a> favouring slopes that are convex upslope and concave downslope and lacking a <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">free face</a> were common. King argued that this was the result of more slowly acting surface wash caused by carpets of grass which in turn would have resulted in relatively more <a href="/wiki/Downhill_creep" title="Downhill creep">soil creep</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Twidale_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twidale-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-King1953_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King1953-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subdivisions">Subdivisions</h3></div> <p>There are about 12,000 grass species in about 771 genera that are classified into 12 subfamilies.<sup id="cite_ref-SorengPeterson2015_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SorengPeterson2015-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See the full <a href="/wiki/List_of_Poaceae_genera" title="List of Poaceae genera">list of Poaceae genera</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomochlooideae" title="Anomochlooideae">Anomochlooideae</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Knud_Friedrich_Pilger" title="Robert Knud Friedrich Pilger">Pilg.</a> ex <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eva_Hedwig_Ingeborg_Potztal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eva Hedwig Ingeborg Potztal (page does not exist)">Potztal</a>, a small lineage of broad-leaved grasses that includes two genera (<i>Anomochloa</i>, <i>Streptochaeta</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharoideae" title="Pharoideae">Pharoideae</a> <a href="/wiki/Lynn_G._Clark" title="Lynn G. Clark">L.G.Clark</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emmet_J._Judziewicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emmet J. Judziewicz (page does not exist)">Judz.</a>, a small lineage of grasses of three genera, including <i>Pharus</i> and <i>Leptaspis</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puelioideae" title="Puelioideae">Puelioideae</a> L.G.Clark, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikio_Kobayashi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikio Kobayashi (page does not exist)">M.Kobay.</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Mathews&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarah Mathews (page does not exist)">S.Mathews</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Edwin_Spangler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russell Edwin Spangler (page does not exist)">Spangler</a> & <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Anne_Kellogg" title="Elizabeth Anne Kellogg">E.A.Kellogg</a>, a small lineage of the African genus <i>Puelia</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pooideae" title="Pooideae">Pooideae</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a>, brome-grass (<i><a href="/wiki/Bromus" title="Bromus">Bromus</a></i>), reed-grasses (<i>Calamagrostis</i>) and many lawn and pasture grasses such as <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_(grass)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluegrass (grass)">bluegrass</a> (<i>Poa</i>)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Setaria_verticillata_W_IMG_1085.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Setaria_verticillata_W_IMG_1085.jpg/190px-Setaria_verticillata_W_IMG_1085.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Setaria_verticillata_W_IMG_1085.jpg/285px-Setaria_verticillata_W_IMG_1085.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Setaria_verticillata_W_IMG_1085.jpg/380px-Setaria_verticillata_W_IMG_1085.jpg 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Setaria_verticillata" title="Setaria verticillata">Setaria verticillata</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Panicoideae" title="Panicoideae">Panicoideae</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambusoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambusoideae">Bambusoideae</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehrhartoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ehrhartoideae">Ehrhartoideae</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wild_rice" title="Wild rice">wild rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristideae" title="Aristideae">Aristidoideae</a>, including <i><a href="/wiki/Aristida" title="Aristida">Aristida</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arundinoideae" title="Arundinoideae">Arundinoideae</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Giant_reed" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant reed">giant reed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_reed" class="mw-redirect" title="Common reed">common reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloridoideae" title="Chloridoideae">Chloridoideae</a>, including the lovegrasses (<i>Eragrostis</i>, about 350 species, including <a href="/wiki/Teff" title="Teff">teff</a>), dropseeds (<i>Sporobolus</i>, some 160 species), <a href="/wiki/Finger_millet" title="Finger millet">finger millet</a> (<i>Eleusine coracana</i> (L.) Gaertn.), and the muhly grasses (<i>Muhlenbergia</i>, about 175 species)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panicoideae" title="Panicoideae">Panicoideae</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Panic_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Panic grass">panic grass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, most <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fonio" title="Fonio">fonio</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Job%27s_tears" title="Job's tears">Job's tears</a>", and <a href="/wiki/Bluestem_grass" title="Bluestem grass">bluestem grasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micrairoideae" title="Micrairoideae">Micrairoideae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danthonioideae" title="Danthonioideae">Danthonioideae</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Cortaderia" title="Cortaderia">pampas grass</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2></div> <p>The grass family is one of the most widely distributed and abundant groups of plants on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>. Grasses are found on every continent,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Missouri_Botanical_Garden_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Missouri_Botanical_Garden-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. The Antarctic hair grass, <i><a href="/wiki/Deschampsia_antarctica" title="Deschampsia antarctica">Deschampsia antarctica</a></i> is one of only two plant species native to the western <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grasses_in_the_Valles_Caldera_2014-06-26.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Grasses_in_the_Valles_Caldera_2014-06-26.JPG/250px-Grasses_in_the_Valles_Caldera_2014-06-26.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Grasses_in_the_Valles_Caldera_2014-06-26.JPG/375px-Grasses_in_the_Valles_Caldera_2014-06-26.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Grasses_in_the_Valles_Caldera_2014-06-26.JPG/500px-Grasses_in_the_Valles_Caldera_2014-06-26.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Wind-blown grass in the <a href="/wiki/Valles_Caldera" title="Valles Caldera">Valles Caldera</a> in New Mexico, United States</figcaption></figure> <p>Grasses are the <a href="/wiki/Dominance_(ecology)" title="Dominance (ecology)">dominant</a> vegetation in many habitats, including <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt-marsh" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt-marsh">salt-marsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reedswamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Reedswamp">reedswamp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steppes" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppes">steppes</a>. They also occur as a smaller part of the vegetation in almost every other terrestrial habitat.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Grass-dominated <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biomes</a> are called grasslands. If only large, contiguous areas of grasslands are counted, these biomes cover 31% of the planet's land.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_life_20_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time_life_20-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grasslands include <a href="/wiki/Pampas" title="Pampas">pampas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grasses provide food to many <a href="/wiki/Grazing_(behaviour)" title="Grazing (behaviour)">grazing</a> mammals,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as to many species of <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterflies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moths</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many types of animals eat grass as their main source of food, and are called <i><a href="/wiki/Graminivore" title="Graminivore">graminivores</a></i> – these include <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a> and many <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">grasshoppers</a> and the caterpillars of many <a href="/wiki/Satyridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyridae">brown butterflies</a>. Grasses are also eaten by <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivorous</a> or even occasionally by primarily <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivorous</a> animals. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kangur.rudy.drs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Kangur.rudy.drs.jpg/220px-Kangur.rudy.drs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Kangur.rudy.drs.jpg/330px-Kangur.rudy.drs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Kangur.rudy.drs.jpg/440px-Kangur.rudy.drs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo" title="Kangaroo">kangaroo</a> eating grass</figcaption></figure> <p>Grasses dominate certain <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biomes</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Temperate_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">temperate grasslands</a>, because many species are adapted to grazing and fire.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grasses are unusual in that the <a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">meristem</a> is near the bottom of the plant; hence, grasses can quickly recover from cropping at the top.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evolution of large grazing animals in the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> contributed to the spread of grasses. Without large grazers, fire-cleared areas are quickly colonized by grasses, and with enough rain, tree seedlings. Trees eventually outcompete most grasses. Trampling grazers kill seedling trees but not grasses.<sup id="cite_ref-Attenborough1984_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Attenborough1984-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 137">: 137 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sexual_reproduction_and_meiosis">Sexual reproduction and meiosis</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">Sexual reproduction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> have been studied in <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang2021_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2021-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meiosis research in these crop species is linked to crop improvement, since meiotic <a href="/wiki/Genetic_recombination" title="Genetic recombination">recombination</a> is an important component of <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">plant breeding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang2021_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2021-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike in animals, the specification of both male and female plant <a href="/wiki/Germline" title="Germline">germlines</a> occurs late in development during flowering. The transition from the <a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">sporophyte</a> phase to the <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">gametophyte</a> state is initiated by meiotic entry.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang2021_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2021-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2></div> <p>Grasses are, in human terms, perhaps the most economically important plant family.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their economic importance stems from several areas, including food production, industry, and <a href="/wiki/Lawn" title="Lawn">lawns</a>. They have been grown as food for <a href="/wiki/Domesticated_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated animals">domesticated animals</a> for up to 6,000 years<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="where did this number come from? (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the grains of grasses such as <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, rice, maize (corn) and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> have been the most important human <a href="/wiki/Food_crop" class="mw-redirect" title="Food crop">food crops</a>. Grasses are also used in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">thatch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Building_insulation" title="Building insulation">insulation</a>, timber for <a href="/wiki/Fence" title="Fence">fencing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">furniture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scaffolding" title="Scaffolding">scaffolding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> materials, floor <a href="/wiki/Matting" class="mw-redirect" title="Matting">matting</a>, <a href="#Sports_turf">sports turf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">baskets</a>. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1508px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GrazingCowsPasture.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grazing cattle on a pasture near Hradec nad Moravicí in Czech Silesia."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GrazingCowsPasture.jpg/1500px-GrazingCowsPasture.jpg" decoding="async" width="1500" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GrazingCowsPasture.jpg/2250px-GrazingCowsPasture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GrazingCowsPasture.jpg/3000px-GrazingCowsPasture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14805" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:GrazingCowsPasture.jpg" title="File:GrazingCowsPasture.jpg"> </a></div>Grazing cattle on a pasture near <a href="/wiki/Hradec_nad_Moravic%C3%AD" title="Hradec nad Moravicí">Hradec nad Moravicí</a> in <a href="/wiki/Czech_Silesia" title="Czech Silesia">Czech Silesia</a>.</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_production">Food production</h3></div> <p>Of all crops grown, 70% are grasses.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_life_19_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time_life_19-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agricultural grasses grown for their edible seeds are called <i><a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereals</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grains</a></i> (although the latter term, when used agriculturally, refers to both cereals and similar seeds of other plant species, such as <a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">buckwheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legumes" class="mw-redirect" title="Legumes">legumes</a>). Three cereals—rice, wheat, and maize (corn)—provide more than half of all calories consumed by humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Raven_and_Johnson_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raven_and_Johnson-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cereals constitute the major source of <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> for humans and perhaps the major source of protein; these include rice (in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Asia">eastern Asia</a>), maize (in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>), and wheat and barley (in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Asia">northern Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a> is the major source of <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> production. Additional food uses of sugarcane include <a href="/wiki/Sprouting" title="Sprouting">sprouted grain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">shoots</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</a>, and in drink they include <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane_juice" title="Sugarcane juice">sugarcane juice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plant_milk" title="Plant milk">plant milk</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">whisky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBubr%C3%B3wka" title="Żubrówka">vodka</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">Bamboo shoots</a> are used in numerous Asian dishes and broths, and are available in supermarkets in various sliced forms, in both fresh, fermented and canned versions. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lemongrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemongrass">Lemongrass</a> is a grass used as a culinary herb for its citrus-like flavor and scent. </p><p>Many species of grass are grown as <a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">pasture</a> for foraging or as <a href="/wiki/Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a> for prescribed <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> feeds, particularly in the case of <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>. Such grasses may be cut and stored for later feeding, especially for the winter, in the form of bales of <a href="/wiki/Hay" title="Hay">hay</a> or <a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">straw</a>, or in silos as <a href="/wiki/Silage" title="Silage">silage</a>. Straw (and sometimes hay) may also be used as bedding for animals. </p><p>An example of a <a href="/wiki/Sod" title="Sod">sod</a>-forming perennial grass used in agriculture is <i><a href="/wiki/Thinopyrum_intermedium" title="Thinopyrum intermedium">Thinopyrum intermedium</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3></div> <p>Grasses are used as raw material for a multitude of purposes, including construction and in the composition of building materials such as <a href="/wiki/Cob_(material)" title="Cob (material)">cob</a>, for insulation, in the manufacture of paper and board such as <a href="/wiki/Oriented_structural_straw_board" title="Oriented structural straw board">oriented structural straw board</a>. Grass <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">fiber</a> can be used for making <a href="/wiki/Esparto#Esparto_paper" title="Esparto">paper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuel</a> production,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nonwoven fabrics, and as replacement for glass fibers used in reinforced plastics.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_scaffolding" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamboo scaffolding">Bamboo scaffolding</a> is able to withstand typhoon-force winds that would break steel scaffolding.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_life_20_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time_life_20-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larger bamboos and <i><a href="/wiki/Arundo_donax" title="Arundo donax">Arundo donax</a></i> have stout culms that can be used in a manner similar to timber, <i>Arundo</i> is used to make reeds for <a href="/wiki/Woodwind_instrument" title="Woodwind instrument">woodwind instruments</a>, and bamboo is used for innumerable implements.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Phragmites" title="Phragmites"><i>Phragmites australis</i></a></i> (common reed) is important for <a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">thatching</a> and wall construction of homes in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grasses are used in <a href="/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment">water treatment</a> systems,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Wetland_conservation" title="Wetland conservation">wetland conservation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">land reclamation</a>, and used to lessen the erosional impact of urban storm water runoff.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palaeoecological_reconstructions">Palaeoecological reconstructions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FossilPoaceaePollen.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/FossilPoaceaePollen.tif/lossy-page1-220px-FossilPoaceaePollen.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/FossilPoaceaePollen.tif/lossy-page1-330px-FossilPoaceaePollen.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/FossilPoaceaePollen.tif/lossy-page1-440px-FossilPoaceaePollen.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1532" /></a><figcaption>Processed, fossilised pollen from the family Poaceae. Species unknown</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a> morphology, particularly in the <i>Poaceae</i> family, is key to figuring out their evolutionary relationships and <a href="/wiki/Paleoecology" title="Paleoecology">how environments have changed over time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grass pollen grains, however, often look the same, making it hard to use them for detailed climate or environmental reconstructions.<sup id="cite_ref-Wei-2023_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wei-2023-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scoble-2024_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scoble-2024-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grass pollen has a <a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon_reproduction" title="Monocotyledon reproduction">single pore</a> and can vary a lot in size, from about 20 to over 100 micrometers, and this size difference has been looked into for clues about past habitats, to tell apart <a href="/wiki/Domesticated" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated">domesticated</a> grasses from wild ones,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to indicate various biological features like how they perform <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Jan-2015_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jan-2015-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their breeding systems,<sup id="cite_ref-Jan-2015_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jan-2015-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and genetic complexity.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wei-2023_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wei-2023-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, there's ongoing debate about how effective pollen size is for piecing together historical landscapes and weather patterns, considering other factors such as genetic material amount might also affect pollen size.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wei-2023_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wei-2023-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these challenges, new techniques in <a href="/wiki/Fourier-transform_infrared_spectroscopy" title="Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy">Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy</a> (FT-IR) and improved statistical methods are now helping to better identify these similar-looking pollen types.<sup id="cite_ref-Scoble-2024_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scoble-2024-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lawn_and_ornamental_use">Lawn and ornamental use</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Lawn" title="Lawn">Lawn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_grass" title="Ornamental grass">Ornamental grass</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Lawn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/South_Lawn.jpg/220px-South_Lawn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/South_Lawn.jpg/330px-South_Lawn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/South_Lawn.jpg/440px-South_Lawn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>A lawn in front of a building</figcaption></figure> <p>Grasses are the primary plants used in lawns, which themselves derive from grazed <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a> in Europe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They also provide an important means of erosion control (e.g., along roadsides), especially on sloping land.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Grass lawns are an important covering of playing surfaces in many sports, including <a href="/wiki/Football_(soccer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Football (soccer)">football (soccer)</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Softball" title="Softball">softball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>. </p><p>Ornamental grasses, such as <a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">perennial</a> <a href="/wiki/Bunch_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunch grass">bunch grasses</a>, are used in many styles of <a href="/wiki/Garden_design" title="Garden design">garden design</a> for their foliage, inflorescences and seed heads. They are often used in <a href="/wiki/Natural_landscaping" title="Natural landscaping">natural landscaping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xeriscaping" title="Xeriscaping">xeriscaping</a> and slope and beach stabilization in contemporary landscaping, <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_garden" title="Wildlife garden">wildlife gardening</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Native_plant_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Native plant gardening">native plant gardening</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They are used as screens and hedges.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports_turf">Sports turf</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Turf_management" title="Turf management">Turf management</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sand-based_athletic_fields" title="Sand-based athletic fields">Sand-based athletic fields</a></div> <p>Grass playing fields, courses and pitches are the traditional playing surfaces for many <a href="/wiki/Sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports">sports</a>, including <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby</a>. Grass surfaces are also sometimes used for <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>. Type of maintenance and species of grass used may be important factors for some sports, less critical for others. In some sports facilities, including indoor domes and other places where maintenance of a grass field would be difficult, grass may be replaced with <a href="/wiki/Artificial_turf" title="Artificial turf">artificial turf</a>, a synthetic grass-like substitute.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cricket">Cricket</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australia_vs_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Australia_vs_India.jpg/220px-Australia_vs_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Australia_vs_India.jpg/330px-Australia_vs_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Australia_vs_India.jpg/440px-Australia_vs_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The gray area is the <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> pitch currently in use. Parallel to it are other pitches in various states of preparation which could be used in other matches.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cricket_pitch#Preparation_and_maintenance_of_the_playing_area" title="Cricket pitch">Cricket pitch § Preparation and maintenance of the playing area</a></div> <p>In cricket, the pitch is the strip of carefully mowed and rolled grass where the bowler bowls. In the days leading up to the match it is repeatedly mowed and rolled to produce a very hard, flat surface for the ball to bounce off.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Golf">Golf</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Golf_course" title="Golf course">Golf course</a></div> <p>Grass on golf courses is kept in three distinct conditions: that of the <i>rough</i>, the <i>fairway</i>, and the <i>putting green</i>. Grass on the fairway is mown short and even, allowing the player to strike the ball cleanly. Playing from the rough is a disadvantage because the long grass may affect the flight of the ball. Grass on the putting green is the shortest and most even, ideally allowing the ball to roll smoothly over the surface. An entire industry revolves around the development and marketing of turf grass varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tennis">Tennis</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grass_court" title="Grass court">Grass court</a></div> <p>In tennis, grass is grown on very hard-packed soil, and the bounce of a <a href="/wiki/Tennis_ball" title="Tennis ball">tennis ball</a> may vary depending on the grass's health, how recently it has been mowed, and the wear and tear of recent play.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The surface is softer than <a href="/wiki/Hard_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard courts">hard courts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clay_court" title="Clay court">clay</a> (other tennis surfaces), so the ball bounces lower, and players must reach the ball faster resulting in a different style of play which may suit some players more than others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Among the world's most prestigious court for grass tennis is Centre Court at <a href="/wiki/Wimbledon,_London" title="Wimbledon, London">Wimbledon, London</a> which hosts the final of the annual <a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_Championships" title="Wimbledon Championships">Wimbledon Championships</a> in England, one of the four <a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slam</a> tournaments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economically_important_grasses">Economically important grasses</h3></div> <table cellspacing="24"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">Grain crops</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">Barley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a> (corn)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">Oats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">Rye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">Millet</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <dl><dt>Leaf and stem crops</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marram_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Marram grass">Marram grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poa" title="Poa">Meadow-grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmites" title="Phragmites">Reeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryegrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryegrass">Ryegrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Lawn" title="Lawn">Lawn grasses</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahiagrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahiagrass">Bahiagrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrostis" title="Agrostis">Bentgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynodon" title="Cynodon">Bermudagrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poa" title="Poa">Bluegrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalograss" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalograss">Buffalograss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centipede_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Centipede grass">Centipede grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festuca" title="Festuca">Fescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryegrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryegrass">Ryegrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_grass" title="St. Augustine grass">St. Augustine grass</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zoysia" title="Zoysia">Zoysia</a></i></li></ul> </td> <td> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ornamental_grass" title="Ornamental grass">Ornamental grasses</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticultural</a>)</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Calamagrostis" title="Calamagrostis">Calamagrostis</a></i> spp.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cortaderia" title="Cortaderia">Cortaderia</a></i> spp.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deschampsia" title="Deschampsia">Deschampsia</a></i> spp.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Festuca" title="Festuca">Festuca</a></i> spp.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Melica" title="Melica">Melica</a></i> spp.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muhlenbergia" title="Muhlenbergia">Muhlenbergia</a></i> spp.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stipa" title="Stipa">Stipa</a></i> spp.</li></ul> </td> <td> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organisms</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brachypodium_distachyon" title="Brachypodium distachyon">Brachypodium distachyon</a></i></li> <li>Maize (corn)</li> <li>Rice</li> <li>Sorghum</li> <li>Wheat</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A number of grasses are invasive species that damage natural ecosystems, including forms of <i>Phragmites australis</i> which are native to Eurasia but has spread around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_society">Role in society</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grass_covered_house_in_Iceland_1972.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Grass_covered_house_in_Iceland_1972.jpg/220px-Grass_covered_house_in_Iceland_1972.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Grass_covered_house_in_Iceland_1972.jpg/330px-Grass_covered_house_in_Iceland_1972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Grass_covered_house_in_Iceland_1972.jpg/440px-Grass_covered_house_in_Iceland_1972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2102" data-file-height="1373" /></a><figcaption>Grass-covered house in <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grass_Blades.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Grass_Blades.jpg/220px-Grass_Blades.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Grass_Blades.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="194" /></a><figcaption>Typical grass seen in meadows</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grass_with_flowers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Grass_with_flowers.png/220px-Grass_with_flowers.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Grass_with_flowers.png/330px-Grass_with_flowers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Grass_with_flowers.png/440px-Grass_with_flowers.png 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1620" /></a><figcaption>Grass with non-grass flowers around it</figcaption></figure> <p>Grasses have long had significance in human society. They have been cultivated as feed for people and <a href="/wiki/Domesticated_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated animals">domesticated animals</a> for thousands of years. The primary ingredient of <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> is usually barley or wheat, both of which have been used for this purpose for over 4,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some places, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburban</a> areas, the maintenance of a grass lawn is a sign of a homeowner's responsibility to the overall appearance of their neighborhood. One work credits lawn maintenance to: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...the desire for upward mobility and its manifestation in the lawn. As Virginia Jenkins, author of <i>The Lawn</i>, put it quite bluntly, "Upper middle-class Americans emulated aristocratic society with their own small, semi-rural estates." In general, the lawn was one of the primary selling points of these new suburban homes, as it shifted social class designations from the equity and ubiquity of urban homes connected to the streets with the upper-middle class designation of a "healthy" green space and the status symbol that is the front lawn.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In communities with <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> problems, watering of lawns may be <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_water-use_restriction" title="Outdoor water-use restriction">restricted</a> to certain times of day or days of the week.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many US municipalities and homeowners' associations have rules which require lawns to be maintained to certain specifications, sanctioning those who allow the grass to grow too long.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Smell_of_freshly_cut_grass" title="Smell of freshly cut grass">smell of freshly cut grass</a> is produced mainly by <a href="/wiki/Cis-3-Hexenal" title="Cis-3-Hexenal">cis-3-Hexenal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some common <a href="/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">aphorisms</a> involve grass. For example: </p> <ul><li>"The grass is always greener on the other side" suggests an alternate state of affairs will always seem preferable to one's own.</li> <li>"Don't let the grass grow under your feet" tells someone to get moving.</li> <li>"A <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snake</a> in the grass" means dangers that are hidden.</li> <li>"When <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a> fight, it is the grass which suffers" tells of bystanders caught in the crossfire.</li></ul> <p>A folk myth about grass is that it refuses to grow where any violent death has occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Image_gallery">Image gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 111.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 109.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruwbeemdgras_Poa_trivialis_ligula.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leaves of Poa trivialis showing the ligules"><img alt="Leaves of Poa trivialis showing the ligules" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ruwbeemdgras_Poa_trivialis_ligula.jpg/164px-Ruwbeemdgras_Poa_trivialis_ligula.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ruwbeemdgras_Poa_trivialis_ligula.jpg/246px-Ruwbeemdgras_Poa_trivialis_ligula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ruwbeemdgras_Poa_trivialis_ligula.jpg/327px-Ruwbeemdgras_Poa_trivialis_ligula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1087" data-file-height="1195" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Leaves of <i><a href="/wiki/Poa_trivialis" title="Poa trivialis">Poa trivialis</a></i> showing the <a href="/wiki/Ligule" title="Ligule">ligules</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamboo_DSCN2465.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bamboo stem and leaves, nodes are evident"><img alt="Bamboo stem and leaves, nodes are evident" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bamboo_DSCN2465.jpg/135px-Bamboo_DSCN2465.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bamboo_DSCN2465.jpg/202px-Bamboo_DSCN2465.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Bamboo_DSCN2465.jpg/270px-Bamboo_DSCN2465.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bamboo stem and leaves, nodes are evident</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 72.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 70.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chasmanthium_latifolium-spikelet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Chasmanthium latifolium spikelet"><img alt="A Chasmanthium latifolium spikelet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Chasmanthium_latifolium-spikelet.jpg/106px-Chasmanthium_latifolium-spikelet.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Chasmanthium_latifolium-spikelet.jpg/159px-Chasmanthium_latifolium-spikelet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Chasmanthium_latifolium-spikelet.jpg/212px-Chasmanthium_latifolium-spikelet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="678" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <i><a href="/wiki/Chasmanthium_latifolium" title="Chasmanthium latifolium">Chasmanthium latifolium</a></i> spikelet</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:En_Spica_spiculae.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Wheat spike and spikelet"><img alt="Wheat spike and spikelet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/En_Spica_spiculae.png/214px-En_Spica_spiculae.png" decoding="async" width="143" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/En_Spica_spiculae.png/321px-En_Spica_spiculae.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/En_Spica_spiculae.png/428px-En_Spica_spiculae.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="589" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wheat spike and spikelet</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:En_Aperta.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Spikelet opened to show caryopsis"><img alt="Spikelet opened to show caryopsis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/En_Aperta.png/274px-En_Aperta.png" decoding="async" width="183" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/En_Aperta.png/411px-En_Aperta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/En_Aperta.png/548px-En_Aperta.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="460" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Spikelet opened to show caryopsis</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harestail_grass.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harestail grass"><img alt="Harestail grass" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Harestail_grass.jpg/270px-Harestail_grass.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Harestail_grass.jpg/405px-Harestail_grass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Harestail_grass.jpg/540px-Harestail_grass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Harestail_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Harestail grass">Harestail grass</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 76.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 74.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grass.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grass"><img alt="Grass" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Grass.jpg/112px-Grass.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Grass.jpg/167px-Grass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Grass.jpg/223px-Grass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1337" data-file-height="2154" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Grass</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 84px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 82px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saccharum-officinarum2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)"><img alt="Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Saccharum-officinarum2.JPG/123px-Saccharum-officinarum2.JPG" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Saccharum-officinarum2.JPG/185px-Saccharum-officinarum2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Saccharum-officinarum2.JPG/247px-Saccharum-officinarum2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="656" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sugarcane (<i><a href="/wiki/Saccharum_officinarum" title="Saccharum officinarum">Saccharum officinarum</a></i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bromus_hordeaceus_unten.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roots of Bromus hordeaceus"><img alt="Roots of Bromus hordeaceus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bromus_hordeaceus_unten.jpeg/240px-Bromus_hordeaceus_unten.jpeg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bromus_hordeaceus_unten.jpeg/360px-Bromus_hordeaceus_unten.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bromus_hordeaceus_unten.jpeg/480px-Bromus_hordeaceus_unten.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roots of <i><a href="/wiki/Bromus_hordeaceus" title="Bromus hordeaceus">Bromus hordeaceus</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ohra.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Barley mature spikes (Hordeum vulgare)"><img alt="Barley mature spikes (Hordeum vulgare)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ohra.jpg/240px-Ohra.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ohra.jpg/360px-Ohra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Ohra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Barley mature spikes (<i><a href="/wiki/Hordeum_vulgare" class="mw-redirect" title="Hordeum vulgare">Hordeum vulgare</a></i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 90px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 88px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zea_mays_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-283.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Illustration depicting both staminate and pistillate flowers of maize (Zea mays)"><img alt="Illustration depicting both staminate and pistillate flowers of maize (Zea mays)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Zea_mays_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-283.jpg/132px-Zea_mays_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-283.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Zea_mays_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-283.jpg/198px-Zea_mays_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-283.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Zea_mays_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-283.jpg/264px-Zea_mays_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-283.jpg 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="594" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Illustration depicting both staminate and pistillate flowers of maize (<i><a href="/wiki/Zea_mays" class="mw-redirect" title="Zea mays">Zea mays</a></i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 231.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 229.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flowering_Grass.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A grass flower head (meadow foxtail) showing the plain-coloured flowers with large anthers"><img alt="A grass flower head (meadow foxtail) showing the plain-coloured flowers with large anthers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flowering_Grass.JPG/344px-Flowering_Grass.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flowering_Grass.JPG/515px-Flowering_Grass.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flowering_Grass.JPG/687px-Flowering_Grass.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2108" data-file-height="1106" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A grass flower head (meadow foxtail) showing the plain-coloured flowers with large anthers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grass_Anthers.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Anthers detached from a meadow foxtail flower"><img alt="Anthers detached from a meadow foxtail flower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Grass_Anthers.JPG/241px-Grass_Anthers.JPG" decoding="async" width="161" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Grass_Anthers.JPG/361px-Grass_Anthers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Grass_Anthers.JPG/481px-Grass_Anthers.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anthers detached from a meadow foxtail flower</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Setaria_verticillata_W_IMG_1084.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Setaria verticillata, bristly foxtail"><img alt="Setaria verticillata, bristly foxtail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Setaria_verticillata_W_IMG_1084.jpg/265px-Setaria_verticillata_W_IMG_1084.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Setaria_verticillata_W_IMG_1084.jpg/397px-Setaria_verticillata_W_IMG_1084.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Setaria_verticillata_W_IMG_1084.jpg/529px-Setaria_verticillata_W_IMG_1084.jpg 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Setaria_verticillata" title="Setaria verticillata">Setaria verticillata</a></i>, bristly foxtail</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 86.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 84.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Setaria_verticillata_W_IMG_1083.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Setaria verticillata, bristly foxtail"><img alt="Setaria verticillata, bristly foxtail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Setaria_verticillata_W_IMG_1083.jpg/127px-Setaria_verticillata_W_IMG_1083.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Setaria_verticillata_W_IMG_1083.jpg/191px-Setaria_verticillata_W_IMG_1083.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Setaria_verticillata_W_IMG_1083.jpg/255px-Setaria_verticillata_W_IMG_1083.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Setaria_verticillata" title="Setaria verticillata">Setaria verticillata</a></i>, bristly foxtail</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oryza_sativa_in_Kadavoor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oryza sativa, Kerala, India"><img alt="Oryza sativa, Kerala, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Oryza_sativa_in_Kadavoor.jpg/135px-Oryza_sativa_in_Kadavoor.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Oryza_sativa_in_Kadavoor.jpg/202px-Oryza_sativa_in_Kadavoor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Oryza_sativa_in_Kadavoor.jpg/270px-Oryza_sativa_in_Kadavoor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Oryza_sativa" title="Oryza sativa">Oryza sativa</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrostology" title="Agrostology">Agrostology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forb" title="Forb">Forb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GrassBase" title="GrassBase">GrassBase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_track" title="Green track">Green track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PACMAD_clade" title="PACMAD clade">PACMAD clade</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thinopyrum_intermedium" title="Thinopyrum intermedium">Thinopyrum intermedium</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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London: <a href="/wiki/Botanical_Society_of_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland">Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780901158420" title="Special:BookSources/9780901158420"><bdi>9780901158420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grasses+of+the+British+Isles&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Botanical+Society+of+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780901158420&rft.aulast=Cope&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Gray%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clayton-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clayton_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaytonRenvoise1986" class="citation book cs1">Clayton, W.D.; Renvoise, S.A. (1986). <i>Genera Graminum: Grasses of the world</i>. London: Royal Botanic Garden, Kew. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781900347754" title="Special:BookSources/9781900347754"><bdi>9781900347754</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genera+Graminum%3A+Grasses+of+the+world&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Royal+Botanic+Garden%2C+Kew&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9781900347754&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=W.D.&rft.au=Renvoise%2C+S.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Insect Pollination of Grasses". <i>Australian Journal of Entomology</i>. <b>3</b>: 74. 1964. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1440-6055.1964.tb00625.x">10.1111/j.1440-6055.1964.tb00625.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:264140616">264140616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Journal+of+Entomology&rft.atitle=Insect+Pollination+of+Grasses&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=74&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1440-6055.1964.tb00625.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A264140616%23id-name%3DS2CID&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Attenborough1984-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Attenborough1984_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Attenborough1984_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttenborough1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">Attenborough, David</a> (1984). <a href="/wiki/The_Living_Planet" title="The Living Planet"><i>The Living Planet</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">British Broadcasting Corporation</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-563-20207-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-563-20207-3"><bdi>978-0-563-20207-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Living+Planet&rft.pub=British+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-563-20207-3&rft.aulast=Attenborough&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaller2009" class="citation book cs1">Staller, John (2009-12-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jHL1dry3W_oC&pg=PA131"><i>Maize Cobs and Cultures: History of Zea mays L.</i></a> Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-04506-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-04506-6"><bdi>978-3-642-04506-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maize+Cobs+and+Cultures%3A+History+of+Zea+mays+L.&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2009-12-02&rft.isbn=978-3-642-04506-6&rft.aulast=Staller&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjHL1dry3W_oC%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2009" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, David J. 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Oxford University Press. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-852918-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-852918-7"><bdi>978-0-19-852918-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grasses+and+Grassland+Ecology&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-852918-7&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQZIUDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GPWGII_2012-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GPWGII_2012_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GPWGII_2012_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrass_Phylogeny_Working_Group_II2012" class="citation journal cs1">Grass Phylogeny Working Group II (2012). "New grass phylogeny resolves deep evolutionary relationships and discovers C<sub>4</sub> origins". <i>New Phytologist</i>. <b>193</b> (2): 304–312. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2011.03972.x">10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03972.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2262%2F73271">2262/73271</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22115274">22115274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Phytologist&rft.atitle=New+grass+phylogeny+resolves+deep+evolutionary+relationships+and+discovers+C%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E+origins&rft.volume=193&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=304-312&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2262%2F73271&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22115274&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2011.03972.x&rft.au=Grass+Phylogeny+Working+Group+II&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2014" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Stephen A. 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Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-313-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-313-0"><bdi>978-1-78023-313-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grasses&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2014-04-15&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-313-0&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQkedAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnhart1895" class="citation journal cs1">Barnhart, John Hendley (15 January 1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-2485402">"Family nomenclature"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 1–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2485402">10.2307/2485402</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2485402">2485402</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Dinosaurs Dined on Grass". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Science (magazine)">Science</a></i>. <b>310</b> (5751): 1126–1128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1121020">10.1126/science.1121020</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16293745">16293745</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83493897">83493897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Dinosaurs+Dined+on+Grass&rft.volume=310&rft.issue=5751&rft.pages=1126-1128&rft.date=2005-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83493897%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16293745&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1121020&rft.aulast=Piperno&rft.aufirst=Dolores+R.&rft.au=Sues%2C+Hans-Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DinosDined-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DinosDined_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipernoSues2005" class="citation journal cs1">Piperno, Dolores R.; Sues, Hans-Dieter (2005). 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BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09227-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09227-3"><bdi>978-90-04-09227-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moths+of+Australia&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09227-3&rft.aulast=Common&rft.aufirst=I.+F.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmagzbmvdRvQC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDK2000" class="citation book cs1">DK (2000-05-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hZR8dn7bYIYC&pg=PA28"><i>DK Eyewitness Books: Butterfly and Moth: Discover the Enchanting and Secret Life of Butterflies and Moths in Vivid Detail</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-6908-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-6908-9"><bdi>978-0-7566-6908-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DK+Eyewitness+Books%3A+Butterfly+and+Moth%3A+Discover+the+Enchanting+and+Secret+Life+of+Butterflies+and+Moths+in+Vivid+Detail&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2000-05-31&rft.isbn=978-0-7566-6908-9&rft.au=DK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhZR8dn7bYIYC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOriansSadavaHellerPurves2006" class="citation book cs1">Orians, Gordon H.; Sadava, David E.; Heller, Craig; Purves, William K. 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Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-7893-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-7893-6"><bdi>978-0-7167-7893-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+Study+Guide%3A+The+Science+of+Biology&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2006-12-22&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-7893-6&rft.aulast=Orians&rft.aufirst=Gordon+H.&rft.au=Sadava%2C+David+E.&rft.au=Heller%2C+Craig&rft.au=Purves%2C+William+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVe6sKijB5tEC%26pg%3DPA326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farmwest.com/book/export/html/828">"Chapter 1: How grasses grow"</a>. Farmwest.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130910022122/http://www.farmwest.com/book/export/html/828">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-09-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+1%3A+How+grasses+grow&rft.pub=Farmwest.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.farmwest.com%2Fbook%2Fexport%2Fhtml%2F828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang2021-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wang2021_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wang2021_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wang2021_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangvan_RengsZaidanUnderwood2021" class="citation journal cs1">Wang Y, van Rengs WM, Zaidan MW, Underwood CJ (September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8483783">"Meiosis in crops: from genes to genomes"</a>. <i>J Exp Bot</i>. <b>72</b> (18): 6091–6109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferab217">10.1093/jxb/erab217</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8483783">8483783</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34009331">34009331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Exp+Bot&rft.atitle=Meiosis+in+crops%3A+from+genes+to+genomes&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=6091-6109&rft.date=2021-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8483783%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34009331&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferab217&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=van+Rengs%2C+WM&rft.au=Zaidan%2C+MW&rft.au=Underwood%2C+CJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8483783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation book cs1">Smith, James P. (2014-09-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G6wwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10"><i>Field Guide to Grasses of California</i></a>. Univ of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27568-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27568-3"><bdi>978-0-520-27568-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+Guide+to+Grasses+of+California&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2014-09-12&rft.isbn=978-0-520-27568-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG6wwDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time_life_19-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Time_life_19_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Constable1985" class="citation book cs1">George Constable, ed. (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grasslandstundra00time/page/19"><i>Grasslands and Tundra</i></a></span>. Planet Earth. Time Life Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grasslandstundra00time/page/19">19</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8094-4520-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8094-4520-2"><bdi>978-0-8094-4520-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grasslands+and+Tundra&rft.series=Planet+Earth&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Time+Life+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8094-4520-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrasslandstundra00time%2Fpage%2F19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raven_and_Johnson-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Raven_and_Johnson_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavenJohnson1995" class="citation book cs1">Raven, P.H.; Johnson, G.B. (1995). Carol J. Mills (ed.). <i>Understanding Biology</i> (3rd ed.). WM C. Brown. p. 536. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-697-22213-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-697-22213-8"><bdi>978-0-697-22213-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Biology&rft.pages=536&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=WM+C.+Brown&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-697-22213-8&rft.aulast=Raven&rft.aufirst=P.H.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+G.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuptaDemirbas2010" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Ram B.; Demirbas, Ayhan (2010-04-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XMPp_698ot4C&pg=PA61"><i>Gasoline, Diesel, and Ethanol Biofuels from Grasses and Plants</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48906-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48906-5"><bdi>978-1-139-48906-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gasoline%2C+Diesel%2C+and+Ethanol+Biofuels+from+Grasses+and+Plants&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010-04-19&rft.isbn=978-1-139-48906-5&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Ram+B.&rft.au=Demirbas%2C+Ayhan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXMPp_698ot4C%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gimlCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA202"><i>Encyclopedia of Applied Plant Sciences</i></a>. Academic Press. 2016-08-27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-394808-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-394808-3"><bdi>978-0-12-394808-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Applied+Plant+Sciences&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2016-08-27&rft.isbn=978-0-12-394808-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgimlCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2008" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Surrey W. L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w3YoAQAAIAAJ"><i>Grasses of New South Wales</i></a>. Botany, University of New England. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921208-22-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-921208-22-5"><bdi>978-1-921208-22-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grasses+of+New+South+Wales&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Botany%2C+University+of+New+England&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-921208-22-5&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Surrey+W.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw3YoAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinlaysonHorwitzWeinstein2015" class="citation book cs1">Finlayson, C. Max; Horwitz, Pierre; Weinstein, Philip (2015-08-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fsZOCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36"><i>Wetlands and Human Health</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-017-9609-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-017-9609-5"><bdi>978-94-017-9609-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wetlands+and+Human+Health&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015-08-03&rft.isbn=978-94-017-9609-5&rft.aulast=Finlayson&rft.aufirst=C.+Max&rft.au=Horwitz%2C+Pierre&rft.au=Weinstein%2C+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfsZOCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBollerPosseltVeronesi2010" class="citation book cs1">Boller, Beat; Posselt, Ulrich K.; Veronesi, Fabio (2010-01-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lMVfkHFjkZUC&pg=PA145"><i>Fodder Crops and Amenity Grasses</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-0760-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-0760-8"><bdi>978-1-4419-0760-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fodder+Crops+and+Amenity+Grasses&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2010-01-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-0760-8&rft.aulast=Boller&rft.aufirst=Beat&rft.au=Posselt%2C+Ulrich+K.&rft.au=Veronesi%2C+Fabio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlMVfkHFjkZUC%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaugle2012" class="citation book cs1">Naugle, David E. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=usatoday30.usatoday.com&rft.atitle=Pats+sign+Testaverde%3B+Gillette+Stadium%27s+grass+field+replaced+with+Field+Turf+-+USATODAY.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fsports%2Ffootball%2Fnfl%2Fpatriots%2F2006-11-14-testaverde-turf_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaintonvan_Deventer" class="citation web cs1">Tainton, Neil; van Deventer, Pietr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ABOUT_CRICKET/PITCHES/PREP_OF_PITCHES.html#ANCHOR2">"Cricket pitches Principles and practice of pitch preparation"</a>. <i>cricinfo</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170609100639/http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ABOUT_CRICKET/PITCHES/PREP_OF_PITCHES.html#ANCHOR2">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-06-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cricinfo&rft.atitle=Cricket+pitches+Principles+and+practice+of+pitch+preparation&rft.aulast=Tainton&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.au=van+Deventer%2C+Pietr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatic.espncricinfo.com%2Fdb%2FABOUT_CRICKET%2FPITCHES%2FPREP_OF_PITCHES.html%23ANCHOR2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStierHorganBonos2020" class="citation book cs1">Stier, John C.; Horgan, Brian P.; Bonos, Stacy A. (2020-01-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UnnQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64"><i>Turfgrass: Biology, Use, and Management</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89118-613-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89118-613-7"><bdi>978-0-89118-613-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turfgrass%3A+Biology%2C+Use%2C+and+Management&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2020-01-22&rft.isbn=978-0-89118-613-7&rft.aulast=Stier&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.au=Horgan%2C+Brian+P.&rft.au=Bonos%2C+Stacy+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUnnQDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTinerLangKlemas2015" class="citation book cs1">Tiner, Ralph W.; Lang, Megan W.; Klemas, Victor V. (2015-03-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BHwZBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA491"><i>Remote Sensing of Wetlands: Applications and Advances</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4822-3738-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4822-3738-2"><bdi>978-1-4822-3738-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remote+Sensing+of+Wetlands%3A+Applications+and+Advances&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2015-03-23&rft.isbn=978-1-4822-3738-2&rft.aulast=Tiner&rft.aufirst=Ralph+W.&rft.au=Lang%2C+Megan+W.&rft.au=Klemas%2C+Victor+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBHwZBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVymazal2010" class="citation book cs1">Vymazal, Jan (2010-09-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bgTZ-DQZ7CEC&pg=PA134"><i>Water and Nutrient Management in Natural and Constructed Wetlands</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-9585-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-9585-5"><bdi>978-90-481-9585-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water+and+Nutrient+Management+in+Natural+and+Constructed+Wetlands&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2010-09-23&rft.isbn=978-90-481-9585-5&rft.aulast=Vymazal&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbgTZ-DQZ7CEC%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMudgilBarak2018" class="citation book cs1">Mudgil, Deepak; Barak, Sheweta (2018-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Q2NDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA81"><i>Beverages : Processing and Technology</i></a>. Scientific Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-87991-72-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-87991-72-9"><bdi>978-93-87991-72-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beverages+%3A+Processing+and+Technology&rft.pub=Scientific+Publishers&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft.isbn=978-93-87991-72-9&rft.aulast=Mudgil&rft.aufirst=Deepak&rft.au=Barak%2C+Sheweta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3Q2NDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew J. Lindstrom, Hugh Bartling, <i>Suburban sprawl: culture, theory, and politics</i> (2003), p. 72, quoting Virginia Scott Jenkins, <i>The Lawn: A History of an American Obsession</i> (1994), p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbinsSharp2003" class="citation journal cs1">Robbins, Paul; Sharp, Julie T. (2003). "Producing and Consuming Chemicals: The Moral Economy of the American Lawn". <i>Economic Geography</i>. <b>79</b> (4). Taylor Francis: 425–451. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1944-8287.2003.tb00222.x">10.1111/j.1944-8287.2003.tb00222.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30032947">30032947</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218771233">218771233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Geography&rft.atitle=Producing+and+Consuming+Chemicals%3A+The+Moral+Economy+of+the+American+Lawn&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=425-451&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218771233%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30032947%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1944-8287.2003.tb00222.x&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Sharp%2C+Julie+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span> Reprinted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_G._MoseleyDavid_A._LanegranKavita_Pandit2007" class="citation book cs1">William G. Moseley; David A. Lanegran; Kavita Pandit, eds. (2007-05-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nTnImTKlJIgC&dq=%2522Producing+and+Consuming+Chemicals:+The+Moral+Economy+of+the+American+Lawn%2522&pg=PA323"><i>The Introductory Reader in Human Geography: Contemporary Debates and Classic Writings</i></a>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4921-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4921-1"><bdi>978-1-4051-4921-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223041437/https://books.google.com/books?id=nTnImTKlJIgC&pg=PA323&dq=%2522Producing+and+Consuming+Chemicals:+The+Moral+Economy+of+the+American+Lawn%2522">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Introductory+Reader+in+Human+Geography%3A+Contemporary+Debates+and+Classic+Writings&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2007-05-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-4921-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnTnImTKlJIgC%26dq%3D%252522Producing%2Band%2BConsuming%2BChemicals%3A%2BThe%2BMoral%2BEconomy%2Bof%2Bthe%2BAmerican%2BLawn%252522%26pg%3DPA323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119054412/http://www.metrovancouver.org/services/water/conservation/Pages/sprinkling.aspx">"Lawn Sprinkling Regulations in Metro Vancouver, BC, Canada"</a>. Metrovancouver.org. 2011-02-21. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metrovancouver.org/services/water/conservation/Pages/sprinkling.aspx">the original</a> on 2012-01-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lawn+Sprinkling+Regulations+in+Metro+Vancouver%2C+BC%2C+Canada&rft.pub=Metrovancouver.org&rft.date=2011-02-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metrovancouver.org%2Fservices%2Fwater%2Fconservation%2FPages%2Fsprinkling.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psci.princeton.edu/tips/2020/5/11/law-maintenance-and-climate-change">"Lawn Maintenance and Climate Change"</a>. <i>PSCI</i>. 12 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028103914/https://psci.princeton.edu/tips/2020/5/11/law-maintenance-and-climate-change">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PSCI&rft.atitle=Lawn+Maintenance+and+Climate+Change&rft.date=2020-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsci.princeton.edu%2Ftips%2F2020%2F5%2F11%2Flaw-maintenance-and-climate-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillmanHeberlig2011" class="citation book cs1">Gillman, Jeff; Heberlig, Eric S. (2011-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c54__9Z0jSEC&pg=PA189"><i>How the Government Got in Your Backyard: Superweeds, Frankenfoods, Lawn Wars, and the (nonpartisan) Truth about Environmental Policies</i></a>. Timber Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60469-001-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60469-001-9"><bdi>978-1-60469-001-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Government+Got+in+Your+Backyard%3A+Superweeds%2C+Frankenfoods%2C+Lawn+Wars%2C+and+the+%28nonpartisan%29+Truth+about+Environmental+Policies&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-60469-001-9&rft.aulast=Gillman&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.au=Heberlig%2C+Eric+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc54__9Z0jSEC%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/hexenal/hexenalh.htm">"hexenal"</a>. School of Chemistry, University of Bristol. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131009234826/http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/hexenal/hexenalh.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=hexenal&rft.pub=School+of+Chemistry%2C+University+of+Bristol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chm.bris.ac.uk%2Fmotm%2Fhexenal%2Fhexenalh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olmert, Michael (1996). <i>Milton's Teeth and Ovid's Umbrella: Curiouser & Curiouser Adventures in History</i>, p. 208. Simon & Schuster, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-80164-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-80164-7">0-684-80164-7</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Grass">Grass</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Poaceae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Special:Search/Poaceae">Poaceae</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/grass" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:grass">grass</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/grass">Need a Definition of Grass?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brerc.eclipse.co.uk/files/brerc_grass_key.pdf">Vegetative Key to Grasses</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Poaceae/">Poaceae</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/"><i>The Plant List</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://keyapa.com/grass/learn.htm">Learn about grasses</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://keyapa.com/poa"><i>The Story of the Poaceae</i></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Grasses"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Grasses">"Grasses" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. XI (9th ed.). 1880. pp. 53–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Grasses&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=53-60&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoaceae" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/graminea.htm">Gramineae</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/">Archived</a> 2007-01-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://delta-intkey.com/angio/"><i>The Families of Flowering Plants (DELTA)</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/">Archived</a> 2007-01-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/poalesweb.htm#Poaceae">Poaceae</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/"><i>Angiosperm Phylogeny Website</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tropicos.org/projectwebportal.aspx?pagename=ClassificationNWG&projectid=10"><i>Poaceae Classification</i></a> from the online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tropicos.org/Project/CNWG"><i>Catalogue of New World Grasses</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greif.uni-greifswald.de/floragreif/?flora_search=Taxon&action=genus&fam=Poaceae">Poaceae</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160402212821/http://greif.uni-greifswald.de/floragreif/?action=genus&fam=poaceae&flora_search=taxon">Archived</a> 2016-04-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greif.uni-greifswald.de/floragreif/"><i>Guide to the Flora of Mongolia</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130129202437/http://greif.uni-greifswald.de/floragreif/">Archived</a> 2013-01-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1050">Poaceae</a> at the online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=100"><i>Flora of Taiwan</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=10711">Poaceae</a> at the online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=5"><i>Flora of Pakistan</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/family.php?family_id=177">Poaceae</a> at the online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/index.php"><i>Flora of Zimbabwe</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/22751">Poaceae</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120401053908/http://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/22751">Archived</a> 2012-04-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://florabase.dec.wa.gov.au/"><i>Flora of Western Australia</i></a></li> <li>Grasses of Australia (AusGrass2) – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ausgrass2.myspecies.info/">AusGrass2 | Grasses of Australia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/Taxa.aspx?id=_8ae81d6d-1dca-418b-8bcf-4b6e1e5a2f6d&fileName=Flora%205.xml">Gramineae</a> at the online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/index.aspx"><i>Flora of New Zealand</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/research/biosystematics/plants/grasskey/">NZ Grass Key</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120511110941/http://landcareresearch.co.nz/research/biosystematics/plants/grasskey/">Archived</a> 2012-05-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> An Interactive Key to New Zealand Grasses at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/"><i>Landcare Research</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://delta-intkey.com/grass/">The Grass Genera of the World</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061007035015/http://delta-intkey.com/grass/">Archived</a> 2006-10-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://delta-intkey.com/"><i>DELTA intkey</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/">Archived</a> 2007-01-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/data/grasses-db/sppindex.htm"><i>RGB Kew - The Online World Grass Flora</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grassworld.myspecies.info/"><i>GrassWorld</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cereals" title="Template:Cereals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cereals" title="Template talk:Cereals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cereals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cereals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cereals_and_pseudocereals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">Cereals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pseudocereal" title="Pseudocereal">pseudocereals</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">Cereals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">Barley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonio" title="Fonio">Fonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job%27s_tears" title="Job's tears">Job's tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize (Corn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">Millets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">Oats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">Rye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teff" title="Teff">Teff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triticale" title="Triticale">Triticale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_rice" title="Wild rice">Wild rice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Wheat_(Triticum)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat <span class="nobold">(Triticum)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_wheat" title="Common wheat">Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durum_wheat" title="Durum wheat">Durum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasan_wheat" title="Khorasan wheat">Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Fife_wheat" title="Red Fife wheat">Red Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norin_10_wheat" title="Norin 10 wheat">Norin 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_wheat" title="Winter wheat">Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farro" title="Farro">Farro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einkorn" title="Einkorn">Einkorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">Emmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">Spelt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudocereal" title="Pseudocereal">Pseudocereals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polygonaceae" title="Polygonaceae">Polygonaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">Buckwheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagopyrum_tataricum" title="Fagopyrum tataricum">Tartary buckwheat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amaranthaceae" title="Amaranthaceae">Amaranthaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Amaranth" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amaranth" title="Amaranth">Amaranth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_caudatus" title="Amaranthus caudatus">A. caudatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_cruentus" title="Amaranthus cruentus">A. cruentus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_hypochondriacus" title="Amaranthus hypochondriacus">A. hypochondriacus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celosia" title="Celosia">Celosia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">Quinoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_berlandieri" title="Chenopodium berlandieri">Pitseed goosefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_pallidicaule" title="Chenopodium pallidicaule">Cañihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_formosanum" title="Chenopodium formosanum">Djulis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lamiaceae" title="Lamiaceae">Lamiaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_hispanica" title="Salvia hispanica">Chia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emerging grain crops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_grass" title="Canary grass">Canary grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Drinn">Drinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_ricegrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian ricegrass">Indian ricegrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_wheatgrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate wheatgrass">Intermediate wheatgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangaroo grass">Kangaroo grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipa_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipa grass">Nipa grass</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oryza_coarctata" title="Oryza coarctata">Oryza coarctata</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Triticeae" title="Triticeae">Triticeae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra">Tell Abu Hureyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Tell Aswad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Crop_wild_relative" title="Crop wild relative">Crop wild relative</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Families_of_flowering_plants_(APG_IV)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#C3EEC3;;background:#90EE90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Angiosperm_families" title="Template:Angiosperm families"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Angiosperm_families" title="Template talk:Angiosperm families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Angiosperm_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Angiosperm families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Families_of_flowering_plants_(APG_IV)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Families of <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> (<a href="/wiki/APG_IV_system" title="APG IV system">APG IV</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li>Supergroup <a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plant</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Bryophyta" title="Template:Bryophyta">Bryophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Marchantiophyta" title="Template:Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fern_classification" title="Template:Fern classification">Polypodiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Acrogymnospermae_classification" title="Template:Acrogymnospermae classification">Acrogymnospermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Angiosperm_families" title="Template:Angiosperm families">Angiospermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3;;width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Basal_angiosperms" title="Basal angiosperms">Basal<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>angio<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>sperms</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Amborellales" class="mw-redirect" title="Amborellales">Amborellales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amborellaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Amborellaceae">Amborellaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeales" title="Nymphaeales">Nymphaeales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydatellaceae" title="Hydatellaceae">Hydatellaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabombaceae" title="Cabombaceae">Cabombaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeaceae" title="Nymphaeaceae">Nymphaeaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Austrobaileyales" title="Austrobaileyales">Austrobaileyales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrobaileyaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrobaileyaceae">Austrobaileyaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimeniaceae" title="Trimeniaceae">Trimeniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schisandraceae" title="Schisandraceae">Schisandraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3;;width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="margin:+20px; position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"> <a href="/wiki/Mesangiospermae" title="Mesangiospermae">Mesangiospermae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">Magnoliidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Canellales" title="Canellales">Canellales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canellaceae" title="Canellaceae">Canellaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winteraceae" title="Winteraceae">Winteraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Piperales" title="Piperales">Piperales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristolochiaceae" title="Aristolochiaceae">Aristolochiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saururaceae" title="Saururaceae">Saururaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperaceae" title="Piperaceae">Piperaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Magnoliales" title="Magnoliales">Magnoliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myristicaceae" title="Myristicaceae">Myristicaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnoliaceae" title="Magnoliaceae">Magnoliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degeneriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Degeneriaceae">Degeneriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himantandraceae" title="Himantandraceae">Himantandraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupomatiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eupomatiaceae">Eupomatiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annonaceae" title="Annonaceae">Annonaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Laurales" title="Laurales">Laurales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calycanthaceae" title="Calycanthaceae">Calycanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siparunaceae" title="Siparunaceae">Siparunaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomortegaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomortegaceae">Gomortegaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atherospermataceae" title="Atherospermataceae">Atherospermataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernandiaceae" title="Hernandiaceae">Hernandiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monimiaceae" title="Monimiaceae">Monimiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauraceae" title="Lauraceae">Lauraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><b>Chloranthidae</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Chloranthales" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Chloranthales" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloranthales">Chloranthales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chloranthaceae" title="Chloranthaceae">Chloranthaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><b>Lilidae</b> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Monocots" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocots">Monocots</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Acorales" class="mw-redirect" title="Acorales">Acorales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoraceae">Acoraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Alismatales" title="Alismatales">Alismatales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araceae" title="Araceae">Araceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofieldiaceae" title="Tofieldiaceae">Tofieldiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alismataceae" title="Alismataceae">Alismataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butomaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Butomaceae">Butomaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocharitaceae" title="Hydrocharitaceae">Hydrocharitaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheuchzeriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheuchzeriaceae">Scheuchzeriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aponogetonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aponogetonaceae">Aponogetonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juncaginaceae" title="Juncaginaceae">Juncaginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Maundiaceae">Maundiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosteraceae" title="Zosteraceae">Zosteraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potamogetonaceae" title="Potamogetonaceae">Potamogetonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posidoniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Posidoniaceae">Posidoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruppiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruppiaceae">Ruppiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymodoceaceae" title="Cymodoceaceae">Cymodoceaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Petrosaviales" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrosaviales">Petrosaviales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petrosaviaceae" title="Petrosaviaceae">Petrosaviaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Dioscoreales" title="Dioscoreales">Dioscoreales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nartheciaceae" title="Nartheciaceae">Nartheciaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmanniaceae" title="Burmanniaceae">Burmanniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioscoreaceae" title="Dioscoreaceae">Dioscoreaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Pandanales" title="Pandanales">Pandanales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triuridaceae" title="Triuridaceae">Triuridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velloziaceae" title="Velloziaceae">Velloziaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stemonaceae" title="Stemonaceae">Stemonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclanthaceae" title="Cyclanthaceae">Cyclanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandanaceae" title="Pandanaceae">Pandanaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Liliales" title="Liliales">Liliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campynemataceae" title="Campynemataceae">Campynemataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsiaceae" title="Corsiaceae">Corsiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanthiaceae" title="Melanthiaceae">Melanthiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petermanniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Petermanniaceae">Petermanniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alstroemeriaceae" title="Alstroemeriaceae">Alstroemeriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchicaceae" title="Colchicaceae">Colchicaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philesiaceae" title="Philesiaceae">Philesiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripogonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ripogonaceae">Ripogonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smilacaceae" title="Smilacaceae">Smilacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae">Liliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orchid" title="Orchid">Orchidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boryaceae" title="Boryaceae">Boryaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blandfordiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Blandfordiaceae">Blandfordiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteliaceae" title="Asteliaceae">Asteliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanariaceae">Lanariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxidaceae" title="Hypoxidaceae">Hypoxidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doryanthaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Doryanthaceae">Doryanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixioliriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ixioliriaceae">Ixioliriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecophilaeaceae" title="Tecophilaeaceae">Tecophilaeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridaceae" title="Iridaceae">Iridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeronemataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Xeronemataceae">Xeronemataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asphodelaceae" title="Asphodelaceae">Asphodelaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaryllidaceae" title="Amaryllidaceae">Amaryllidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asparagaceae" title="Asparagaceae">Asparagaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Arecales" title="Arecales">Arecales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dasypogonaceae" title="Dasypogonaceae">Dasypogonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Arecaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Commelinales" title="Commelinales">Commelinales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanguanaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanguanaceae">Hanguanaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commelinaceae" title="Commelinaceae">Commelinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philydraceae" title="Philydraceae">Philydraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontederiaceae" title="Pontederiaceae">Pontederiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemodoraceae" title="Haemodoraceae">Haemodoraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Zingiberales" title="Zingiberales">Zingiberales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strelitziaceae" title="Strelitziaceae">Strelitziaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowiaceae">Lowiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliconiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliconiaceae">Heliconiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musaceae" title="Musaceae">Musaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannaceae">Cannaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marantaceae" title="Marantaceae">Marantaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costaceae" title="Costaceae">Costaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zingiberaceae" title="Zingiberaceae">Zingiberaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Poales" title="Poales">Poales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Typhaceae" title="Typhaceae">Typhaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromeliaceae" title="Bromeliaceae">Bromeliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapateaceae" title="Rapateaceae">Rapateaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyridaceae" title="Xyridaceae">Xyridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eriocaulaceae" title="Eriocaulaceae">Eriocaulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayacaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayacaceae">Mayacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurniaceae" title="Thurniaceae">Thurniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juncaceae" title="Juncaceae">Juncaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">Cyperaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restionaceae" title="Restionaceae">Restionaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagellariaceae">Flagellariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joinvilleaceae" title="Joinvilleaceae">Joinvilleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecdeiocoleaceae" title="Ecdeiocoleaceae">Ecdeiocoleaceae</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><b>Ceratophyllidae</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ceratophyllales" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Ceratophyllales" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratophyllales">Ceratophyllales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceratophyllaceae" title="Ceratophyllaceae">Ceratophyllaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Buxales" title="Buxales">Buxales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buxaceae" title="Buxaceae">Buxaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Proteales" title="Proteales">Proteales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabiaceae" title="Sabiaceae">Sabiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelumbonaceae" title="Nelumbonaceae">Nelumbonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platanaceae" title="Platanaceae">Platanaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteaceae" title="Proteaceae">Proteaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Ranunculales" title="Ranunculales">Ranunculales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eupteleaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eupteleaceae">Eupteleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaveraceae" title="Papaveraceae">Papaveraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circaeasteraceae" title="Circaeasteraceae">Circaeasteraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lardizabalaceae" title="Lardizabalaceae">Lardizabalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menispermaceae" title="Menispermaceae">Menispermaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberidaceae" title="Berberidaceae">Berberidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranunculaceae" title="Ranunculaceae">Ranunculaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Trochodendrales" class="mw-redirect" title="Trochodendrales">Trochodendrales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trochodendraceae" title="Trochodendraceae">Trochodendraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Dilleniales" title="Dilleniales">Dilleniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dilleniaceae" title="Dilleniaceae">Dilleniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Gunnerales" title="Gunnerales">Gunnerales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myrothamnaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrothamnaceae">Myrothamnaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunneraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunneraceae">Gunneraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Superrosids" title="Superrosids">Superrosids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Saxifragales" title="Saxifragales">Saxifragales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peridiscaceae" title="Peridiscaceae">Peridiscaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeoniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paeoniaceae">Paeoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altingiaceae" title="Altingiaceae">Altingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamamelidaceae" title="Hamamelidaceae">Hamamelidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercidiphyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cercidiphyllaceae">Cercidiphyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphniphyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Daphniphyllaceae">Daphniphyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iteaceae" title="Iteaceae">Iteaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grossulariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Grossulariaceae">Grossulariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxifragaceae" title="Saxifragaceae">Saxifragaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crassulaceae" title="Crassulaceae">Crassulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphanopetalaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphanopetalaceae">Aphanopetalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracarpaeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracarpaeaceae">Tetracarpaeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthoraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Penthoraceae">Penthoraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloragaceae" title="Haloragaceae">Haloragaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynomoriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynomoriaceae">Cynomoriaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Rosids" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vitales" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Vitales" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitales">Vitales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitaceae" title="Vitaceae">Vitaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Fabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabids">Fabids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Cucurbitales" title="Cucurbitales">Cucurbitales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apodanthaceae" title="Apodanthaceae">Apodanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisophylleaceae" title="Anisophylleaceae">Anisophylleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corynocarpaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Corynocarpaceae">Corynocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriariaceae">Coriariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucurbitaceae" title="Cucurbitaceae">Cucurbitaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetramelaceae" title="Tetramelaceae">Tetramelaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datiscaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Datiscaceae">Datiscaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begoniaceae" title="Begoniaceae">Begoniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Fabales" title="Fabales">Fabales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quillajaceae" title="Quillajaceae">Quillajaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surianaceae" title="Surianaceae">Surianaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygalaceae" title="Polygalaceae">Polygalaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Fagales" title="Fagales">Fagales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nothofagaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nothofagaceae">Nothofagaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagaceae" title="Fagaceae">Fagaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myricaceae" title="Myricaceae">Myricaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglandaceae" title="Juglandaceae">Juglandaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuarinaceae" title="Casuarinaceae">Casuarinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticodendraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ticodendraceae">Ticodendraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betulaceae" title="Betulaceae">Betulaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Rosales" title="Rosales">Rosales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbeyaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbeyaceae">Barbeyaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirachmaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirachmaceae">Dirachmaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeagnaceae" title="Elaeagnaceae">Elaeagnaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhamnaceae" title="Rhamnaceae">Rhamnaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmaceae" title="Ulmaceae">Ulmaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabaceae" title="Cannabaceae">Cannabaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moraceae" title="Moraceae">Moraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urticaceae" title="Urticaceae">Urticaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Zygophyllales" title="Zygophyllales">Zygophyllales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krameriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Krameriaceae">Krameriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygophyllaceae" title="Zygophyllaceae">Zygophyllaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Celastrales" title="Celastrales">Celastrales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lepidobotryaceae" title="Lepidobotryaceae">Lepidobotryaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celastraceae" title="Celastraceae">Celastraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Malpighiales" title="Malpighiales">Malpighiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pandaceae" title="Pandaceae">Pandaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvingiaceae" title="Irvingiaceae">Irvingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenolophonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ctenolophonaceae">Ctenolophonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizophoraceae" title="Rhizophoraceae">Rhizophoraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythroxylaceae" title="Erythroxylaceae">Erythroxylaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochnaceae" title="Ochnaceae">Ochnaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnetiaceae" title="Bonnetiaceae">Bonnetiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusiaceae" title="Clusiaceae">Clusiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calophyllaceae" title="Calophyllaceae">Calophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podostemaceae" title="Podostemaceae">Podostemaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypericaceae" title="Hypericaceae">Hypericaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryocaraceae" title="Caryocaraceae">Caryocaraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lophopyxidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lophopyxidaceae">Lophopyxidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putranjivaceae" title="Putranjivaceae">Putranjivaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centroplacaceae" title="Centroplacaceae">Centroplacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elatinaceae" title="Elatinaceae">Elatinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malpighiaceae" title="Malpighiaceae">Malpighiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanopaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Balanopaceae">Balanopaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigoniaceae" title="Trigoniaceae">Trigoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichapetalaceae" title="Dichapetalaceae">Dichapetalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphroniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphroniaceae">Euphroniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysobalanaceae" title="Chrysobalanaceae">Chrysobalanaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiriaceae" title="Humiriaceae">Humiriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achariaceae" title="Achariaceae">Achariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violaceae" title="Violaceae">Violaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goupiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Goupiaceae">Goupiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passifloraceae" title="Passifloraceae">Passifloraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacistemataceae" title="Lacistemataceae">Lacistemataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicaceae" title="Salicaceae">Salicaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peraceae" title="Peraceae">Peraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafflesiaceae" title="Rafflesiaceae">Rafflesiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphorbiaceae" title="Euphorbiaceae">Euphorbiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linaceae" title="Linaceae">Linaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixonanthaceae" title="Ixonanthaceae">Ixonanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrodendraceae" title="Picrodendraceae">Picrodendraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllanthaceae" title="Phyllanthaceae">Phyllanthaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Oxalidales" title="Oxalidales">Oxalidales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huaceae" title="Huaceae">Huaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connaraceae" title="Connaraceae">Connaraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxalidaceae" title="Oxalidaceae">Oxalidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunoniaceae" title="Cunoniaceae">Cunoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeocarpaceae" title="Elaeocarpaceae">Elaeocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalotaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalotaceae">Cephalotaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunelliaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunelliaceae">Brunelliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Malvids" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvids">Malvids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Brassicales" title="Brassicales">Brassicales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akaniaceae" title="Akaniaceae">Akaniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropaeolaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropaeolaceae">Tropaeolaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moringaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Moringaceae">Moringaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caricaceae" title="Caricaceae">Caricaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnanthaceae" title="Limnanthaceae">Limnanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setchellanthaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Setchellanthaceae">Setchellanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koeberliniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Koeberliniaceae">Koeberliniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataceae">Bataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoraceae" title="Salvadoraceae">Salvadoraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblingiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblingiaceae">Emblingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tovariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tovariaceae">Tovariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadiplandraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentadiplandraceae">Pentadiplandraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrostemonaceae" title="Gyrostemonaceae">Gyrostemonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resedaceae" title="Resedaceae">Resedaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capparaceae" title="Capparaceae">Capparaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleomaceae" title="Cleomaceae">Cleomaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brassicaceae" title="Brassicaceae">Brassicaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Crossosomatales" title="Crossosomatales">Crossosomatales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphloiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphloiaceae">Aphloiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geissolomataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Geissolomataceae">Geissolomataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasburgeriaceae" title="Strasburgeriaceae">Strasburgeriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staphyleaceae" title="Staphyleaceae">Staphyleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guamatelaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Guamatelaceae">Guamatelaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stachyuraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stachyuraceae">Stachyuraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossosomataceae" title="Crossosomataceae">Crossosomataceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Geraniales" title="Geraniales">Geraniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geraniaceae" title="Geraniaceae">Geraniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoaceae" title="Francoaceae">Francoaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Huerteales" title="Huerteales">Huerteales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerrardinaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerrardinaceae">Gerrardinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petenaeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Petenaeaceae">Petenaeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapisciaceae" title="Tapisciaceae">Tapisciaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipentodontaceae" title="Dipentodontaceae">Dipentodontaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Malvales" title="Malvales">Malvales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytinaceae" title="Cytinaceae">Cytinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muntingiaceae" title="Muntingiaceae">Muntingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuradaceae" title="Neuradaceae">Neuradaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvaceae" title="Malvaceae">Malvaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphaerosepalaceae" title="Sphaerosepalaceae">Sphaerosepalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymelaeaceae" title="Thymelaeaceae">Thymelaeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bixaceae" title="Bixaceae">Bixaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistaceae" title="Cistaceae">Cistaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcolaenaceae" title="Sarcolaenaceae">Sarcolaenaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipterocarpaceae" title="Dipterocarpaceae">Dipterocarpaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Myrtales" title="Myrtales">Myrtales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combretaceae" title="Combretaceae">Combretaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lythraceae" title="Lythraceae">Lythraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onagraceae" title="Onagraceae">Onagraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vochysiaceae" title="Vochysiaceae">Vochysiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtaceae" title="Myrtaceae">Myrtaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melastomataceae" title="Melastomataceae">Melastomataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypteroniaceae" title="Crypteroniaceae">Crypteroniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzateaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alzateaceae">Alzateaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penaeaceae" title="Penaeaceae">Penaeaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Picramniales" class="mw-redirect" title="Picramniales">Picramniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picramniaceae" title="Picramniaceae">Picramniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Sapindales" title="Sapindales">Sapindales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biebersteiniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Biebersteiniaceae">Biebersteiniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrariaceae" title="Nitrariaceae">Nitrariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkiaceae" title="Kirkiaceae">Kirkiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burseraceae" title="Burseraceae">Burseraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacardiaceae" title="Anacardiaceae">Anacardiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapindaceae" title="Sapindaceae">Sapindaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutaceae" title="Rutaceae">Rutaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simaroubaceae" title="Simaroubaceae">Simaroubaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meliaceae" title="Meliaceae">Meliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Superasterids" title="Superasterids">Superasterids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Berberidopsidales" title="Berberidopsidales">Berberidopsidales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aextoxicaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aextoxicaceae">Aextoxicaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberidopsidaceae" title="Berberidopsidaceae">Berberidopsidaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Caryophyllales" title="Caryophyllales">Caryophyllales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankeniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankeniaceae">Frankeniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaricaceae" title="Tamaricaceae">Tamaricaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbaginaceae" title="Plumbaginaceae">Plumbaginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonaceae" title="Polygonaceae">Polygonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droseraceae" title="Droseraceae">Droseraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepenthaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepenthaceae">Nepenthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drosophyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Drosophyllaceae">Drosophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioncophyllaceae" title="Dioncophyllaceae">Dioncophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancistrocladaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancistrocladaceae">Ancistrocladaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhabdodendraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhabdodendraceae">Rhabdodendraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simmondsiaceae" title="Simmondsiaceae">Simmondsiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physenaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Physenaceae">Physenaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteropeiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteropeiaceae">Asteropeiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macarthuriaceae" title="Macarthuriaceae">Macarthuriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microteaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Microteaceae">Microteaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryophyllaceae" title="Caryophyllaceae">Caryophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achatocarpaceae" title="Achatocarpaceae">Achatocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaranthaceae" title="Amaranthaceae">Amaranthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stegnospermataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stegnospermataceae">Stegnospermataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Limeaceae">Limeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lophiocarpaceae" title="Lophiocarpaceae">Lophiocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kewaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Kewaceae">Kewaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbeuiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbeuiaceae">Barbeuiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gisekiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gisekiaceae">Gisekiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aizoaceae" title="Aizoaceae">Aizoaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytolaccaceae" title="Phytolaccaceae">Phytolaccaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiveriaceae" title="Petiveriaceae">Petiveriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcobataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcobataceae">Sarcobataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyctaginaceae" title="Nyctaginaceae">Nyctaginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molluginaceae" title="Molluginaceae">Molluginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montiaceae" title="Montiaceae">Montiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didiereaceae" title="Didiereaceae">Didiereaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basellaceae" title="Basellaceae">Basellaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halophytaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Halophytaceae">Halophytaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talinaceae" title="Talinaceae">Talinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portulacaceae" title="Portulacaceae">Portulacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacampserotaceae" title="Anacampserotaceae">Anacampserotaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cactaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cactaceae">Cactaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Santalales" title="Santalales">Santalales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olacaceae" title="Olacaceae">Olacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opiliaceae" title="Opiliaceae">Opiliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanophoraceae" title="Balanophoraceae">Balanophoraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santalaceae" title="Santalaceae">Santalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misodendraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Misodendraceae">Misodendraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoepfiaceae" title="Schoepfiaceae">Schoepfiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loranthaceae" title="Loranthaceae">Loranthaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Asterids" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Cornales" title="Cornales">Cornales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyssaceae" title="Nyssaceae">Nyssaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostachyaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrostachyaceae">Hydrostachyaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrangeaceae" title="Hydrangeaceae">Hydrangeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loasaceae" title="Loasaceae">Loasaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtisiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtisiaceae">Curtisiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grubbiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Grubbiaceae">Grubbiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornaceae" title="Cornaceae">Cornaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Ericales" title="Ericales">Ericales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balsaminaceae" title="Balsaminaceae">Balsaminaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcgraviaceae" title="Marcgraviaceae">Marcgraviaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrameristaceae" title="Tetrameristaceae">Tetrameristaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouquieriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Fouquieriaceae">Fouquieriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemoniaceae" title="Polemoniaceae">Polemoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecythidaceae" title="Lecythidaceae">Lecythidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sladeniaceae" title="Sladeniaceae">Sladeniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaphylacaceae" title="Pentaphylacaceae">Pentaphylacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapotaceae" title="Sapotaceae">Sapotaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenaceae" title="Ebenaceae">Ebenaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primulaceae" title="Primulaceae">Primulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theaceae" title="Theaceae">Theaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symplocaceae" title="Symplocaceae">Symplocaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diapensiaceae" title="Diapensiaceae">Diapensiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styracaceae" title="Styracaceae">Styracaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarraceniaceae" title="Sarraceniaceae">Sarraceniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roridulaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Roridulaceae">Roridulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinidiaceae" title="Actinidiaceae">Actinidiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clethraceae" title="Clethraceae">Clethraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillaceae" title="Cyrillaceae">Cyrillaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ericaceae" title="Ericaceae">Ericaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitrastemonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitrastemonaceae">Mitrastemonaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Lamiids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamiids">Lamiids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Icacinales" title="Icacinales">Icacinales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oncothecaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncothecaceae">Oncothecaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icacinaceae" title="Icacinaceae">Icacinaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Metteniusales" class="mw-redirect" title="Metteniusales">Metteniusales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metteniusaceae" title="Metteniusaceae">Metteniusaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Garryales" title="Garryales">Garryales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucommiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucommiaceae">Eucommiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garryaceae" title="Garryaceae">Garryaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Gentianales" title="Gentianales">Gentianales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubiaceae" title="Rubiaceae">Rubiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentianaceae" title="Gentianaceae">Gentianaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loganiaceae" title="Loganiaceae">Loganiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsemiaceae" title="Gelsemiaceae">Gelsemiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae">Apocynaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Boraginales" title="Boraginales">Boraginales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boraginaceae" title="Boraginaceae">Boraginaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Vahliales" class="mw-redirect" title="Vahliales">Vahliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vahliaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vahliaceae">Vahliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Solanales" title="Solanales">Solanales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convolvulaceae" title="Convolvulaceae">Convolvulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montiniaceae" title="Montiniaceae">Montiniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphenocleaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphenocleaceae">Sphenocleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroleaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroleaceae">Hydroleaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Lamiales" title="Lamiales">Lamiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plocospermataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plocospermataceae">Plocospermataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlemanniaceae" title="Carlemanniaceae">Carlemanniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleaceae" title="Oleaceae">Oleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachondraceae" title="Tetrachondraceae">Tetrachondraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calceolariaceae" title="Calceolariaceae">Calceolariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesneriaceae" title="Gesneriaceae">Gesneriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantaginaceae" title="Plantaginaceae">Plantaginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrophulariaceae" title="Scrophulariaceae">Scrophulariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilbaceae" title="Stilbaceae">Stilbaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linderniaceae" title="Linderniaceae">Linderniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Byblidaceae">Byblidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyniaceae" title="Martyniaceae">Martyniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedaliaceae" title="Pedaliaceae">Pedaliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthaceae" title="Acanthaceae">Acanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bignoniaceae" title="Bignoniaceae">Bignoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentibulariaceae" title="Lentibulariaceae">Lentibulariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlegeliaceae" title="Schlegeliaceae">Schlegeliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomandersiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomandersiaceae">Thomandersiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbenaceae" title="Verbenaceae">Verbenaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamiaceae" title="Lamiaceae">Lamiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazaceae" title="Mazaceae">Mazaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrymaceae" title="Phrymaceae">Phrymaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulowniaceae" title="Paulowniaceae">Paulowniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orobanchaceae" title="Orobanchaceae">Orobanchaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Campanulids" class="mw-redirect" title="Campanulids">Campanulids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Apiales" title="Apiales">Apiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennantiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennantiaceae">Pennantiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torricelliaceae" title="Torricelliaceae">Torricelliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griseliniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Griseliniaceae">Griseliniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittosporaceae" title="Pittosporaceae">Pittosporaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araliaceae" title="Araliaceae">Araliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myodocarpaceae" title="Myodocarpaceae">Myodocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apiaceae" title="Apiaceae">Apiaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Aquifoliales" title="Aquifoliales">Aquifoliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stemonuraceae" title="Stemonuraceae">Stemonuraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiopteridaceae" title="Cardiopteridaceae">Cardiopteridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllonomaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phyllonomaceae">Phyllonomaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helwingiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Helwingiaceae">Helwingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquifoliaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquifoliaceae">Aquifoliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Asterales" title="Asterales">Asterales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rousseaceae" title="Rousseaceae">Rousseaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campanulaceae" title="Campanulaceae">Campanulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaphragmataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentaphragmataceae">Pentaphragmataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylidiaceae" title="Stylidiaceae">Stylidiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alseuosmiaceae" title="Alseuosmiaceae">Alseuosmiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phellinaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phellinaceae">Phellinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argophyllaceae" title="Argophyllaceae">Argophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menyanthaceae" title="Menyanthaceae">Menyanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodeniaceae" title="Goodeniaceae">Goodeniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calyceraceae" title="Calyceraceae">Calyceraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Bruniales" title="Bruniales">Bruniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columelliaceae" title="Columelliaceae">Columelliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruniaceae" title="Bruniaceae">Bruniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Dipsacales" title="Dipsacales">Dipsacales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoxaceae" title="Adoxaceae">Adoxaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprifoliaceae" title="Caprifoliaceae">Caprifoliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Escalloniales" class="mw-redirect" title="Escalloniales">Escalloniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escalloniaceae" title="Escalloniaceae">Escalloniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Paracryphiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracryphiales">Paracryphiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paracryphiaceae" title="Paracryphiaceae">Paracryphiaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Angiosperm_families" title="Category:Angiosperm families">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grasses_(Poaceae_or_Gramineae)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:rgb(180,250,180);"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Poaceae-navbox" title="Template:Poaceae-navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Poaceae-navbox" title="Template talk:Poaceae-navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Poaceae-navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Poaceae-navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grasses_(Poaceae_or_Gramineae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Grasses (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poaceae</a> or Gramineae)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180);">Morphology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awn_(botany)" title="Awn (botany)">Awn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryopsis" title="Caryopsis">Caryopsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culm_(botany)" title="Culm (botany)">Culm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligule" title="Ligule">Ligule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spikelet" title="Spikelet">Spikelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiller_(botany)" title="Tiller (botany)">Tiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tussock_grass" title="Tussock grass">Tussock</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr_010324-9001_Ehrharta_erecta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Starr_010324-9001_Ehrharta_erecta.jpg/100px-Starr_010324-9001_Ehrharta_erecta.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Starr_010324-9001_Ehrharta_erecta.jpg/150px-Starr_010324-9001_Ehrharta_erecta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Starr_010324-9001_Ehrharta_erecta.jpg/200px-Starr_010324-9001_Ehrharta_erecta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1135" data-file-height="1601" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180);">Ecology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C4_carbon_fixation" title="C4 carbon fixation">C<sub>4</sub> carbon fixation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graminivore" title="Graminivore">Graminivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_bed" title="Reed bed">Reed bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">Savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">Steppe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180);">Subfamilies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background:rgba(180,250,180,0.6);">Early-diverging</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:rgba(180,250,180,0.6);"><a href="/wiki/BOP_clade" title="BOP clade">BOP clade</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:rgba(180,250,180,0.6);"><a href="/wiki/PACMAD_clade" title="PACMAD clade">PACMAD clade</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:30%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomochlooideae" title="Anomochlooideae">Anomochlooideae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharoideae" title="Pharoideae">Pharoideae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puelioideae" title="Puelioideae">Puelioideae</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:30%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambusoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambusoideae">Bambusoideae</a> (bamboos)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oryzoideae" title="Oryzoideae">Oryzoideae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pooideae" title="Pooideae">Pooideae</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:40%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristidoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristidoideae">Aristidoideae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arundinoideae" title="Arundinoideae">Arundinoideae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloridoideae" title="Chloridoideae">Chloridoideae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danthonioideae" title="Danthonioideae">Danthonioideae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micrairoideae" title="Micrairoideae">Micrairoideae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panicoideae" title="Panicoideae">Panicoideae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180);">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background:rgba(180,250,180,0.6);">Food</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:rgba(180,250,180,0.6);">Construction</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:rgba(180,250,180,0.6);">Landscaping</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:rgba(180,250,180,0.6);">Other</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cereals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cereals">Cereals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoots" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamboo shoots">Bamboo shoots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemongrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemongrass">Lemongrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_scaffolding" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamboo scaffolding">Bamboo scaffolding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sod_roof" title="Sod roof">Sod roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">Thatching</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawn" title="Lawn">Lawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornamental_grass" title="Ornamental grass">Ornamental grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sod" title="Sod">Turf</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_musical_instruments" title="Bamboo musical instruments">Bamboo musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamboo textiles">Bamboo textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switchgrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Switchgrass">Switchgrass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:rgb(180,250,180);"><div><a href="/wiki/Agrostology" title="Agrostology">Agrostology</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_Poaceae_genera" title="List of Poaceae genera">List of Poaceae genera</a> · <i>see also</i>: <a href="/wiki/Graminoid" title="Graminoid">Graminoid</a> · <a href="/wiki/Graminid_clade" title="Graminid clade">Graminid clade</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Poaceae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43238" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q43238">Q43238</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Poaceae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Poaceae">Poaceae</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/54563">54563</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Tropical_Rainforest_Plants" title="Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants">ATRF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Poaceae.htm">Poaceae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=907">907</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/627FW">627FW</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/8223">8223</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1GRAF">1GRAF</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/22751">22751</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10711">10711</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3073">3073</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?id=897">897</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47434">47434</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/30000032-2">30000032-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=114385">114385</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=40351">40351</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000160753">NBNSYS0000160753</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=4479">4479</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/466fa27f-c60d-4d3e-bc54-b8537ccdc807">466fa27f-c60d-4d3e-bc54-b8537ccdc807</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=508090">508090</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=53546">53546</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/457FF032-FFA4-842D-FBFC-55C6FA53CF37">457FF032-FFA4-842D-FBFC-55C6FA53CF37</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A30000032-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000032-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/42000357">42000357</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/193">193</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/e82c1987-a1dc-4faf-864d-5b2177197e67">e82c1987-a1dc-4faf-864d-5b2177197e67</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-7000000483">wfo-7000000483</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=234036">234036</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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